SOLUTION QUIZ 2

There are 200 students in a particular graduate program at a state university. Of them, 110 are female
and 125 are out-of-state students. Of the 110 females, 70 are out-of-state students. Make
2 × 2 contingency table. If one of these 200 students is selected at random, what is the probability that
the student selected is

Out-of-state With-in-state TOTAL

Male 55 35 90

Female 70 40 110

TOTAL 125 75 100

a. an out-of-state student given that this student is a female?

𝑃(𝑂 ∩ 𝐹) 70
𝑃(𝑂|𝐹) = =
𝑃(𝐹) 110
b. A male given that this student is not out of state student?
𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝑊𝐼) 35
𝑃(𝑀|𝑊𝐼) = =
𝑃(𝑊𝐼) 75

The probability that a vehicle entering the Luray Caverns has Canadian license plates is 0.12; the
probability that it is a camper is 0.28; and the probability that it is a camper with Canadian license
plates is 0.09. What is the probability that
(a) a camper entering the Luray Caverns has not Canadian license plates?
𝑃(𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒) = 𝑃(𝐿) = 0.12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟) = 𝑃(𝐶) = 0.28
𝑃(𝐿 ∩ 𝐶) = 0.09
𝑃(𝐿̅ ∩ 𝐶) 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐿 ∩ 𝐶)
𝑃(𝐿̅|𝐶) = = =
𝑃(𝐶) 𝑃(𝐶)
𝑃(𝐿 ∩ 𝐶) 0.09
1− =1−
𝑃(𝐶) 0.28
1 − 0.3214 = 0.6786
(b) a vehicle without Canadian license plates entering the Luray Caverns is not a camper?
𝑃(𝐶̅ ∩ 𝐿̅) 1 − 𝑃(𝐶 ∪ 𝐿)
𝑃(𝐶̅ |𝐿̅) = =
𝑃(𝐿̅) 1 − 𝑃(𝐿)
1 − [𝑃(𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐿) − 𝑃(𝐶 ∩ 𝐿)] 1 − [0.12 + 0.28 − 0.09] 0.69
= = = = 0.78409
1 − 𝑃(𝐿) 1 − 0.12 0.88
(c) a vehicle entering the Luray Caverns does not have Canadian plates not a camper?
𝑃(𝐶̅ ∩ 𝐿̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐶 ∪ 𝐿) = 1 − [𝑃(𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐿) − 𝑃(𝐶 ∩ 𝐿)]
= 1 − [0.12 + 0.28 − 0.09] = 1 − 0.31 = 0.69
The probability that an automobile being filled with gasoline also needs an oil change is 0.25; the
probability that it needs a new oil filter is 0.40; and the probability that both the oil and the filter need
changing is 0.14.
(a) If the oil has to be changed, what is the probability that a new oil filter is not needed?
𝑃(𝐴) = 0.25 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.40
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.14
0.14
𝑃(𝐵̅|𝐴) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = 1 − = 0.44
0.28
(b) If a new oil filter is not needed, what is the probability that the oil has to be changed?
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ ) 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 0.25 − 0.14
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵̅ ) = = = = 0.1833
𝑃(𝐵̅ ) 1 − 𝑃(𝐵) 1 − 0.40
(c) If a new oil filter is not needed, what is the probability that oil has not to be changed?
𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅ ) 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴̅|𝐵̅) = =
𝑃(𝐵̅) 1 − 𝑃(𝐵)
1− [𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)] 1 − [0.25 + 0.40 − 0.14] 0.49
= = = = 0.8166
1 − 𝑃(𝐵) 1 − 0.40 0.60

For married couples living in a certain suburb, the probability that the husband will vote on a bond
referendum is 0.21, the probability that the wife will vote on the referendum is 0.28, and the
probability that both the husband and the wife will vote is 0.15. What is the probability that
(a) Only one member of a married couple will vote?
𝑃(𝐻̅ ∩ 𝑊) + 𝑃(𝐻 ∩ 𝑊 ̅ ) = 𝑃(𝑊) + 𝑃(𝐻) − 2 × 𝑃(𝐻 ∩ 𝑊)
= 0.21 + 0.28 − (2 × 0.15) = 0.19
(b) a wife will not vote, given that her husband will not vote?
𝑃(𝑊̅ |𝐻) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑊|𝐻)
𝑃(𝑊 ∩ 𝐻) 0.15
=1− =1− = 0.2857
𝑃(𝐻) 0.21
(c) a husband will vote, given that his wife will not vote?
𝑃(𝐻 ∩ 𝑊̅ ) 𝑃(𝐻) − 𝑃(𝐻 ∩ 𝑊)
̅) =
𝑃(𝐻|𝑊
𝑃(𝑊̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑊)
0.21 − 0.15 0.66
= = = 0.083
1 − 0.28 0.72