Hebrew Bible

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"Tanakh" redirects here. For other uses, see Tanakh (disambiguation).
This article is about the Jewish text. For other uses, see Bible translations into
Hebrew and Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition.
Hebrew Bible
Tanakh
Entire Tanakh scroll set.png
Complete set of scrolls, constituting the Tanakh
Information
Religion
JudaismChristianity
Language
Biblical HebrewBiblical Aramaic
Period 8th/7th centuries BCE – 2nd/1st centuries BCE
Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex
Tanakh (Judaism)
Torah (Instruction)
Nevi'im (Prophets)
Ketuvim (Writings)
Old Testament (Christianity)
Pentateuch
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The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh[a] (/tɑːˈnɑːx/;[1] Hebrew: ְ‫תַּנַ״ך‬, pronounced [taˈnaχ] or
[təˈnax]), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, including the Torah.
These texts are almost exclusively in Biblical Hebrew, with a few passages in
Biblical Aramaic (in the books of Daniel and Ezra, the verse Jeremiah 10:11, and
some single words).

The form of this text that is authoritative for Rabbinic Judaism is known as the
Masoretic Text (MT) and consists of 24 books, and is sorted and numbered using
perek and pasuk (Chapters and verses of the Bible). The contents of the Hebrew
Bible is similar to the Protestant Christian Old Testament, in which the material
is divided into 39 books and arranged in a different order. Catholic Bibles and
Eastern / Greek Orthodox Bibles contain additional materials, derived from the
Septuagint (texts translated into Koine Greek) and other sources.

In addition to the Masoretic Text, modern scholars seeking to understand the

history of the Hebrew Bible use a range of sources.[2] These include the
Septuagint, the Syriac language Peshitta translation, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the
Dead Sea Scrolls collection and quotations from rabbinic manuscripts. These sources
may be older than the Masoretic Text in some cases and often differ from it.[3]
These differences have given rise to the theory that yet another text, an Urtext of
the Hebrew Bible, once existed and is the source of the versions extant today.[4]
However, such an Urtext has never been found, and which of the three commonly known
versions (Septuagint, Masoretic Text, Samaritan Pentateuch) is closest to the
Urtext is debated.[5]

Contents
1 The name "Tanakh"
2 The term "Hebrew Bible"
3 Development and codification
4 Language and pronunciation
4.1 Number of different words used
5 Books of the Tanakh
5.1 Torah
5.2 Nevi'im
5.3 Ketuvim
5.3.1 Poetic books
5.3.2 Five scrolls
5.3.3 Other books
5.3.4 Book order
6 Nach
7 Translations
8 Jewish commentaries
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
The name "Tanakh"
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Rabbinic Judaism has many acronyms, such as "Rambam"; see Hebrew abbreviations.
Tanakh is an acronym, made from the first Hebrew letter of each of the Masoretic
Text's three traditional divisions: Torah (literally 'Instruction' or 'Law'),[6]
Nevi'im ('Prophets'), and Ketuvim ('Writings')—hence TaNaKh. (On the "a"s of the
word, see abjad.) Central to Judaism is that the books of the Tanakh are passed
from generation to generation, l'dor v'dor in the Hebrew phrase. According to
rabbinic tradition, they were accompanied by an oral tradition, called the Oral
Torah.

The three-part division reflected in the acronym 'Tanakh' is well attested in the
literature of the Rabbinic period.[7] During that period, however, 'Tanakh' was not
used. Instead, the proper title was Mikra (or Miqra, ‫מקרא‬, meaning ’reading’ or
'that which is read') because the biblical texts were read publicly. The acronym
'Tanakh' is first recorded in the medieval era.[8] Mikra continues to be used in
Hebrew to this day, alongside Tanakh, to refer to the Hebrew scriptures. In modern
spoken Hebrew, they are interchangeable.[9]
The term "Hebrew Bible"
Part of a series on the
Bible
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See also: Biblia Hebraica (disambiguation) and Development of the Christian
Biblical canon
Many biblical studies scholars advocate use of the term Hebrew Bible (or Hebrew
Scriptures) as a substitute for less-neutral terms with Jewish or Christian
connotations (e.g. Tanakh or Old Testament).[10][11] The Society of Biblical
Literature's Handbook of Style, which is the standard for major academic journals
like the Harvard Theological Review and conservative Protestant journals like the
Bibliotheca Sacra and the Westminster Theological Journal, suggests that authors
"be aware of the connotations of alternative expressions such as...Hebrew Bible
[and] Old Testament" without prescribing the use of either.[12] Alister McGrath
points out that while the term emphasizes that it is largely written in Hebrew and
"is sacred to the Hebrew people", it "fails to do justice to the way in which
Christianity sees an essential continuity between the Old and New Testaments",
arguing that there is "no generally accepted alternative to the traditional term
'Old Testament.'"[verification needed] However, he accepts that there is no reason
why non-Christians should feel obliged to refer to these books as the Old
Testament, "apart from custom of use."[13]

Christianity has long asserted a close relationship between the Hebrew Bible and
New Testament, although there have sometimes been movements like Marcionism (viewed
as heretical by the early church), that have struggled with it.[13][14][15] Modern
Christian formulations of this tension include supersessionism, covenant theology,
new covenant theology, dispensationalism and dual-covenant theology. All of these
formulations, except some forms of dual-covenant theology, are objectionable to
mainstream Judaism and to many Jewish scholars and writers, for whom there is one
eternal covenant between God and the Israelites, and who therefore reject the term
"Old Testament" as a form of antinomianism.

Christian usage of the "Old Testament" does not refer to a universally agreed-upon
set of books but, rather, varies depending on denomination. Lutheranism and
Protestant denominations that follow the Westminster Confession of Faith accept the
entire Jewish canon as the Old Testament without additions, although in translation
they sometimes give preference to the Septuagint (LXX) rather than the Masoretic
Text; for example, see Isaiah 7:14.

"Hebrew" refers to the original language of the books, but it may also be taken as
referring to the Jews of the Second Temple era and their descendants, who preserved
the transmission of the Masoretic Text up to the present day.[16] The Hebrew Bible
includes small portions in Aramaic (mostly in the books of Daniel and Ezra),
written and printed in Aramaic square-script, which was adopted as the Hebrew
alphabet after the Babylonian exile.
Development and codification

The inter-relationship between various significant ancient manuscripts of the Old

Testament (some identified by their siglum). Mt being the Masoretic text. The
lowermost text "(lost)" would be the Urtext.
Main article: Development of the Hebrew Bible canon
There is no scholarly consensus as to when the Hebrew Bible canon was fixed: some
scholars argue that it was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty,[17] while others argue
it was not fixed until the second century CE or even later.[18]

According to Louis Ginzberg's Legends of the Jews, the twenty-four book canon of
the Hebrew Bible was fixed by Ezra and the scribes in the Second Temple period.[19]

According to the Talmud, much of the Tanakh was compiled by the men of the Great
Assembly (Anshei K'nesset HaGedolah), a task completed in 450 BCE, and it has
remained unchanged ever since.[20]

The 24-book canon is mentioned in the Midrash Koheleth 12:12: Whoever brings
together in his house more than twenty four books brings confusion.[21]

Language and pronunciation

The original writing system of the Hebrew text was an abjad: consonants written
with some applied vowel letters ("matres lectionis"). During the early Middle Ages
scholars known as the Masoretes created a single formalized system of vocalization.
This was chiefly done by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, in the Tiberias school, based
on the oral tradition for reading the Tanakh, hence the name Tiberian vocalization.
It also included some innovations of Ben Naftali and the Babylonian exiles.[22]
Despite the comparatively late process of codification, some traditional sources
and some Orthodox Jews hold the pronunciation and cantillation to derive from the
revelation at Sinai, since it is impossible to read the original text without
pronunciations and cantillation pauses.[23] The combination of a text (‫ מקרא‬mikra),
pronunciation (‫ ניקוד‬niqqud) and cantillation (‫ טעמים‬te`amim) enable the reader to
understand both the simple meaning and the nuances in sentence flow of the text.

Number of different words used

The number of distinct words in the Hebrew Bible is 8,679, of which 1,480 are hapax
legomena,[24]:112 words or expressions that occur only once. The number of distinct
Semitic roots, on which many of these biblical words are based, is roughly 2000.
[24]:112

Books of the Tanakh

The Tanakh consists of twenty-four books, counting as one book each 1 Samuel and 2
Samuel, 1 Kings and 2 Kings, 1 Chronicles and 2 Chronicles, and Ezra–Nehemiah. The
Twelve Minor Prophets (‫ )תרי עשר‬are also counted a single book. In Hebrew, the
books are often referred to by their prominent first word(s).

Torah
Main article: Torah
The Torah (‫ּתֹורָה‬, literally "teaching"), also known as the Pentateuch, or as the
"Five Books of Moses". Printed versions (rather than scrolls) of the Torah are
often called "Chamisha Chumshei Torah"" (‫" חמישה חומשי תורה‬Five fifth-sections of
the Torah") and informally a "Chumash".

Bereshit (‫בְּרֵאשִׁית‬, literally "In the beginning") – Genesis

Shemot (‫שְׁמֹות‬, literally "The names [of]") – Exodus
Vayiqra (‫וַיִּקְרָא‬, literally "And He called") – Leviticus
Bemidbar (‫בְּמִדְבַּר‬, literally "In the desert [of]") – Numbers
Devarim (‫דְּבָרִים‬, literally "Things" or "Words") – Deuteronomy
Nevi'im
Main article: Nevi'im
Nevi'im (‫ נְבִיאִים‬Nəḇî'îm, "Prophets") is the second main division of the Tanakh,
between the Torah and Ketuvim. This division includes the books which cover the
time from the entrance of the Israelites into the Land of Israel until the
Babylonian captivity of Judah (the "period of prophecy"). Their distribution is not
chronological, but substantive.

The Former Prophets (‫ נביאים ראשונים‬Nevi'im Rishonim)

Yĕhôshúa‘ (ַ‫ – )יְהֹושֻע‬Joshua

Shophtim (‫ – )שֹׁפְטִים‬Judges
Shmû’ēl (‫ – )שְׁמּואֵל‬Samuel
M'lakhim (‫ – )מְלָכִים‬Kings
The Latter Prophets (‫ נביאים אחרונים‬Nevi'im Aharonim)

Yĕsha‘ăyāhû (‫ – )יְשַׁעְיָהּו‬Isaiah
Yirmyāhû (‫ – )ִירְמְיָהּו‬Jeremiah
Yĕḥezqiēl (‫ – )יְחֶזְקֵלא‬Ezekiel
The Twelve Minor Prophets (‫תרי עשר‬, Trei Asar, "The Twelve"), which are considered
one book

Hôshēa‘ (ַ‫ – )הֹושֵׁע‬Hosea

Yô’ēl (‫ – )יֹואֵל‬Joel
‘Āmôs (‫ – )עָמֹוס‬Amos
‘Ōvadhyāh (‫ – )עֹבַדְיָה‬Obadiah
Yônāh (‫ – )יֹונָה‬Jonah
Mîkhāh (‫ – )מִיכָה‬Micah
Naḥûm (‫ – )נַחּום‬Nahum
Ḥăvaqûq (‫ – )חֲבַּקּוק‬Habakkuk
Tsĕphanyāh (‫ – )צְפַנְיָה‬Zephaniah
Ḥaggai (‫ – )חַגַּי‬Haggai
Zkharyāh (‫ – )זְכַרְיָה‬Zechariah
Mal’ākhî (‫ – )מַלְָאכִי‬Malachi
Ketuvim
Main article: Ketuvim
Ketuvim (‫כְּתּובִים‬, "Writings") consists of eleven books.

Poetic books
Further information: Sifrei Emet
In Masoretic manuscripts (and some printed editions), Psalms, Proverbs and Job are
presented in a special two-column form emphasizing the parallel stichs in the
verses, which are a function of their poetry. Collectively, these three books are
known as Sifrei Emet (an acronym of the titles in Hebrew, ‫ תהלים‬,‫ משלי‬,‫ איוב‬yields
Emet ‫אמ"ת‬, which is also the Hebrew for "truth").

These three books are also the only ones in Tanakh with a special system of
cantillation notes that are designed to emphasize parallel stichs within verses.
However, the beginning and end of the book of Job are in the normal prose system.

Tehillim (‫ – )תְהִלִּים‬Psalms
Mishlei (‫ – )מִשְׁלֵי‬Book of Proverbs
Iyyôbh (‫ – )אִּיֹוב‬Book of Job
Five scrolls
Further information: Five Megillot
The five relatively short books of the Song of Songs, the Book of Ruth, the Book of
Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and the Book of Esther are collectively known as the
Ḥamesh Megillot (Five Megillot). These are the latest books collected and
designated as "authoritative" in the Jewish canon, with the latest parts having
dates ranging into the 2nd century BCE. These scrolls are traditionally read over
the course of the year in many Jewish communities.

These books are read aloud in the synagogue on particular occasions, the occasion
listed below in parenthesis.

Shīr Hashīrīm (‫שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים‬, literally "Song of songs", also known as "Song of
Solomon") – (on Passover)
Rūth (‫ – )רּות‬Book of Ruth (on Shavuot)
Eikhah (‫ – )אֵיכָה‬Book of Lamentations (on Tisha B'Av[25])
Qōheleth (‫ – )קֹהֶלֶת‬Ecclesiastes (on Sukkot)
Estēr (‫ – )אֶסְתֵר‬Book of Esther (on Purim)
Other books
Besides the three poetic books and the five scrolls, the remaining books in Ketuvim
are Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah and Chronicles. Although there is no formal grouping for
these books in the Jewish tradition, they nevertheless share a number of
distinguishing characteristics.

Their narratives all openly describe relatively late events (i.e. the Babylonian
captivity and the subsequent restoration of Zion).
The Talmudic tradition ascribes late authorship to all of them.
Two of them (Daniel and Ezra) are the only books in Tanakh with significant
portions in Aramaic.
Dānî'ēl (‫ – )דָּנִיֵּלא‬Book of Daniel
‘Ezrā (‫ – )עֶזְרָא‬Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah
Divrei ha-Yamim (‫ – )דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים‬Books of Chronicles
Book order
The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in Ketuvim. The
Babylonian Talmud (Bava Batra 14b – 15a) gives their order as Ruth, Psalms, Job,
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Daniel, Scroll
of Esther, Ezra, Chronicles.

In Tiberian Masoretic codices, including the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex,
and often in old Spanish manuscripts as well, the order is Chronicles, Psalms, Job,
Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Esther,
Daniel, Ezra.[citation needed]

Nach
Nach, also anglicized Nakh, refers to the Nevi'im and Ketuvim portions of Tanakh.
[26][27] Nach is often referred to as its own subject,[28] separate from Torah.[29]

It is a major subject in the curriculum of Orthodox high schools for girls and in
the seminaries which they subsequently attend,[26] and is often taught by different
teachers than those who teach Chumash.[28] The curriculum of Orthodox high schools
for boys includes only some portions of Nach, such as the book of Joshua, the book
of Judges,[30] and the Five Megillot.[31]

Translations
Further information: Jewish English Bible translations, Septuagint, Targum, Old
Testament, and Bible translations
The Holy Scriptures According to the Masoretic Text: A New Translation with the aid
of Previous Versions & with the Constant Consultation of Jewish Authorities was
published in 1917 by the Jewish Publication Society. It was replaced by their
Tanakh in 1985
Tanakh, Jewish Publication Society, 1985, ISBN 0-8276-0252-9
Tanach: The Stone Edition, Hebrew with English translation, Mesorah Publications,
1996, ISBN 0-89906-269-5, named after benefactor Irving I. Stone.
Tanakh Ram, an ongoing translation to Modern Hebrew (2010–) by Avraham Ahuvya (RAM
Publishing House Ltd. and Miskal Ltd.)
The Living Torah and The Living Nach, a 1981 translation of the Torah by Rabbi
Aryeh Kaplan and a subsequent posthumous translation of the Nevi'im and Ketuvim
following the model of the first volume
Jewish commentaries
Main article: Jewish commentaries on the Bible
The major commentary used for the Chumash is the Rashi commentary. The Rashi
commentary and Metzudot commentary are the major commentaries for the Nach.[32][33]

There are two major approaches to the study of, and commentary on, the Tanakh. In
the Jewish community, the classical approach is a religious study of the Bible,
where it is assumed that the Bible is divinely inspired.[34] Another approach is to
study the Bible as a human creation.[35] In this approach, Biblical studies can be
considered as a sub-field of religious studies. The latter practice, when applied
to the Torah, is considered heresy[36] by the Orthodox Jewish community.[37] As
such, much modern day Bible commentary written by non-Orthodox authors is
considered forbidden[38] by rabbis teaching in Orthodox yeshivas. Some classical
rabbinic commentators, such as Abraham Ibn Ezra, Gersonides, and Maimonides, used
many elements of contemporary biblical criticism, including their knowledge of
history, science, and philology. Their use of historical and scientific analysis of
the Bible was considered acceptable by historic Judaism due to the author's faith
commitment to the idea that God revealed the Torah to Moses on Mount Sinai.

The Modern Orthodox Jewish community allows for a wider array of biblical criticism
to be used for biblical books outside of the Torah, and a few Orthodox commentaries
now incorporate many of the techniques previously found in the academic world,[39]
e.g. the Da'at Miqra series. Non-Orthodox Jews, including those affiliated with
Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism, accept both traditional and secular
approaches to Bible studies. "Jewish commentaries on the Bible", discusses Jewish
Tanakh commentaries from the Targums to classical rabbinic literature, the midrash
literature, the classical medieval commentators, and modern-day commentaries.

See also
Judaism portal
613 commandments, formal list of Jewish 613 commandments
929: Tanakh B'yachad
Hebrew University Bible Project
Jewish English Bible translations
Mikraot Gedolot
New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh
Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
Weekly Torah portion
References
Footnotes
Also called Tanah, Tanach, Tenakh, Tenak, or sometimes the Miqra (‫)מִקְרָא‬
Sources
"Tanach". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
"Scholars seek Hebrew Bible's original text – but was there one?". Jewish
Telegraphic Agency. 2014-05-13. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
"Controversy lurks as scholars try to work out Bible's original text". The Times
of Israel. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
Isaac Leo Seeligmann, Robert Hanhart, Hermann Spieckermann: The Septuagint Version
of Isaiah and Cognate Studies, Tübingen 2004, pp. 33–34.
Shanks, Herschel (1992). Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls (1st ed.). Random
House. p. 336. ISBN 978-0679414483.
"Torah". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
"Mikra'ot Gedolot".
It appears in the masorah magna of the Biblical text, and in the responsa of the
Rashba (5:119); see Research Query: Tanakh/‫תנ״ך‬
Biblical Studies Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading, and Interpretation. Norton
Irish Theological Quarterly. 2007; 72: 305–306
Safire, William (1997-05-25). "The New Old Testament". The New York Times..
Hamilton, Mark. "From Hebrew Bible to Christian Bible: Jews, Christians and the
Word of God". Retrieved 2007-11-19. Modern scholars often use the term 'Hebrew
Bible' to avoid the confessional terms Old Testament and Tanakh.
Alexander, Patrick H; et al., eds. (1999). The SBL Handbook of Style. Peabody, MA:
Hendrickson. p. 17 (section 4.3). ISBN 978-1-56563-487-9. See Society of Biblical
Literature: Questions Regarding Digital Editions…
McGrath, Alister, Christian Theology, Oxford: Blackwell, 2011, pp. 120, 123. ISBN
978-1444335149.
"Marcion", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911.
For the recorded teachings of Jesus on the subject see Antithesis of the
Law#Antitheses, for the modern debate, see Christian views on the old covenant
"Scanning an Ancient Biblical Text That Humans Fear to Open". The New York Times.
January 5, 2018.
Davies, Philip R. (2001). "The Jewish Scriptural Canon in Cultural Perspective".
In McDonald, Lee Martin; Sanders, James A. (eds.). The Canon Debate. Baker
Academic. p. PT66. ISBN 978-1-4412-4163-4. With many other scholars, I conclude
that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the
Hasmonean dynasty.
McDonald & Sanders, The Canon Debate, 2002, p. 5, cited are Neusner's Judaism and
Christianity in the Age of Constantine, pp. 128–145, and Midrash in Context:
Exegesis in Formative Judaism, pp. 1–22.
Ginzberg, Louis (1909). The Legends of the Jews Vol. IV : Chapter XI Ezra
(Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
(Bava Batra 14b–15a, Rashi to Megillah 3a, 14a)
Midrash Qoheleth 12:12
Kelley, Page H.; Mynatt, Daniel S.; Crawford, Timothy G. (1998). The Masorah of
Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: Introduction and Annotated Glossary. p. 20. ISBN
978-0802843630.
John Gill (1767). A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language:
Letters, Vowel-points, and Accents. G. Keith. pp. 136–137. also pp. 250–255
Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2020). Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language
Reclamation in Australia and Beyond. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
0199812790.
Also called Kinnot in Hebrew.
"Guide to Israel Schools (Tiferet)". Yeshiva University. .. classes in Chumash,
Nach, Practical Halacha, Tefilla, ...
"Who's Afraid of Change? Rethinking the Yeshivah Curriculum". Jewish Action (OU).
know little Nach, are unexcited by the study of ..
"Tova .. our new ." Tova joined the .. faculty this fall as a Nach teacher .. High
School for Girls.
Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan. The Living Nach. ISBN 978-1885-22007-3.
covered in or before 8th grade (so it's a review)
Esther, Rus, Shir HaShirim, Eicha and KoHeles: these are read aloud in synagogue,
each at a particular point in the yearly Holiday cycle.
Mishlei. Shai LaMora "Eshkol".
"NACH – Shai LaMorah – All Volumes". Description. Nach metzudos on ...
Peter Steinfels (September 15, 2007). "Irreconcilable Differences in Bible's
Interpretations". The New York Times. of divine origin
Michael Massing (March 9, 2002). "New Torah For Modern Minds". The New York Times.
human rather than divine document
David Plotz (September 16, 2007). "Reading Is Believing, or Not". The New York
Times. Modern scholars have also unmoored ... Most unsettling to religious Jews
Natalie Gittelson (September 30, 1984). "American Jews Rediscover Orthodoxy". The
New York Times. watered-down Judaism soon turns to water
Chaim Potok (October 3, 1982). "The Bible's Inspired Art". The New York Times.
Song of Songs ... was entirely profane .. could not have been written by Solomon
Mitchell First (January 11, 2018). "Rabbi Hayyim Angel's 13th Book Is Compilation
of Tanach-Related Topics". Jewish Link NJ.
Further reading
Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews (First, hardback ed.). London:
Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-79091-4.
Kuntz, John Kenneth. The People of Ancient Israel: an introduction to Old Testament
Literature, History, and Thought, Harper and Row, 1974. ISBN 0-06-043822-3
Leiman, Sid. The Canonization of Hebrew Scripture. (Hamden, CT: Archon, 1976).
Levenson, Jon. Sinai and Zion: An Entry into the Jewish Bible. (San Francisco:
HarperSan Francisco, 1985).
Minkoff, Harvey. "Searching for the Better Text". Biblical Archaeology Review
(online). Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
Noth, Martin. A History of Pentateuchal Traditions. (1948; trans. by Bernhard
Anderson; Atlanta: Scholars, 1981).
Schmid, Konrad. The Old Testament: A Literary History. (Minneapolis: Fortress
Press, 2012).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hebrew bibles.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Tanakh
Hebrew Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Tanakh (Hebrew source)
Judaica Press Translation of Tanakh with Rashi's commentary Free online translation
of Tanakh and Rashi's entire commentary
Hebrew–English Tanakh: the Jewish Bible Online edition of the oldest known complete
Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible (including cantillation marks) placed next to
classic Jewish translation; can be used on most Internet-connected computers and
mobile devices.
Mikraot Gedolot (Rabbinic Bible) at Wikisource in English (sample) and Hebrew
(sample)
A Guide to Reading Nevi'im and Ketuvim – Detailed Hebrew outlines of the biblical
books based on the natural flow of the text (rather than the chapter divisions).
The outlines include a daily study-cycle, and the explanatory material is in
English, by Seth (Avi) Kadish.
Tanakh Hebrew Bible Project—An online project that aims to present critical text of
the Hebrew Bible with important ancient versions (Samaritan Pentateuch, Masoretic
Text, Targum Onkelos, Samaritan Targum, Septuagint, Peshitta, Aquila of Sinope,
Symmachus, Theodotion, Vetus Latina, and Vulgate) in parallel with new English
translation for each version, plus a comprehensive critical apparatus and a textual
commentary for every verse.
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Books of the Bible
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BNF: cb12008323v (data)GND: 4001515-4LCCN: n79054379NKC: unn2009545434NLI:
000615754NLP: A35908944SUDOC: 028199669VIAF: 8394148997616159870005WorldCat
Identities (via VIAF): 8394148997616159870005
Categories: Hebrew BibleAncient Jewish literatureAncient Hebrew textsSifrei Kodesh
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This page was last edited on 7 May 2021, at 22:07 (UTC).
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