This document provides information on separation methods, solubility vs miscibility, chromatography, and common laboratory tools and techniques. It discusses:
1. Key separation methods including filtration, crystallization, distillation, and liquid-liquid separation.
2. The difference between solubility (ability of a solid to dissolve in a liquid) and miscibility (solubility of liquid solutes).
3. How to properly perform and interpret chromatography experiments.
4. Common laboratory equipment like burettes, pipettes, crucibles, and their proper uses.
This document provides information on separation methods, solubility vs miscibility, chromatography, and common laboratory tools and techniques. It discusses:
1. Key separation methods including filtration, crystallization, distillation, and liquid-liquid separation.
2. The difference between solubility (ability of a solid to dissolve in a liquid) and miscibility (solubility of liquid solutes).
3. How to properly perform and interpret chromatography experiments.
4. Common laboratory equipment like burettes, pipettes, crucibles, and their proper uses.
This document provides information on separation methods, solubility vs miscibility, chromatography, and common laboratory tools and techniques. It discusses:
1. Key separation methods including filtration, crystallization, distillation, and liquid-liquid separation.
2. The difference between solubility (ability of a solid to dissolve in a liquid) and miscibility (solubility of liquid solutes).
3. How to properly perform and interpret chromatography experiments.
4. Common laboratory equipment like burettes, pipettes, crucibles, and their proper uses.
This document provides information on separation methods, solubility vs miscibility, chromatography, and common laboratory tools and techniques. It discusses:
1. Key separation methods including filtration, crystallization, distillation, and liquid-liquid separation.
2. The difference between solubility (ability of a solid to dissolve in a liquid) and miscibility (solubility of liquid solutes).
3. How to properly perform and interpret chromatography experiments.
4. Common laboratory equipment like burettes, pipettes, crucibles, and their proper uses.
Solid-liquid Liquid-liquid Solid Insoluble in Solid Soluble in Miscible Immiscible Liquid Liquid Liquids Liquids
Filtration Solid Liquid Fractional Separating
Distillation Funnel Crystallization Simple Distillation Different between Solubility & Miscibility: Solubility is a more general term, but it is more often used to mean the ability of a solid solute to dissolve in a g. Miscibility is used when talking about the solubility of -- specifically -- liquid solutes.
Solid Soluble in Liquid Obtain the SOLID Obtain the LIQUID Crystallization Simple Distillation
The Condenser cools down the vapor.
Miscible Liquids Fractional Distillation
-What is the function of Fractionating Column? To prevent the liquid that didn’t reach the boiling point from passing to the condenser
Abdallah Walid Abdallah
Chromatography (very important) lid
-The Major Solvent is WATER, if Dyes are insoluble in water use another solvent (Organic Solvents) Ex: Ethanol, Propanol.
-Why do we use pencil (made from graphite) not ink in the baseline? Graphite is insoluble in water but ink is soluble and will run up the chromatography paper.
-Why must the level of solvent be below the Baseline? To prevent dissolving of the spots in solvent.
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Rate of reaction (Calculate volume of gas produced) Bung
Conical flask
-What is the function of the BUNG? Prevent gas escaping
Abdallah Walid Abdallah -White tile is used to see color change accurately -How to Differentiate between: 1. Tap funnel and Burette? Burette is scaled 2. Measuring cylinder and gas jar? Measuring cylinder is scaled
Collection of gases:
Downward for gases DENSER than air ex: Cl2, HCL, CO2, SO2, NO2. Upward for LESS DENSE than air ex: H2, NH3 Collection Over Water: For gases insoluble in water ex: CO2, SO2, H2
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Tool Advantage Disadvantage Measuring cylinder Quick Not accurate Pipette Accurate Slow, measure fixed volume Burette Accurate Slow
Source of error Improvement
Using a clock Use a Stop watch Doing exp. once Repeat and take average Using glass Beakers for Use polystyrene cup temp change exp. (prevent heat loss) Heat loss Use lid Using Glass beakers in Use Crucible high temperature exp. Measuring cylinder Use burette or pipette
Safety Precautions: 1. Wear goggles & gloves 2. Heat flammable substances as alcohol using a WATER BATH not BUNSEN BURNER 3. You should use Fume Cupboard when experiment Releases toxic gases as: Cl2, Br2, F2, I2, SO2, NO2
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Question 2 You should Read the headings well at the first! 1 You have to notice at the first 1 Reactants 2 Variable that I measure 3 Variable that I change
As you see here
Reactants: Magnesium &
sulfuric acid
Variable that I measure:
Volume of Gas Collected
Variable that I change:
Volume of distilled water
All other Variables are
constant
Abdallah Walid Abdallah
2 Complete the Tables of Diagrams you have to check: 1 If the Scale is increasing UPWARD OR DOWNWARD 2 If the different between two numbers is 10 or 5 points -Here the increasing is Downward and the difference is 10 so the point is Equal the difference divide by 10 = 0.1 3 If Burette Reading is 0 it must be written 0.0 because Burette reads to 1 decimal place
4 take a close view to check If the Point is between two points so it will be the number between them
Here the point is between 22 and 23 so it’s 22.5
3 Drawing the Graphs
1 Two lines meet at a point called point of intersection
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4 Most Repeated Questions In question two:
1 When you See A measuring cylinder at the first of the experiment know that it’s a source of error it’s not accurate -What is the improvement of using measuring cylinder? Using burette or pipette -What is the problem of using Burette or Pipette? Slow
2 why as you add more of any substance the results are the same? Because the Reaction Has finished 3 Explain how the results show that the reaction in Experiment 2 has stopped? Constant stays the same at specific point
4 How to check Reliability? Repeat and compare and take average
5 If the volume of gas is measured in more times for example every 15 seconds instead of 30 Seconds why it’s an improvement? More data, can plot a better graph
6 Explain why the bung must be replaced immediately after any substance is added to the boiling tube? To prevent Gas Escaping
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7 Explain how the apparatus could be altered so that the bung does not have to be removed. You may draw a diagram to explain your answer. o The reaction can be started by tipping the flask o do not have to replace / remove the bung o so, no gas escape
8 Explain why the conical flask was rinsed with water? to clean / to remove residue from previous experiment
9 Explain why the conical flask is placed on a white tile? To observe the color change accurately
10 Suggest why the experiments were done in a polystyrene cup rather than a glass beaker? Prevent heat loss it’s an insulator 11 Suggest a different method to measure the amount of solid formed during the experiment? Filter then wash and dry then reweigh the solid
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5 Sketch on the grid Questions
-If the experiment is used to measure temperature, Volume, mass, concentration
therefore if any variable is changed so the ending point will increase or Decrease according to the number of Decrease or increase
- Here the temperature Decrease it Levels
of at 9 when using half the Concentration it levels of at 4.5
- If the Experiment is used to Measure the Rate of Reaction so Increasing or
Decreasing any variable make the curve more or less steep with the same ending point
-Here Increasing Temperature Makes the
curve steeper and have the same ending point
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- If the Experiment is used to measure the Rate of Reaction and there’s a limiting and excess reagent
-If we Increase or Decrease any -If we Increase or Decrease amount
variable of excess the curve becomes of limiting Reagent (mass or more or less step with same ending concentration) the curve becomes point more or less step with different ending point
Abdallah Walid Abdallah
Question 3 Test for ions and colors
• Positive ions are called Cations
• Negative ions are called Anions
− All cations are tested by Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide and Aqueous
Ammonia − The Anions Don’t Follow any trend in Tests, each anion has its own test.
If the test is added in excess, we talk about solubility of Cation
− Zinc is the only cation to dissolve in both Tests
− Iron (II) Iron (III) are insoluble in both Tests − The solubility of Chromium (III) is totally Reverse to Copper (II)
- Bromide and chloride and iodide are called HALIDES, they have the same test also. - If I use a wrong test for the anion it won’t affect it so NO REACTION
Abdallah Walid Abdallah
1 Cations:
Cation Effect of Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Effect of Aqueous Ammonia
(Aq. NaOH) (Aq. NH3OH)
Ammonium Ammonia produced on warming
(NH4+)
Zinc White ppt., Soluble in excess, Giving a White ppt., Soluble in excess, Giving (Zn+2) colorless solution a colorless solution
Aluminum White ppt., Soluble in excess, Giving a White ppt., insoluble in excess (Al+3) colorless solution
Calcium White ppt., insoluble in excess No ppt or very slight ppt
(Ca+2) Iron (II) (Fe +2) Green ppt., Insoluble in excess Green ppt., Insoluble in excess
Iron (III) (Fe+3) Red-brown ppt., Insoluble in excess Red-brown ppt., Insoluble in excess
Copper (II) (Cu +2) Light blue ppt., insoluble in excess Light blue ppt., soluble in excess
Chromium (III) Green ppt., Soluble in excess Grey-green ppt., Insoluble in excess (Cr +3)
Abdallah Walid Abdallah
2 Anions:
Anion Test Test Result
Carbonate Acidify with Dilute acid Effervescence, Carbon
(CO3-2) dioxide Produced
Chloride Acidify with dilute nitric acid, Then White ppt
(Cl-1) add aqueous SILVER NITRATE
Bromide Acidify with dilute nitric acid, Then Creamy ppt
(Br-1) add aqueous SILVER NITRATE
Iodide Acidify with dilute nitric acid, Then Yellow ppt
(I-1) add aqueous SILVER NITRATE
Sulfate Acidify, Then add aqueous BARIUM
(SO4-2) NITRATE White ppt
Sulfite Add Dilute hydrochloric acid, warm Sulfur dioxide produced
(SO3-2) gently Nitrate Add aqueous Sodium Hydroxide, then (NO3-1) Aluminum; warm carefully Ammonia produced
Abdallah Walid Abdallah
3 Test for gases Gas Test Result
Ammonia Damp Red Litmus paper Turns blue
Chlorine Damp litmus paper Bleaches
Hydrogen Lighted splint Pops
Oxygen Glowing splint Relights
Acidified aqueous potassium Turns from purple to
Sulfur Dioxide manganate (VII) colorless
Carbon Dioxide Limewater Turns milky
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4 Test for water: Anhydrous copper sulfate: White to blue Anhydrous cobalt chloride: Blue to pink
5 Flame Tests for Metal Ions
• Sodium: Yellow • Copper: Blue green • Lithium: red • Potassium: Lilac
6 Drying Agents: 1 Sulfuric acid: for all gases except Ammonia 2 Calcium Oxide: for drying Ammonia
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Question 4 Plan an Investigation: -Some Tips: - 1 In Measuring Volume of Gas: Use Gas Syringe 2 In Measuring Mass: Use A balance 3 In High Temperature Reactions: Use A crucible 4 In Temperature change Reactions: Use A polystyrene Cup 5 In Colors: Use Chromatography 6 In Large Lumps: Crush Using Mortar and Pestle -Most Repeated ideas in the Previous exams: 1 find out how the temperature Affect rate of Reaction? as in (june2021 V1)
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2 Calculate the Mass of Substance, as in (June 2021 V2)
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3 Which Substance produce the most energy (EXOTHERMIC REACTION) as in (june2021 V3)
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4 Chromatography questions to know if a substance contains another substance or not as in (NOV2021 V1)
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5 Displacement Reactions Between Metals As in (NOV 2021 V2)
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6 Determine the Concentration of Alkaline Solution As in (June2021 V2)
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7 Rusting Questions as in (June 19 V1):
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8 Determine which Metal is most reactive as in (June 2020 V1)
1 Put Each Metal in a beaker and put same volume of HCl in the 3 beakers 2 Put same concentration of HCL, and same masses of metals (for a fair test) 3 start timing when Solid added 4 Set the timer for 5 Minutes 5 stop the timer after 5 minutes 6 Calculate the volume of gas produced in the 5 minutes by Gas syringe 7 the metal that produce more volume of Gas is the Most reactive
