CHAPTER 5 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS gration may be considered ¢ gt "r as a process of summation, ion + ent be a continuous function in the Let 1) Hence the function is bound tox=% interval (a,b) into n ‘4 pivide the interval (a,b) 7 ither as the inverse of Closed interval from led in the intervay, Let sub-intervals x —a, = Xp... D — Xn—1, Where a, x; 1%2X3.. Xpoy,b are in x4 %3 order of magnitudes. Let , be any point of the sub-interval ing goond x). Taking a = Xo and b = x, consider the sum ' ye i My) 1 20) + FO) Oe =H) £4) Oy Xp 1 inite limit the number n of the i tends to a definite limit when 1 he sitends to infinity, ie., the length of each sub-interval tends avin 3 and b are finite. We have already seen tit this limit ss 1970 definite | itegral of f(x) with respect tox fromx =a to called the definite int 9g bandiswritten as ff (x) dx. Even inthe case of simple functions y= ban a 5 a. ; So he evaluation of an integral from this definition is not quite easy. S the ev b weevaluate [ f (x) dx from the following result :- a qd =f (x). J 7) dx = F (b) — F (a), where = F (x) =f 0) y § 2.1. Definition of the double integral. The double integral is defined in a similar manner. Let '(y) bea continuous and single “aed function of x and y within xi *Tegion R bounded by a closed cre Cand upon the boundary Letthe region R be subdividedCALCULUS 204 4 ) be any point in the sub-region of area 4 ner into n sub-regions of areas A A, , A Ay... inany man Let (+ % ay f (Emr) A Ar : consider the sum & t . sn wand Ay > O(r= 4.2, he limit of this sum a’ a tne double integral of f (x , y) over the region R. tng as n = limit f(é,, AA, Thus SSF. A= limit 2 (Er +p) AA, i is ion of integration corre The region R is called the regi ) interval of integration (a,b) in the case of the simple j integral is sometimes written as f fi (xy) dx dy. SPonding | Integral, Ty § 2.2. Evaluation of the double integral. Let L and M be the Points oy curve C having the minimum and maximum ordinates and let P andQ be the points on curve C having the minimum and maximum abscissee Letx = f, (y) be the equation of Pu and x = fy (y) be the equation LOM Divide the range (a,b) alongtte x-axis into n equal parts and drav lines parallel to y-axis: through te Points of intersection. Divide te range (c,d) along the y-axis -V intersection, Then ia mes Parallel fo Xcaxis through. the EE n the region R is subdivided into sub-regions 4 Of area A Ars, Where A A, rs = Ax,. Ay, . Let (&,, , rs) be any point of AR is. The sums SS le Sul mz = isms) A A,g.can be written asVALS 205, pen Sam y DY fis sts) AX, Ay, 4 s=1 mation signifies that the terms can be su . er we like. We can take the sum IMMed for rang ssum" of tl he terms by rows a S AYs Sf Es. Mrs) AX pad r=1 n fe (ns) limit > f (Sts Mrs) AX, = f f(x, ng) dx. now cet é ty (1) fs (ns) vies vns) Axe =f F(X. ms) Ax+ Es,where Es > Oas.n > » any fy (ns) th) aso f f(X.ns) dx is a function of 7s. 1.) Let it be equal to F (75) uu Then (i) becomes >, [F (1g) +s] AY¥s s=1 m mn YF (1s) AYs + D Es AVs wll) sel ged m d a SF (yg) AY =F Fy. set c Limit M+ 0 m d Y Fon Ay=s Fue * & ged Hone (li) bocomes b o f Fyydy+e+ Limt 2 eAY a m 7m Om/ CALCULUS 20v dq get this expression tends to Sr ce de less than €, which tends Ag m> @, We WY) wy Sing e- Gand E can be ma to Zen, m . a ng Ays<&1 > Ays which tends to zero. s s=1 nm hence > Es ¢ s=1 fp (is) F(ns) = J f(x, 5) OX f(s) f(y) =f fe. ya f,Y) considering y as a constant during integration. Hence as > © ,m > ©, the sum (i) becomes d f(y) Sf fe.yaxay chm The double integral is therefore evaluated by considering f(x,y) as a function of x alone but regarding'y as a constant and integrating it betweenx = f; (y) andx = f, (y) and then integrating the resulting function of y between y = c andy = d. Similarly by taking the sum of the terms in each column and then adding these sums ‘ 7 b %2(X) Ste yoa=f fs f(x,y) dy dx , a9; (%) Hence f (x, Y) is first 7 . alone and integrated be Y) Considered as a function of y curves PL| tween (x) and (x) where. the equations of te and the, . and PMQ are respectively y = g, (x) and y = #2 «) x=5, resulting function of x ig integrated between x = @ Cor. If the regi . Wee = ‘GION of integration ; the lin x= = ri X= by = cya g fone is a rectangle betweenOU SNIRALS r d 207 A= rene a LION yey r b = oS, 10 Waedy limits, the ord. for constant er of Integration \ Lat bfa(x) ® inmate, The integral ff f(x, oe ae Y) dy dk is the integral over the ov oounded by the two curves y = f, (*) andy = fe (X) for the vo xbetween aand b. For changing its order one Should sket gon of integration. From the sketch, the limits of x a i * ermine as USLAl. ed y =VeRx? Ind y should Examples. Ex. 1. Evaluate f° f xy dx dy taken Over the positive quadrant of the circle =z (+P ae? (B.Sc. 1989) If we keep x as constant y varies from 0 to Va? — x7. To cover the whole area , x varies from 0 to a. a Vax A S Soy deay = J I xy dy ox vex ox 0 Fig. 24 =f pe 8] Jon for which XY ay 22 Evaluate ff 0 + 7) cic dy over 0 90" gc, 100 ch = Oandx +y <1 .CALCULUS 208 is_ region is the triangle formed by the lines This x=Oy=Ox+ty=t y=0 Fig. 25 SSe+Pyaxdy = LF + Payon 0 yi—x = bye ey ax 1, a an + Gam |g I oI Ex. 3, i Change the order of integration in the integral y a 2a—x f J xy dx dy and evaluate it. xa (B.Tech. 1983) ( B.Sc.1989) Pp Y varies from a to 2a — x, Le xs Ylies between the curves)’ = 5a y! fo 2a —x, x varies from 0 to # Pte, Fegion of integration © iN changing the order of "" reat ging the or Srationm, we j tegrate first Fig. 2grox" i On covering the same, region as above, the vp é gaaet? ° ENR 209 eepingy constant, ie, with elementary Strips paraltel t ‘a end of these Strips ! i +y = 2a and to the =e ond to the line x + Curve y = a Hence we gion into two parts by the liney = a which Passes through ance for one region x varies from 0 to Vay and for the other a x varies from 0 to 2a — y. Inthe first region y varies from 0 to a ee and for the a Hence J ) Ex. 4. By changing the order of integration, ev second region y varies from a to 2a. 2a-x a Vay 2a 2a-y S xwaxdy=S f xoxd+f f waxy ela 0 0 a 0 a ay 2a 2a-y =f ls a+f | gy 0 2 Io a| * jo aay 28 y (2a -yP a y(2a-y) 4 “Sut e _3at = aluate pe y ied (B.Sc. 4990) ox ¥ y Fig. 27210 “eo ay Let I = J ox S y y fromx to © and then wart. x from Ot, %, Integrate wrt. Let OA be the straight line OA, y =x. Region of integration is R above OA. Reverse the order of integration. Keep y constant : X varies from 0 to y. Then allow y to vary from 0 to ~ to cover R. - ow Hencel=f eY%f dx 0 Y"o 0 0 yy y ~ - =f eae =f e%dy=(-e%) =-0416, o 0 0 ; | Exercises 39. 1. Evaluate the following integrals:- ab OL J e+ aney 3.2 ws I xy (x + y) dy dx 1/2 © (iy fof OO tt J I (7 +a? . ab F iv) I iF xy (x — y) dy dx 2 x Os I x? dy dx ax wf I 02 + 2) dy ax2 2& 214 wai JF x + 8) dy ox a Va — x (iii) J Sy ¥ dy dx m/e fi ix) (asin2@4+p5 I) 70 ©9828) d 8d y a1'2 2cos0 ws fs Pdrde 2/20 1 =y 2 i dx (xi) J Sn dy a a (1+c0s8) xi) f ff P sino drde 0 0 2. Find the value of f f (a? -x*) dx dy taken over half the circle ¢ + = a? in the positive quadrant. 3. Find the value of f f xy dx dy taken over the positive quadrant of the alipse mos % =1 ; 1 4. Evaluate f fx vy dx dy over the circular area ty < (B.Sc. 1985) i hich 5. Evaluate f J 0° y) dy dx over the region for w cyare ach = ond + 1G 51 bola en the para 8. Evaluate f f y dx dy over the region betwe © = y and the linex + V = 2.CALCULUS 212 d th ; z evaluate J %-Y) dk dy over the region bety, | = yand the parabola y = x, 8. pee fy ax dy over the part of the plane boundey a Mthy ling ! liney = X and the parabola y = 4x — 2. te g. Change the order of integration in the following j te inn evaluate them =~ 7 dy dx (i) 6 J, y ? + aa? i = Ax dy. u I c Very a 2Vax (i) ff Pdxay. 0.0 3 v4-y (Sf Oty aedy 4a 2Vax ws S dy dx 0 24a wife -y a- VIF dy dx 2x -2 win f vii) ff ye ong | XW 2) ox dy a 2a- x “ 7 a xy dy dx. 10. Prove that a Jars fy — y 0 0 Va wan Se x ire) FO)MULTIPLE INTEGRALS andi the order of integration. " cl cvaluate () SSN T= X=Y ax ay (iy lI by 1. . pverthe regionx = 0.Y=0.x+ys a ox dy Ned pevauate Sf . (1-5-4) "oa 5 + % <1 43. Show that f J (+ y + a) dx dy taken over the circle x +9 =a? isna’. sa. vatuate J f Vax? —/ dx dy over the area bounded by y=0y=X%x=1. a (B.Sc. 1990) ts. Evalaute ff (7 +7) dx dy, where R is the region R . 6 + x <1. a’ oD 16. Show that f fp? dx dy = Sra! where R is the area R is the length of the perpendicular pon a fixed tangent to the circle. § 3.1. Double integral in polar co-ordinates. In case we use le the region R intl enclosed by a circle of radius a,p froma variable point in this area U| polar co-ordinates we can subdivid he following way.CALCULUS 214 jh the h pass throug) Origin ang ts to R whic with their ae Draw the tang which are tangents to R Centres atthe o the circular wide the radial interval {a,b} into 'm™ parts by . I. = Then oroular arcs at intervals of Ary een = aang, ; concentric angular intervals (a,b) into n parts by draw; 6 and divide the betweend = cand 4 = B. By this py, "adiy intervals of A 1 ay a fn lines ee R into infinitesimal " curvilinear rectangles ang in have divid he total area of the latter being very small if 4 f, and rectangles. t! | are sufficiently small. ; 1 206 -+FA0 AAV = Zit AN) 44 a" J = + FANON. AG; Select a point Pj in each A Aj, evaluate the function f(r, Ba each of these points and then form the sum of the products of thas functional values and the corresponding values of AA, For con. 1 > Ani venience chose the r co-ordinates of Pi to be & = 7, + 2 Let the 4 co-ordinates of Pi, be 7). Then limit Sg, 1) § 47,48, is defined as mM x ij now SS f(r, rdrde. ie at evaluate the double integral in polar co-ordinates fist" Bis ; ant r “an respect tor keeping 4 constant between thelit Sh r= : : i 2 (8) and inte i xpression respect to 4 betwe grate the remaining exp! end = a and 6 = p. a, B r =f, (0) IL Ordrag=p | pe py ear © |r=f,@) § 3.2, ioint fe, dest’ recalling thea Acloint figure may prove helpful as 4 sett” reDeated interes o priate expression for dA to be used if integrals in Polar co. Ordinati EY ° - es.MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 215 the element dA as a rectangle its Pye Joo sides say TU and UV. ea Will be product = ay dr = For 08. Fig. 29 ence the double integral in cartesian form JS fey) dxay R H sors into f f f(rcos@ ,rsin 6) rdr dé. In the latter case we R veto use the corresponding equation of R in polar co-ordinates. rramples. . x, 1. Evaluate f SrVa? — 7 dr dé over the upper half of the ciler = a COS 0. (B.Sc. 1990) r=a cosO Fig. 30 The required integral ' 2 r=acosd =f of rVae— 7 ardé 0 r=0 : x/2 acos# ws [- va? - A" | ogCALCULUS 216 2 2 py caf ete ost 0 2 / ay (1 - sin? 4) d@ en ' _a(Ga-4) ~ 18 Ex. 2. By transforming into polar Co-ordinates Valu, ate if xP way over the annular region between the «, Corea © Circles +P =a? andx’ +y* = b? (b > 4). Fig. 31 , By transforming into polar co-ordinates the two circles become r=aandr=b SIL ecy = 5 5 Pos? oP sin?e ag Rx +? R P cos?6+ 2 sin29 = SSP cos®6 sin2o dra a R 21 b =JS JS Peos®6 sin? odrde Oa Qn |b 2 =f 7 | cos*asin? ode 0 aMULTIPLE INTEGRALS 217 bial “4 J, cos 6 sin? 6 ag bp’ - at 16 =n 4, By changing Into polar co-ordinates evaluate the integral Xo _. Fg Varn f J 0? + y ) dx dy. 0 0 pe egion of integration is the semi-circle 2 +P = 20x above is. changing into polars, the region becomes r = 2a cos 4 ng X-¢ ' 1 amg = 0108 =o Hence the required integral 1 2a cos @ > jes ° (7 cos” 6 + 7 sin? 6) rdr do 0 0 3/2 2acosé =| J Pdrde y 0 0 1/2 A 2acosé xt+y?=2ax =f a dé N 0 0 eZ =4a*f costode . 0 oO x ; 4 Fig. 32 “ettises 49, ie circle ' Evaluate JJ PB sin? @ drd@ over the area of the cll "=acos@. iecato 2 Eval loop of the lemn' ui er the loop : ate ff 7 cos @ dr dé ov" h, 1990) es (B.Tec! =a cos2@218 CALCULUS rardé. dyer one loo g.evawate I QF + P of the lemnisoatg 22a? cos 26. uate fs7sind ar rea(t + cos 4). 4, Eval d@ over the upper half of gg dig tegrate the function 4 and sow 5. Integrate fi 2 er the region inside 7 e cardioid r = a (1 + cos 6) which lies outside the ci cle r x Sa 2 pe tt -r/a . 6. Prove that the integral e sin 6 cos @ over the up Per ha of the circle r = 2a cos 6 Is a (3+ ae 16" 64 ) 7. By changing into polar co-ordinates evaluate the inte (iS Sy 0c + yr? dx dy over the positive state the circle x° + y? = a”, supposing n + 3 >0 ms (i ff _ KY ave a+eryy? one loop of the lemniscate we+pPpar-¥. (iil) f f 0 + 7) dy dx over the circle x2 + 7 =a wf pe ery se e+ ay dy ws feo oy + yy¥ wi f° ava. oy +)§q. tina Tle Integrals. The triple integral is MULTIPLE INTEGRA! ¢ a EH 2 (vii) J J o?y + y’) dy ay ———y 2” vax dy viii) J J ey x=)! “aay. -~y2_.2 ww. J, Pape dk dy “ ax di OS, r we +P + a? a Va. (xi) J J VP +P ay a a Va i 0 ax — x’ a ™ (xiii) § [ Va? — 3? = ax dy takenover the upper half of the circle x° + ¥* = ax. (xiv) leeree taken over the circle x + y? = 1. Fag by P+ <1, (xvi) ff Ua dx dy taken over the sector in the first e+ Quadrant bounded by the straight linesy = 0. =* . 1978) and the circle @+y°=1 (B.Sc defined ina manner jous and a hat of the double integral, iff (x.y 2) is continu ow ffs dx dy taken over the circular region given220 single valu py the su! ace integral of f(% subdivided by planes CALCULUS - ofxyandz over the region of Space R @ ed function on » ipdivided into subregions A R,,, a 'Dle y.2) over Ris defined by pen s=m t=p froy2dV = fimit > f Erst rst» Srst) A Vest noo r=l moo s=l. p2o t= 1 uate the triple integral R is considered to be In order to eval : parallel to the three co-ordinate planes. Then A Viet = AX, AVs 4 2t By suitably arranging the terms of the sum it can be shown that Z f2(2) 2 (¥2) fray adves f f f (x,y,z) axdydz R 2,4,@) #22) Thelimitsz; ,Z2,f (2) fo). 92 +2). 9252) canbe deter mined from the equation of the surface S. Note 1. The student should note that the order of integration’ denoted by the operation of inte in turn startin 2, f2(2) Po(¥.2) : f(x,y, Mita) (x,y,z) dx dy az i Paz ae J ta.y.z) oxy dz ey 1.2) : ow" g with gration being carried out in the rectangles ist the innermost rectangle and working ° the outermost rectangleMULTIPLE INTEGRALS 221 note 2: When integrating with respect to x in the a treated as constants and also when integratin ated as a constant. . bove integral, yndZ are with vespecs tre note 3. When ie integral isgiven f fff e.y, 2) Ox dy dz with mits. it is often these limits that show the order of integration. If the mits are NOt contants the integration should be in the order in which is given in the integral. ara az Examples. Evaluate SS Sxyz dx dy dz taken through the posi- «g octant of the sphere x* + y? + 2° = a. Z Ky? =a? Fig. 33 To cover the whole positive octant of the sphere (+47? =a? zvariesfrom0ta Va —* — ,y, Varies from 0 ed integral is over and x varies from 0 to a. Hence the requir a Va" — x" Va? — x° — y ff f xyz dz dy ox Ze 2 Vae— ny =f f Esa . ” ayaxCALCULUS a 1. Va" 2 ge x? xy" ‘ "x ‘ae x % 2 4 Io 20 > 2 2 Brp2_ 2_ 201 rf xcaz— pat — (8 *) xa Je)? | A | | 2 4 - lea 0 a® 48 Exercises 41. (yp oxdydz — taken over the 1. Evaluate f J J wipers Volume bounded by the planesx = 0.y=0,Z=O,x+y+z=4, (BSc. 1989) 2. Evalaute f f fx’ yzdxdydz taken over the tetrahedron bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0,z = Oand +h 4zay 3. Find the value of SS Sz +P +P dxayar and J fxyz ox dy dz taken over the Positive octant for which +P +P 0. 7. Show that Sf fx vy thro Va 5- Va vz Zi Z (= x-y 2) dxdydz= 4MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 223 he integral is taken over the Volui ery =0z7=Oandx+y+7., ms a a nes x x 4, evaluate SILO + +2) day ae taken Over the regi 2 egion id by the surface x7 + =a z= 0,z=h ey xty+z4 1/2 9, Evaluate J f Sety 1)" dx dy dz taken Over the mndefined byX > 0, Y20,220, xt y47 <4 10, Prove that ff f (x? + y?) ax dy oz = where V is the v jad bounded by the surface x* + ? = 27 and the Planez = 2. Applications of Multiple integrals. § 5.1. Find the area enclosed between x = a, x = b, by yet) y=F OX). Let P be (x,y) and Q be (x + Ax, +A y). Hence the area of the rectangle PRQS is Ax. Ay. We may imagine the whole area divided into such elements and if we can sum them the required area is obtained. Yo =F(x) ¥=F6) Fig. 34 Regarding xand A x as constants for the time being, the sum for thy . Ba “vertical strip y, to YoisLt Ax Ay Ay+0 yy, Yo an be writtenas Ax f dy yy beeing ‘ound the area of the strip, we can add up al such strips "x = aandy = b, we get the required area as This ¢, niteCALCULUS 224 b Ya Lt S axf ay Ax>0 @ b b Yo ie. f ax f wy a vi b Ya ie, f f dyax ay, § 5.2. In the same way the co-ordinates of the centre Of grav can be expressed as 1 -_Sfxoxa —_ J Syaxdy x= Shady’? I fax dy the limits of integration to be taken to cover the given area, § 5.3. Similarly the moment of inertia of an area about an avs through the origin perpendicular to the xy-plane can be expressed as Sf 0@ + y*) dx ay, the limits being taken to cover the whole ares since x + y* is the square of the distance from the origin to the element of area. Examples. Ex. 1. Find the area enclosed by the atipee + & =1. a B Fig. 35 . _ 408 The area of the ellipse = 4 (area in the first quadrant) 2MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 225 Keeping * constant for the time being, y varies from 9 to 2)v2 . | 4 x ) } and then allowing x to vary. x varies from 0 to a a b(1- 8)" . a Hence the area of the ellipse = 4 Jf dy dx 00 simplifying, we get the area as x ab. Ex. 2. Find the centroid of the area enclosed by the parabola pasa, the axis of x and the latus rectum of the parabola. Let (x. y) be the co-ordinates of the centroid of the centroid. a ay _ J J xayax SS yoyax Then x = -y= avy * aN J J ayax Sf dyox 0 0 00 where y; = ¥4 ax Simplifying , we get x= 2 and y = #. _,,, (3a 3a Hence the centroid is (¢ a (The student is advised to draw the figure). Ex. 3. A plane lamina of non-uniform density is in the form of a quadrant of the ellipse > + x = 1. If the density at any point (y) a be K xy, where K is a constant, find the co- ordinates of the centroid of the lamina. Ley « , y) be the co-ordinates of the centroid.CALCULUS 226 2a b(t-5)"" f sf K xy. x dy dx -_ 0 Then x = ~~ x, 1/2 b (1-73) ss ky . dy dx 2 a? b(i-X 1/2 8 G-%) | Numerator of x=Kf f x y dy dx 00 2 72 4) Ks ie | . ¥ ax bbi. x 1/2 27 x=KS f v) inator of X = enorina os an 2 Kye x 0 |2 {y dx Kb? a g = J x (1-5 2 J ( pm Kb eo a Kato? 2 [2 aah - 8a ~_ 8b X= oe: By symmetry, y = a Ex. 4. The density of the material of a right circular cylinder of Jius 7 varies as the distance form the axis and as the distance from * end. Find the radius of gyration about the axis. a Fig. 36 icul Take a section of the oylinds cular stip of ad stances x and. x + ax. It will be acl ‘ancentric circles of radii r and 0 circles “insider the solid between these ™ ment of volume dV. = AK We=2nr Ar Axand density PCALCULUS 228 . he element =A2mnr ar. Then the mass oft he Axry inder M=A Hence the mass of the cylin I, I 2m xh ay _ mate, 3 Inertia of this element about the axis of the Moment of Wind, -ondPxdr.Ax.P Hence the M.I. of the cylinder about the axis hia =Sfs 2a Ar*xdrax 0 0 5 2 aa” h = 5 A Let the radius of gyration be K. 5 2 Then MK? = 228 a 3 p2 5 p2 i nah, .2_ nah ie, - AK? = z a 2 i 2_3a ie, K = § 5.4. The element d/A in polar co-ordinates is ¢ dr a0 and Lai the area of region R enclosed by a curve is given by the inte JS rdr dé taken over the region R. inert (ordinates of the centre of gravity and the momen the comespondie of polar co-ordinates can be obtained by ct dinates, Ng formula in cartesian co-ordinates into poa" Examples, Ex. 1. Fi Find the area of the cardiod r =a (1 + cos).MULTIPLE INTEGRALS qe reauied area = J J rdrdé taken 4 er the cardioid r = 4 (1 + cos 6) jmits of © being 0 tors 3k a(! he jimits of @ being — a to 7. ed area at cos 6) r 1 requi a a drdé Fig. 37 a 0 «|? a (1 + 008 8) =S \2 dé ) a\2 |o x gh (1 +0080) a (t+ = cost dé -a 20 = 2 (+ cos 6)" 08 0 as the integrand is even na Nlo Ex. 2. Find the area which is inside the circle r = 34 cos @ and outside the cardioid r= a(1 + cos 6). : d E are give The vectorial angles of D ant n by the equation 4 + cos 4) je., 2.0089 — 1= 3a (cos 6) = 4 : E a, 2 a 6=-3%3 Hence the required area n/3 ga cos 8 =f rdrd@ Laat + cos 4) Fig.38CALCU LUS 230 (1 + 608 0) 8 ws |e dé i A aatcos?9-a%(1 +008)" | 40 _ at (8 cos29 — 2. cos 8 — 1) 06 asthe integrand is even “2 “9 \ = x a’ on simplification. Ex. 3. Find the centroid of aloop of the lemniscate P =a" cos20. The curve? = a” cos 2 dis syrrmmietrica about the initial line and one loop of the curve lies between — 4 2 and = + From the symmetry of the curve, it can be seen that the C.G. lies on the initial line. Let x be the distance of C.G. from 0. In cartesian co-ordinates we have = SS rcos 6 (rdrd 6) ~ SJrarde changing into polars SSP cosearae rdrdé " Fig.39 Numerator = r pre en ? cos 6 dr déSS “ATALS bg “et a Voos 26 " 3 coséd¢@ 1a . oF (cos 2.0)" cosa a6 3%, OF x S (1 = 2 sin? 8) cosede — Wa il of i (1 — 2 sin? 6)°? cos 6d 6as 0 the integrand is even = m2 4p a® on putting x = sind We a Veos 26 Denominator = SN f rdrdé 7” 4 Ve0s 26 _ 4 Pe la Vcos 2 ” im\? jo 2 =4_¢ cos2000 25 Wa _@ => x= av2 ° of nae from jal line at a distance The centroid: is on the initial line @ the origin. Sercises 42. ore y Bis b thelinesx =O: Y "a 1. Find the area enclosed by : rabola ~ 2.Find the area enclosed by the e232 j 4 — x) and the «axis: on of the area above the x-axig te the portion a Whey 3, Calculal ami-cubical parabola y= ¥ and the straghy ‘ pounded by thes lng y =x y=: ‘ct quadrant bounded by the ea in the first 4 X-Ai8 ang 4, Find the ar _ = the curves Papa 107 e centroid of the area under one arch of the yea sind). y=atl — c08 6) parabolas 5. Find th 6. Find the area bounded by the y24—xandy = 4-4 7. Find the centroid of the area enclosed by (i) the parabolas y = axand ay = x, (i) y = @& — x andy =X. 8. Find the centroid of the area in the first quadrant bounded by the semi-cubical parabola y* = x° and the straight line y = x. 9. A thin plate is in the form of a quadrant of the ellipse 2 + 6 = 1. The density at any point in the plane varies as the product of its distances from the axes. Find the mass. 10. The surface density in a circular lamina varies as the square of the distance from a point O on the circumference. Find its mass di 11. The density of a semi-circular lamina of radius a varies a istance from the bounding diameter. Find the distance of this centre from this diameter. 12. Find the moment of inertia of the area of the ond + ~ ax = 0 about the diameter of the circle. ; 13. Find the area common to the two circles r=aandr=2acosé.ee ae sae 233 iq the area inside the cardioid r = 4 FT olar=<—oe 2a (1 + cos @) and aot? parabola’ ++ cos 6° 0 45. Find tl real 4g. Find the area included between the curve he area common to the cardioids + cos 6) and r = a (1 — cos 6) r =a (sec @ + cos6) and its asymptote r=asecd. 47. Athin sheet of metal coincides with the loop of the curve = sin 26 between 6 = Oand 6 = 5: ifthe density of the sheet varies directly as the distance from the porizontal axis, find the mass of the sheet. 48, The density at any point of a non-uniform circular lamina of radius a varies as its distance from a fixed point on the circumference. ofthe circle. Find the mass of the lamina. 49. Find the moment of inertia of a! ofthe formr = a (1 + cos 4) about an axis perpendicular t through the pole. 20. Find the centroid of (i) the area enclosed within the c (ii) the volume of the solid formed by revolving the ca the initial line. . ' dioid 21. Find the mass of a plate in the form of a car the a(1 + cos 6) ifthe density of the mass varies as the distance from pole. Determine its centroid. the 22. Find the mass of the plate in the form of one loop a the | emniscate 2 = a? cos 2 6 if the density varies aS the square “Stanice from the pole. lamina of uniform thickness 0 its plane ardioid r= 4 (1 + cos 8). rdioid aboutCALCULUS 234 nt of inertia of one lOOp of the 1 momen! lenny 3, Find " pout its axis and (i) About a line throygy, the 2_ a?cos 20 ooh @ plane of the lemniscate. %y ul perpendli hat the distance from the cusp of the Centre 24, Showt 1 + cos 9), when the density at a roa id = 4 ( of the cardioi a 5 distance from the cusp is 5: as the square of It 25. The surface density at a point of a area of the lorie, faa nee 26 varies as the square of its distance from the Pole, inertia about an axi: Show that the moment of inertia is through the pg perpendicular to its plane is Ox § 6.1. Volumes of solids of revolution. The figure shows a portion AB of a plane curve y = f (x), Letag revolve about the x-axis. Let the co-ordinates of P.Q (x,y), «+ Ax, ytAy) respectively. Complete the Tectange PRQS. The area of this rec- tangle = Ax.Ay. In making a complete revolution the area PRQS generates a_ solid whose volume is x { (y + Ay)* — 7 } Ax ie, {ay.Ay.Ax+ (Ay) Ax} ie, 2ay. Ay. Ax to the first order of infinitesimals. Hence the total volume is Fig. 40 x=b =f (x) , V =Lt > 2 — AK+0 yaa 5, myAy.Ax a EL 109 = 2 Ef ydyaxind the vol ple. Find the volume of a segment of height h 8 Ofag Phere + 1g a: a tion of the generating circ! le Is x2 +P =@ fre a in and the x-axis being per, " | ss ooo Pendicular to the plane wt h ich 4 Volume of the segment a Va‘- ' =2 SS yeyex Fig. 41 §6.2. Volumes of solids as double integrals. / of the surface 7 = f (xy) and S$’ be its. plane. We have to find an expression Juded by S and $ ‘andthe surround- let $ be the portion thogorial projection on the xy- Ning the volume of the solid incl 4 cylindrical surface. ZCALCULUS into elementa pe divided up ry rect Ss lines parallel to the x- and y-axes anna ats Ax Ay by drawing ism be constructed with its len, hp Oh 9 ty al 00 LT of this prism between the surtacg a t ,yand hence the total volume Is mg z2Ax.! tim SD z AX AY: Ax>0 Ay?0 integration bei . Hence V = f J zdx dy, the integ! eing carey oe ‘angy, area S ' Examples Ex. 1. Find the volume of the parabolid of revo + y? = 4z cut-off by the plane z = 4. The length intercepted between the plane z = 4 and the sure P+ Pa zie, 2-2 tF is BC (vide Fig. 43 ) which is equal-to (4 on e+f) Zz : Fig. 43 Th : orthogonal Projection of POR on the XOY plane's the 6! net = 16MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 237 ine integration being carried over the first quadrant ofthe o Circle ¥ + = 16 onthe XOY plane. 4 Vie-< _ve4s f a-2+4 0 0 7+) ox dy Hence V = 32. on simplification. Ex. 2. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x* + 7 = 4, the planes y + Z = 4andz = 0. Volume required = f f (4 —y) dxay psea4—-~.x=eVa-P -. xvaries from — va-y to + va-/ and y varies from -2to +2 2 Hence the volume = f (4-y2¥4- ¥ dy -2 +2 +2 =8f Va—y ay(asf y V4 — 7 dy = 0 because the “2 ane . integrand is an odd function ) 2 ; =16f Va ay ay putting y = 2 sin? 0 n/4 a = 16f 1 c0s29.00 = 64-4 = 16" 0238 f radius b is made centray, Wrally thy ol fi Ex. 3.A circu Ne volume of the sphere remaining Ugh 5 a. ius sphere of radiu zi Volume of the hole - dx ds =2f f2c 7 EKe OVE the a, C+? = b* andz = - Volume of the hole = 2S SVP PF ceey 2a c=b y, =2f J Ve —- rdrde 0 r= Fig. 44 changing to polars -2f {-4 (2-2) "a6 = 22m) (a? - (#02) "} ~F fe 08) }, : % “. Volume remaining in the sphere = = (2 ~ b?) § 6.3. Volume as a triple integral. Fig. 45MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 239 pet PO (xy2): arallelopiped PQRSTUVW wit on . with edges parallel y jengtns 4%: Ayand Az. The element of volume A V oats 05 ofthis parallelopiped, viz, Ax Ay Az. aken t . ® Hence the tota jit yy TAK Ay 42 wo ye? 0 47 ie. FS Sox dy dz, the limits of integration being determined ain within which the point must lie. gon the domal Example. Find the volume and the position of the centre of | volume is unded by the plane * + e + : = 1and Z (B.Sc. 1990) R gavity of the tetrahedron bo he co-ordinate planes. y Let E be the point (% Y» 2 ) the corner of an Ax. Ay_ Ax. Tofind the total VOIUTE 9 the v (keeping x and y constant), ie., fromZ =". a+ equation to the plane PGR on which piiesle._ tb240 CALCULUS We now integrate with regard to y from A to B keeping ¢ x Co le. tromy Otoy~ (1~ 4) &since the equation of» a the ting x, Ye integrate from O to P Le., fr iss +p 1. Now integ! OM O toa tory b(1-2) o(1- 2-2) ves fs sf az dy dx oo o a PIS) 8 (1-9-8) -f f F], dy dx 2 P(1-%) x “SS (1-2-2) ayax a b(1-*) -ef p-*-$], ax _ . x x 1 = be ff (1-2) -2 (1-4) 4 (4-2) 5 ltl) abe 6 Let p be the mass per unit volume of tetrahedron. Then the mass of the tetrahedron = 4 . abc p a Take an element of volume A x A y Azand take moments mt ment about the XOZ plane and integrating as before we 9¢MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 241 b(i-* x ; ff j ( et neal yaern f Onna 0 Vy dx dy ay 3) a x els oy (1-2 LY dye wool [fee 2a 3b |, ax = OER (4-2) a 2 _pab c 24 _ye2 (VFq . -_a-=_c Similarly we getx = 4.2 =] wi (a 0 © Hence the centre of gravity Is (2.3.4) Exercises 43. hedron whose faces are 1.P, of the tetra rove that the mass which the density at any %-0y =0,2 =Oandx +y +z=ain point (x, y, 2) is —— is 4k a” Vxyz 3 2 he xy 2 = a’ above t 2. Find the volume of the cylinder x + * Plane cut by the plane x + ¥ + 2 = @ paycanite ype, 3. Find the volume bounded by the paraboloid Cylinder x? 4 y2 = gay andz = 0.CALCULUS 242 tion of the cylinder x2 4 of the po and the paraboigiy e volume he plane z = 0 4. Find thi een t intercepted betw ery a4-Z , on to a sphere of radius r anda cyling er 5, Find the volume comm generators passing through the contre © with one of its of radius 2 the sphere. 6. Find the volume included between the elliptic’ paraboloiy x2 +s =a?, and the planez = 0. oy = x+y’, the cylinder 7. Find the volume cut-off from the paraboloid z = x? + y? by the plane z = 2x. 8. Find the volume lying above the xy plane inside the cylinder x+y = 4and under the cone +~=ar 9. Find the volume enclosed by the surface wy = 162, (x - 2)? + (y - 2) = 4 and the planez = 0. 10. Find the volume of the part of the cylinder e+ y = 20x cut-off by the two planes z = x tan a and Z = x tan B (a > B > 0). 11. Prove that the volume enclosed by two cylinders 3 P+? = 2ax, 2? = Daxis ZBE, 12, Find the volume of the solid bounded by the surfaces 4z= 16 -4x°- 7 az t2xr°+¥ _13.Find the volume undery? + z = 4 abovez = 0 and within cylinderical surfaces y* —2x=0 and y” =8-2X 14. Aci i . Bi rading & youlat hole of radius k is drilled through a circular cylinder diameter of eee ed fon the axis of the hele colnet ae drilled out 2 ss-section of the cylinder. What is the volume 15. Find the volumi 3 = e generated by. i cardiold r= a (1+ cos @) about its axis, y.the revolution of theMULTIPLE INTEGRALS 243 16. Find the volume (i) of the solid bounded by the surfaces PrP aaz and e+ 42 95, (i) above the cone 2? = x7 4.2 ang ingi id . Oe oar an le the sphere 2 et P iii) of the ellipsoid a (iii) Pp’ #2 + ? + ie 1. (B.Sc. 1978) 17. Find the volume cut-off in the upper hemisphere of papttad by the cone x* +tyar +f a® 2 18. The octant of the ellipsoid € + z = 1 bounded by the b planesx = 0.Y= 0,z = Ois filled with a liquid of uniform density. Find the centre of gravity of the liquid. 19. Find the centre of gravity of the volume common to a cone of vertical angle 120° and a sphere of radius a, the vertex of the cone being the centre of the sphere. 20. Find the moment of inertia of the pyramid bounded by co- i z ordinates planes and the plane * + fF tad 1 about the x-axes. ive octant of the sphere 21. A solid in the from a posit kxyz where k et y +7 =a? has its density following the law p = isa constant. Find the co-ordinates of its mass centre. §7. Areas of curved surfaces. Let z = f (x,y) be the equation of the sul Suppose it is required to calculate the area of Surface rface AB in the figure and aregion S ' lying on the note this Project $ ' orthogonally on the XY plane and let S denore Fegion. s into F ivide'the area S In Draw lines parallel to the x- and y-axi§ ard dt projection of the "ectangles of areas Ax. Ay. Then the orthogonal PI i Ay: element of area PORT on to the XOY plane is AX. 4YCALCULUS 244 + AX. Ay = ar Z cos a where a is the ra OF Pog, an B_ the XOY plane and the = Petia at P, .e., between thez. pil Dy, normal line Perpendicular, and, 0 % gent plane at P Othe tay The direction Cosings normal to the surface F (x2) x y Fig. 47 are proportional to 2F aF i . . OX ayes and so in this Particular one, is dz AZ . ey i —,—,-1since are proportional to ax’ ay F(x,y,z)=f(x,y)-z=0 1 ———_————* az)", (az\", |" ax ay 2 , 2 Va : J (az az - area pont = {32 ata +f AX.Ay oz 2 Oz a 2 Hence S ' = limit al + {=| 44$ ava et ee {(53 ay y Ay>0 2 2 Ve az dz : 124 (02 r) SA USS) + (BF) +f aw the limits of integration depending on the projection on the XOY Ba" of the region S '. We can easily show that it is also equal to fo [t+ (2x)'+ (24) eee Hence cos a = az , where $ is the projection of S ’ in the XOZ plane or 2 5 2 / 2 ax ax)?” 14 (2x ax SS + (5) + (2) ]Pazey d7 US MARYVALS g is the projection of S$” 2 snore S” on the YOZ plan ie “ amples: - Find the area of the surface of th " s € sphere of Tadius r. y Fig. 48 Taking the origin as the centre and radius r, the equation of the sphere IS ~+y~+P7ar ra us consider the surface of the sphere in the first octant. It will bet ~ of the surface of the sphere. The orthogonal projection of this suiace area on the XOY plane is the quadrant of the circle e+ y = in that plane. Hence this surface area ~ “lee gl ae - ax oy taken over the area of the quarter of the cite +7 = eon the positive quadrant. = =- e , = =- t “. Surface area of the sphere pee ay ax “of (B+%