This document provides information on various chemistry concepts and procedures. It discusses Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent used to test for reducing sugars. It also describes filtration under pressure, indicators used in titrations, and why anti-bumping granules are added during boiling. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography techniques are explained. Key details are provided on solvent extraction and calibrating a colorimeter. Color changes and properties of transition metals are highlighted.
This document provides information on various chemistry concepts and procedures. It discusses Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent used to test for reducing sugars. It also describes filtration under pressure, indicators used in titrations, and why anti-bumping granules are added during boiling. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography techniques are explained. Key details are provided on solvent extraction and calibrating a colorimeter. Color changes and properties of transition metals are highlighted.
This document provides information on various chemistry concepts and procedures. It discusses Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent used to test for reducing sugars. It also describes filtration under pressure, indicators used in titrations, and why anti-bumping granules are added during boiling. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography techniques are explained. Key details are provided on solvent extraction and calibrating a colorimeter. Color changes and properties of transition metals are highlighted.
This document provides information on various chemistry concepts and procedures. It discusses Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent used to test for reducing sugars. It also describes filtration under pressure, indicators used in titrations, and why anti-bumping granules are added during boiling. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography techniques are explained. Key details are provided on solvent extraction and calibrating a colorimeter. Color changes and properties of transition metals are highlighted.
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 9
Chemistry Unit 6
Fehling’s Solution: ● Fehling’s Solution (A): Aqueous Copper(II) Sulphate Fehling’s Solution (B): Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide and aqueous Sodium-Potassium Tartrate Solution. ● Equal Volumes of these are mixed. A dark blue solution is formed which is Fehling's solution.
● When the solution is pale yellow, near the end point add starch. ● For sharp colour change as pale yellow to colourless at the end point cannot be determined accurately
Why is starch not added at the start of the titration?
● Starch not added initially because in high concentration of Iodine starch forms an insoluble complex with Iodine that does not redissolve. Volume(titre) needed will be less.
Indicators: If solution is acidic at first, then choose a pH range above pH 7 and vice-versa. For example, if HCl is titrated with Naoh, choose phenolphthalein. (Jan 14 Q3b)
Phenolphthalein Methyl Orange
● pH range above 7 pH range below 7
Which of the two methods will give the more accurate value for the pH universal OR pH meter?
Kawser Nasim Ahmed Mohtasim Zaber ● A pH meter because difficult to match colour of indicator to pH OR …the colour of universal indicator covers a range of pH
Why isn’t Nitrous Acid bought from supplier?
● Nitrous acid is very unstable at room temperature. Supplier cannot transport it since: ● Unstable / decomposes (easily) ● At room temperature / cannot be stored /transported (from supplier)
Why is the temperature range of diazonium ion 0-10 degrees?
● < 0 degrees, reaction is too slow ● > 10 degree, diazonium compound decomposes / hydrolyses
What would be observed if anti-bumping granules are NOT added?
● LARGE bubbles ● large bubbles / liquid rising up condenser / shooting out of the top /uneven boiling / liquids will splash out of flask / liquid will boil up suddenly
Why trial titration?
● To find the approximate end point ● To estimate end point ● Rangefinder
Suggest one reason why the indicator is needed, even though the solution in the titration flask changes colour when no indicator is used. ● (indicator makes) the end point more obvious/easier to see OR (indicator makes) the end point sharper.
What is the difference between dehydrating agent and drying agent?
● Dehydrating agent removes water in a (chemical) reaction. Filter the mixture to separate the drying agent. ● Drying agent removes water mixed with other materials / removes water from a mixture.
Suggest one advantage of using glass wool, rather than filter paper. ● Glass wool less absorbent ● Filtration is faster through glass wool
Kawser Nasim Ahmed Mohtasim Zaber Suggest why aqueous alcohol is added rather than water. If halogenoalkane is present: ● Halogenoalkane immiscible with water
Explain the process of heating under reflux, why it is necessary, why
do it for for 30 mins and why reflux condenser is necessary Procedure: ● As liquids vapourises, they are cooled and condensed back into liquid. ● Used to heat volatile liquids ● Prevents escape of flammable vapours ● Prevents escape of reactants or products Why necessary and why do it for long time: ● To ensure volatile liquids do not evaporate or escape ● 30 minutes (or long time) because reaction is slow / has high activation energy.
Iodoform test: ● Methyl ketone group ● Ethanol is the only primary alcohol to give the triiodomethane (iodoform) reaction.
Why do we stir the mixture?
● Reactants are immiscible / form separate layers.
Explain why pressure in the funnel increases.
● Acid react with sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogencarbonate ● Produces carbon dioxide gas.
State suitable drying agent and the colour change (appearance of
liquid). ● Anhydrous Calcium Chloride / magnesium sulfate / sodium sulfate ● Initially it is cloudy but upon adding drying agent, it becomes clear.
Why the funnel must be pre-heated in recrystallization?
● To prevent crystallization while in the funnel.
Suggest a reason why the recrystallization will slightly reduce the
yield. ● Small amount of product remains in solution (when cool) / after recrystallization) / solid remaining on filter paper / solid remaining in funnel / solution absorbed on filter paper /solid lost during washing with cold solvent.
Kawser Nasim Ahmed Mohtasim Zaber Suggest why it is preferable to dry solid in desiccator rather than in an oven. ● Solid will not decompose in desiccator / compound might melt in oven.
Why TMS is used?
● TMS is chosen because only a trace amount is needed. ● It is a volatile liquid that can be evaporated off easily if recovery of the pure sample is required ● Molecule of TMS do not readily interact with molecules of sample. Such interactions would be undesirable since they would modify the magnetic environment of the TMS proton and so affect the chemical shift. ● Protons in the majority of organic compounds show nuclear resonance at chemical shift values that are positive with respect to the protons of TMS, making the comparison of chemical shift easy.
Radiowaves used in NMR.
Why do we need to seal the container during TLC?
● It is important the vapor phase over the plates be saturated with the mobile phase vapors. In addition, if you do not have an air tight seal the composition of your mobile phase will change during the course the experiment due to evaporation of the more volatile constituent. Parafilm is the better choice for your covers.
Why is a high resistance voltmeter used in electrolytic cells?
● It is high resistance, so that negligible current flows, and therefore the maximum potential difference is being measured.
Outline the process of solvent extraction.
● Shake/mix ● Release pressure from time to time ● Remove lower layer / using teat pipette / decant the top layer ● Repeat extraction with additional solvent
How to calibrate a colourimeter?
● You make several solutions of precisely known concentrations of whatever chemical you're analyzing (including one of just water, to use as a control or blank). You put each one in the colorimeter and take a reading. Then you have a calibration - you know how the colorimeter response to a certain concentration of chemical, so if you put in an unknown sample, you can tell what the concentration is by comparing it to the knowns. You usually do this by making a graph of concentration vs colorimeter response.
Kawser Nasim Ahmed Mohtasim Zaber Key points to remember:
● CuI= white precipitate
● H2S has rotten egg smell ● Nickel (II) chloride is green. ● If half life constant, first order. ● [CuCl4]2- = Yellow ● pg- 65/196 of the chem u5 adnan bhai's notes COLOURS OF TRANSITION METALS also read 69-70 for all colours Pg-60 FOR SHAPES ● Pipettes and burettes are used because they enable volumes to be measured accurately. ● 10cm3 hoile GRADUATED PIPETTE ● You quench the reaction not the solution. ● On addition of excess NaOH, only Chromium, Zinc, Lead, Aluminium complex ions dissolve. We write Cr(OH)3 is amphoteric so further deprotonation occurs. Pg-64 of Adnan Bhai's unit 5 notes. ● Phenol is a functional group ● Observation: SMOKY flames when benzene burns ● When X (which has a benzene ring) forms a white precipitate with aqueous bromine solution this means that Phenol group exists.
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]2+.2Cl-.H2O is pale green
Isomer 3: [Cr(H20)4Cl2] +.Cl-2H2O is green MnO2 colour is brown. Wear PROTECTIVE GLOVES
