Subject Code Chem 1 Chemistry 1
Module Code 10.0 Colligative Properties
Lesson Code 10.2 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
Time Frame 30 minutes
Components Tasks TA1 ATA2
(min) (min)
Target After working on this module, you are expected to: 1
1. Describe the effects of a solute on the colligative
properties (vapor pressure lowering)
2. Perform calculations that involve colligative
properties (vapor pressure lowering)
3. Relate the importance of colligative properties to
everyday situation. (vapor pressure lowering)
Hook 1
Going to different stores and malls was once a habit of
ours before this pandemic struck. We go to different stores
like the grocery or even the hardware. We can see wide arrays
of products and stuffs.
The product that always struck me when we go to
different stores is a car anti-freeze sold in a tropical country.
Figure 1 Anti-freeze (Lohin, 2021).
Car anti-freeze in a tropical country makes you also wonder
what its purpose is. Do the internal parts of the cars in the
Philippines really freeze? Or does it have other purpose?
In this module let us find out what the purpose of these liquid
though the concept of colligative properties.
1
Time allocation suggested by the teacher.
2
Actual time allocation spent by the student (for information purposes only).
Page 1 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
Ignite Colligative properties are properties of a solutions that 15
depend on the quantity of the solute but not the kind of or identity
of the solute particles (Brown, et. al., 2012). These colligative
properties include vapor pressure lowering, osmotic pressure,
boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression. In this
module will discuss vapor pressure lowering.
In the previous module we know the vapor pressure is the
pressure exerted by the vapor when it is equilibrium with the liquid.
This happens when the rate of vaporization is equal to the rate of
condensation. Substances that have measurable vapor pressure are
called volatile substances, whereas substances that do not have
any measurable vapor pressure are called non-volatile substances
(Brown, et. al., 2012).
A solution containing a volatile liquid and a non-volatile solute
form spontaneously. In effect, the solvent molecules are stabilized
in their liquid state. As a consequence, the vapor in the liquid has
a lower tendency to escape into the vapor state. Therefore, when
the non-volatile solute is present, the vapor pressure of the solvent
is lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
Figure 2. Process of vapor pressure lowering (Brown et. al., 2012)
The vapor pressure of a volatile solvent above a solution
containing a non-volatile solute is proportional to the
solvent’s concentration in the solute. This relationship can be
expressed quantitatively by Raoult’s Law. Raoult’s Law
states that the partial pressure exerted by solvent vapor above
the solution equals the product of the mole fraction of the
solvent times the vapor pressure of the pressure of the pure
solvent as expressed in equation below (Brown, et. al., 2012).
.
Page 2 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
𝑜
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 [1]
Wherein,
Po = vapor pressure of pure solvent at a certain temperature
Xsolvent = mole fraction of the solvent
Psolution = vapor pressure of the resulting solution.
We can also say that,
𝑜
∆𝑃 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 [2]
Wherein,
Po = vapor pressure of pure solvent at a certain temperature
Xsolute = mole fraction of the solute
∆P = vapor pressured lowered.
Let us try these equations by using an example.
Example 1. Raoult’s Law (Nonelectrolyte)
What is the vapor pressure of the resulting solution
when 250.0g of glucose (Molar mass = 180.2 g/mol) was
dissolved in 500.0mL of water at 30OC? We assume that the
density of the resulting solution is 1.00g/mL. Vapor pressure
of water at 30OC is 31.82 mmHg.
Given:
In the problem Amount of glucose
you are given
the amount of mass of glucose=250.0g
glucose in the
solution, the 250.0𝑔
moles of glucose= 𝑔
volume and 180.2
𝑚𝑜𝑙
density of water
and the vapor
= 1.387 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒
pressure of
water at 30OC.
Volume, density and amount of water
Volume of water = 500.0mL
Page 3 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
Density of water = 1.00g/mL
Mass of water = 500.0mL (1.00g/mL)
= 500.0g
500.0𝑔
Moles of water =
18.02 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
=27.75mol of water
Vapor pressure of water at 30OC
PH2O = 31.82 mmHg
Asked:
You are asked
to find the vapor Psolution=?
pressure of the
resulting
solution
𝑜
Conceptualize: 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 [1]
We need to use
the Raoult’s Wherein,
Law to express Po = vapor pressure of pure solvent at a
the relationship
certain temperature
between the
Xsolvent = mole fraction of the solvent
vapor pressure
of pure solvent Psolution = vapor pressure of the
and mole resulting solution.
fraction of
solvent Since, we have already converted the
determine the amount of glucose and volume of
vapor pressure water into number of moles. We are
of the solution. now going to determine the mole
fraction of water (Xwater) in the
solution.
To do that we use this equation:
𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑋𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 + 𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Page 4 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
27.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑋𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
1.387 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 27.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑋𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.9524
𝑋𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑜
Solve: 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 [1]
Now, we will
substitute the Wherein,
known values
to the equation. 𝑋𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Then we finally
solve equation 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.9524 (31.82 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)
Always
remember to 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 30.31 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
write your
answers in
The vapour pressure of the
proper
resulting glucose solution has
significant
figures. decreased to 30.31 mmHg.
Colligative properties of a solution depend on the total
concentration of solute particles, regardless of whether the
particles are ions or molecules. The colligative properties of
electrolyte solutions require a slightly different approach than
the one used for the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte
(Brown, et. al., 2012). Electrolytes are substances that when
dissolved dissociates into ions in solution. Thus, the
colligative property of a 0.1 molar NaCl solution is twice as
great as those of 0.1 molar glucose (C6H12O6) solutions which
is a nonelectrolyte (Chang, 2008).
One measure of the extent to which electrolytes dissociate
is the van’t Hoff factor (i). It is the ratio of the measured
value of the colligative property in the electrolyte solution to
the expected value for a nonelectrolyte solution (Silberberg,
2006). This can be expressed by the equation below:
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑖= [3]
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Page 5 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
Where the measured value of electrolyte is the number
of ions that this electrolyte release, while the expected value
of nonelectrolytes is always 1.
We can also say that the van’t Hoff factor (i) can also
be expressed based on the amount of ion that a compound can
produce.
Table 1 Determining van’t Hoff Factor for
Electrolyte
Electrolyte Ions van’t Hoff Factor
+ -
NaCl [Na ], [Cl ] 2
-
CaCl2 [Ca], 2[Cl ] 3
+ -
KOH [K ], [OH ] 2
+2 3-
Ca3(PO4)2 3[Ca ], 2[PO4 ] 5
To calculate the colligative properties of strong
electrolyte solutions, we incorporate the van’t Hoff factor
into the equation for Rauolt’s Law equation:
𝑜
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑖𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 [4]
Wherein,
Posolvent= vapor pressure of pure solvent at a certain
temperature
Xsolvent = mole fraction of the solvent
Psolution = vapor pressure of the resulting solution.
i= van’t Hoff Factor
Or we can say,
𝑜
∆𝑃 = 𝑖𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 [5]
Wherein,
Po solvent= vapor pressure of pure solvent at a certain
Xsolute = mole fraction of the solute
∆P = vapor pressured lowered.
i= van’t Hoff Factor
Let us try these equations by using an example.
Page 6 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
Example 2. Raoult’s Law (Electrolytes)
A typical brine solution to preserve food stuffs contains
3.50 g of NaCl dissolved with 100 g of water. What would be
the change in resulting vapor pressure of the brine solution if
vapor pressure of water at 25OC is 23.8 mmHg?
Given:
In the problem amount of NaCl
you are given
the amount of Mass of NaCl= 3.50g
NaCl in the
solution, the 3.50 𝑔
Moles of NaCl=
volume and 58.44𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
density of water
and the vapor =0.0599 mol of NaCl
pressure of
water at 25OC. amount of water
Mass of water = 100.0g
100.0𝑔
Moles of water =
18.02 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
=5.549 mol of water
Vapor pressure of water at 25OC
PH2O = 23.8 mmHg
van’t Hoff Factor:
NaCl = [Na+][Cl-]
Since, sodium chloride dissociates to
sodium ion and chloride ion.
i=2
Asked:
You are asked
to find the ∆P=?
amount change
in water vapor.
𝑜
Conceptualize: ∆𝑃 = 𝑖𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 [5]
Page 7 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
We need to use
the Raoult’s Wherein,
Law to express Po = vapor pressure of pure solvent at a
the relationship certain temperature
between the
Xsolute = mole fraction of the solute
vapor pressure
∆P = vapor pressured lowered.
of pure solvent
and mole
i = van’t Hoff Factor
fraction of
solute Since, we have already converted the
determine the volume of glycerol to moles of
amount of glycerol and volume of water into
vapor pressured number of moles. We are now going to
lowered. determine the mole fraction of NaCl
(XNaCl) in the solution.
To do that we use this equation:
𝑛𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑋𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 =
𝑛𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
0.0599 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑋𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 =
0.0599 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 5.549 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑋𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 0.0107
𝑋𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑜
Solve: ∆𝑃 = 𝑖𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 [5]
Now, we will
substitute the Wherein,
known values
to the equation. 𝑋𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Then we finally
solve equation ∆𝑃 = 2(0.0107)(23.8𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)
Always
remember to ∆𝑃 = 0.509 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
write your
answers in
The change in vapor pressure is
proper
0.509 mmHg.
significant
figures.
Page 8 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
This is the exact principle employed in antifreeze to
become a coolant. According to Total (2021), antifreeze is a
tinted liquid that you put along with water in the car radiator
to help regulate engine temperature. Antifreeze is just a
component of the car engine coolant. The antifreeze solution
is combined with water to prevent water from evaporating
and eventually boiling. The key ingredient is ethylene glycol,
which lowers water’s freezing point and raises its boiling
point by lowering the vapor pressure of the resulting solution.
There are many things in life that you will become
curious of. A trip to a grocery, a convenience store, hardware,
the park or any place in particular may contribute to your
existing pool of knowledge. All you have to do is sharpen
those inquisitive minds. Maybe, someday you might discover
and invent things that will improve not only the lives of
Filipinos but also the people of the world.
Navigate Work on the following exercises to find out if you understood the 10
lesson.
Non-GRADED ASSESSMENT:
1.) A typical 1.000L coolant composed of ethylene glycol
and water mixture is 500.0mL ethylene glycol (C2H6O2)
and 500.0mL of water. What would be the vapor pressure
of the solution, if the vapor pressure of water at 25OC is
23.8 mmHg? (assuming density of ethylene glycol =
1.113 g/mL and density of water = 1.00 g/mL)
2.) The usual method of cooking pasta is you boil pasta in
water and salt. The usual content of water and salt in this
solution is 4.00L of water to 56.7 g salt (4tbsp). What is
the change in water vapor pressure of the solution if the
vapor pressure at boiling is 1.00 atm? (assume density of
water is 1.00g/mL)
GRADED ASSESSMENT:(To be done outside the 30 mins
allotted time)
Page 9 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
1) A typical sugar cube is about 4.00 g of sucrose
(C12H22O11). The vapour pressure of water at 25OC is 23.8
mmHg. What is the change in vapour pressure if a sugar
cube is dissolved in 250.0mL of water?
2) Calcium nitrate can be used as foliar spray to correct
calcium and nitrogen deficiency in plants. The normal
composition for this foliar spray is 128 grams of calcium
nitrate to 94.64 liters of water. What is the change in
vapor pressure for this foliar spray if it is stored at 30OC?
(Assume density of water is 1.00g/mL and vapor pressure
of water at 30OC is 31.8 Torr)
Knot • Colligative properties are properties of a solution 3
that is dependent on the quantity of the solute not
based on the identity of the solute particles.
• The colligative properties include vapor pressure
lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point
depression and osmotic pressure.
• Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapor
when it is equilibrium with the liquid. This happens
when the rate of vaporization is equal to the rate of
condensation
• The vapor pressure of a volatile solvent above a
solution containing a non-volatile solute is
proportional to the solvent’s concentration in the
solute. This can be expressed by the Raoult’s Law.
𝑜
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Or
𝑜
∆𝑃 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
• The colligative properties of electrolyte solutions
require a slightly different approach than the one used
for the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte.
Page 10 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
Electrolytes are substances that when dissolved
dissociates into ions in solution. Thus, the colligative
property of a 0.1 molar NaCl solution is twice as great
as those of 0.1 molar glucose (C6H12O6) solutions
which is a nonelectrolyte.
• One measure of the extent to which electrolytes
dissociate is the van’t Hoff factor (i). It is the ratio of
the measured value of the colligative property in the
electrolyte solution to the expected value for a
nonelectrolyte solution.
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑖=
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
• Rauolt’s Law for electrolyte solutions
𝑜
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑖𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Or
𝑜
∆𝑃 = 𝑖𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
ANSWER KEY:
NON-GRADED ASSESSMENT
1.) Conversion of appropriate units
𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
500.0 mL C2 H6 O2 (1.113 )( ) = 8.964 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2 H6 O2
𝑚𝐿 62.08 𝑔
𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
500.0 mL H2 O (1.000 )( ) = 27.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙 H2 O
𝑚𝐿 18.02 𝑔
Solving for the mole fraction of solvent
𝑛H2O
𝑋H2O =
𝑛C2H6O2 + 𝑛H2O
27.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑋H2O = = 0.7558
8.964 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 27.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Page 11 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
Solving the vapor pressure of the solution using Raoult’s Law
𝑜
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.7558 (23.8 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 18.0 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
The solution containing 50/50 ethylene glycol/water solution has a vapor pressure of
18.0 mmHg.
2.) Conversion of appropriate units
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
56.7g NaCl ( ) = 0.970 𝑚𝑜𝑙
58.44 𝑔
1000𝑚𝐿 𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
4.00L H2 O ( ) (1.000 )( ) = 222 𝑚𝑜𝑙 H2 O
1𝐿 𝑚𝐿 18.02 𝑔
Solving for the mole fraction of solute
𝑛NaCl
𝑋NaCl =
𝑛NaCl + 𝑛H2O
0.970 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑋NaCl = = 4.35 𝑥 10−3
0.970 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 222 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Van’t hoff factor:
Since, NaCl dissociate into [Na+] and [Cl-] ions. Thus, the value of van’t Hoff factor is
equal to 2
i=2
Solving the change vapor pressure of the solution using Raoult’s Law
𝑜
∆𝑃 = 𝑖𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
∆𝑃 = 2(4.35 𝑥 10−3 ) (1.00𝑎𝑡𝑚)
Page 12 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
∆𝑃 = 8.70 𝑥 10−2 𝑎𝑡𝑚
The change in vapor pressure for the solution for pasta to boil is 8.70 x 10-2 atm.
References
Brown T., LEMay, H., Murphy, C & Woodward, P. (2012).Chemistry: The Central Science 12th
Edition.USA: Pearson Education Inc.
Chang, Raymond (2008), General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-
Hill Companies.
Silberberg, Martin (2006), Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change 4th Edition. New
York: McGraw-Hill Companies
Total (2021). Antifreeze: Does Your Car Really Need It? Retrieved from
https://www.total.co.in/blogs/antifreeze-does-your-car-really-need it#:~:text=Antifreeze%20i
s%20a%20tinted%20liquid,freezing%2C%20boiling%2C%20or%20evaporating.
References for Pictures
Brown T., LEMay, H., Murphy, C & Woodward, P. (2012).Chemistry: The Central Science 12th
Edition.USA: Pearson Education Inc.
Lohin, Amanda DVM (2021). The Dangers of Antifreeze to Your Pet, and What to do About it. Retrieved
from https://www.mspca.org/angell_services/the-dangers-of-antifreeze/.
Prepared by: DEXTER VILE J. LAURDEN Reviewed by: PRINCESS ANN B. DIGNENENG
Position: Special Science Teacher II Position: Special Science Teacher II
Campus: CALABARZONRC Campus: CENTRAL LUZON CAMPUS
© 2020 Philippine Science High School System. All rights reserved. This document may contain proprietary information and may only be
released to third parties with approval of management. Document is uncontrolled unless otherwise marked; uncontrolled documents are
not subject to update notification.
Page 13 of 13
CHEMISTRY 1 Colligative Properties (Vapor Pressure)
