Subject: Practical Research 2

Grade Level: 12
Strands: ABM, GAS, HUMSS
Author: Mr. Marvin Jimenez

1|P ag e
 SUBJECT: Practical Research 2
Module # 5

Name:__________________________________________________________ Date:_____________
Grade and section:_______________________________________________
LRN:__________________________________________________________ P.S. ______________________

Title: Methodology: Triangulation, Instruments, Data Collection Procedure; Data

Analysis: Statistical Techniques and Graphs and Tables; Summary of Findings,
Conclusions, and Recommendations; and Citations and References

Learning Competencies:

➢ Plans Data Collection Procedure

➢ Plans Data Analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing (if appropriate)
➢ Presents written research methodology
➢ Collects data using appropriate instruments
➢ Presents and interprets data in tabular or graphical from
➢ Use statistical techniques to analyze data – study of differences and relationships for bivariate
analysis
➢ Draws conclusions from research findings
➢ Formulates recommendations

Learning Expectations:
At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:
✓ define data gathering and identify appropriate instruments to use in data collection
✓ present written methodology and explain the triangulation used
✓ present data using graphic organizers and/or tables
✓ employ appropriate statistical techniques to analyze data
✓ appreciate researchers by properly citing sources and references
✓ draw conclusion, write summary of findings, and list down recommendations in action research

Entry Behavior:
• Students should know: Methodology and Triangulation; Statistical Treatment of Data; Data
Analysis; Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation, Citation and Reference
• Students should prepare: Pen, Module, Answer Sheet

Key points: Methodology; Triangulation; Statistical Treatment of Data; Data Analysis; Summary of
Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation; Purdue Citation and Reference

Lesson 10: Methodology: Triangulation, Instruments, Data Collection Procedure

Explore
Activity#1: Read the data and answer the question that follow:
The Republic of the Philippines (RP) is located in Southeast Asia, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to
the east, the West Philippine Sea to the west, and the Celebes Sea to the south. The Philippines
constitutes an archipelago of 7,109 islands with a total land area of approximately 299,764 square
kilometers. The Philippines has a tropical and maritime climate. It has two major seasons: the rainy
season, from June to November; and the dry season, from December to May. Located along the
typhoon belt in the Pacific, the Philippines is visited by an average of 20 typhoons every year, five of
which are destructive.
- https://www.adrc.asia/nationinformation.php?NationCode=608&Lang=en#:~:text=Located%20along%20the%20typhoon%20belt
,five%20of%20which%20are%20destructive.

2|P ag e
 One of the most destructive
typhoons ever hit the Philippines is
Super Typhoon Haiyan (local
name: Yolanda) in November
2013, which affected the lives of
over 3.4 million families, killing
6.3 thousand people and with
thousands of people left injured
and some were still missing. It
destroyed houses, infrastructures,
and left billions of damages in
agriculture.
Source: https://www.adrc.asia/
photo courtesy of https://edition.cnn.com/
Just recently, the Philippines was hit by another Super Typhoon, Rolly, and has left damages especially
in the Bicol Region. Concerning these tragic phenomena, how should the Filipino prepare for this kind
of calamity? What are the things to DO, BEFORE, DURING, and AFTER the typhoon? List down
several thing to do before, during and after the storm.

What to do

Before

During

After

How do data help us understand the seriousness of a

certain situation? How do these affect and save lives?

3|P ag e
 Firm up

Read: Methodology, Instruments and Data Gathering Procedure

What is Research Methodology?

Research methodology is the specific

procedures or techniques used to identify,
select, process, and analyze information about
a topic. In a research paper, the methodology
section allows the reader to critically evaluate
a study’s overall validity and reliability. The
methodology section answers two main
questions: How was the data collected or
generated? How was it analyzed?
- https://libguides.wits.ac.za/c.php?g=693518&p=491
4913#:~:text=Research%20methodology%20is%20
photo courtesy of https://filipinotimes.net/ the%20specific,study's%20overall%20validity%20a
nd%20reliability.
Types of Research Data
Data may be grouped into four main types based on methods for collection: observational,
experimental, simulation, and derived. The type of research data you collect may affect the way you
manage that data. For example, data that is hard or impossible to replace (e.g. the recording of an
event at a specific time and place) requires extra backup procedures to reduce the risk of data loss. Or,
if you will need to combine data points from different sources, you will need to follow best practices
to prevent data corruption.

A. Observational data are captured through observation of a behavior or activity. It is collected

using methods such as human observation, open-ended surveys, or the use of an instrument or
sensor to monitor and record information -- such as the use of sensors to observe noise levels
at the Mpls/St Paul airport. Because observational data are captured in real time, it would be
very difficult or impossible to re-create if lost.
B. Experimental data are collected through active intervention by the researcher to produce and
measure change or to create difference when a variable is altered. Experimental data typically
allows the researcher to determine a causal relationship and is typically projectable to a larger
population. This type of data are often reproducible, but it often can be expensive to do so.
C. Simulation data are generated by imitating the operation of a real-world process or system
over time using computer test models. For example, to predict weather conditions, economic
models, chemical reactions, or seismic activity. This method is used to try to determine what
would, or could, happen under certain conditions. The test model used is often as, or even
more, important than the data generated from the simulation.
D. Derived data involves using existing data points, often from different data sources, to create
new data through some sort of transformation, such as an arithmetic formula or aggregation.
For example, combining area and population data from the Twin Cities metro area to create
population density data. While this type of data can usually be replaced if lost, it may be very
time-consuming (and possibly expensive) to do so.
Read more: https://libguides.macalester.edu/c.php?g=527786/&p=3608643
What is a Research Instrument?
A research instrument is a tool used to obtain, measure,
and analyze data from subjects around the research topic.
You need to decide the instrument to use based on the type
of study you are conducting: quantitative, qualitative, or
mixed-method. For instance, for a quantitative study, you
may decide to use a questionnaire, and for a qualitative
study, you may choose to use a scale. While it helps to use
an established instrument, as its efficacy is already
established, you may if needed use a new instrument or
even create your own instrument. You need to describe the
instrument(s) used in the Methods section of the paper. photo courtesy of https://www.ethosplc.com/
- https://www.editage.com/insights/what-is-a-research-instrument

4|P ag e
 Data Collection Instruments
Source: Choosing the right instrument for your project: Tips to apply by Japheth A. Yaya published on May 14, 2014 at
https://nairaproject.com/blog/measurement-instrument.html

These are instruments that are used to collect data from participants of the study. They include questionnaire,
interviews, observations, focus group discussion and experiment.

A. Questionnaire is the commonly used instrument for collecting data from the participants of the
study. The questionnaire consists of a set of structured and unstructured questions design by the
researchers to obtain data from the respondents. Questionnaire design must be valid, reliable and
must not bogus the data collected. Advantages: anonymity of the respondents is guaranteed,
facilitates the collection of large amounts of data in a short period and it is cheaper to administer.
Disadvantages: confusing and misleading questions cannot be clarified if the researcher is not there
to explain.
B. Interview is an instrument otherwise known as oral questionnaire. It involves a process where a
researcher solicits information from the respondents through verbal interaction. A researcher would
have previously prepared a scheduled list of structured questions pertinent to the study before
meeting respondents for their opinions on subject matter. Advantage: produces high response rate
and clarification on some ambiguous questions can be made. Disadvantage: interviewer’s bias.
C. Observation is an instrument that is employed by a researcher in which an individual behavior or
situation is observed and recorded. There are two types of observation: participant and non-
participant observations. In participant observation, the researcher is a member of the group to be
observed. Advantage: accurate and timely result Disadvantage: biasness. Non-participant
observation on the other hand does not include the researcher in the observation group. Advantage:
results are viable Disadvantage: inaccuracy and delayed result.
D. Focus Group Discussion is a process whereby researchers obtain data from large group of people at
the dame time. This method is different from interview: the researcher in focus group discussion
obtains data from large number of people (advantage). Members should not exceed to 10;
researchers must obtain consent of the members to take part in the study and the researchers must
design a focus group guide.
E. Experiment is a type of data collection instrument that takes place in pure and applied science
research. Here the researchers carry out some experiments in the laboratory setting in order to test
some reactions that mat take place in the object of research. Advantage: produces immediate result;
the results are viable and error free if well carried out under normal condition/circumstances.
Disadvantages: too costly and use of chemicals, if not handled properly, may cause severe and
permanent damage to the researcher.

Other research instruments from other sources

F. Paper-and-pencil instruments refer to a general group of assessment tools in which candidates

read questions and respond in writing. This includes tests, such as knowledge and ability tests, and
inventories, such as personality and interest inventories.

Paper-and-pencil tests can be used to assess job-related knowledge and ability or skill qualifications.
The possible range of qualifications which can be assessed using paper-and-pencil tests is quite
broad. For example, such tests can assess anything from knowledge of office procedures to
knowledge of federal legislation, and from the ability to follow directions to the ability to solve
numerical problems.

Because many candidates can be assessed at the same time with a paper-and-pencil test, such tests
are an efficient method of assessment.
- https://www.canada.ca/en/public-service-commission/services/staffing-assessment-tools-resources/human-resources-specialists-
hiring-managers/management-toolkit/assessing-competence-series/paper-pencil-instruments-efficient-method-assessment.html
G. Peer Evaluation Form
Schools and organizations conduct peer evaluations with the sole purpose of rating colleagues about
their competencies and performances. These evaluations apply to teachers, workers, and students in
schools or companies. A group project peer evaluation for students, for instance, allows them to rate
each other’s learning skills and proficiency. For teachers, you can use the form to rate teaching
skills. In companies, peer evaluations rate a worker’s productivity and how they uphold the
company’s standards.
- https://templatelab.com/peer-evaluation-form/

5|P ag e
 H. Checklists are used to encourage or verify that a number of specific lines of inquiry, steps, or
actions are being taken, or have been taken, by a researcher. These surface in a variety of
forms throughout data collection and analysis and thereafter as part of either writing or
review.
✓ https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/sage-encyc-qualitative-research-
methods/n44.xml#:~:text=Checklists%20are%20used%20to%20encourage,of%20either%20writing%20or%20review.

Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument

✓ Valid and reliable

✓ Based on a conceptual framework, or the researcher's understanding of how the particular
variables in the study connect with each other
✓ Must gather data suitable for and relevant to the research topic
✓ Able to test hypothesis and/or answer proposed research questions under investigation
✓ Free of bias and appropriate for the context, culture, and diversity of the study site
✓ Contains clear and definite instructions to use the instrument
- https://www.tc.columbia.edu/media/administration/institutional-review-board-/irb-submission---documents/Published_Study-
Material-Examples.pdf

A step-by-step guide to data collection

Published on June 5, 2020 by Pritha Bhandari. Revised on July 3, 2020. Read more:
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/data-collection/

1. Define the aim of your research

a. Problem Statement
b. Research Questions
c. Qualitative and Quantitative Data
2. Choose your data collection method: Decide on your triangulation
3. Plan your data collection procedures
a. Operationalization – it means turning abstract conceptual ideas into measurable
observations.
b. Sampling
c. Standardizing the procedures
d. Creating a management plan
4. Collect the data

Watch Operationalization means turning abstract conceptual ideas into

measurable observations.
https://youtu.be/yplWZs3dqNQ
Types of Research Tools: Super Easy Explanation (UGC NET Paper 1)
https://youtu.be/xy9_oWpWEGo

Deepening

Activity #2: Decide on what three research instruments (triangulation) are to be used based on the
discussion or you may go over this site: https://nairaproject.com/blog/measurement-instrument.html

1. Applied Research

2. Survey Research

3. Case Study

4. Ethnographic: Correlational Research

5. Historical Research

6. Evaluation

7. Pure Science

6|P ag e
 8. Action Research

9. Longitudinal

10. Exploratory Research

How do we compute for the data? How and why do we

interpret data? What are the ways to present data?

Lesson 11: Data Analysis: Statistical Techniques and Graphs and Tables

Firm up

Read: Data Analysis: Statistical Treatment and Interpretation; Use

of Tables and Graphs
What is Statistical Treatment?

Statistical treatment can mean a few different

things:

1. In Data Analysis: Applying any statistical

method — like regression or calculating a
mean — to data.
2. In Factor Analysis: Any combination of
factor levels is called a treatment.
3. In a Thesis or Experiment: A statistical
treatment is a summary of the procedure,
including statistical methods used.

Statistical Treatment in Data Analysis photo courtesy of https://www.goconqr.com/

The term “statistical treatment” is a catch all term which means to apply any statistical method to your
data. Treatments are divided into two groups: descriptive statistics, which summarize your data as a
graph or summary statistic and inferential statistics, which make predictions and test hypotheses about
your data. Treatments could include:
✓ Finding standard deviations and sample standard errors,
✓ Finding T-Scores or Z-Scores.
✓ Calculating Correlation coefficients.

Treatments in Factor Analysis

Independent variables in factor analysis can have two or more different conditions (called levels). Any
combination of levels from the different independent variables is called a treatment. For example,
treatment 5 in the following experiment is a combination of Drug A and weekly counseling:

Treatments in a Thesis or Experiment

Sometimes you might be asked to include a treatment as part of a thesis. This is asking you to
summarize the data and analysis portion of your experiment, including measurements and formulas
used.
- https://www.statisticshowto.com/statistical-
treatment/#:~:text=The%20term%20%E2%80%9Cstatistical%20treatment%E2%80%9D%20is,test%20hypotheses%20about%20
your%20data.

7|P ag e
 Data Interpretation
What Is Data Interpretation?

Data interpretation refers to the implementation

of processes through which data is reviewed for
the purpose of arriving at an informed
conclusion. The interpretation of data assigns a
meaning to the information analyzed and
determines its signification and implications. The
importance of data interpretation is evident and
this is why it needs to be done properly. Data is
very likely to arrive from multiple sources and
photo courtesy of https://www.gettyimages.com/ has a tendency to enter the analysis process with
haphazard ordering. Data analysis tends to be extremely subjective. That is to say, the nature and goal
of interpretation will vary from business to business, likely correlating to the type of data being
analyzed. While there are several different types of processes that are implemented based on
individual data nature, the two broadest and most common categories are “quantitative analysis” and
“qualitative analysis”.
Yet, before any serious data interpretation inquiry can begin, it should be understood that visual
presentations of data findings are irrelevant unless a sound decision is made regarding scales of
measurement. Before any serious data analysis can begin, the scale of measurement must be decided
for the data as this will have a long-term impact on data interpretation ROI. The varying scales
include:

a. Nominal Scale: non-numeric categories that cannot be ranked or compared quantitatively.

Variables are exclusive and exhaustive.
b. Ordinal Scale: exclusive categories that are exclusive and exhaustive but with a logical order.
Quality ratings and agreement ratings are examples of ordinal scales (i.e., good, very good,
fair, etc., OR agree, strongly agree, disagree, etc.).
c. Interval: a measurement scale where data is grouped into categories with orderly and equal
distances between the categories. There is always an arbitrary zero point.
d. Ratio: contains features of all three.

How to Interpret Data?

When interpreting data, an analyst must try to discern the differences between correlation, causation
and coincidences, as well as many other bias – but he also has to consider all the factors involved that
may have led to a result. There are various data interpretation methods one can use.

The interpretation of data is designed to help people make sense of numerical data that has been
collected, analyzed and presented. Having a baseline method (or methods) for interpreting data will
provide your analyst teams a structure and consistent foundation. Indeed, if several departments have
different approaches to interpret the same data, while sharing the same goals, some mismatched
objectives can result. Disparate methods will lead to duplicated efforts, inconsistent solutions, wasted
energy and inevitably – time and money. In this part, we will look at the two main methods of
interpretation of data: with a qualitative and a quantitative analysis.

Qualitative Data Interpretation

Qualitative data analysis can be summed up in one word – categorical. With qualitative analysis, data
is not described through numerical values or patterns, but through the use of descriptive context (i.e.,
text). Typically, narrative data is gathered by employing a wide variety of person-to-person
techniques. These techniques include:

• Observations: detailing behavioral patterns that occur within an observation group. These
patterns could be the amount of time spent in an activity, the type of activity and the method
of communication employed.
• Documents: much like how patterns of behavior can be observed, different types of
documentation resources can be coded and divided based on the type of material they contain.
• Interviews: one of the best collection methods for narrative data. Enquiry responses can be
grouped by theme, topic or category. The interview approach allows for highly-focused data
segmentation.

8|P ag e
 A key difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis is clearly noticeable in the
interpretation stage. Qualitative data, as it is widely open to interpretation, must be “coded” so as to
facilitate the grouping and labeling of data into identifiable themes. As person-to-person data
collection techniques can often result in disputes pertaining to proper analysis, qualitative data
analysis is often summarized through three basic principles: notice things, collect things, think about
things.
Quantitative Data Interpretation
If quantitative data interpretation could be summed up in one word (and it really can’t) that word
would be “numerical.” There are few certainties when it comes to data analysis, but you can be sure
that if the research you are engaging in has no numbers involved, it is not quantitative research.
Quantitative analysis refers to a set of processes by which numerical data is analyzed. More often than
not, it involves the use of statistical modeling such as standard deviation, mean and median. Let’s
quickly review the most common statistical terms:

• Mean: a mean represents a numerical average for a set of responses. When dealing with a data
set (or multiple data sets), a mean will represent a central value of a specific set of numbers. It
is the sum of the values divided by the number of values within the data set. Other terms that
can be used to describe the concept are arithmetic mean, average and mathematical
expectation.
• Standard deviation: this is another statistical term commonly appearing in quantitative
analysis. Standard deviation reveals the distribution of the responses around the mean. It
describes the degree of consistency within the responses; together with the mean, it provides
insight into data sets.
• Frequency distribution: this is a measurement gauging the rate of a response appearance
within a data set. When using a survey, for example, frequency distribution has the capability
of determining the number of times a specific ordinal scale response appears (i.e., agree,
strongly agree, disagree, etc.). Frequency distribution is extremely keen in determining the
degree of consensus among data points.
Typically, quantitative data is measured by visually presenting correlation tests between two or more
variables of significance. Different processes can be used together or separately, and comparisons can
be made to ultimately arrive at a conclusion. Other signature interpretation processes of quantitative
data include:

• Regression analysis
• Cohort analysis
• Predictive and prescriptive analysis
Now that we have seen how to interpret data, let's move on and ask ourselves some questions: what
are some data interpretation benefits? Why do all industries engage in data research and analysis?
These are basic questions, but that often don’t receive adequate attention.

Why Data Interpretation Is Important

The purpose of collection and interpretation is to acquire useful and usable information and to make
the most informed decisions possible. From businesses, to newlyweds researching their first home,
data collection and interpretation provides limitless benefits for a wide range of institutions and
individuals.

Data analysis and interpretation, regardless of method and qualitative/quantitative status, may include
the following characteristics:

• Data identification and explanation

• Comparing and contrasting of data
• Identification of data outliers
• Future predictions

Benefits:
a. Informed decision-making
b. Anticipating needs with trends identification
c. Cost efficiency
d. Clear foresight

9|P ag e
Source: A Guide To The Methods, Benefits & Problems of The Interpretation of Data by Mona Lebied in Data
Analysis, Aug 22nd 2018 from https://www.datapine.com/blog/data-interpretation-methods-benefits-
problems/#:~:text=Data%20interpretation%20refers%20to%20the,determines%20its%20signification%20and%20i
mplications.&text=Data%20analysis%20tends%20to%20be%20extremely%20subjective.

Watch PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | STATISTICAL TREATMENT IN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
https://youtu.be/RTMXLebLdOw
How to Write Chapter 4 - The Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
https://youtu.be/3CEJzBoA9Zs
Academic Writing Video 4: Presenting Data in Graphs
https://youtu.be/HvgwXn7EEz4

Deepening

Activity #3: Identify and define the following graphic organizer which is primarily used to
present data and specify its purpose in research. Write your answer inside the box.

https://medium.com/

https://www.visme.co/

https://www.ablebits.com/

10 | P a g e
 https://www.slideteam.net/

https://medium.com/

Assessing

Check your Schoology account for your quiz.

Reflect: Why should we check on data and facts before creating a

conclusion? How do we use the data collected to help others or even save
lives?

Lesson 12: Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations and

Citations and Reference

Explore
Activity #1: The following are some data about the Philippines. Arrange the following data using
graphic organizer. Use the empty box to show your answer.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines

Religion (as of 2010)

92.0% Christianity
—80.6% Roman Catholic
—8.2% Protestant
—3.2% Other Christian
5.6% Islam
2.4% None / Others

11 | P a g e
 Ethnic groups (2015)
33.7% Visayan
24.4% Tagalog
8.4% Ilocano
6.8% Bicolano
26.2% others

How do present the summary of findings? How do we draw conclusions?

How and why do we recommend essential things on research to certain
people?

Firm up

Read: Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Draft the Summary of Findings

The finding should clearly reflect the

significant results of the study. A
component of summary of the findings is to
provide a discussion for each of the findings,
using anchor verbiage that justifies rather
than distorts the intent of the findings. Tell
us how the findings are important or relevant
based on the aim and scope of your study.
Another component of the summary of the
findings is to compare or link your findings
to the studies outlined in the literature review
of your study. Are they the same different or photo courtesy of https://www.bachelorprint.eu/
new?
Draft Introduction for Summary of Findings: In the introduction for the Summary of Findings,
assert that you have answered your research questions. At a minimum you would tell the reader how
many findings emerged and describe them in a sentence each. Most important is the findings you
present in chapter 5 reflect and match what is significant from the results in Chapter 4.

Draft Summary of Findings: Draft a paragraph or two of discussion for each finding in your study.
Assert the finding. Tell the reader how the finding is important or relevant to your studies aim and
focus. Compare your finding to the literature. Be specific in the use of the literature. The link or
connection should be clear to the reader.
- http://dissertationedd.usc.edu/draft-the-summary-of-
findings.html#:~:text=The%20finding%20should%20clearly%20reflect,the%20intent%20of%20the%20findings.

Conclusion
The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them
after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of your points or a
re-statement of your research problem but a synthesis of key points.

Importance of a Good Conclusion

A well-written conclusion provides you with several important opportunities to demonstrate your
overall understanding of the research problem to the reader. These include:

12 | P a g e
 a. Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper. Just as the introduction gives a
first impression to your reader, the conclusion offers a chance to leave a lasting impression.
Do this, for example, by highlighting key points in your analysis or findings.
b. Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger implications of your study. The
conclusion is an opportunity to succinctly answer the "so what?" question by placing the study
within the context of past research about the topic you've investigated.
c. Demonstrating the importance of your ideas. Don't be shy. The conclusion offers you a chance
to elaborate on the significance of your findings.
d. Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem. This does
not refer to introducing new information [which should be avoided], but to offer new insight
and creative approaches for framing/contextualizing the research problem based on the results
of your study.

When writing the conclusion to your paper, follow these general rules:

a. State your conclusions in clear, simple language.

b. Do not simply reiterate your results or the discussion.
c. Indicate opportunities for future research, as long as you haven't already done so in the
discussion section of your paper.
Read more:
https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185935#:~:text=The%20conclusion%20is%20intended%20to,a%20synthe
sis%20of%20key%20points.

Recommendations

Research implications basically refer to impact that your research might have on future research or
policy decision or the relevant field of interest of your study. 'How will your research affect the
targeted community or subject field' is the question that implications will answer. Recommendations
are based on the results of your research and indicate the specific measures or directions that can be
taken. For example, a clinical study might have implications for cancer research and might recommend
against the use of a particular hazardous substance. Therefore, implications signify the impact of your
research and recommendations might be concrete steps/actions that the research proposes.
- by Dr. Rishibha Sachdev on 20 Dec, 2017 from
- https://www.editage.com/insights/in-research-what-is-the-difference-between-implication-and-
recommendation#:~:text=Recommendations%20are%20based%20on%20the,of%20a%20particular%20hazardous
%20substance.
Conclusions and recommendations

The Conclusions and Recommendations may be combined or, in long reports, presented in separate
sections. If there are no recommendations to be made as a result of the project, just call this section
Conclusions.

The Conclusions section sums up the key points of your discussion, the essential features of your
design, or the significant outcomes of your investigation. As its function is to round off the story of
your project, it should:

• be written to relate directly to the aims of the project as stated in the Introduction
• indicate the extent to which the aims have been achieved
• summarize the key findings, outcomes or information in your report
• acknowledge limitations and make recommendations for future work (where applicable)
• highlight the significance or usefulness of your work.

- https://www.monash.edu/rlo/assignment-samples/engineering/eng-writing-technical-reports/conclusions-and-
recommendations

Watch How to Write Chapter 5 - Summary of Findings, Conclusion and

Recommendation (PPT)
https://youtu.be/O00IfxBf4Sw

13 | P a g e
 Firm up

Read: Citations and Reference

Citation
• a quotation from or reference to a
book, paper, or author, especially
in a scholarly work.
• A "citation" is the way you tell
your readers that certain material
in your work came from another
source.
• Giving credit to the original
author by citing sources is the
only way to use other people's
work without plagiarizing.
photo courtesy of https://medium.com/
It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including:
• information about the author
• the title of the work
• the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source
• the date your copy was published
• the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

Citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they
came from
➢ not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting than
those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else's bad
ideas
➢ citing sources shows the amount of research you've done
➢ citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas

In-text Citation Format

APA Style
➢ According to Johnson … (2005).
➢ (Johnson, 2005)
➢ (Johnson, 2005, pp. 45-48)
➢ (Johnson, Smith, & Go, 2005)
➢ (Johnson et al., 2005)
➢ (Johnson, n.d.)

Reference
• A reference list lists only the sources you refer to in your writing.
• The purpose of the reference list is to allow your sources to be found by your reader.
• It also gives credit to authors you have consulted for their ideas.
• All references cited in the text must appear in the reference list, except for personal
communications (such as conversations or emails) which cannot be retrieved.

Reference Format:
Book

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location:
Publisher.

Here are the basics of in-text citations and reference list from https://owl.purdue.edu/ (next page)

14 | P a g e
 Note that these reflect the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released
in October 2019.

In-Text Citations: The Basics

APA citation basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the
author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for
example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at
the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making
reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and
year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.

On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the
page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.”
(for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example,
you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated
below.

Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference
list at the end of the paper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining

• Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
• If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters
long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short
words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is
Nothing Left to Lose.
(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)

• When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born
Cyborgs.
• Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of
Hitchcock's Vertigo."
• If the title of the work is italicized in your reference list, italicize it and use title case
capitalization in the text: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.
• If the title of the work is not italicized in your reference list, use double quotation marks and
title case capitalization (even though the reference list uses sentence case): "Multimedia
Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and
page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple
pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).

You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by
the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it
was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications
does this have for teachers?
If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the
year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did
not offer an explanation as to why.

15 | P a g e
 Long quotations
Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and
omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in
the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and
indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin.
Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The
parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management
system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below.

Quotations from sources without pages

Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead,
you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section
number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate
special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes
sense for your source.

Jones (1998) found a variety of causes for student dissatisfaction with prevailing citation
practices (paras. 4–5).

A meta-analysis of available literature (Jones, 1998) revealed inconsistency across large-scale

studies of student learning (Table 3).
Summary or paraphrase
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and
year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines,
however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the
reader find the information in a longer work.

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

- https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_
basics.html

16 | P a g e
 Reference List: Basic Rules

This resource, revised according to the 7th edition APA Publication Manual, provides fundamental
guidelines for constructing the reference pages of research papers. For more information, please
consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7th ed.)

Formatting a Reference List

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a
reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the
paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your
text.

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page
"References" in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the
title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules for Most Sources

• All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch
from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
• All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
• Authors' first and middle names should be written as initials.
• For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with
"Smith, J. M."
• If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name: "Smith, J."
• Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and
including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors). Separate
each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&)
before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no
ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.
• Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
• For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in
chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
• When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources,
capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a
colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
• Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.
• Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so
on).
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in
books or essays in edited collections.

Reference List: Electronic Sources

Important Note: Some electronic citations necessitate the use of brackets. APA style dictates that
brackets should directly surround their content without spaces (e.g., [bracketed content] should look
like this). When possible, include the year, month, and date in references. If the month and date are not
available, use the year of publication. Additionally, APA 7th edition no longer requires the use of
“Retrieved from” before URLs or DOIs; special exceptions, however, are made for resources that are
unarchived. Including the retrieval date for these sources indicates to readers that the version of the
work they retrieve may be different than what was originally used.

Webpage or Piece of Online Content

If the page names an individual author, cite their name first:

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium.

https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01

If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the group/organization as the
author. Additionally, if the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the citation.

17 | P a g e
 Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice
served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-
served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims

If the page's author is not listed, start with the title instead. Additionally, include a retrieval date when
the page's content is likely to change over time (like, for instance, if you're citing a wiki that is
publicly edited).

Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from
https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/

If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.).

Author or Group name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name (if applicable). URL

National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions.

https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions

Wikipedia Article

APA 7 treats Wikipedia articles as special instances of entries in reference works. Thus, there are a
few differences between reference entries for pages on Wikipedia and those for generic webpages.

Title of article. (Year, Month Date). In Wikipedia. URL of archived version of page

Quantum mechanics. (2019, November 19). In Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mechanics&oldid=948476810

Wikipedia articles often update frequently. For this reason, the date refers to the date that the cited
version of the page was published. Note also that the manual recommends linking to the archived
version of the page, rather than the current version of the page on the site, since the latter can change
over time. Access the archived version by clicking "View History," then clicking the date/timestamp
of the version you'd like to cite.

Read more:
- https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_electronic_sources.html

Watch The Basics of APA In-text Citations | Scribbr

https://youtu.be/hhD4xaGAcRs
Purdue OWL: APA Formatting: Reference List Basics
https://youtu.be/HpAOi8-WUY4

Deepening

Activity #2: Using the given details, write an in-text citation and reference using the APA style.
Write your answer in the boxes next page.

Name of Author: Esther L. Baraceros

Date of Publication: 2016
Publisher: Rex Bookstore Inc.
Place of Publication: Sta. Mesa, Quezon City
Title of the Book: Practical Research 1 1st Edition
Title of the Text: Experimental Research
Page no: 13-17

18 | P a g e
In-text citation:

Reference:

Assessing

Check your Schoology account for your Quiz. For Modular, answer all the questions on the last
page.

Transfer

Reminder: As part of your research paper, the following should be done for checking:

➢ Summary of Findings, Conclusion, Recommendations

➢ Citation and reference

Make sure to be mindful of the deadline for submission to be given by your thesis adviser.

Image from crunchyroll.com

Reflect: How do I give credit to those who authored writings relevant to our
research? How do I appreciate their efforts and contribution in the field of
research?

“Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be
opened to you.”
Matthew 7:7
“Blessed is the man who remains steadfast under trial, for when he has stood the test
he will receive the crown of life, which God has promised to those who love him.”
James 1:12

19 | P a g e
 Assessing

Quiz and Performance Task for Modular. Answer the following in paragraphs:

1. Define COVID 19 (problem)

2. Identify and describe the preventive measures (intervention) of the Philippines against the
Pandemic (example: ECQ and GCQ, IATF and DOH recommendations)
3. Collect Data (as of this November 2020) on the following and explain how it affects the
entire nation. Use graphs or tables to present the data.
a. Number of patients with COVID (identify those severe, mild, and asymptomatic)
b. Number of recoveries
c. Number of deaths
4. Write your conclusion and predict outcomes on what will happen in the Philippines for
the year 2021.
5. Write at least three recommendations to protect one’s health from the COVID
6. List down your references.

Note:
• Make sure to cite experts especially those government officials, doctors, and other health
workers concerning the data and information about the pandemic.
• Use in-text citation.

20 | P a g e