en none ie” KRG CHAPTER _ j 5 Friction | It is a matter of common experience that when we roll a ball along the grou. the ball does not continue to ‘keep on moving’ for long. It slows down and fini comes to rest. Now consider this situation: we are riding a bicycle, and after attaining a good spé we stop pedalling, The bicycle would be seen to gradually slow down and woulds* after covering a certain distance. To make it move with a constant speed, even al a straight level road, we have to ‘keep on! pedalling it. In the last chapter, we learnt that we need an external force to change the spect direction of motion, of an object that may be initially at rest or in motion. wh objects, like the rolled out ball or the moving bicycle, slow down and finally @ to rest, after the force acting on them, has been removed? Why does not the at keep on moving with a constant speed along its straight path, after the remo” the applied force? 7 w In terms of our ideas about the effects of force, we can now realise that ther UEbe a force between the rolling ball (or the moving bicycle) and the ground. We call this force as the force of friction. This force opposes any relative motion between two objects that are in contact with each other. It is due to the friction, between the ground and the surface of ball/wheel of bicycle, that the rolling ball/moving bicycle stops (after moving some distance) when the externally applied force has been removed. It is clear from above that the force of friction is a contact force. eee P | Friction We can now say that whenever an object moves, or tends to move over the surface of another object, there is a force acting between the two surfaces in contact. We call this force as the force of friction, or simply ‘friction’. We also understand that this force is a contact force and always opposes, or tends to oppose, any relative motion between the two surfaces in contact. The force of friction is always directed along the __ surfaces in contact, i.e. it acts along the ‘tangential direction: Direction of motion ——_ Direction of force of friction a XSi yaals To explore the relation between the force of friction and nature of the surfaces in contact. Take four matchboxes (or toy cars), sand paper, a plastic sheet, an aluminium foil, handmade paper, a wooden tray, a plastic tray, a metal tray and a sheet of waxed Paper. Cover the first matchbox with sand paper, the second one with the plastic sheet, the third one with aluminium foil and the fourth one with handmade paper. Put all the covered matchboxes along a line at one end of a wooden tray. Gradually lift upwards and tilt that end of the wooden tray towards which the matchboxes have been kept. Observe the order in which the matchboxes start moving. Also, observeto reach the other end of the wooden tray, the order in which they slide down n tray with a sheet of waxed paper a nd repeat the above Step Next cover the woode , Do you observe any change now* Replace the wooden tray, first with a plastic tray and then with a metallic tray and again repeat the above steps. What do you observe? Over which tray do the matchboxes move with greater ease? Try to record your observations in a tabular form and discuss your findings with your teacher and friends. ® Cause of Friction The Activity1 (and similar other observations) show that the force of frictia depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact. The more is the roughne! of the two surfaces, that are in contact, the more is the force of friction betwe? them. We can, therefore, associate friction with the roughness of the surfacé in contact. All surfaces have some roughness on them. Even the surfaces, whid appear to be very smooth to the unaided eye, are seen to have a large numb? of minute irregularities (bumps or depressions), when seen under a powel microscope. The view of an apparently smooth looking surface, through! powerful microscope, invariably shows it to be uneven (rough) having uP (mountains) and downs (valleys) in it. We can now have a simple understanding/ explanation of the cause of friction. When two surfaces are put in contact, the irregularities (ups/downs) of one surface get somewhat interlocked with the irregularities of the other surface. This may be regarded somewhat similar to the interlocking of the teeth of two saws. We have to apply a force to unlock this interlocking of the two surfaces (in contact) and, thereby, to enable them to move with respect to each other. Cause of sliding frictionIt is this interlocking of irregularities that may be viewed as the basic cause of a built-in opposition to any relative motion between the two surfaces in contact. It is this opposition that we observe as the force of friction (or just friction), between them. Factors Affecting Friction The force of friction, between two surfaces in contact, depends on the extent of their roughness or smoothness. The force of friction is greater where rougher surfaces are involved. The smoother the surfaces, the smaller is the force of friction between them. We can, therefore, say: The force of friction between two surfaces, depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact. exp When one surface is placed over another against each other and get interlocked. The pressure values, at the points of | | | surface, humps of their molecules press | contact are, therefore, high; this results | in small 'joints' being formed there due _ to the strong (adhesive) intermolecular forces between the molecules of the | surfaces in contact. These joints’ have to | be broken apart before one surface can slide over the other surface. We usually observe, and talk of, this effect in terms of the more convenient concept of the ‘force of friction’. Tie a string around a wooden block/board. Pull the block by a spring balance as shown in the figure. Applied force ao VOSS Friction — ote down the reading on the spring balance, when the block just begins to move. it gives a measure of the force of friction between the surface of the block and the oor. Now, keep a book on the block. Again pull the block by the spring balance. Note lown the reading. Do we observe any difference in the reading of the spring balance in the above two cases? en a body moves over a horizontal surface, it presses down against the surface by . force equal to its ‘weight’. The force of friction increases with increase in the weight f the body. Hence, in the second case, reading on the spring balance would be more.The force of friction is thus, seen to ; ce | depend on the magnitude of the force | sateresting to note that the force g (weight) pressing the two surfaces fs tion between two surfaces dos together. vary with (i) their apparent area of contag ii) thei .d relative to each other afte, ¢ (i) their speed F We can now say that the force 0 the start of motion. friction depends on- __ 1. nature of the two surfaces in contact. 2. force pressing the two surfaces together. = Static and Sliding Friction We now understand that force of friction is the force exerted by a surface wher an object moves across it, or makes an effort to move across it. Hence we ca say that there are two types of friction-static friction and sliding friction Let us perform some activities that can help us to understand the differen between the two. Try to push a large box (to make it move across the floor), by applying a small force say 'F' units. What do we find? The box remains at rest. Now, increase the applied force t0 ‘2F' units. What do we find now? The box still remains at rest. When an external force acts on the box, the force of friction, known as static friction, comes into play and opposes the motion of the box. This static friction balances the force which we exert 0? the box and the box remains at rest. When applied force is increased to, say '2F’, stat friction also increases to '2F' and again opposes the motion of the box. Now, increase the applied force gradually till the box just begins to slide over the horizontal surface (floor). facta 2F units force force | | | | SEE Static friction (2F)__/ Self-adjusting nature of static friction This activity shows that force of static friction increases with an increase of applied force. In other words, static friction is a self-adjusting force. Howe", it can increase only up to a certain limit. The maximum value of the force of st”friction comes into play when the body is just sliding over the horizontal surface; it is called the limiting force of friction. We, thus, conclude that when a force is applied on a body at rest, a force of friction, called static friction, comes into play. This static friction opposes the applied force. On increasing the applied force, static friction also increases. However, it can increase only up to a certain maximum value. This maximum value of the force of static friction is called limiting friction. When the applied force is increased beyond the limiting friction, the body begins to slide over the surface on which it was resting, After this, it is the force of sliding (kinetic) friction that acts between the two surfaces. This force of friction is a little less than the (limiting) force of static friction. Our day to day experience tells us that it is easier to keep sliding an object (once it has been put in motion) than to make it slide from rest. Let us do an activity to verify this fact. Take a wooden tray/block. Place it near the one edge of a table top. Keep a cylindrical pencil/rod on the opposite edge of the table top (using drawing pins). Make sure the pencil/rod is free to rotate about its axis (between the drawing pins) as shown in the figure. (You can also use a pulley for this purpose). Next take the plastic lid of a jar. Make three symmetric holes in it. Put three pieces of string through the holes and tie them together. Next tie them to a longer string from which we can suspend the plastic lid freely. Tie the other end of the longer string to the wooden tray/block such that it passes over the pencil. Take some marbles (marble chips/very small marbles). Add these marbles in the plastic lid one by one until the wooden tray/block starts just sliding. Note down the number of marbles required. The number of marbles, put in the plastic lid, is an indicator of the magnitude of the imiting force of (static) friction. ——___—™ nce the wooden tray/block begins to slide, (gently) take out a small marble from the plastic lid. What do we observe? Pick up another such small marble. Does the| | | | of the table top? What happens when ® tic lid? the force of friction is j Once the tray/block begin, surface tray/block stop sliding over the Dear bles from the plas Temove a sufficient number of mar! In the first case, when the tray/block just begins a slide, limiting (or maximum) value of the force of static friction. to slide, the friction, that exists, is sliding friction. .d from the plastic lid, the tray) d of the table top (with almoy When two/three (small) marbles are (gently) remove less than static friction, block still keeps on sliding and moves to the other en the same speed). It shows that sliding friction is (slightly) | Let us now define static friction and sliding friction. tic friction: We call the force of friction as ‘static friction’ when it exis, Sta ‘h there is no relative motion, between two surfaces (in contact) between whic! other words, the force of friction, which balances the applied force during th stationary state of a body, is static friction. Sliding friction (or Kinetic friction): We call the force of friction, between tw: objects, when one of them is sliding over the surface of the other, as the (fore of) sliding friction between them. Sliding friction is (a little) smaller than the stati friction between the same two surfaces. = A Simple Explanation We now observe that, for a given pair of surfaces, static friction is (a little) mot than sliding friction. Once motion gets started, the friction becomes slightly le than the maximum, or limiting, value of the force of static friction. This can b understood as follows: We can say that relative motion between two surfaces starts only when the interlockings between their irregularities (ups/downs) have been unlocked. 0 motion starts the irregularities act just as an obstruction against their relati® motion; they are not interlocked now. In other words, once the motion sta” the ‘contact points' on one surface, do not get enough time to lock into ¢ ‘contact points’ of the other surface. Thus, it is easier to keep on moving an object (when it is already in motion) thet to start it from rest.m Rolling Friction We often see (on bus stands, railway platforms and airports) that even small children are able to carry along their suitcases easily if they are fitted with wheels, Why is it so? Let us again try the Previous activity to understand the reason. Ac ae) Take a few pencils which are cylindrical in shape. Place them parallel to each other on the table top. Now, place the wooden tray/block over them as shown in the figure. Repeat the steps of the previous activity. What do we observe? Do we find it easier to move the tray/block in this way ————— 7 5 7 f than to slide it? Note down the _ number of marbles required in this case? Observe the difference between the two cases. Do you think that opposition to the motion of the wooden tray/block has been reduced? We observe that the pencils start Tolling as the wooden tray/block moves. Moving the tray/block in this way is much easier than sliding it. Thus, rolling is seen to reduce the friction. We observe that it is much easier 'to roll, than ‘to slide, a body over a given surface. On a railway platform, or bus stop, we often notice that small children can easily pull a suitcase fitted with wheels. It is because of the reduced friction, (associated with rolling), that makes it easy for the child to pull along the suitcase. It is easy now to appreciate why labourers prefer placing logs under heavy machines/objects while moving them from one place to another place.i ‘iction i: iction that comes into play when One Rolling friction is, thus, the force of frictio i less than the (force of rolls over the surface of another body. It is (muc! ) sli friction. iti ient ' " than 'to slide’ : We can now conclude that it is more convenient 'to roll th ea obj over a given surface. Hence, Static friction > Sliding friction > Rolling friction Wheel - A Revolutionary Invention The realisation, that rolling friction is much less than sliding friction, led man to invent the wheels. The wheel has been considered one of the greatest inventions in the history of mankind. It is much easier to cart a heavy load, put on a trolley with wheels, than to push it. Wheels are used extensively in daily lives for transportation. They save labour and ener, to a great extent. This is because of the (very much) reduced friction associate with rolling. q@mzmm = — Proper inflated tyres roll without sliding since rolling friction is less than the sliding friction. Therefore, there is less dissipation of energy against friction. Hence, proper inflated tyres save fuel. = Friction — A Necessary Evil Friction plays a very important role in our daily life. Many of our daily activité depends on the presence of frictional force. In some cases, friction is use" and necessary. In other cases, friction causes a wastage of energy and damad moving parts of machinery, etc. It is, therefore, harmful and an evil (or nuis@™ in such situations. m Friction — A Necessity Let us first look at some situations where friction becomes a necessity. 1. Walking on the ground: It is friction between the ground and nt (shoes) that enables us to walk. When we walk, we push the ground EKour feet in the backward direction (action); friction then provides the forward reaction and makes us move forward. If friction between our feet and ground were absent, it would not be possible to walk. Have you tried walking on a wet smooth floor or an oily floor? Why do we tend to slip on the wet or oily floor? The water/oil on the floor provides a thin layer in between our feet and the floor. This decreases friction between our feet/shoes and the ground. Our feet are then no longer able to grip the floor firmly and push it backward. We, therefore, tend to slip. v Know ——_—_—_—_— —____—— Sand is thrown on roads when they get covered with snow. This is so because on a road covered with snow, the friction between the tyres of vehicles and the road is very small. This leads to the ‘skidding of' the vehicles from the road. Sand is thrown to increase the force of friction to a sufficient value and thus, reduce the chances of skidding of the vehicles. 2. For rolling: The friction between the tyres/wheels and the road, is necessary for vehicles to move safely. If there were no friction, the tyres of vehicles will go on spinning at the same place and will not move forward at all. If friction becomes less than a specified value, the wheel/tyre can lose their grip of the road. The vehicle may then skid or turn. 3. Performing small day to day activities/tasks: Can you imagine being able to write at all if there were no friction? Whenever we write with pen, or pencil on paper, or with chalk on a blackboard, it is the friction that holds the ink/chalk particles, and makes them stick to the rough surface of paper/blackboard. We also know from our day to day experience that it is easier to hold an earthen Pot, or a paper glass than to hold a (smooth) glass tumbler. Why is it so? It is friction which enables us to hold things safely in our hands. Friction also enables| tling down hills ap Us to keep things along a slope. Imagine everything hurtling it Mountains if there were no friction. d, or tie a knot, or li We would not be able to fix a nail/screw on the ae faces oh a matchstick, had there been no friction between Friction — An Evil or Nuisance ivities in our daily |i We now know that friction is needed for so many Seas ae fa However, it has many disadvantages too and is unwanted a ve ns, Let us now look at some situations where friction is not desirable. 1 Friction consumes a substantial part of the useful energy available to y As friction opposes any relative motion between two objects in contac some of the effort (force/energy) applied to the moving object is wastei in overcoming friction. @mm™p == Friction can never be entirely eliminated. We cann polishing and smoothening surfaces, In fact, friction can 0 up to very high values for ultrasmooth surfaces. This is because the molecules come Very Close to each other (in such surfaces) and exert Very strong attractive forces on one another. To us, they would appear as a very strong interlocking of the surfaces. ‘ot reduce friction to zero by continuously Friction is responsible for a lot of wear and tear of moving parts/objecs We must have seen the worn out steps of ‘foot Over-bridges' (at railwé! stations) or the worn out soles of old shoes. Have you ever thought abo! the cause of these observations? It is friction which 'wears out! surfacé rubbing against each other. For this very Feason, the moving parts of of machines need replacements. 3. A significant amount of energy, supplied to a machi Ne, gets wasted int form of heat energy while overcoming the force of friction, We all have observed that, when we strike a matchstick against a rough surfat it catches fire. Also, when we vigrously rub our palms, together for a few minut® they become warm. This is because friction leads to Production of heat: ui energy, required to overcome friction is (mainly) converted into heat. While thé welcome for warming up our palms ona winter morning, it becomes a proble between the moving parts of a machine. Excessive heat, produced due to frict! can damage the moving parts of a machine. Ptis interesting to note that force of friction between narrow tyres and road is equal to the force of riction between similar wider tyres and road. This is so because the force of friction is independent f the area of contact. Wider tyres of vehicles spread the weight of vehicle over a large surface area nd hence, decrease the wear and tear of the tyres, Methods of Increasing Friction We now know that friction is desirable in some situations and undesireable in some other situations. Whenever friction is required, it is increased by making the surfaces rough. Why do you think tyres of vehicles like (cars and bus) have treades on them? Why is the sole of your shoe grooved? The treades and grooves improve their grip on the road. This increases the friction to desired value, and helps us to avoid skidding or slipping. Sportsmen and players use special types of sport shoes with spikes/cleats (a piece of metal/rubber) on their soles. This helps them to ‘get a better grip' on the ground. Atheletes and other sportpersons, (when they play), often make use of friction. Gymnasts often apply some coarse substance/chalk powder on their hands. By doing so, they increase the friction between their hands and the uneven bars. This gives them a better grip. For the same reason, Kabaddi (a game) players rub their hands with soil for having a better grip on their opponents. Methods of Reducing Friction We now know that, in very many situations, friction is undesirable and we would want to minimise it. The following are some common ways used to Ty reduce friction: now . We use polished jewels in 1. Polishing: When we polish a surface, its watches to hold the axles | roughness (unevenness) decreases. The _ between them. }i |. We also someti surface becomes smooth and friction gets eo vane Mes ng the surfaces with a fine sand paper to reduce thei ' 2. Lubrication: We all know that when a few drops of oil are poured on the hinges of a door, the door moves much more smoothly. Bicycle and motor mechanics use grease between the moving parts of these machines. In all these cases, we want to reduce friction in order to _— increase efficiency. Oil-like substances, which help to reduce friction Whe, Put on a surface, are called lubricants. Lubricants can be (i) liquids (like oils) (ii) semi-liquids (like grease) (iii) Solids (like talcum powder). When we apply a libricant between the moving parts of a machine, a thin laye Of this lubricant is formed between the two surfaces. As the surfaces now do net tub against each other directly, friction is reduced. Interlocking of irregularities between the (now) changed surfaces reduces considerably and movemen becomes smooth. Oiling/greasing of machines results in less wear and tear, and hence, less energy wastage. This helps to increase the efficiency of machines. Sometimes we use solids (in the form of Powders) as lubricants. For example when we play a game of carrom-board, we often sprinkle talcum powder 0 the carrom-board. By sprinkling talcum powder (on carrom-board), the frictiot between the ‘striker’ and the ‘board! is very much reduced and the ‘striker’ moves smoothly on the board. In some machines, between the movi A hovercraft is a vehicle which can travel on both land and water without much friction. It moves on a cushion of air provided by powerful pumps. it may not be advisable to use oil as a lubricant, An air cushio! Ng parts is also often used to reduce friction. ti Compressed and purified air can also act as a lubricant. It Provides an elas! cushion between the moving parts, thus reducing friction. It has the ad¢ advantage of preventing dust and dirt from collecting on the moving parts.It is these properties of air that play a very important role in the smooth ride of a hovercraft. 3. Ball-bearings: We know that rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction. Sliding can be replaced by rolling, (in most machines) by use of ball-bearings. For example, we use ball-bearings in shafts of motors, dynamos, axles of vehicles and so on. ® Fluid Friction We now know that whenever a solid object moves over some solid surface (of another object), frictional force (solid friction) comes into play. This opposes the relative motion between the two surfaces in contact. But what happens when an object moves through air? What do you think? The air also exerts a force of friction even though air itself is very light and thin. We call this friction as air resistance; it also opposes the motion of objects through it. Like air, water and other liquids also exert a force of friction when objects move through them. Thus we can say that fluids (collective term for liquids and gases) too exert force of friction (fluid friction/drag) on objects moving through them. The force of (fluid) friction on an object, in a fluid, depends on the— 1. nature of the fluid. 2. shape of the moving object (the area of contact). 3. speed of the moving object (with respect to the fluid). Air resistance, for example, increases with an increase in the speed of the object moving through it. Take two large sheets of aluminium foil/thick paper that are identical in size and shape. s both the sheets are made of the same material, it can be assumed that they have the e mass. Now, crumble one sheet into a tight ball. Hold both—the ball and the other het of foil- head high and drop them both at the same time. What do we observe?d? You will find that the piece, that has .d. This shows that it experiences much | rea of a body, the Mote; Which piece of foil falls with a greater spee' crumbled into a ball, falls with a greater spee air resistance. This, in turn, implies that greater the surface al a bos the resistance that the air offers to its motion. In other words, fluid friction depen di on the shape of the object moving through the fluid. ~_ Sheet of | Air paper resistance ! resistance | | Crumbled sheet | of paper (ball) Ground level We, thus, realise that fluid friction can be reduced to a great extent by (suitabl adjusting the shapes of bodies, We also observe that when objects move through fluids with a higher speel a larger force (due to fluid friction) opposes their motion. They can lose! considerable part of their useful energy to overcome this fluid friction." minimise this energy loss, the bodies/objects are given special shapes. In Class-Vi, we have already learnt that birds and fishes have to move about! fluids almost all the time. Their bodies must, therefore, have evolved to shal which would make them lose less energy in overcoming fluid friction. If we! carefully at the shapes of an aeroplane and a boat we find that the shape aeroplane has some similarities to the shai i i pe of bird bo somewhat similar to that of a fish. a Nature, thus, gives many useful ideas to manki id. Scienti ften put the! 1 h ankind. i i ae : si lentists often “aft! se in designing the shapes o objects. Sports vehicles are often so desi!| reduce the effects of air friction when they move on the toads. Racing cars, which have to move really fast, are (made more pointed towards front) that air flows smoothly over their surfaces in sucha way that every air particle passes a particular point with the same speed and in the same direction. Such a flow is called streamline flow; all such special shaped bodies are called streamlined bodies. A streamlined flow of air, over the surface of a vehicle, reduces friction (air resistance) and helps it to acquire a faster speed. m Do You aye Look around and you will find that the vehicles, moving on the road, come in a variety of shapes and designs. ‘These different shapes and designs are constantly evolved and developed by car engineers and designers. Their attempts not only make the car look beautiful but also given a very different shape. Their special (streamlined) shapes lower the air resistance to very low values; this enables these cars to move really fast.something To Know Fill in the blanks. 1. Friction always _ are in contact with each other. any relative motion between the two surfaces 2. Static friction is always __ than sliding friction. 3. Sportsmen use shoes, fitted with spikes, to __ shoes and the ground. 4. Sprinkling of talcum powder, on the carrom-board, helps to ___ friction. 5. Frictional force, on an object moving in a fluid, depends on its __ 6. The shape of an aeroplane is____ la thy friction between thei —— to reduce, the effects of friction, due to air. State True or False for the following statements. 1. When a body slides over smooth and wet surfaces, the amount of interlocking of irregularities, of the two surfaces in contact, increases, 2. Ifa car moves eastwards, the force of friction acts southwards. 3. Friction depends on how hard the two surfaces press against each other. 4. The sole of shoes and the tyres of the vehicles are ‘treaded' to decrease the effects of friction. 5. Lubricants can be liquids, semi-liquids or solids. 6. Friction can be increased by using ball bearings between the moving parts of machines.7. Fluid friction can be minimised by giving suitable shapes to the objects moving through the fluid. —_——— C. Tick (VY) the correct option. 1. Suppose your writing desk is tilted to a position where a book kept on it just starts sliding down. The figure, showing the correct direction of frictional force acting on it, is— Friction rq Friction LJ TI Friction Friction LJ 2. Two boys are applying oppositely directed, and equal in magnitude, forces on a box as shown in the figure. In such a case, the force of friction, that would exist between the lower end of the box and the ground, would be called— CE] sliding friction static friction [__] fluid friction Four students were asked to arrange the (frictional) forces, due to rolling, static and sliding friction, in an increasing order, Their arrangements are listed below. rolling friction The correct arrangement is — _| rolling, sliding, static rolling, static, sliding L LC] static, rolling, sliding static, sliding, rolling) ' . verted mainly into The energy, ‘used up’ in overcoming friction, gets con | EC] heat energy -_| Sound energy light energy C] chemical energy Rahul rolls a ball on a wooden surface. The ball covers a certain distance befor Coming to rest. To make the same ball cover a (much) longer distance, befon | coming to rest, Rahul should— Cc Spread a newspaper on the wooden surface. LJ spread a towel on the wooden surface. C sprinkle talcum powder on the wooden surface, | spread a jute bag on the wooden surface, A block is sliding on a horizont: ‘al surface. The force of friction between the two can be increased by— | decreasing the area of contact of the block with the surface. |_| applying a layer of some lubricant on the surface, LI by polishing the surface, CF] by putting a second identical block on top of the given block. D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1) 2. 3. 4, Define the terms (a) static friction (b) sliding friction, State the meanings of the terms (a) rolling friction (b) fluid friction, State the likely cause of friction, A box is resting on the floor. To move ita (variable) force is applied as show in the diagram below. Applied Applied Applied Force Force Force - "2F ‘SF a Box is at rest Box is at rest Box just begins to slide Fig (a) Fie (b) Fig (c)(a) Give the (likely) value of the force of limiting friction. (b) Why does the box stay at rest in the cases corresponding to Fig (a) and Fig (b)? (c) Mark the direction of frictional force, and mention the kind of frictional force that comes into play, in each case. Name the kind of frictional friction, that comes into play, when a book, kept ona collection of cylindrical pencils, is moved by pushing it. Why are objects given special shapes when they are moving through fluids? Write the name given to these special shapes. . Answer the following questions. 1 Define Force of friction. List the factors affecting the force of friction. Explain with examples. A ball is allowed to roll down an inclined wooden plane from a given height. At the foot of the inclined plane, it moves on a horizontal surface, differently ‘covered’, one by one, as shown in the following figures. Inclined plane Inclined plane Newspaper Woollen Plane glass cloth sheet CASE 'A’ CASE 'B! CASE 'C! In which case, is the ball likely to move the longest distance? Give reason for your answer. Explain why sliding friction is slightly less than static friction. Give reasons for the following— (a) We tend to slip when we step on a banana peel. (b) It is easier to push a lighter box than a similar heavy box on the same floor. (c) The force, needed to start a cart, is (somewhat) greater than the force needed to keep it moving with a uniform speed. (d) Sportsmen use shoes fitted with spikes.e) Ball-bearings are used in machines. 4 reglry f) Tyres of the vehicles need to be changed reg ; ly oiled or greased. ) Machines parts are frequently ra Sport cars, aeroplanes and boats are designed to have a streamlineq shap, (i (i) Rollers are used for transporting luggage, ( ( ( icy roads, ) Metal chains are wrapped on tyres when they run on icy ) w State and explain, with examples, how friction can help the cause of Motion in Certain situations, LACT EEE) eS in} , would often strongly argue With each ife, However, they made, , for the interschool badminton tournaments, Ces and play as a ‘team! to Their Science teacher, who Was also their bad; example. He would explain to his Students how the and 'a source of help' even though it was Usually y; 1. State the values displayed by minton coach, Would quote their force of friction canbea ‘good friend’ iewed only asa ‘trouble maker', Ramit and Kush. 2. Give two examples of situatic the force of friction is (i) a 1. Imagine that friction were to sudde, nly vanish altogether, Write a sh 't story/pla on how would our lives be affected, Short story/play 2. List some Sports/games where friction is a ‘help' or + your list with your friends with some Supp 4 source of trouble’, Discuss orting Pictures, the Activity 1 of this Chapter, what ig likely to happen if You change the an, gle 3 aa the tray makes with the table top, Does the angle, made by the inclined lane with respect to horizontal, affect the sliding? Discuss Your findings with your i Does the angle (at which sliding just starts) depend on the nature of the two teacher in contact? Find the answer using different surface ‘Materials/toy cars and so on,