CONTENT

 INTRODUCTION.

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 METHODOLOGY

 APPLICATION

 LITRATURE SURVEY

 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

 OMPONENT OF PROJECT

 WORM & WORM GEAR

 LEAD SCREW

 Working of Lead Screw

 UNIVERSAL JOINT

 Applications

 General Characteristics of the Cardan Joint

 ROLLER TYPE BALL BEARING

 WORKING OF THE PROPOSED Model

 POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

 INPUT POWER

 OUTPUT POWER

 ADVANTAGES

 CONCLUSION

 Future Scope
 INTRODUCTION

The rotating trolley with lead screw mechanism is a system through which we can unload the
trolley in congested area by rotating the trolley 360 degree about its own center with the help of
worm and worm wheel. The trolley can lift at any particular angle for the unloading of trolley
with the help of lead screw and universal joint.

In the modern age the trolley lifting process is pressure system but here in this project the trolley
lifting take place with the help of lead screw by rotating shaft connect with universal joint which
provide the motion at any angle. The universal joint is connected with the lead screw.

This project is about 360-degree rotating vehicle. This vehicle moves in all directions and this
design provides better comfort and also saves the time, most of the people uses this vehicle to
carry goods, emergency patients etc. The normal wheel vehicles face lot of problems like parking,
U turn and much more which consumes more time.
So, we have designed a 360-degree wheel rotating vehicle to reduce and eliminate problems in
the industry as well as common life of people. The vehicle can take a turn without moving the
vehicle. No extra space is required to turn the vehicle. In this system, each of the 4 wheels has
given drive with DC motors, so it can rotate 360 degrees.

360-degree rotating wheel is controlled by RF remote. Consequently, we can utilize this 360-
degree rotating vehicle from various perspectives like to transport things overwhelming bags and
furthermore in vehicles, which will help in decreasing rush hour gridlock and spare time.

As referenced over, this venture is about a plan of 360-degree wheel rotating vehicle. This vehicle
moves every which way and this plan gives better solace and furthermore spares the season of
clients, the vast majority of the general population utilizing this vehicle to convey products,
understanding and so on. In any case, more often than not, they need to confront the issue like
taking U-turn and so forth.

So, we need to structure a 360-degree wheel turning vehicle to lessen and dispose of issues in the
business and at the railroad stage. This structure will give better solace and furthermore spares the
season of clients, that is the reason it is additionally the dependable for the client. As it is likewise
battery-operated vehicle consequently no fuel is required.

Consequently, it is affordable to the earth. This will likewise diminish the expense of the vehicle.
Zero degrees turning span of a vehicle suggests the vehicle pivoting around a hub going through
the focal point of gravity of the vehicle, for example, the vehicle turning at a similar spot, where
it is standing. No additional room is required to turn the vehicle. A toggle jack is operated by
turning a lead screw.

In this case of a jack, a small force applied in the horizontal plane is used to raise or lower large
load [2]. A jackscrew's compressive force is obtained through the tension force applied by its lead
screw. The An Acme thread is most often used, as this thread is very strong and can resist the
large loads imposed on most jackscrews while not being weakened by wear over many rotations
The rotating trolley with lead screw mechanism is a system through which we can unload the
trolley in congested area by rotating the trolley 360 degree about its own center with the help of
worm and worm wheel.

The trolley can lift at any particular angle for the unloading of trolley with the help of lead screw
and universal joint modern age the trolley lifting process is pressure system but here in this
project the trolley lifting take place with the help of lead screw by rotating shaft connect with
universal joint which provide the motion at any angle. The universal joint is connected with the
lead screw. The trolley can lift at any particular angle for the unloading of trolley with the help of
lead screw and universal joint. In the modern age the trolley lifting process is pressure system but
here in this project the trolley lifting take place with the help of lead screw by rotating shaft
connect with universal joint which provide the motion at any angle. The universal joint is
connected with the lead screw.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In India there are generally using a pressure trolley or simple trolley. For the unloading of such
trolley, we require a large space for turning of trolley with tractor. But here in this project there
are no such problem create because the trolley can rotate 360 degrees about its own center and
can unload in any direction although in congested area. The pressure trolley has leakage problem
of fluid but in rotating trolley with lead screw mechanism this problem can overcome.
The base frame is manufactured as per the dimensions. At the corners of the frame, the clamps
are fixed with shafts mounted on them. Above the shaft, the sprocket wheel setup is mounted. A
four-wheel sprocket is used in the setup. The wheel sprockets are connected using a cycle chain.
Using the clamp, the dc motor is mounted in the frame. The wheels are connected to the motor
via the shaft. A 12v 7amp/hr. battery is placed in the back of the frame. Using wire connections,
the motor is connected to the battery.

ESP wife board is mounted on the setup using a breadboard or cardboard. The relay boards are
fixed in the same place. ESP Wi-Fi___33 board is programmed by interfacing with the relay
board. The interfaced electronic setup is then connected to the motor for controlling the motor
setup. All the connections are made to connect to the battery.

METHODOLOGY
• To the formation of this project first of all we purchase the mechanical component Wheel,
Worm Gear, universal joint, lead screw, bearing etc.

• Draw the rough sketch in Creo parametric software for overview of project.

• Form the frame of trolley in workshop by metal sheet.

• Fit the frame on wheel axel.

• Assemble all components of trolley.

 APPLICATION
In Industries for automation of raw material like automated guided vehicles.

In the automobile sector, there are so many types of vehicles that are used to carry goods
from one position to another position. There is space problem in the industry so this
vehicle is used in automotive applications because this vehicle consumes very little space
compared to other types of vehicles.

This vehicle is used in small Industries for transportation of raw material from one
position to another position.

360-degree rotating wheels turntable 15-ton transport trolley You can use several pcs transport
trolley together as one set.  You can use a rod to connecting the two pcs.  You can choose with
handler or without handler. The rollers can be used on smooth & rough floors, on floors with
cracks & dirt, inside & outside. The elastic rollers mold around obstacles and keep rolling
whereby overcoming small obstacles easily by - No stop, up & over action required like with
other rollers.
The material spreads out intentionally for keeping low floor pressure. The rollers have low break
out & low rolling resistance with low push-pull force and low manpower requirements.  Quality /
Safety Standard: Warranty -1 years, Lifetime technical support, Replacement parts available at
cost. 

Includes: Set includes, one steerable front dolly with pulling handle and two straight-line rear
dollies with connecting bar. Warning: Never exceed rated capacity! Advantage: Specifications:

4T 6T, 8T, 12T, 15T, 18T, 24T, 32T, 36T. 48T 60TSurface treatment: plastic spray, better than
paint, will not be damaged easily. Improved turntable structure:  Installation of balls, which
makes the crushing wheels to turn more flexible and convenient. Material of wheels:  PU or Steel,
which is more wearable, durable and do-little harm to the work place. Reasonable structure.

In Industries for automation of raw material like automated guided vehicle. In automobile sector
there are so many types of vehicles are using to carry goods from one position to another
position, there is space problem in the industry so this vehicle is used in automobile applications
because this vehicle consumes very less space compare to other type of vehicle.

This vehicle is used in small Industries for transportation of raw material from one position to
another position.
Modern development and economical progression of Indian society resulted in increase of vehicle
in park so there is also problem. In park other vehicle are taking more space to move from one
direction to other direction and 360-degree wheel rotation vehicle have capability to move
parallel direction so this vehicle is easily move from one direction to other direction in park.

Take easily U-turn because front wheel of this vehicle is rotating freely by steering, chain drive
and sprocket arrangement. It is used in hospitals to carry the patient from one room to another
room. Because there are lots of patients those are staying in one room.
 LITRATURE SURVEY

Y. Yvain September 2003 Mathematical and Computer Modeling, this work deals with the
modeling and control of the motion of a trolley moving on a plane with a time dependent
inclination. Improvement –trolley have rotational motion about own center. George J. Bedeck
February 2017 to transport school materials, trolleys have been proposed for children as an
alternative to carrying a backpack. This study compared the effects of carrying a backpack and
pulling a trolley on gait kinematics in children. Improvement –trolley pooling or pushing by hand
or by using machine. Kam Wai Koen 2015, Force evaluation on supply trolley was conducted
based on the different mode of handling to assess the suitability of use. Result of this study was
used to develop a guideline to set the requirement for future purchase of trolley and to improve
features of existing trolleys. Improvement –trolley can lift with any particular angle with the help
of lead screw.

The utility model relates to the field of maintaining devices for transformers, in particular to a
rotatable rotating trolley set for bearing a transformer. The rotating trolley set for bearing the
transformer comprises an annular guide rail and further comprises bearing trolleys, wherein a
fixed connecting end is arranged on the guide rail, and at least three bearing trolleys are arranged
in the circumferential direction of the annular guide rail at equal intervals.

The 360-degree free rotation of the transformer in a fixed position is achieved through the
annular guide rail and the bearing trolleys, the difficulties brought by in-position maintenance of
the transformer or shifting maintenance of the transformer are overcome, and the moving
requirement of the transformer under a specific environment is met.

A frame plate is connected with a support through a shaft, the transformer can be used under the
condition that the bottom face of the transformer is not smooth, stable connection can still be
achieved, and the rotatable rotating trolley set for bearing the transformer is convenient to
maintain and operate and strong in generality.

360-degree feedback, in today’s date is of utmost importance to the organizations as it is a

world of competition. The organization that has been able to maintain its sustainability in this
competitive world is mostly because of its employees. Because organizations are by the people,
for the people and to the people. 360-degree feedback opens a way towards the success for the
organization. It is an evaluation process where the feedback is taken from worker, superior,
peers, subordinates and customers. After the evaluation is over usually the results are shared
with the worker by the manager. 360-degree feedback is basically conducted for two purposes
i.e., for assessment as well as development. In comparison to the earlier days, today 360-degree
feedback has gained much importance because of several reasons. For instance, companies
have found that the feedback from employees and customers are helping them avoid any
negative impact on organizations. At the same time, making a move from the traditional method
was difficult in the beginning as it was risky and threatening. But with passage of time 360-
degree feedback gained importance and today it is used heavily in assessment and
development.
Today researchers are trying to find out how 360-degree feedback can make more value
additions to an organization. This review of literature is an attempt to understand the
researches done in this area in the last couple of years.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The major objectives of the review are:

 To explore the kind of extant research undertaken and available in the field of 360-degree
feedback.
 To highlight the gaps existing in the current literature and emphasize upon the important and
interesting areas of research herein.
 To establish the importance of evaluation of 360-degree feedback on organizations.

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The articles reviewed in this conceptual review paper have been downloaded from google,
emerald data base and ProQuest data base. In total 30 articles published in between 1995-2014
have been chosen for review.

Baker (2009) highlighted on 360-degree appraisal which is a simple pragmatic solution for
doctors. Anonymity is one of the important factors in 360-degree appraisal which has to be
maintained. Many of the doctors scored well in regard to the availability, quality of care
extended, teaching as well as responsibility giving assurance to both the employer and the
individual. Here the study revealed that 360-degree appraisal is an effective tool for doctors and
patients with rich quality service by bringing information regarding revalidation, reassurance
and effective appraisal. Curtis (1996) highlighted on why employers appreciate 360-degree
feedback. When 360-degree feedback is introduced, everyone may not be comfortable but it is a
part in the process of change. 360-degree feedback helps in having an enhanced management
style, improved communication, better team work, better understanding of strength and
weakness and recognition of value of good relationship skills.

Road freight transport is responsible for about one-third of road transport emissions and it is
still growing. One solution to decarbonize this sector are electric trolley trucks powered by
overhead lines. We compare electric trolley trucks to conventional diesel vehicles from a
techno-economic perspective in Germany up to 2030. We find that an infrastructure set-up
ordered by utilization of roads can be financed up to 2700 km with higher savings than cost. The
impact on the energy system is lower than expected and the largest impacts are found in rural
areas with highway intersections. Further fields of research are discussed.
 OMPONENT OF PROJECT

WORM & WORM GEAR

Shapes different from the traditional ones have been proposed for face worm gears and for
conical and cylindrical worms that mesh with them. The proposed shapes are based on the
concept of generating a face worm gear surface by use of a tilted head cutter instead of by the
traditional use of a hob. (As used here, "head cutter" is also meant to signify, alternatively, a
head grinding tool.) The gear-surface-generation equipment would be similar to that used for
generation of spiral bevel and hypoid gears. In comparison with the corresponding traditional
hob, a tilted head cutter according to the proposal would be larger, could be fabricated with
greater precision, and would enable the generation of gear surfaces with greater precision and
greater productivity.

A face worm gear would be generated (see figure) by use of a tilted head cutter, the
blades or grinding surfaces of which would have straight-line profiles. The tilt of the head
cutter would prevent interference with teeth adjacent to the groove being cut or ground.

A worm to mesh with the face worm gear would be generated by use of a tilted head
cutter mounted on the cradle of a generating machine. The blades or grinding surfaces of
the head cutter would have a parabolic profile and would deviate from the straight-line
profiles of the head cutter for the face worm gear.

The shortest distance between the worm and the cradle would follow a parabolic function
during the cycle of meshing in the generating process to provide a parabolic function of
transmission errors to the gear drive.

The small mismatch between the profiles of the face-worm-gear and worm head cutters
would make it possible to localize the bearing contact in the worm gear drive. The
parabolic function of transmission errors could absorb discontinuous linear functions of
transmission errors caused by errors of alignment; this could afford a significant benefit,
in that such errors are main sources of noise and vibration in gear drives.
The main advantage of using tilted head cutters is that cutting speeds are independent of
the shape-generation processes, making it possible to choose cutting speeds that are
optimum with respect to requirements to minimize temperatures and deformations during
fabrication and improve the quality of finished parts.

The profile of the cutting or grinding surface and the machine-tool settings for the
position and orientation of a head cutter would be derived from the theoretical shape
generated by a hob. The derivation would be effected by use of an algorithm that takes
account of the tilted-head-cutter geometry and enforces the requirements for meshing and
non-interference.

A tooth-contact-analysis computer program has been developed for simulation of meshing and
contact of the proposed worms and face worm gears.

In a test case, the program showed that, as desired, the function of transmission errors would
be a parabolic function of low magnitude, the contact would be localized, and the path of
contact would be longitudinal in the sense that it would lie along the gear-tooth surfaces.

THE program also showed that the bearing contact region would be free of areas of severe
contact stresses and that the contact ratio would be larger than 3 (signifying that at any given
instant, there would be at least 3 pairs of teeth in contact).

1-The gear material is cost iron.

2-The number of teeth on worm gear is 26 and the number of teeth on worm is 3.

3-The worm is a single point starting teeth.

4-The trolley is mounted on worm gear.

 LEAD SCREW
A leadscrew (or lead screw), also known as a power screw[1] or translation screw, is a
screw used as a linkage in a machine, to translate turning motion into linear motion.
Because of the large area of sliding contact between their male and female members,
screw threads have larger frictional energy losses compared to other linkages. They are
not typically used to carry high power, but more for intermittent use in low power
actuator and positioner mechanisms. Leadscrews are commonly used in linear actuators,
machine slides (such as in machine tools), vises, presses, and jacks. Leadscrews are a
common component in electric linear actuators.

Working of Lead Screw

A lead screw turns rotary motion into linear motion combining a screw and a nut
where the screw thread is in direct contact with the nut thread. In the case of roller
screws, the rollers rather than the nut are in direct contact with the screw thread
offering greater efficiency.

In the case of roller screws, the rollers rather than the nut are in direct contact with the
screw thread offering greater efficiency. There are three types of manufacturing process
for a screw, either rolled, ground or machined using a whirling process. Power Jacks
employs all methods in the manufacture of our lead screws.

Lead screws are used in a very broad range of applications, sold as individual products or
incorporated into screw jacks and electro-mechanical actuators. As with screw jacks,
Industrial Automation, Medical, Defense and Transport applications are particularly
popular lead screws.
1-Lead screw is use in this project for lifting purpose of the trolley.

2-Lead screw also known as power screw or translation screw.

3-Larg load carrying capability and compact.

4-Simple to design and easy to manufactured.

5-Large mechanical advantage and precise and accurate linear motion.

 UNIVERSAL JOINT

A universal joint is a positive, mechanical

connection between rotating shafts, which are
usually not parallel, but intersecting. They are used
to transmit motion, power, or both.

The simplest and most common type is called the

Cardan joint or Hooke joint. It is shown in Figure 1.
It consists of two yokes, one on each shaft,
connected by a cross-shaped intermediate member called the spider. The angle between the
two shafts is called the operating angle. It Is generally, but n01 necessarily, constant during
operation. Good design practice calls for low operating angles, often less than 25°, depending on
the application. Independent of this guideline ne, mechanical interference in the e construct Tio
n of Cardan joints limits the operating angle to a maximum (often about 37½°), depending on its
proportions.

Applications

Typical applications of universal joints include aircraft, appliances, control mechanisms,

electronics, Instrumentation, medical and optical devices, ordnance, radio, sewing machines,
textile machinery and tool drives.

Universal joints are available in steel or in thermoplastic body members. Universal joints made
of steel have maximum load-carrying capacity for a given size. Universal joints with
thermoplastic body members are used in light industrial applications in which their self-
lubricating feature, light weight, negligible backlash, corrosion resistance and capability for high-
speed operation are significant advantages.

Universal joints of special construction, such as ball-jointed universals are also available. These
are used for high-speed operation and for carrying large torques. They are available both in
miniature and standard sizes.

General Characteristics of the Cardan Joint

A basic characteristic of the Cardan joint is the nonuniformity of motion transmission through
the joint. The angular-velocity ratio between input and output shafts varies cyclically at two
cycles per revolution of the input shaft. This fluctuation, which is accompanied by corresponding
angular accelerations, increases with the operating angle and can be as much as 15% of peak
angular velocity (in the case of a 30° operating angle). In selecting a joint the effect of these
fluctuations on static torque, inertia torque and system performance needs to be kept in mind.

1-Universal joint is a type of mechanical component which provide the motion at any angle.

2-Universal joint is generally made up of stainless steel.

3-Universal joint is connected with the lead screw.

 ROLLER TYPE BALL BEARING
1-Bearing is a mechanical element use for the carrying load under the action of rolling motion by
placing some rolling element.

2-The rotating shaft is fitted in the hole of the bearing tightly.

3-The bearing is generally use for reduce the friction between two mating part having relative
motion between each other.

WORKING OF THE PROPOSED MODEL

The mechanical power from the engine is converting as electrical power and stored in the battery
and utilized. The complete working process of this mechanism is discussed below.

As the engine starts, the piston reciprocates inside the cylinder and this reciprocating motion is
converted into a rotary motion of the crankshaft.

At the left end of the crankshaft, a magnet is connected, which rotates along with the crankshaft.
This magnet is surrounded by the electric coil. The magnet creates a magnetic field around it.
These coils are placed around the magnet. When the magnetic flux is cut by the coils, it creates an
electromagnetic field, and the potential of this field is 14.5V to 15.5V.

The rotating cart group is used in voltage transformer carrying of the present utility model,
comprises round ring guide 16, be provided with on guide rail 16 and be fixedly connected with
end 17, be fixedly connected with end 17 and be used for guide rail and be connected with
ground, can realize that bolt, with round ring guide 16 fixing earthward, makes system more firm;
Further, be that the raising system is portable, the arc-shaped rail that can to design round ring
guide 16 be 45 ° by 4 sections radians connects to form successively, and between guide rail, the
coupling end 18 by round ring guide 16 connects in twos.

also comprise the carrying dolly in the utility model, described carrying dolly comprises annular
pressing plate 8, frame plate 11, adapter shaft 12, support 6, short jam plate 7, wheel 1, long jam
plate 2, wheel shaft 13, wheel 1 arranges two along same rectilinear direction, two wheels 1 are
respectively by two wheel shaft 13 connection brackets 6, and the end face of wheel shaft 13
outside is provided with long jam plate 2, and described long jam plate 2 is fixed on support 6, be
used for the longitudinal travel of restriction wheel shaft 13, prevent wheel shaft 13 separating
wheels 1 and support 6, described frame plate 11 is positioned at support 6 tops and is connected
with support 6 by adapter shaft 12, frame plate 11 can be done low-angle rotation around the axis
of adapter shaft 12, in order to automatically adapt to the smooth not and problem brought in
voltage transformer bottom, short jam plate 7 is arranged on the end face outside of adapter shaft
12 and with frame plate 11, is fixedly connected with, on frame plate 11, end face is disc face.

The disc face periphery connects annular pressing plate 8, annular pressing plate 8 can be along
the circumferential direction rotation of disc face, connection mode can adopt known guide rail
connection etc., at least 4 voltage transformer tie bolts 9 along the circumferential direction are
set on annular pressing plate 8, the voltage transformer tie bolt 9 of rotation and setting by
annular pressing plate 8, can solve the voltage transformer tie bolt 9 and transformer base screw
inconsistent problem.

when putting for the first time that bring when voltage transformer connects with annular
pressing plate 8, annular pressing plate 8 also is provided with holding screw 15 towards center of
circle direction, when holding screw 15 screws, annular pressing plate 8 will be relative fixing
with the disc face of end face on frame plate 11, at least 3 of described carrying dolly settings,
along minute layouts such as circumferential direction of round ring guide 16, at least 3 carrying
dollies can be realized the firm placement of voltage transformer.

Further, described wheel 1 one sides are provided with flange, and flange is arranged on
nearly round ring guide 16 center of circle sides, and flange can be used for limiting
moving axially of dolly.8 voltage transformer tie bolts 9 along the circumferential
direction are set on annular pressing plate 8.

Using method of the present utility model is easy, the top that voltage transformer is
installed on the carrying dolly gets final product, utilize hoisting facilities that voltage
transformer is hung on the frame plate 11 of carrying dolly, rotate annular pressing plate
8, make the screw of the voltage transformer tie bolt 9 aligning transformer bases on
annular pressing plate 8, screw, tighten simultaneously holding screw 15, namely
complete and install and can use, voltage transformer just can carry out around the center
of circle of round ring guide 16 360 degree and freely rotate.

POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

There are two power transmission system consist in this project. The first is lead screw which
convert rotary motion into linear motion. The universal joint is connected with the lead screw
which provide motion at any angle of the lead screw. The other power transmission system is
worm and worm gear.

The axis of worm and worm gear is intersecting at 90 degrees with each other and transmit
power. The trolley is mounted on the worm wheel and motion provide by worm to rotate the
trolley 360 degree about its center. The power provides to run the system by manually.

While technology has advanced and there are many new ways to accomplish useful motion within
particular applications, electric motors and gearheads are still the preferred and most popular
choices for power transmission throughout commercial, industrial, and automation applications.
Motors are the components that convert electrical power to useful mechanical power. Gearheads
transform the mechanical rotary power to the desired combination of speed and torque if the
motor cannot do so directly. Benefits of this combination include low cost, simplicity, reliability,
and versatility.
Input Power
As designers put the pieces of the puzzle in place to resolve their applications, they
usually hit a hurdle somewhere in the middle; the motor does not provide the proper
output. For example, the motor may be capable of supplying the necessary power, but not
match the speed or torque requirements. Most motors are rated to operate for peak output
around a certain continuous load range of torque and speed. To operate the motor outside
that range might either underutilize the motor and result in wasting money on an
oversized motor, or over utilize the motor and potentially run the risk of damaging the
motor.

Although each type and style of motor operates differently, smaller motors typically
operate more efficiently at higher speeds and lower torques. Larger motors operate at
higher torques and lower speeds. The dynamics of this is simple to follow once the motor
is viewed as a large moment arm. The greater the radius of the rotor the larger the
moment that can be created from the motor, resulting in greater torque.

High-energy permanent magnet servo motors have become extremely popular in the
motion control industry of late. For these motors, a general rule of thumb is that if the
length of the motor is doubled, then the output torque capacity of the motor is also
doubled. However, the output torque capacity of the motor will be quadrupled if the
length is kept the same and the diameter of the motor is doubled. For maximum
efficiency, proper sizing, and a cost-effective design, it is best to design the motor for
operation at or slightly under its designed load point of speed and torque.

Output Power
Gearing is one of the oldest ways of converting and transmitting rotary power. Most
transmission systems operate on the basis of changing moment arm length to alter torque
characteristics while inversely changing speed. Torque can easily be doubled by all kinds
of transmission systems while simultaneously cutting the speed in half. But, in the end,
power in is still equal to power out (less the efficiency). Proper transmission systems
must be chosen based on performance, size, cost, and various other constraints. While
each type of system has its own pros and cons, gearing systems hold many advantages in
areas regarding economic power capacity in small packages.

Involute spur gears have developed to certain standards and offer a highly effective
means of transmitting power. Twenty-degree pressure angle involute gears typically are
the most popular throughout industry. Simple interaction between two gears results in a
change of speed and torque by the same amount as the ratio of the diameters (or tooth
count) of the two gears. The power is transmitted through the gear teeth engagements via
load sharing across multiple teeth (contact ratio). Because of the 20-degree pressure
angle, resultant radial loading on the shaft/journals is introduced into the system.
Efficiencies of spur gearing can exceed 98%.

To enhance the output of such a spur gear design, a style of involute spur gearing, known
as epicyclic gearing (i.e., planetary gearing), was developed. Planetary gearing
dramatically increased the strength of the gearhead while eliminating radial loading by
counterbalancing the effect of any one-gear engagement.
Planetary gearheads distribute the input power coming from the sun gear (input pinion) to
two or more planetary gears. Since the planet gears are positioned symmetrical to the
pinion gear, radial loading on the pinion gear is eliminated. The planet gears are housed
within a ring gear, which has gear teeth cut into the inside diameter in a reversed tooth
profile. The separating forces (radial force) produced from the planet gears’ tooth
engagements with the sun and ring gears, cancel each other. The ring gear is stationary,
and the input sun gear pinion drives the planet gears, which then walk in the same
rotational direction as the sun gear.

Counter balanced input force from the sun gear with reaction force from the ring gear,
results in a tangential force on the planetary gear axis of rotation to produce this walking
motion. The rotary motion and force of the individual planetary axes is cumulatively
captured with what is known as a carrier plate and can be directly coupled to either an
output shaft, or to another sun gear for the process to repeat through multiple stages
(depending on the ratio), see Figure 1.

Depending on the number of teeth of the sun gear and ring gear, each stage typically
generates speed reduction ratios between 3 and 10 times the input speed. A two-stage
planetary gearhead, which has two 10 to 1 stages (i.e., 10 rotations of the input pinion
result in one rotation of the output), yields 100 times the output torque (less efficiency)
and 1/100 the rpm. If the gearhead were reversed so that the output shaft becomes the
input shaft, the speed would increase by 100 times; the available output torque would
decrease proportionately.

The speed reducing planetary gearhead as described adheres to: Ratio = (Ns + Nr)/Ns
(where Ns = Number of sun gear teeth and Nr = Number of ring gear teeth). There are
many variations of epicyclic gearing that can be produced from this style. In some
instances, the ring gear can be the driving gear or the output gear. Complex planetary
gearing is also possible in which gear clusters are used in the planetary configurations.
An automobile transmission is a good example of how several styles of planetary gearing
can be utilized together.
Materials, heat treating, gear face width, and altering tooth profiles are additional factors
to consider for customizing specific advantages or characteristics into a gearhead.
Crowning and tip relief each offer altered performance characteristics. Manufacturing
methods also play a major role in performance, lead times, and cost ramifications. Gears
can be cast, molded, broached, hobbled, shaped, honed, or ground. Each method has
advantages and disadvantages. Greater gearhead design evaluation is necessary if an
engineer has specific performance requirements or special considerations for life,
precision, noise, temperature, and vibration.

The cost is typically higher for planetary gearing than spur gear clustering because part
count and complexity is higher. However, planetary gears present huge improvements in
power density (torque), torsional stiffness, and backlash reduction. Typical planetary
gearheads also offer reduced size advantages in comparison to belt/chain drives,
harmonic drives, and spur gearing. They also usually have greater torque carrying
capabilities than the belt/chain drives and harmonic drives of comparable size. Harmonic
drives, have fewer ratio combinations, but are exceptionally stiff/accurate and rather
expensive.

Other types of gearing that have found their way into many applications are bevel gearing
(to accommodate non-parallel shafting), worm gearing (for higher ratios in non-parallel
shafting and elimination of back-driving potential), and helical gearing. Helical gearing is
similar to spur gearing except the teeth of the gears are not straight or parallel to the axis
of rotation. Instead, they have a helical twist to them. The result of the helix gear mesh is
that the contact ratio is increased and the gearhead can be exceptionally strong and
smooth. Helical gears can be utilized almost anywhere spur gears are employed. In
addition to a cost disadvantage, helical gearing usually produces axial resultant forces on
both the drive gear and the driven gear. For this reason, all planet gears have to be
captivated on both sides of the gear and both the input pinion and output carrier
plate/shaft have to be supported with bearings to handle the axial loading. (See Figure 2
for a gear type comparison.

The material should be properly loaded and unloaded. The dumper carries the material which is
loaded from the site, where the material is initially stored. It is then loaded to the dumper and
then unloaded. Trailers face the problems while unloading the material. It takes a lot of time to
unload a vehicle as all material cannot be unloaded at same place. Hence additional time is
required for turning of vehicle in highly congested area. The dumper unloads the material in only
one direction. But this incapability can be fulfilled by a new method mechanism as the
unidirectional dumper. This mechanism is an approach to reduce the idle time to settle the
dumper.

The material is unloaded in any direction and hence can be boldly stated as “Unidirectional
Dumper.” The major outcomes of unidirectional dumper have overcome space requirement which
often result in road blocking. Hence, we have inversion in the existing mechanism providing the
unloading in 360-degree rotations vehicle is operated with the help of „bevel gears and axle‟ to
drive the mechanism. This mechanism driven by the motor and it will be rotated at 360 degrees.
This mechanism prevents blocking of road, saves time and enhances productivity at lowest cost.

The automotive sector is fast booming section in India. Heavy duty vehicle support as the
backbone and confront to the working. A dumper whose material can easily be unloaded in one
direction that is mostly to its rear end.
ADVANTAGES
The general advantage of the rotating trolley is as listed below.

1- The trolley can rotate 360 degrees about its own center.
2- The trolley can unload in congested area.
3- The cost of the formation is low.
4- Maintenance cost is low.
5- The efficiency is high because of warm and worm gear use.
6- Less skill person can also work on this rotating trolley.
7- The problem of leakage is removing as in pressure lifting trolley.

8- In Industries for automation of raw material like automated guided vehicles.

9- In the automobile sector, there are so many types of vehicles that are used to carry
goods from one position to another position.
10- There is space problem in the industry so this vehicle is used in automotive
applications because this vehicle consumes very little space compared to other types of
vehicles.
11- This vehicle is used in small Industries for transportation of raw material from
one position to another position.
CONCLUSION

A prototype for the proposed approach was developed by introducing steering and DC
motor to wheel rotates 360 degrees. This prototype was found to be able to be
maneuvered very easily in tight spaces, and after manufacture of 360-degree wheel
rotation vehicle consumed very less space to turn from one direction to another direction
and it consumes less time to turn and this vehicle used in various areas such as small
industries or railway platforms.

we have designed and developed a 3600 loading and unloading vehicle. And also tested
for its working, the developed machine loads and unloads in all the directions. This
developed model will save the time for loading and unloading also consumes less fuel.

Future Scope

 For 360 Degree Rotation use Automatic system that is motor for the rotation

 Use the sensor while rotating the trolley, it doesn’t unload the material