MA5158 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I

Unit V MULTIPLE INTEGRALS/

MA6151 Mathematics-I
Modules VII & VIII (RUSA)

Faculty, Department of Mathematics

Anna University, Chennai

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 CONTENTS
• Double integrals
• Change of order of integration
• Double integrals in polar
coordinates
• Area enclosed by plane curves
• Triple integrals
• Volume of solids
• Change of variables in double and
triple integrals
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 REFERENCES
1. Grewal B.S., “Higher Engineering
Mathematics”, Khanna Publishers, 44th
Edition, New Delhi, 2017.

2. James Stewart, "Calculus with Early

Transcendental Functions", Cengage
Learning, 6th Edition, New Delhi,2013.

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 Section 1 – Double Integrals

• Definition of Double Integrals

• Evaluation of Double Integrals
• Change of Order of Integration
• Examples
• Practice Problems and MCQs

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Double integrals
Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 be a function of two independent
variables 𝑥, 𝑦 defined at each point in a finite
region R of the XY plane. Divide R into
𝑛 subareas ∆𝐴1 , ∆𝐴2 ,…,∆𝐴𝑛 .
Let (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 ) be any point
within the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ elementary
area ∆𝐴𝑖

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The double Integral of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over the region R,
denoted by 𝑅 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 , is defined as
𝑛

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = lim 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )∆𝐴𝑖

𝑅 𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
provided the limit exists and is finite.
In practice, a double integral is evaluated by
successive definite integrations.
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝑥1 𝑦1

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The region of integration is ABCD.
Case (i) 𝑦1 = 𝑓1 (𝑥)and 𝑦2 = 𝑓2 𝑥 ; 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 are
functions of 𝑥, and 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 are constants.
Here 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)is integrated
w.r.t. 𝑦 first between the
limits 𝑦 = 𝑦1 and 𝑦 = 𝑦2
keeping 𝑥 fixed.

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The resulting expression is then integrated w.r.t. 𝑥
between the limits 𝑥 = 𝑥1 and 𝑥 = 𝑥2

𝑥2 𝑦2 =𝑓(𝑥2 )

𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑦1 =𝑓(𝑥1 )

The inner integration is done first and then the

outer integration.

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This is done as follows;

We take a vertical strip PQ of width dx where

P is on the curve 𝑦1 = 𝑓1 𝑥 , 𝑄is on the curve
𝑦2 = 𝑓2 (𝑥).

First we integrate 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 along one edge of the

strip PQ, (keeping 𝑥 constant) and then slide the
strip PQ from AC (𝑥 = 𝑥1 ) to BD (𝑥 = 𝑥2 ) to
cover the region ABCD.

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Case (ii) 𝑥1 = 𝑓1 𝑦 , 𝑥2 = 𝑓2 𝑦 ; 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 are
functions of 𝑦, and 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 are constants.

𝑦2 𝑥2 =𝑓2 (𝑦)

𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑥1 =𝑓1 (𝑦)

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We take a horizontal strip PQ of width 𝑑𝑦 where
P is on the curve 𝑥1 = 𝑓1 𝑦 , Q is on the curve
𝑥2 = 𝑓2 (𝑦).
Integrate 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 w. r. t. 𝑥 along one edge of 𝑃𝑄
(keeping 𝑥 constant ), then slide the strip PQ
from AC (𝑦 = 𝑦1 ) to BD (𝑦 = 𝑦2 ) to cover the
region ABCD.

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Case (iii) Both the pairs of limits (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) and
(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ) are constants. The order of integration
does not matter.

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i.e. We can integrate in any of the following ways:

𝑥2 𝑦2

𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑦1

(or)

𝑦2 𝑥2

𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑥1

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 Examples
1 𝑥
Example 1: Evaluate 0 𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Solution:
Given
𝑥2 =1 𝑦2 = 𝑥

𝐼= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 =0 𝑦1 =𝑥
Since 𝑦 limits are variable limits and 𝑥 limits are
constant limits, we integrate w. r. t. 𝑦 first and
then integrate the resultant expression w. r. t. 𝑥

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 1 𝑥

𝐼= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥

1 𝑥
3
2
𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑦+ 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
0

1 3
3
5 𝑥2 𝑥
= 𝑥2 + − 𝑥3 + 𝑑𝑥
3 3
0

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 4 1
2 7 12 5 4𝑥
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 −
7 35 3 4 0

2 2 1
= + −
7 15 3
30 + 14 − 21 23
= =
105 105

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 2 4
Example 2: Evaluate 1 3
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
Solution:
2 4

𝐼= 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 3
2 4
2
𝑥𝑦
= + 𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 3
1
2
9
= 8𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 4 − 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
2
1
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 2
7
= 𝑥 + 𝑒 4 − 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
2
1
2 2
7 𝑥 4 3 2
= + 𝑒 −𝑒 𝑥 1
2 2 1
7
= 4 − 1 + 𝑒4 − 𝑒3 2 − 1
4
21
= + 𝑒4 − 𝑒3
4
Note: Here the 𝑦 limits are 𝑦1 = 3, 𝑦2 = 4 and
𝑥 limits are 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = 2.
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 1 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
Example 3: Evaluate 0 0 1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Solution:
𝑥2 =1 𝑦2 = 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 +𝑦
𝑥1 =0 𝑦1 =0
We integrate w.r.t. 𝑦 first between 𝑦1 = 0 and
𝑦2 = 1 + 𝑥 2

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 𝑥2 =1 1+𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
= 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 =0 0 1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

1 1+𝑥2
1 𝑦
= tan−1 𝑑𝑥
0
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
0

1
1 1 + 𝑥2
= tan−1 − tan−1 0 𝑑𝑥
0
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2

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 1
1 𝜋
= 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2 4
0
−1
𝜋
∵ tan 1 = and tan−1 0 = 0
4

𝜋 1
= ln 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2
4 0
𝜋
= ln 1 + 2 − ln 1
4
𝜋
= ln 1 + 2
4
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Example 4
Evaluate 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 over the area
between 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥

Solution:
The Region of Integration R:
The point of intersection 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 are
obtained by solving 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
simultaneously.

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Strictly for University Departments only 23
Substitute 𝑦 = 𝑥 in 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 or 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(1 − 𝑥) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1
If 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and if 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
∴ 0,0 , 1,1 are the points of intersection.
The region of integration is the shaded region R.

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To find the 𝑥 limits and 𝑦 limits

Suppose we integrate 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 w.r.t. 𝑦 first and

then integrate w.r.t. 𝑥.

Take a vertical strip PQ where 𝑃 lies on

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑄 lies on 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Integrate 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 along 𝑃𝑄 and then slide the

strip from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1.
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 𝑦=𝑥
1
𝐼= 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑦=𝑥 2
𝑦=𝑥
1
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑦=𝑥 2
1 𝑥
𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥𝑦 3
= + 𝑑𝑥
2 3 𝑥2
0
1
𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥7
= + − + 𝑑𝑥
2 3 2 3
0
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 1
5 4 𝑥6 𝑥7
= 𝑥 − − 𝑑𝑥
6 2 3
0
5 7 8 1
5 𝑥 1𝑥 1𝑥
= − −
6 5 2 7 3 8 0
1 1 1
= − −
6 14 24
1
= 28 − 12 − 7
168
3
𝐼=
56
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Otherwise, we can integrate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) w.r.t. 𝑥 first
and then integrate w.r.t. 𝑦.

We integrate 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 along a horizontal strip

𝑃𝑄 where P lies on 𝑦 = 𝑥and Q lies on

𝑦 = 𝑥2 and then let the strip slide from 𝑦 = 0

to 𝑦 = 1

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Strictly for University Departments only 29
In this case the limits are
𝑥 ∶ 𝑥1 = 𝑦 & 𝑥2 = 𝑦
𝑦 ∶ 𝑦1 = 0 & 𝑦2 = 1
1 𝑦

𝐼= 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑦
𝑦
1
= 𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0
𝑦
1 𝑦
3 2 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
= + 𝑑𝑦
3 2 𝑦
0
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 1 5
𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦4
= + − + 𝑑𝑦
3 2 3 2
0

1
4 1
1 2 7/2 1 𝑦 5 4
= 𝑦 + − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
37 2 4 0
6
0

5 1
2 1 5 𝑦
= .1 + −
21 8 6 5 0

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 2 1 1
= + −
21 8 6
1
= 16 + 21 − 28
168
3
𝐼=
56

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Example 5
Evaluate 𝐴 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 where 𝐴 is the domain
bounded by 𝑥 axis, ordinate 𝑥 = 2𝑎 and the curve
𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦
Solution:
𝑥2
Point of intersection of the parabola 𝑦 = and the
4𝑎
line 𝑥 = 2𝑎 is given by solving 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 and 𝑥 =
4𝑎2
2𝑎, 𝑦 = = 𝑎. 2𝑎, 𝑎 is the point of
4𝑎
intersection. The point of intersection of the 𝑥 axis
𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 is (0,0)

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The domain 𝐴 is the area 𝑂𝑀𝐿. Integrating first
over a vertical strip 𝑃𝑄(w.r.t. 𝑦)from P (lies on

𝑦 = 0) to Q(lies on 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 /4𝑎) on the parabola

and then w.r.t. 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2𝑎.
𝑥2
2𝑎
We have 𝐴
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 4
4𝑎 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑥2
𝑦 2 4𝑎
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0
0
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Strictly for University Departments only 35
 2𝑎
2 2
𝑥 𝑥 2
= − 0 𝑑𝑥
2 4𝑎
0
2𝑎
1
= 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
32𝑎2
0
6 2𝑎
1 𝑥
=
32𝑎2 6 0
6 2𝑎
1 (2𝑎) 𝑎4
= 2
−0 =
32𝑎 6 0
3

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Otherwise integrating first over horizontal strip RS
(w.r.t. 𝑥)from R (lies on 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑦) on parabola
to S (lies on 𝑥 = 2𝑎) and then w.r.t. 𝑦from 𝑦 =
0to y = 𝑎. We get
𝑎 2𝑎

𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐴
0 2 𝑎𝑦
𝑎
2 2𝑎
𝑥
= 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2 𝑎𝑦
0
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Strictly for University Departments only 38
 𝑎
𝑦 2 2
= 2𝑎 − 2 𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝑎

= 2𝑎 (𝑎𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
0
2 3 𝑎
𝑎𝑦 𝑦
= 2𝑎 −
2 3 0
3 3 𝑎
(𝑎) 𝑎 𝑎4
= 2𝑎 − −0 =
2 3 0
3

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Example 6
Evaluate 𝑅 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 where 𝑅 is the region in
the first quadrant bounded by the line
𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 8 and the curve 𝑥𝑦 = 16

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Solution:

The line 𝐴𝐿 𝑥 = 8 intersects the hyperbola

𝑥𝑦 = 16 at𝐴 8,2 while the line𝑦 = 𝑥 intersects
this hyperbola at𝐵 4,4 .The figure shows the
region R of intersection which is the area𝑂𝐿𝐴𝐵.

To evaluate the given integral we divide this area

into 2 parts 𝑂𝑀𝐵 and 𝑀𝐿𝐴𝐵.

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Strictly for University Departments only 42
 ∴ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =
𝑅
𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑀 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝐿 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄′

= 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑀 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃′
16
4 𝑥 8 𝑥

= 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0 4 0
4 8
16
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 0𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥
0 4
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 4 8
2 2
16
= 𝑥 𝑥 − 0 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
0 4
4 8

= 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 16𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 4
4 4 2 8
𝑥 𝑥
= + 16
4 0 2 4
44
= − 0 + 8 82 − 42
4
= 448
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 Change of order of integration

In a double integral with variable limits, the

change of order of integration changes the
limits of integration. While doing so, sometimes
it is required to split up the region of
integration and the given integral is expressed
as the sum of a number of double integrals with
changed limits.
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To fix up the new limits, it is always advisable to
draw a rough sketch of the region of integration.

The change of integration quite often facilitates

the evaluation of a double integral. The following
examples will make these ideas clear.

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 Example 7

Change the order of integration in the interval

𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑦 2

𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
−𝑎 0

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Solution
First we find the region of integration:
𝑥 limits
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
This is a circle with center
at (0,0) and radius 𝑎.

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Here first we integrate
along 𝑃𝑄 and the strip
slide from 𝑦 = −𝑎 to
𝑦 = 𝑎. Therefore the
region of integration is
the shaded semi-circular
region. In the given integral the integration
is done with respect to 𝑥 first and then
with respect to 𝑦

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If we change the order of integration we have to
integrate with respect to 𝑦 first and
then with respect to 𝑥.
We take a vertical strip
RS where S lies on
𝑦 = − 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 & where
R lies on 𝑦 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
We integrate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑅𝑆 and then let
The strip slide from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎.

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Therefore
𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑥 2

𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 − 𝑎2 −𝑥 2

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 Example 8

Change the order of integration in

1 2−𝑥

𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2
and hence evaluate the same.

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Solution
To find the region of integration :
Given 𝑦 limits : 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 limits : 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1
The integration is done first with respect to 𝑦 along a
vertical strip 𝑃𝑄 where 𝑃 lies on 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑄 lies
on 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 or 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2.The point of intersection
of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥

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𝑥 2 = 2 − 𝑥 or 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥+2 𝑥−1 =0
If 𝑥 = 1,then 𝑦 = 1.
If 𝑥 = −2, then 𝑦 = 0, but this point (−2,0) is
outside the region.
The region of intersection is the shaded region
OAB. If we change the order of integration, we have
to integrate along a horizontal strip 𝑃′ 𝑄′and let the
strip slide from 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 2.

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Strictly for University Departments only 55
For that we divide the region into 2 parts by the
line 𝑦 = 1.Write 𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴𝐶 + 𝐴𝐵𝐶
Then
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =
𝑂𝐴𝐵
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑂𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐵𝐶
Limit over 𝑂𝐴𝐶
𝑥 limits: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑦 limits:𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

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Limit over 𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑥 limits: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦
𝑦 limits: 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
1 𝑦 2 2−𝑦

∴𝐼= 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

0 0 1 0
1 𝑦 2
2 2 2−𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 0
2 0
0 1
1 2
𝑦2 1
= 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
2 2
0 1
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 2
3 1
1 𝑦 1
= + 𝑦 4 − 4𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
2 3 0
2
1
2 3 4 2
1 3 1 4𝑦 4𝑦 𝑦
= 1 −0 + − +
6 2 2 3 4 1
1 1 2
4 3 1 4
= + 2 2 −1 − 2 −1 + 2 −1
6 2 3 4
1 1 28 15
= + 6− +
6 2 3 4
1 5 9 3
= + = = .
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Example 9
y
  e
Evaluate  
0 x y
dy dx , by changing the order of

integration.
Solution:
y
e x  y 
The given integral is I    dy dx.
x 0 y  x y
The region of integration is bounded by
𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = ∞, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = ∞.

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 Region of integration

Y y x
y

x0 xx00 x y

y0

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When we change the order of integration, we
integrate first w.r.t. 𝑥 and then w.r.t. 𝑦.
The limits are
𝑥 varies from 0 to 𝑦 and
𝑦 varies from 0 to ∞

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   ey  y ey
I   
0 x y
dx dy   
0 0 y
dx dy
y
 e
 
y
[x] dy0
0 y


y
 e dy
0

e  y
 
 1 0
  (0  1)  1.

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Practice Problems
1 𝑥 𝑦
1. Evaluate 0 0
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

2. By changing the order of integration,

1 𝑥 𝑦
evaluate 0 0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

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