Purposive Communication Classification of Communication

Language – Linguist agree that a language can Communication Mode

only be called a language if it has a system of
rules (also known as grammar), a sound system Context
(phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon). Purpose and Style
When people use language, they can understand Types of Communication according to Mode
each other because they belong to the same
speech community. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication –
Effective communication calls for the blending
While growing up, people acquire the languages of these two types. One cannot be separated
used by those in the community. This process is from the other.
called language acquisition.
Verbal – language
The languages acquired while growing up are
known as mother tongues, which may also be Non-Verbal – gestures, expression, and
referred to as first language. character

People discover later on that other languages are Visual Communication – is the type of
needed for various reasons. These other communication that uses some visuals to convey
languages may be referred to as second information and/or messages. Some examples
languages. are signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs,
charts, diagrams and etc.
People learn these languages by studying
formally in school or informally on their own. Types of Communication according to
This is the process of language learning. Context

Language contact – The result of such contact Intrapersonal Communication – The Latin
may be a new form of language. prefix intra- means within or inside.
Intrapersonal communication then means talking
Your own languages may also as you constantly to oneself. Psychologists call it with other names
interact and communicate with each other. Thus, such as self-verbalization or self-statement.
language change is the result of language
contact. Interpersonal Communication – As opposed
to intra, the Latin prefix inter- means between,
Communication – is generally defined as the among, and together. This may occur in dyads or
exchange of thoughts, ideas, concept, and views small group, also known as group
between or among two or more people, various communication.
contexts come into play.
Extended communication – involves the use of
Context – is the circumstance or environment in electronic media.
which communication takes place. Such
circumstance may include (physical or actual Organizational Communication – The focus is
setting, the value positions of a speaker/listener, on the role that communication plays in
and the relevance or appropriateness of a organizational contexts.
message conveyed.
Two types of Organizational Structure Types of Communication according to
(Organizational Communication) Purpose and Style
Formal Communication – employs formal
 Formal Structure – allows language delivered orally or written form.
communication to take place via Informal Communication – does not employ
designed channels of message flow formal language. It involves personal or ordinary
between positions in the organization. conversations with friends, family members, or
o Downward communication – acquaintances about anything under the sun.
is the type that flows from upper
to lower. Communication Models
o Upward communication – is Aristotle’s Model
bottom-up which subordinates Laswell’s Model
send communication to their Shannon-Weaver’s Model
superior/bosses bearing their David Berlo’s Model
views /feedback on A model is often abstract. It is a
organizational policies, issues representative of a real world phenomenon
related to their jobs, and the applied to different forms.
like. Aristotle’s Communication Model
o Horizontal communication – Aristotle emphasized that there are three
is lateral in approach as it takes variables in the communication process:
place among people belonging speaker, speech and audience.
to the same level but coming Laswell’s Communication Model
from different departments or The whole process of communication
units to facilitate performance of begins with the communicator (who) sending
tasks through proper out message (what) using medium (in which
coordination. channel) for a receiver (to whom) experiencing
o Crosswise communication – an effect (with what effect) afterwards.
approach is diagonal in nature Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model
as employees from different Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren
units or departments working at Weaver’s model of communication was
various levels communicate introduced in 1949, a year after Laswell’s, for
with each other. Bell Laboratories. Originally it was
 Informal Structure – comes from conceptualized for functioning the radio and
unofficial channels of message flow. television serving as a model for technical
Also known as ‘grapevine’, messages communication and, later on, adopted in the
coming from different levels of the field of communication. Sender – Encoder –
organization are transmitted. Channel – Decoder – Receiver.
Berlo’s Communication Model
Intercultural Communication – as the term Berlo’s model was called SMCR which
implies, it is communication between or among stands for Sender of the Message, sent through a
people having different linguistic, religious, Channel or medium to a Receiver.
ethnic, social, and professional background. Source (Communication Skills,
Attitude, Knowledge, Social System and
Culture) Message (Content, Elements,
Treatment, Structure and Code) Channel Refers to the channel through which one
(Hearing, Seeing, Touching, Smelling and expresses his/her communicative intent.
Tasting) Receiver (Communication Skills,
Attitude, Knowledge, Social System and  Face to face Interaction – it is an
Culture). informal or casual conversation between
General Principles of Effective two or more people.
Communication  Video – web cameras are used so that
 Know your purpose in communicating two or more people who cannot interact
 Know your audience face to face can communicate.
 Know your topic  Audio – audio means transmitted sound.
Thus, in this mode of communication,
 Adjust your speech or writing to the
only the voice of the speaker is heard.
context of the situation
The audio communication mode is quite
 Work on the feedback given to you
difficult especially if you are listening to
Principles of Effective Oral Communication people with different accents.
Be clear with you purpose  Text-based communication such as
email, facsimile, text messaging, and
Be complete with the message instant messaging. Social networking
sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and
Be concise
Instagram likewise offer text-based
Be natural with your delivery communication.

Be specific and timely with your feedback Margaret J. Wheatley states: “all social change
begins with a conversation”.
Principles of Effective Written
Communication: 7c’s Globalization Phenomenon

Clear, Concise, Concrete, Correct, Coherent, “Globalization” and “global” are terms we often
Complete, and Courteous encounter today.

.Ethics of Communication The following reading text provides information

about globalization. Before reading text,
Communication ethics emphasizes that research about the following:
morals influence the behaviour of an individual,
group, or organization thereby affecting their  Reuters
communication.  International Monetary Fund
(IMF)
1. Establish an effective value system that  Paris agreement on climate
will pave the way for development of change
your integrity as a person.
 Oxfam
2. Provide complete and accurate
information. Intercultural Communication
3. Disclose vital information adequately
and appropriately. According to science, each person is
genetically unique. Except for identical twins,
Communication Modes each person has a unique genetic composition.
High context culture (Mediterranean, Slav, The Handshake
Central European, Latin American, African,
Arab, Asian, American Indian) United States – firm handshake

Low context culture (Germanic and English- France – soft handshake

speaking countries) Germany – firm handshake, for men,
Sequential culture – businesspeople give full traditionally accompanied by slight bow
attention to one agenda item after another. Japan – handshake with arm firmly extended,
Synchronic cultures – the flow of time is accompanied by a bow
viewed as a sort of circle, with the past, present, Middle East – handshake and free hand placed
and future all interrelated. on the forearm of the other person
Neutral cultures do not telegraph their feelings, Sources of Misunderstanding
but keep the, carefully controlled and subdued.
Ambiguity – lack of explicitness on the part of
Varieties of English the speaker in the form of problematic reference.
World English (WE) or varieties of English. Performance-related misunderstanding –
WE actually stand for the localized varieties of slips of the tongue and mishearing which may be
English as they used or spoken in certain areas. due to utterances spoken quickly and unclearly.
Braj Kachru’s Three Concentric Circles of Language related misunderstanding–
English. Inner circle with ENL (English as ungrammaticality of sentences.
native language); Outer circle with ESL
(English as second language); and the Gaps in world knowledge– gaps in content
Expanding circle with EFL (English as foreign rather than language
language)
Local context- turns and the turns within
Cultural Texts sequences produced by the participants
themselves
Note that one cause of miscommunication is
pronunciation. This is so because of differences Writing an explanation Essay
in phonology.
“Why” questions are very important. Addressing
Challenges of Intercultural Communication “why” questions means providing explanations
for phenomena. An explanation essay is one
In fact, with the ASEAN integration, English has such example of written piece of work that
been declared the official or working language addresses ‘why’ questions.
of ASEAN.
From Research to Argument:
Note that misunderstanding in intercultural
communication may not always be caused by The essay you are writing is argumentative. This
verbal utterances. Misunderstandings may also means you are expected to present a clear stand
occur due to wrong interpretation of non-verbal on an issue that has at least two different (or
code. opposing) sides.
Annotated research bibliography – which is the Delivering the report/speech/talk
list of sources with a brief description of the
content of each source Paralinguistic cues – subsumed under this
category are facial expression, posture, gesture,
Acceptability of sources, the following are and movement.
usually not considered:
Prosodic features – when you speak, aim at
 Any holy books or inspirational writing delivering your message clearly through
 Any work literature intelligible and comprehensive comprehensible
 The dictionary pronunciation. You need to articulate the sounds
 Personal blogs or journal, diary entries clearly by paying attention to how you move
 Wikipedia your lips, tongue, and teeth.

The thesis statement is the main point or central The debate

argument of your paper. Types of debate
Outline gives your paper a general shape Formal – are held in formal settings such as in
Outline should have the following parts: school, in the House of Representatives, and in
the Senate.
 Your thesis statement
Informal – do not follow strictly a structure,
 Your argument and specific support for
does not have to involve two teams.
this argument
 The opposing argument and specific Skills needed in Debate
support for this argument
 A list sources for all the support that will  Reading
be used in the paper  Speaking
 Writing
Preparing a speech or oral report  Listening
 Audience – know the profile of your Understanding the Literature
listeners. It is important that you know
who will listen to you-their age, gender, A writer crafts a short story to convey an idea
educational background, religion, about the human experience.
economic status, and interest.
 Logistics – it is something basic These elements are identified and described as
essential for every speaker to know who follows.
is organizing the event.
 The setting of the story is the time and
a) Venue – the venue is equally
place in which the story unfolds
important. Locate the lights and
 The story unfolds through a series or
if you have movable visual aids,
sequences of events, which make up the
know where to position them.
story’s plot
b) Facilities – ask beforehand
 The plot includes a conflict. This
about the pieces of equipment
usually involves a problem that need to
available for you.
be resolved. The plot moves towards the
 Content of report/speech/lecture
resolution of this problem.
  There are characters, or the actors in LinkedIn as a social networking service is used
the story. Depending on the nature of the for professional networking. Employers use this
story, the characters may come in the site to post job vacancies while interested
form of people or animals applicants post their curriculum vitae or resume.
 Stories make use of images, which are
objects in the story that appeal reader’s
senses. It may be interpreted as symbols
with meanings that go beyond the literal
level
 The theme is the main idea or message
that the author intends to convey.

Genres across professions

Business letters, memoranda, minute of

meetings

Business letters are a common form of writing

in any organization. The traditional parts of a
business letter are:

a) Heading
b) Inside address
c) Salutation
d) Body
e) Complimentary close
f) Signature

Another communication material is

memorandum. A Latin term which means “it
must be remembered”, the memo is usually
issued and disseminated by those occupying
mid-level positions and up in an organizations.

Minutes of a meeting – organizations,

institution, agencies, and even smaller units or
offices hold meetings from time to time.

Business proposal – the purpose of a business

proposal is to attract clients or secure support
from possible investors or organizations.

Social media channels

Facebook has become the most popular social

media website. Developed by Mark
Zuckerberg in the early 2000s