- This method allows us to see more clearly

the EFFECT of each constituent.

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN MAGMATIC SYSTEMS

LECTURE NOTES FOR QUIZ #1 | MIDTERM

Illustration:

The diagram shows that hotspot activity

 Magma versus Melt remains STATIONARY on one point.
Magma refers to the whole molten rock that is Trivia:
composed of solid, gaseous, and liquid portions.
Makaopuhi Lava Lake (March 6, 1965)
Melt on the other hand, refers ONLY to the
liquid portion in a molten rock.

 PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN MAGMAS  CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOIR OF

MELTS

 Natural Systems
- Are parameters that are beyond one’s 1. Cooling melts crystallize from a liquid to
control. a solid over a range of temperatures
 Experimental Peterology: and pressures.
- Are controlled laboratory experiments
focused on SIMPLIFYING naturally occurring 2. Several minerals crystallize over this T
processes. range, and the number of minerals
INCREASES as T DECREASES.

 EXPERIMENTAL PETROLOGY 3. The minerals that form do so

sequentially with considerable depth.
2 AVENUES FOR STUDYING CRYSTALLIZATION:

1. REAL ROCK: take actual rock sample, 4. Minerals that involve solid solution
crush to powder, melt and observe CHANGE composition as cooling
- Pros: shed light on the crystallization of progresses.
individual rocks
- Limitation: provides LITTLE INFORMATION 5. Melt composition also changes during
on MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION. crystallization.

6. The minerals that crystallize (as well as

2. CRYSTALLIZATION EXPERIMENTS: the sequence) depend on Temperature
a. Small number of PURE chemical and the composition of the melt.
components
b. MIXED in carefully controlled 7. Pressure can affect the types of
proportions minerals that form and the sequence.
 8. The nature and pressure of the
volatiles can also affect the minerals 1. What phase are present?
and their sequence. 2. What are the state of those phases?
3. What are the RELATIVE quantities of
those phases.
4. Phases transformations we can expect
 HOW ARE PHASE DIAGRAMS when we change 1 or more parameters
PREPARED? in the system
- Temperature (T)
- Carefully prepared compositions are - Pressure (P)
heated in a furnace - Composition (X)
- Experimental charge are then quenched
- Composition and temperature
 DEFINITION OF IMPORTANNT TERMS:

Reminder:
1. PHASE: a chemically and physically
RECALL the BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES distinct material in a system that is
mechanically separable from the rest
(.[Link], liquid, gas, or amorphous
solid).

2. COMPONENT: refers to the smallest

chemical constituent that is necessary
to describe the composition of every
phase in the system.
(e.g. Si, H2O, O2, SiO2, etc)
High temperature: 1200 C
3. SOLUTION: A HOMOGENEOUS mixture
Low temperature: 750 C
of two or more chemical components in
which their concentrations may be
freely varied within certain limits.

 PHASE DIAGRAM
 EXTENSIVE VS INNTENSIVE VARIABLES
Refers to a map the presents the domains and
LIMITS OF STABILITY OF PHASES in a graphical 1. EXTENSIVE:
form. - DEPEND ON THE QUANTITY of the material
in the system.

 INFORMATION FROM PHASE

2. INTENSIVE:
DIAGRAMS:
- refers to the intrinsic properties of the C – the NUMBER OF COMPONENTS
materials in the system.
P – the NUMBER OF PHASES
- DOES NOT DEPEND on the size of the
system. NOTE: “2” is specified because this formulation
- (e.g. pressure, temperature, density, etc.) ASSUMES that both T and P can be varied.

NOTE: ONLY APPLICABLE TO SYSTEMS IN

EQUILIBRIUM
PHASE DIAGRAM
APPLICATION OF GIBB’S PHASE RULE
1. STABILITY FIELDS:
- Refer to areas (T-P, T-X, P-X space) where a
phase or phase assemblage is STABLE
2. EQUILIBRIUM BOUNDARY LINES:  UNARY SYSTEM
- DEFINE the LIMITS of STABILITY FIELDS
- It REPRESENT VALUES of parameters where
phases in adjacent fields coexist.
3. TRIPLE POINTS:
- Refer to points where equilibrium boundary
lines MEET OR INTERSECT.
- All phases in the adjacent stability fields
MUST COEXIST.

 TYPES OF PHASE DIAGRAM

- So this system has only ONE COMPONENT
1. UNARY: is a 1 COMPONENT SYSTEM (H2O), and the unary diagram shows the
2. BINARY: is a 2 COMPONENT SYSTEM component’s different stability fields or
3. TERTIARY: is a 3 COMPONENT SYSTEM phases.

SOLID ICE (DIVARIANT)

 THE GIBB’S PHASE RULE - This is WITHIN THE SOLID ICE STABILITY
FIELD ONLY
It allows one to determine the number of
DEGREES OF FREEDOM (F) or a VARIANCE OF A To solve for the degrees of freedom (F)
CHEMICAL SYSTEM. within this stability field, consider the
following:
The PHASE RULE refer to the equation below:
 C=1
F = (C- P) + 2. - C stands for “COMPONENT” and as we all
know, we only have ONE component in a
Where:
UNARY SYSTEM, as for this case, we ONLY
F – number of degrees of freedom of have WATER (H2O) as our component,
independent variables that CAN be VARIED hence why C=1
WITHOUT DISRUPTING EQUILIBRIA.  P=1
- P stands for “PHASE” and as we all know, With this information we can solve for F:
we are only looking for the stability field of
F = (1 -2 ) + 2 ; F=1
ice in this case. The stability field of ice is
the area in the diagram that corresponds to We only have 1 degree of freedom, and this
ice, and since there are no other phases means that, of the 2 variables present (P&T), we
present there other than solid ice, then P=1. can only change 1 variable INDEPENTLY.
Changing the other, will affect the system and
Hence: F = ( 1 – 1 ) +2 ; F = 2
the other variable.
The degrees of freedom for the solid ice
stability field is 2, and this means that either
pressure or temperature CAN VARY without
affecting the system and each other.
TRIPLE POINT (INVARIANT):
Also means that one can freely make
changes in the temperature without causing - This refers to the point in the diagram
the pressure to compensate for the changes where the lines of equilibrium intersect or
made. meet.
- This means that at this point, 3 PHASES
COEXIST IN EQUILIBRIUM.
HEATING/MELTING OF ICE (UNIVARIANT): To solve for the value of the degree of freedom
for this case, consider the following:
- This refers to the EQUILIBRIUM BOUNDARY
LINE BETWEEN THE SOLID (ICE) AND LIQUID  C=1
(WATER) PHASE, as shown in the diagram. - As previously mentioned, the only thing
that you will have to consider when looking
Hence to solve for the degrees of freedom,
for the value of C (COMPONWENT) is the
one should consider the following:
system that you are dealing with or the
 C=1 TYPE OF DIAGRAM that you are dealing
- Whenever you are looking for the value of C with.
(COMPONENT), always look back into what - Again, for this case, we are looking at the
kind of diagram you are dealing with. As for H2O System in a UNARY DIAGRAM, and so
this case, we all know that we are dealing we only have ONE COMPONENT.
with the H20 SYSTEM, and so we have a  P=3
UNARY DIAGRAM, which automatically tells - We are dealing with the point at which the
us that we only have 1 component for this equilibrium lines meet, and so this means
system, which is WATER (H2O). that the three phases are all present, and
 P=2 they coexist in equilibrium. The phases
- When looking for the value of P, find-out present are: solid, liquid, and vapor.
which part of the diagram is being
With this information, we can solve for the
considered, since we know that the part is
value of the degree of freedom:
UNIVARIANT (meaning we are looking at a
curved line/equilibrium line), then it means F = ( 1 -3 ) + 2 ; F = 0.
that there are 2 phases present for this
part, which are the solid (ice) and the liquid We have obtained a value of ZERO (0) for
(water), hence P=2. the degree of freedom, which means that
 NEITHER one of the two variables present
can be changed nor altered.

This also means that changing the pressure

or the temperature (when F=0), will cause
the system to either:

 LOSE ONE PHASE

or
 LOSE TWO PHASES

Summary of the H20 SYSTEM.

 MAIN TAKEAWAYS:

1. It is a UNARY DIAGRAM, which means it

only contains 1 COMPONENT, and the
component is Al2SiO5.
2. It has THREE UNIVARIANTS
(CURVES/LINES OF EQUILIBRIUM),
which are areas where there are 2
phases coexisting in equilibrium, and at
which there is only 1 DEGREE OF
CURVE = UNIVARIANT: because there is only 1 FREEDOM.
degree of freedom along curves of lines of These are:
equilibrium. i. Kyanite-Sillimanite curve
ii. Kyanite-Andalusite curve
-only 1 variable can be changed. Changing one
iii. Andalusite-Sillimanite curve
parameter of the system would cause the other
3. There are THREE DIVARIANTS (FIELDS
parameter to compensate for the changes.
OF STABILITY), where there is only 1
FIELD = DIVARIANT: because the value of the PHASE existing and a VALUE OF 2 FOR
degrees of freedom along fields of stabilities is 2 DEGREES OF FREEDOM (F), FOR EACH
FIELD/DIVARIANT present, and these
-2 variables can be changed without affecting
fields are:
the system or without causing the other
i. Kyanite
variable to compensate for the changes made.
ii. Sillimanite
TRIPLE POINT = INVARIANT: because the iii. Andalusite
degree of freedom along triple points is ZERO.
4. There is only 1 INVARIANT/TRIPLE
NO variables can be changed, otherwise one POINT present in the diagram, and it is
will lose either one phase or two phases. the point at which, Kyanite, Sillimanite,
and Andalusite coexist at equilibrium
 and at which the degrees of freedom is - It has 11 UNIVARIANTS (CURVE/LINES OF
ZERO. EQQUILIBRIUM), which are:
i. Stishovite-liquid
ii. Stishovite-coesite
iii. Coesite-liquid
iv. Coesite-alpha quaertz
v. Coesite-beta quartz
vi. Alpha quartz- beta quartz
vii. Beta quartz – liqiuid
viii. Beta quartz – tridymite
ix. Beta quartz – cristobalite
x. Cristobalite- tridymite
xi. Cristobalite – liquid
- There are 5 INVARIANTS (TRIPLE POINTS)
present.

 ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS:

1. Alpha quartz and beta quarts can  BINARY: 2-COMPONENT SYSTEMS

become stable together at temperature
conditions roughly between 600-1300
Celsius, and pressure conditions of
roughly 0-2.1 GPa.
2. Quartz and cristobalite may coexist in
equilibrium under temperature
conditions of roughly between 1400-
1800 degrees Celsius, and pressure
conditions of roughly 0-1 GPa.
 OTHER TAKEAWAYS FROM THE SiO2
SYSTEM.
- It is a unary system, which means it has only
1 COMPONENT, which is SiO2.
- It has 7 DIVARIANTS (FIELDS of stability)
which are:
i. Stishovite
ii. Coesite In a BINARY DIAGRAM, there are TWO
iii. Liquid COMPONENTS PRESENT.
iv. Beta Quartz As for this case, Albite and Anorthite are the
v. Alpha Quartz two components present for the Plagioclase
vi. Tridymite System shown on the diagram above.
vii. Cristobalite
NOTE: The system is ISOBARIC, which means
the equation for Gibb’s phase rule becomes:

F=(C–P)+1
Where 1 is substituted to 2. Note that this only
applies to ISOBARIC SYSTEMS.

Hence, to solve for the degrees of freedom for

the point A, we must consider the following:

 C=2
- The value for the number of components
becomes 2 because if we consider the
system that we’re dealing with, there are  ANSWERING THE QUESTION:
basically 2 components present, which are
the albite and the anorthite; it is also
If melt at point a is to be cooled at about 1475
already evident with the type of diagram
degrees Celsius, then the endpoint will be the
used (BINARY DIAGRAM).
melt at point b, which is located on an
 P=1
equilibrium line, this means that if melt a will be
- Point A is located within the liquid stability
cooled into point b, then plagioclase crystals will
field, and so this implies that there is only 1
start to form.
phase that exists at such point. Hence P=1.

With this given information, the value for the

degrees of freedom can now be computed: TERMINOLOGY
F = (2 – 1) +1 ; F=2  LIQUIDUS:
- Specifies the COMPOSITION of any liquid
The degrees of freedom is 2 which means either
that coexists with the solid phase at a given
one of the temperature or the component (X)
temperature (T)
can be altered without affecting the system
- In Petrology, this is defined as the
stability.
TEMPERATURE ABOVE WHICH THE
SUBSTANCE IS STABLE IN A LIQUID STATE

 SOLIDUS:
- Specifies the composition of any solid that
coexists with a liquid phase at a given
temperature (T).
- In Petrology, this can also be defines as the
TEMPERATURE BELOW WHICH THE
SUBSTANCE IS STABLE AT A SOLID STATE.
  TIE LINE: will gradually become albitic. Generally, the
- CONNECTS COEXISITNG MELT AND anorthites will become ablite.
CRYSTALS

Note that we only usually look for the relative

amount of crystals. We cannot determine the
exact number of crystals, rather we compute for
the percentage of crystals based on the
percentage of melt that is present.

 LEVER RULE/LEVER PRINCIPLE:

As shown in the graph, if a point reaches the

liquidus, then one can construct a TIE LINE
toward the solidus to know the composition of States that:
the crystal at that given point.
- The proportion of the tie line on the solidus
Based on the graph, the composition of the line of the system represents the
melt at point b is An60, while at that same PROPORTION OF LIQUID in the system.
point, the composition of the early forming - The proportion of the tie line on the
plagioclase crystals is roughly around An87. liquidus line of the system represents the
PROPORTION OF SOLID/CRYSTAL in the
system.
QUESTION: What will happen to the system and
As the system cools:
its composition if you continuously precipitate
large quantities of plagioclase crystals? - Percent of crystals increase AT THE
EXPANSE of melt.
ANSWER: what will happen is the melt will be
- Crystal composition evolves down the
continuously depleted while in terms of
solidus
composition, the anorthite will be consumed
- Liquid composition evolves down the
and so the composition will shift leftward and
liquidus
LEGEND: can exist a “variation” in the 2 existing
parameters of the system (e.g. temperature and
e- starting composition AKA bulk composition
pressure). In other words, the parameters of
F – tie line to solidus the system are not constant.

D - point on the liquidus

bale

D-e- amount of solid

f-e – amount if liquid

Note that the starting composition REPRESENTS

the bulk composition.

The left of the bulk shows how much crystal

you’ve crystalized MAGMAGENESIS

*the right side of the bulk shows how much of MANTLE PROCESSES AND ORIGIN OF MAGMA
the liquid portion precipitated into crystal

NOTE:

Once e-f (liquid portion) INTERSECTS the bulk

 IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING MAGMAS
composition, the point of intersection will then
represent 100% solid phase, which means that
 Understanding the eruptive Process
at that point, all the melt was already
- Assessing from previously erupted products
exhausted/depleted.
the hazard presented by a volcano to
Why is this so? surrounding communities
 Investigating magma evolution in a sub-
The right portion (solidus) approaches the bulk
volcanic magma chamber.
composition means that it is approaching 0%,
 Documenting the structure and
and this implies that the last drop of melt in the
formation of oceanic and continental
system is already reacting with the solids to
crust; mid-ocean ridge, island arc, from
convert it into a crystal, hence why at the point
the COMPOSITIONS of ancient igneous
of intersection, the system becomes 100% solid.
rocks.
 Understanding the formation of
economic mineral deposits associated
Q: IN THE FORMULA FOR GIBB’S PHASE RULE, with igneous rocks.
WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT THE SYSTEM IF  Establishing the absolute age of a
WE USE 2 INSTEAD OF 1, ASIDE FROM THE FACT succession of sedimentary and volcanic
THAT THE SYSTEM CONDITION IS NOT rocks (igneous rocks are being easier to
ADIABATIC? date isotopically than sedimentary
A: In the formula for Gibb’s phase rule, using 2 rocks).
in the equation instead of 1 implies that there
  Identifying the source from which a - The overall composition of an igneous rock
magma has originated, and under what can be expressed in TWO ALTERNATIVE
conditions melting has occurred (i.e. WAYS:
investigating magma genesis).
 Identifying from erupted magmatic 1. As a list of minerals present in the
rocks the character and distribution of rock as seen under a microscope,
geochemical domains in the underlying perhaps including an estimate –
mantle, and their evolution in time. quantitative or qualitative, of their
relative proportions.
2. As a quantitative geochemical
analysis, giving the percentage by
mass of each of the main chemical
constituents.
 MAGMA:
- Completely or partially molten rock beneath
the Earth’s surface BASALT
- Temperature range from 600-1200 degrees
- Fine grained
Celsius.
- Dark-colored under PPL
- Composed of varying amounts of:
- Brightly colored under XPL
a. LIQUID
- Main Minerals:
I. Ions of
a. Plagioclase
i. Si
b. Pyroxene
ii. O
c. Olivine
iii. K
- Often porphyritic (large well-formed crystals
iv. Al
in fine groundmass).
v. Ca
vi. Na
vii. Fe
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
viii. Mg
b. SOLID
I. Early crystallizing or
unmolten minerals  Compositional Terms (as Minerals):
c. GAS a. FELSIC
I. Dissolved volatiles I. Feldspar + silica; usually
i. H20 light
ii. CO2 b. MAFIC
iii. SO2 I. Magnesium + ferric iron;
usually dark
c. ACCESSORY MINERALS
i. Apatite zircon
 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MAGMA (OR
ROCK) COMPOSITION? NOTE: note that ultramafic is not included here
because the aforementioned compositional
terms are only used for minerals, while
ULTRAMAFIC IS ONLY APPLICABLE FOR ROCKS.
Ultramafic is the only term used if the rock melt can be different from the bulk
contains mostly OLIVINE and PYROXENE (90% composition of the solid.
MAFIC MINERALS)

 WHAT COMPRISES THE UPPER

 Compositional Terms (rocks-mineral MANTLE?
content)  LHERZOLITE: fertile unaltered mantle
a. FELSIC: dominantly FELSIC MINERALS - It is the FERTILE COMPOSITION OF THE
b. MAFIC: dominantly MAFIC MINERALS MANLTE
c. ULTRAMAFIC: 90% MAFIC MINERALS  DUNITE AND HARZBURGITE: are
refractory residuum after basalt has
been extracted by partial melting

 Compositional Terms (Rocks – color

index)
 BASALTIC MAGMA
a. LEUCOCRATIC: light colored rock
- LOW SiO2 content (<52 weight percent)
b. MELANOCRATIC: dark-colored rock
- RELATIVELY HIGH MgO (5-15 weight
percent)
- LOW ALKALI CONTENT (<5 weight percent)
 Compositional Terms (Rocks –
chemistry)
a. ACIDIC: >66 weight percent SiO2
 3 MAIN TYPES OF BASALTIC MAGMAS:
b. INTERMEDIATE: 52-66 weight percent
- THOLEITIC: mid-oceanic ridges and intra-
SiO2
plate setting
c. BASIC: 45-52 weight percent SiO2
- ALKALINE: intra-plate setting
d. ULTRABASIC: <45 weight percent SiO2
- CALC-ALKALINE: convergent plate
boundaries.

 Compositional Terms (Rock-chemistry)

a. SILICIC: SiO2  GENERATION OF BASALTIC MAGMAS
b. MAGNESIAN: MgO
c. ALKALINE: Na2O+K2O
d. ALUMINOUS: Al2O3
- PRESSURE REDUCTION: Adiabatic mantle
rise and decompression melting at mid-
ocean ridges.
 PARTIAL MELTING:
- INCREASED T: abnormally high geothermal
- Partial melting occurs only when only a gradient at hotspots or localized plumes.
portion of a solid is melted.
- For mixed substances, such as rock - FLUID FLUXING: Dehydration or addition of
containing several different minerals or a volatiles at subduction zones.
mineral that displays solid solution, this
 bulk composition, it indicates that the system
has already exhausted all its liquid components,
thus, the system is now 100% crystal or solid.

MELTING SYSTEM

- For a melting system, take note that things

will have to be taken in reverse.
- This means that the starting point or the
bulk composition will be located BELOW
thee solidus line, and as the melting
progresses, melt will gradually form.

Q: HOW WILL YOU KNOW THE COMPOSITION

OF THE MELT ON THE INSTANT THAT THE
MELTING PROCESS BEGINS?

A: to determine the composition of the melt

that will form in the instant that the system
CRYSTAL – MELT begins melting, one can draw a tie line that will
land on the liquidus, and from there, locate the
EQUILIBRIA
value of the composition below the point from
(BINARY 2 COMPONENT) where the tie line landed on the liquidus.

 RELEVANCE TO NATURAL SYSTEM

CONTINUOUS VS DISCONTINUOUS SERIES:

CONTINUOUS REACTION/SERIES:

- Refers to the process by which the solid and

liquid reacts via the ‘EXCHANGE OF
COMPONENTS” leading to COMPOSITIONAL
CHANGE.
Liq1 + plag1 = liq2 + plag2
- In continuous series, you need your existing
crystal to REACT with the melt to produce
The system shown above is just similar to the the second composition of the second liquid
binary 2 component system that was previously and the second plagioclase hence:
discussed, which involved albite and anorthite. o THEIR COMPOSITION
COMBINED TOGETHER SHOULD
The computations for this one is also just the
BE THE SAME
same and follows the same procedures.
- Whenever we talk about the plagioclase in a
Just like in any other cooling system, the instant continuous system, the CRYSTAL is needed
that the point on the solidus intersects with the to REACT FULLY with the MELT to PRODUCE
 the NEXT TYPE of melt and plagioclase components and enriched in others,
composition. resulting in the precipitation of a
- The FINAL PRODUCT should have an EQUAL sequence of different minerals
COMPOSITION with the STARTING MELT c. As for the case of a plagioclase
o Hence if you started with An64, system that undergoes fractional
then your final crystal should crystallization, plagioclase 1 will be
also contain An64. removed from the equation and be
prevented to react with the melt,
hence prohibiting the formation of
NOTE: plagioclase 2.

- The above mentioned information is ONLY

APPLICABLE FOR FOR VERY IDEAL SYSTEM.
- Very ideal system refers to EQUILIBRIUM
CRYSTALLIZING SYSTEM.
- EQUILIBRIUM connotes that the system is a RESULT:
CLOSED SYSTEM, hence nothing can be
added nor removed from the system, and it i. The expected composition will
is therefore CONSTRAINED. change. It will shift instead into
a more albitic composition than
expected.
IN REAL LIFE:

- There are other factors that can affect the

system, including the following processes:
1. MAGMA MIXING DISCONTINUOUS REACTION/SERIES
2. ASSIMILATION OF HOST ROCKS
- In the discontinuous reaction or
3. FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION:
discontinuous series, one must first
- Refers to the PHYSICAL SEPARATION of the
EXHAUST the MELT WITH ALL
SOLID from the MELT as soon as it forms.
COMPONENTS OF AN INITIAL CRYSTAL
- A rang of magma types can be created from
before one can precipitate the next type of
a single parental type by REMOVING varying
crystal.
amounts of crystals that have formed in a
- In a phase diagram this is observed when
magma chamber.
one needs to form first a single kind of
crystal and exhaust all its components from
a. Involves the REMOVAL OF EARLY
the melt before proceeding to form the
FORMED CRYSTALS from an
next type of crystal based off of what
originally homogenous magma,
components are let in the melt.
hence these crystals are
PREVENTED from REACTING with ---------------------------------------------------
the RESIDUAL MELT.
b. Hence during fractional ZONATION:
crystallization, thee composition of - In some cases, ONLY the RIM of the
the remaining melt becomes plagioclase reacts with the melt, hence
relatively depleted in some
 what happens for such a case is that the TEMPERATURE COMPOSITION THAT THE
core of the crystal remains calcic, and it CORE.
gradually becomes sodic in an outward - Reverse zoning usually REFLECTS MIXING
direction. BETWEEN HOST MAGMA AND MORE
- This process is called ZONATION. PRIMITIVE MAGMA (MAGMA MIXING)
- Zone formation can also be initiated by during crystal growth.
fractional crystallization. - In a way, this tells you that your evolving
magma came into contact with a more
A ZONED PLAGIOCLASE MAY CONNOTE:
primitive magma which includes, for
1. OPEN SYSTEM example, basaltic magma, and so it
2. SYSTEM COULD BE SATURATED WITH REVERSES THE ZZONATION of the
WATER. plagioclase.
-

 TYPES OF ZONATION PATTERNS. OSCILLATORY ZONING:

- Is the types of zoning in which the

COMPOSITION VARIES CYCLICALLY FROM
NORMAL ZONING/CONTINUOUS ZONING CORE TO RIM, thus PRODUCING
- Is the type of zoning in which the OUTER CONCENTRIC RINGS OF LOWER AND
PORTIONS of the crystal HAVE A LOWER- HIGHER EXTINCTION ANGLE AND
TEMPERATURE COMPOSITION THAN THE INTERFERENCE COLOR.
CORE. - The FLUCTUATIONS of the order of 30% in a
- Normal zoning usually REFLECTS content ARE NOT UNUSUAL.
PROGRESSIVE CHANGE of MELT
COMPOSITION during GROWTH of the
crystal. NOTE:
- REFLECTS a crystal’s CONTINUING RE-
- NORMAL ZONING REFLECTS A CRYSTAL’S
EQUILIBRATION to changing melt
CONTINUING RE-EQUILIBRATION TO
composition as the hoost magma evolves
CHANGING MELT COMPOSITION AS THE
during the “growth history” of the
HOST MAGMA EVOLVES DURING THE
phenocryst in a magma chamber.
growth history of the phenocryst in a
- NOTE that plagioclase is normally zoned
magma chamber.
from calcic cores to more sodic rims.
- Is when the crystal becomes progressively
- The explanations for oscillatory zoning, on
sodic or albitic in composition OUTWARD.
the other hand, are more complex.
- This connotes low temperature composition
on the outer portion of the crystal.
- Always remember that magma evolves
much faster in open systems.
REVERSE ZONING:

- Is the type of s=zoning in which thee OUTER

PORTIONS of the crystal have HIGHER
 TAKEAWAYS:
BINARY EUTECTIC SYSTEM
- The system has 2 components:
LECTURE NOTES 1. DIOPSIDE (CaMgSi2O6)
2. ANORTHITE (CaAl2Si2O8)

EUTECTIC POINT:
Recall:
- Refers to the point on a phase diagram
- Olivine has 2 TYPES:
where the “maximum number” of allowable
o FAYALITE: iron-rich olivine.
phases are in equilibrium.
o FORSTERITE: Magnesium-rich - Refers to the “low” point in the liquidus.
olivine. - The word eutectic actually means
IMPORTANCE OF BINARY EUTECTIC SYSTEM: “occurring together”.
- This means that at the eutectic point, there
(Verbatim): are three phases that coexist; we have the
- If you’re familiar with the composition of two crystals and the melt of the system, as
diopside, we know that diopside is a type of shown on the diagram.
pyroxene while anorthite is a type of
plagioclase, and you can have them both in
a basaltic or gabbroic rock, that is why it is CONSIDER MELT “a” IN THE DIAGRAM:
important (huh???).
- Binary eutectic diagrams look like linked
binary 2 component diagrams.
 a composition of An100, which means the
crystal composition is 100% anorthite.
- Notice that as you go down the liquidus, the
composition of the crystal REMAINS THE
SAME, while the melt composition is the
one that varies depending on which point
on the liquidus it currently lies, and this also
implies that as you cool the system and as
the point goes down the liquidus, the melt
composition is slowly becoming more of
DIOPSIDE.

Other takeaways:
The melt “a” (An70) is located in a stability field
initially, and so the value of its degree of - The value of the degrees of freedom along
freedom is 2. the liquidus is 1 (F=1).
- Also note that the composition of the liquid
NOTEE THAT THE GIBBS PHASE RULE FOR THIS (Xliq), VARIES along the liquidus.
KIND OF EQUATION ASSUMES ISOBARIC o This also means that the
CONDITIONS, HENCE WE USE 1 INSTREAD OF 2. composition of the liquid is
gradually become more of
F = (C – P) + 1
DIOPSIDE.
- A “continuous reaction” can be observed on
the given diagram. Liquid 1  anorthite +
Liquid 2.
- Discontinuous reaction: liquid  diopside +
anorthite.
- At the eutectic point, the TEMPERATURE is
FIXED until phase 1 (liquid) is consumed.
- Also remember that the RELATIVE
PERCENTAGES OF ANOTHITE AND DIOPSIDE
AT THE EUTECTIC POINT WILL ALWAYS BE
THE SAME, so, in this case, the ratio is
58:42---also take note that this
CONSISTENCY IN RELATIVE PERCENTAGES IS
- In the given diagram, the melt “a” is cooled ONLY APPLICABLE FOR WHEN THE DIOPSIDE
to a temperature of 1450C, and at that AND THE ANORTHITE ARE ALREADY
temperature, the melt coincides with the COEXISTING.
liquidus, which marks the formation of - After the LIQUID is CONSUMED on the
Anorthite crystals. eutectic point, this signals that one of the
- From there, a TIE LINE can be constructed phases (liquid) was already lost, and so as a
from the liquidus toward the extreme in consequence, the VALUE for the DEGREES
order to know the composition of the early- OF FREEDOM will CHANGE FROM 0 TO 1.
forming plagioclase crystals, and, based on
the diagram, the early forming crystals have
NOTE: 3. The MINERALS THAT CRYSTALLIZE
DEPEND ON TEMPERATURE (T).
WHAT REALLY HAPPENS AS YOU GO DOWN THE
- THE SEQUENCE CHANGES WITH THE BULK
LIQUIDUS FROM THE RIGHT SIDE?
COMPOSITION.
- What really happens is that, all the
anorthites are being formed first as you
cool the system and as the point goes down
the liquidus, while on the other hand, the
remaining liquid or melt component will  IMPLICATIONS IN TERMS OF
later form the DIOPSIDE---this reaction is PETROLOGY:
called the DISCONTINUOUS REACTION,
because all the anorthites are being 1. If the composition of the magma melt is
exhausted from the system first before dominantly anorthite, then it means
forming the next crystal. ANORTHITE CRYSTALS WILL FORM FIRST
before the diopside crystals.
2. If it is the opposite, which means the
magma melt composition is more of
diopside than anorthite, then it means
Note that the left side of the diagram also gets that DIOPSIDE CRYSTALS WILL FORM
the same treatment as the right side. Hence for FIRST before the anorthite crystals.
such cases, it will also just follow the liquidus as 3. This also implies (in terms of petrology),
the system cools until it reaches the eutectic that for “diopside-anorthite systems,”
point. the TEMPERATURE THAT DEFINES THE
EUTECTIC POINT IS CONSTANT, thus the
temperature will ALWAYS BE 1274 at
the eutectic point of such system.
NOTE THE FOLLOWING FOR THE DIOPSIDE-
ANORTHITE-DIAGRAM:

1. The melt crystallizes over a T range up  IMPLICATIONS IN PETROGRAPHY:

to 280 C
o The 280 degrees is obtained by 1. AN OPHITIC TEXTURE FORMS when the
subtracting the temperature at melt is on the right side (anorthite side)
the highest point of the curve of the diagram.
and the temperature at thee - OPHITIC TECTURE
eutectic point and then o Characterized as having LATHS
considering the lower much OF PLAGIOCLASE in a coarse
lower temperature at which the grained matrix of pyroxene
liquid disappears. Thus: crystals where the plagioclase is
1553-1274 = 279 + 1 (lower COMPLETELY SURROUNDED BY
temp) = 280 (?) INTERGRANULAR PYROXENE
2. A SEQUENCE of minerals forms over this GRAINS, which FORMS at the
interval, and the NUMBER OF INTERSTICES OF PLAGIOCLASE.
MINERALS INCREASES AS T DROPS. o This IMPLIES THAT THE
PLAGIOCLASE GRAINS FORMED
 FIRST BEFORE THE PYROXENE RECALL:
GRAINS.
- As for the composition, make a tie line with
2. When the melt starts from the left side
the solidus for the solid composition. On
of the diagram, then AUGITE FORMS
the other hand, create a tie line with the
FIRST BEFORE THE PLAGIOCLASE;
liquidus for the liquid composition.
PLAGIOCLASE WILL THEN FORM AT THE
- As for determining the relative percentages
INTERSTICES OF THE AUGITE.
of the components, simple APPLY THE
- For this kind of case, the oxygen does not
LEVER PRINCIPLE.
form and so ophitic texture WILL NOT
FORM. Takeaways:
------------------- LEFT SIDE:

- Consider the melt “a” from the diagram, by

cooling it to a temperature of 1100C, the
point will hit the liquidus on the left side of
the diagram, hence the product will be
ORTHOCLASE (Alkali feldspar).

RIGHT SIDE:

- Consider the melt “I” from the diagram, by

cooling it to a temperature of 1000C, the
point will hit the liquidus on the right side of
the diagram, which marks the early
ALKALI FELDSPAR (ORTHOCLASE) AND formation of ALBITE (Plagioclase Feldspar)
PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR (ALBITE) SYSTEM crystals.

 RELEVANCE IN TERMS OF PETROLOGY:

- You have 2 possible end product in this kind

of diagram; it is either albite or orthoclase.
- They both coexist in a more low
temperature environment.
- The thing to talk about for this kind of case
are the single feldspar field and the 2
feldspar fields.

- As illustrated in the diagram above, the two This is how it works:

crystals involved in the system are albite
- The lenses in the diagram shall be treated
and orthoclase.
the same way as the lenses in a binary 2
- The diagram features a LOOPED LIQUIDUS-
component plagioclase system. Hence there
SOLIDUS PAIR.
is only one type of crystal that will be
- The eutectic point connects the pair.
produced below the solidus.
- On the other hand, in terms of composition, o This where one EXSOLVES a
it will tell you what type of feldspar will be mineral from another mineral.
the product. - Reaching the SOLVUS CURVE marks the
- Take note the green fields in the diagram start of the EXSOLUSION PROCESS.
represents a solid field. - DIFFERENCE IN IONIC RADIUS:
o K=1.59 angstrom
SOLVUS
o Na=1.24 angstrom
- Refers to the SEPARATION OF TWO SOLID - Given this difference in terms of ionic
PHASES FROM A HOMOGENEOUS SOLID radius, if we have a sodium within the
SOLUTION. crystal lattice of a potassium feldspar, what
- The process by which this takes place is happens is that the potassium exsolves the
called EXSOLUTION. sodium because it cannot properly
accommodate it.
EXSOLUTION
- At high temperature, foreign ions easily
incorporated in mineral.
- As temperature drops, crystal structure
becomes RIGID.
- In the solvus, there is host mineral and an
exsolved mineral.

LEFT SIDE

- Hence if one is in the left side of the

diagram, then one has a POTASSIUM
FELDSPAR HOST, and reaching the solvus
curve would mean one will have an
EXSOLUTIOIN LAMELLAE OF ALBITEE OR
SODIC FELDSPAR.

RIGHT SIDE

- On the other hand, if you started on the

right side of the diagram, then you will have
an ALBITE HOST or a SODIC FELDSPAR
HOST.
- Hence, reaching the solvus curve would
mean that you will have an EXSOLUTION
LAMELLAE OF POTASSIUM FELDSPAR.

Q: BASED ON THE DIAGRAM, WHAT HAPPENS

AS COMPOSITION “a” HITS THE SOLVUS AT 780
C?

A: At a temperature of 780C, composition a, will

coincide with the solvus curve, which means
that at that point, it will begin to EXSOLVE ---------------------
ALBITE, thus producing an EXSOLUTION
LAMELLAE OF ALBITE.

Note that there are different factors that may

NOTE: influence the state of the diagram.
- LESS ABUNDANT PHASE WILL FORM WATER PRESSURE
EXSOLUTION LAMELLAE
- THIS IS COMMON IN FELDSPARS. - Is one factor that may affect the state of the
diagram.
- Increasing the watter pressure will cause
the solidus to go closer to the solvus curve.

 TEXTURES THAT WILL FORM IN

SOLVUS:

PERTHITE

- This texture forms when the BULK

COMPOSITION IS K-rich (POTASSIUM
RICH=ALKALI FELDS).
- This produces a LAMELLAE OF NA-RICH
FELDPAR in a K-RICH HOST.
- This will be the texture that will form if you
started on the LEFT side of the diagram or
thee solvus, which means that this will be
the texture if you have ORTHOCLASE AS
HOST MINERAL AND ALBITE AS AN
EXSOLUTION LAMELLAE.
- In petrology, this igneous texture is
described as having an exsolution lamellae
of albite, occurring in orthoclase or
microline.

ANTI-PERTHITE

- This type of texture forms when the BULK

COMPOSITION IS Na-RICH.
- Thus, it produces a LAMELLAE OF K-RICH
FELDSPAR IN A Na-RICH HOST.
 PERITECTIC POINT

BINARY PERITECTIC SYSTEMS - Refers to the point on the phase diagram

where a reaction takes place between a
previously precipitated phase and the liquid
to produce a new solid phase.
 FORSTERITE-CRISTOBALITE/SILICA
FORSTERITE + LIQUID = ENSTATITE
SYSTEM
- When this point is reached, the
temperature must remain constant until the
reaction has run to completion.
- In order for you to proceed here, you need
to calculate for the equation for you to
know if the point will proceed on the right
side or on the left side of the peritectic
point.
- As shown on the peritectic point on the
graph, what happens is that the liquidus of
forsterite-enstatite has joined the liquidus
of enstatite-cristobalite.

- As evident on the diagram, there are two

components present in the system. The two
components present are:
o FORSTERITE (Mg2SiO4)
o CRISTOBALITE/Silica (SiO2)

ENSTATITE (Mg2SiO3):

- Is an INTERMEDIATE PHASE

Mg2SiO4 (FORS) + SiO2 (CRIST) = 2MgSiO3 (ENS)

NOTE that for this kind of diagram or system,

we will still be ASSUMING ISOBARIC
CONDITIONS.

- Hence, to compute for the degrees of

freedom, one must follow the equation:

F=(C–P)+1