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Practical-research 2 Q2 mod6
finding-answers-through-data-collection version 1-1
Applied Social Science (Regional Science High School Union)

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Senior High School

Practical Research 2
Module 6:
Finding Answers Through
Data Collection

AIRs - LM

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Module 6: Finding Answers Through Data Collection
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Maria Teresa Esperanza H. Badon

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Content Reviewer: Wilhelm Francis C. Saldo
Language Reviewer: Jeffrey Ballesteros
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr.
Layout and Design: Carmela M. Velasco
Management Team:

ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent
Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief
Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS
Rominel S. Sobremonte, EdD, EPS in Charge of Science
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

Printed in the Philippines by: _________________________

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Office Address: Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City, La Union
Telefax: 072 – 205 – 0046
Email Address: launion@deped.gov.ph

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Senior High School

Practical Research 2
Module 6:
Finding Answers Through
Data Collection

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

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Target

Data collection is the heart of research. It is a process of gathering and

measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion
that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate
outcomes. Data collection is an extremely important part of any research because
the conclusions of a study are based on what the data reveal.

As a researcher, it is important that you are knowledgeable about what type

of data collection technique to use for a certain type of quantitative research study
you are planning to pursue. The importance of data collection cannot be undermined
since in the absence of correctly collected data, your research questions can remain
unanswered, or the testing of research hypothesis is not possible.

This module gives an overview of the factors to consider when choosing data
collection method. It also shows a brief description on the different instruments
available, its advantages and disadvantages, and guidelines on how to use the
specific instrument suitable to the research questions and or objectives. Additionally,
you will be exposed to the different statistical tools that you can possibly use to
analyze the gathered data.

This module contains the following lessons:

Lesson 1 – Data Collection Instruments
Lesson 2 – Data Presentation and Interpretation
Lesson 3 – Using Statistical Techniques to Analyze Data

Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1) collect data using appropriate instruments (CS_RS12-IId-g-1),
Subtasks:
Describe adequately quantitative research designs, sample, instrument used,
intervention (if applicable), data collection, and analysis procedures
2) present and interpret data in tabular and graphical forms (CS_RS12-IId-g-2)
and
3) use statistical techniques to analyze data—study of differences and
relationships limited for bivariate analysis (CS_RS12-IId-g-3).

Are you now set to perform the activity, answer the questions, and read the texts?
If so, then you may get your ball pen and notebook as I will request you to answer
the questions included herein.
Good luck enjoy reading and doing the activity. God bless.

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer
the pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.

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PRE-TEST
Directions: Answer the question that follow. Choose the best answer from among
the given choices. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What data collection method involves tracking of changes during specified time
period?
A. Interview B. Observation
C. Questionnaire D. Test

2. Which of the following is defined as an action that the researcher will do to obtain
appropriate data?
A. Data Analysis B. Data Collection
C. Data Interpretation D. Data Manipulation

3.Which of these methods is the most expensive way to collect data per respondent?
A. Online B. Personal
C. Phone Call/Text D. Postal

4. The following are guidelines before conducting an interview. Which one is not?
A. Check if your recording device worked well throughout the interview.
B. Choose a comfortable venue with the least amount of distractions.
C. Prepare and rehearse your interview guide.
D. Decide on the duration of the interview.

5. Which of the following should not be part of the informed consent form?
A. Name of Researchers and the Institution affiliated with
B. Name of Participants and the Institution affiliated with
C. Anonymity of the participants and their responses
D. Title of the study and purpose of the study

6. Participant observation can be performed covertly. What does it imply?

A. Participants are not aware of the purpose of the observation.
B. Participants are aware of the purpose of the observation.
C. Participants are unmindful of the result of the research.
D. Participants are aware of the result of the research.

7. Which of the following data processing techniques refers to ordering the data into
a table?
A. Arrangement B. Coding
C. Editing D. Tabulation

8. Which correlation is the strongest?

A. -1.0 B. -0.6
C. +0.5 D. +0.80

9. Which graph uses vertical bars to represent data?

A. bar chart B. line graph
C. pie chart D. vertical graph

10. In a two-tailed test, which should be rejected when the test value falls in any
of the two critical regions?
A. Alternative hypothesis B. Null hypothesis
C. Type I Error D. Type II Error

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11. The guidance counselor of GUNHS tabulated the data about Junior High School
students’ daily absences and obtained the average per day. The graph below
shows the result of her tabulation. What is the best interpretation of the graph?

A. The graph shows that Friday has the highest recorded number of absences
all throughout the school year.
B. GUNHS students should undergo an intervention and participate in a
“Time Management Seminar”.
C. The graph shows that students from GUNHS are absentees.
D. The graph shows that only few students are absent daily.

12. In which of the following situation does a Type I error occurs?

A. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is false.
B. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is true.
C. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is false.
D. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is true.

13] Which of the following is true about the significance level?

A. It measures the probability of rejecting a correct null hypothesis.
B. It is set after a statistical test is conducted.
C. It is always set at 0.05.
D. It results in a p-value.

14. When does a positive correlation occurs?

A. When one variable goes up, and the other goes down.
B. When two variables move in opposite directions.
C. When two variables move in the same direction.
D. When two variables remain constant.

15. What is the decision that you will make if the p-value is lower than the alpha
level?
A. Do not accept the null hypothesis.
B. Do not reject the null hypothesis
C. Accept the null hypothesis.
D. Reject the null hypothesis.

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LESSON 1: Data Collection Instruments

Jumpstart

The data collection component of research is common to all fields of study

including physical and social sciences, humanities, business, etc. While methods
vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains
the same.
Reliable sources of data and information are highly needed. The fundamental
questions to ask are: What are data? Why do researchers collect data? How is data
collected? Who needs the collected data? Many questions can be answered through
data collection. As taught in the previous lesson, a researcher begins by identifying
the research problem. Once the data gathering procedure has been implemented and
data has been gathered, the next thing to do is to analyze and interpret them. Data
is obtained with the aid of data collection instruments which will be the focus in this
lesson.

Discover

Collecting data is the first step you need to perform before you proceed in
writing your data analysis and interpretation. Data Collection involves obtaining
relevant information regarding the specified research questions or objectives. This
can be done by utilizing research instruments that are either developed or adopted.

There is no best way to collect data, your decision depends on:

A. What you need to know - numbers or stories
B. Where the data is found - environment, files, people
C. Resources and time available
D. Complexity of the data to be collected
E. Frequency of data collection

Data Collection General Rules

A. Use available data if they already exist
B. If using available data, be sure to find out how they:
o collected the data
o defined the variables
o ensured accuracy of the data
C. If you must collect original data:
o establish procedures and follow them
o maintain accurate records of definitions and coding
o pre-test, pre-test, pre-test
o verify accuracy of coding, data input

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Key Issues in Data Collection

Credibility
➢ How trustworthy or believable is your data collection?
Are the data you are collecting giving you information about the actual
situation?
➢ Make sure that you are collecting relevant data.

Validity
➢ Does the measurement actually measure what it is supposed to?
Two kinds of validity
a) face validity - contents of the test or procedure should measure what
is supposed to be measured.
b) content validity - content of the test or procedure adequately
represents all that is required for validity

Reliability
➢ Reliability refers to the degree to which measuring tool produces consistent
results, when repeated measurements are made.
Examples:
o in sports, speed measured by stopwatch
o birth weights of newborn infants
o attendance rates at schools

Precision
➢ How the language used in the data collection matches the measure
Example:
if the question is about countries, the measures must be at the national level
if the question is about people, the measures must be on the individual level

Quantitative Data Collection Procedure

Data collection or data gathering is defined as the process of gathering and

measuring information on variables of interest. The quantitative data collection
method relies on random sampling and structured data collection instruments, that
fit diverse experiences, into predetermined response categories. They produce results
that are easy to summarize, compare and generalize.

Quantitative research methods describe and measure the level of occurrences

based on numbers and calculations. Moreover, the questions of “how many” and
“how often” are often asked in quantitative studies. Accordingly, quantitative data
collection methods are based on random sampling and structured data collection
instruments.

Quantitative research can be described as ‘entailing the collection of

numerical data and exhibiting the view of relationship between theory and research
as deductive, a predilection for natural science approach, and as having an
objectivist conception of social reality. In other words, quantitative studies mainly
examine relationships between numerically measured variables with the application
of statistical techniques.

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Quantitative Data Gathering Strategies

Data Collection Description

Questionnaires Questionnaires often make use of checklist and
rating scales. It is usually sent by mail, email or
personally given to the respondents.
It can be sent to many people and saves the
researcher time and money. It could be open
Paper-pencil-questionnaires
ended format or multiple-choice format.
A new and inevitably growing methodology is the
use of internet-based research. The respondents
Web-based questionnaire will answer online questions such as the use of
survey monkey.
Interview Interviews can be used at any stage of the
evaluation process. There are two types of
interview used in evaluation research: structured
interviews and in-depth interviews. Structured
interviews a carefully worded questionnaire is
administered, while in-depth interviews, the
interviewer supplements the data gathered
through questionnaires.
Personal interviews Personal interviews are done when people usually
respond when asked by a person, but their
answers may be influenced by the interviewer.
Telephone interviews are less time consuming and
Telephone interviews less expensive, and the researcher has ready
access to anyone who has a telephone.
Focused interviews In focused interview, the interviewers focus
attention upon s given experience and its effect.
Clinical interview is concerned with broad
Clinical interviews underlying feelings or motivations throughout the
course of an individual’s life experiences rather
than with effects of a specific experience.
Disguised interview relates to the degree to which
Disguised interview the respondents is made aware of the real
research purpose
Experiments Attempts to determine a cause-and-effect
relationship between two or more variables.
The test subjects do not know if they are getting
Blind Experiment the experimental treatment or the placebo
Neither the test subject nor the experimenter
Double Blind Experiment measuring the response knows which group the
test subjects have been assigned (placebo or
treatment)
Observations Observational techniques are methods by which
an individual or individuals gather firsthand data
on programs, processes, or behaviors being
studied.

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Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection

1) Choose the method of administering the questionnaire.

a) Face-to-face Method. Use this when you need to capture the emotions,
behavior, and non-verbal cues of the participants
b) Online Method. Use this when behavior and non-verbal cues need not to
be taken
2) Divide your questionnaire into two or three parts.
a) Personal information. This section which contains background information
of the participants. (Names are optional)
b) Main section. This lists the specific questions or indicators.
c) Open-ended question section. This contains additional information that
might be needed. (This applied only for quantitative research)
3) Make sure to craft questions and choices that are aligned with the specific
research questions or objectives.
4) Provide specific and clear directions for respondents in answering
the questionnaire.
5) Use routing (directing) technique if there is a need to skip some items in the
questionnaire.
6) Begin with the general questions first followed by the specific ones.
7) Prefer to have brief, clear, and concise questionnaire. Use simple terms.
8) Predetermined responses or choices should match the nature of the questions.
a) If the content is about belief, use agreement (strongly agree, agree, neutral,
disagree, strongly disagree)
b) If the questionnaire is about behavior, use extent (very great extent, great
extent, moderate extent, small extent, none at all)
c) If questions are about frequency, use frequency (always, frequently,
sometimes, seldom, never)
d) If the content is about quality, use quality (excellent, very good, good, poor)
Later, these responses will be translated into numerical values (e.g. five-
point Likert scale)
9) Avoid negative statements unless necessary.
10) Avoid leading and biased, double-barreled, and very sensitive questions.
11) Do not split the questions or choices over two pages.
12) If possible, schedule an appointment before distributing the questionnaires.
13) Attach a cover letter to the questionnaire especially for agency connected
respondents.
14) Make a follow-up on the participants who did not to return the questionnaire.
15) Tally and encode the data immediately once you have collected them and
archive them digitally.

Guidelines in Conducting an Observation

Before the Observation

o Clarify the research objectives.
o Be ready with observation checklist.
o Determine your time of observation and collection technique.
o Record only relevant information.
o Prepare consent form for human observation.

During the Observation

o Make sure to note the date, time, and place where the observation is
conducted.
o Limit the person who will observe.

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o Explain the purpose of the observation to participants if applicable.

o Avoid causing disruptions while observing.
o Make sure to guarantee anonymity of participants.
o Make use of multiple recording schemes such as taking notes, videos, audios,
and photos but with proper ethical considerations.

After the Observation

o Code or arrange the data gathered according to the variables of the study.
o Tabulate the data, use numerical value for quantitative research.
o Review the data gathered to determine the gaps before proceeding.

Ethical Considerations in Data Collection of Quantitative Research

Ethical considerations should always be practiced especially when human

participants are involved. Researchers should ensure that participants are treated
properly, especially during data collection. The use of consent form respects the right
of every participant to be informed and to make voluntary participation.

Informed Consent Form is a document that provides the participants with the
information they need in deciding whether they will participate or not in your study.
The informed consent form must be accomplished before gathering data from the
participants. This document must be signed both by the researcher and the
participant as they agree to the conditions during the actual conduct of the data
collection process.

It usually contains the following:

1) Background of your study (Title of the Study, Purpose of the Study)
2) Name of Researchers and the Institution you are affiliated with
3) Data Collection Procedure
4) Possible discomfort or risk factors
5) Anonymity of the participants and their responses
6) Termination of Research (may refuse to participate anytime)
7) Authorization of the Participants (participants acknowledge the conditions
that they will be subject to the study)

To obtain reliable information that will help answer the research questions, follow
these steps:
1) Determine the objective of the study you are undertaking.
2) Define the population of interest.
3) Choose the variables that you will measure in the study.
4) Decide on an appropriate design for producing data.
5) Collect the data.
6) Determine the appropriate descriptive and/or inferential data analysis
techniques.

Strategies for Collecting Data

1) Non-probability methods
These include:
o Convenience sampling (haphazard) for example surveying students as they
pass by the school canteen.
o Gathering volunteers like inviting people to participate in the study.

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2) Probability methods
o Simple random sampling – making selections from a population where each
subject in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
o Stratified random sampling – identify population of interest then divide this
population into strata or groups based on some characteristics then
perform simple random sample from each stratum.
o Cluster sampling – where a random cluster of subjects is taken from the
population of interest.
o Systematic sampling – individuals are chosen at regular intervals from the
sampling frame. For this method you randomly select a number to tell you
where to start selecting individuals from the list.
o Multi-stage sampling – procedure is carried out in phases and usually
involves more than one sampling method.

Explore

Activity 1: Answer Me!

Directions: Look at the questionnaire below. Answer the questions that follow by
checking the box that best describes you.

A Questionnaire to Review Your Study Habits

Strongly Strongly
Constructs Agree
Agree Undecided Disagree
Disagree

1. I study where there is a

good lighting.
2. I study in a room where
the temperature is cool.
3. The desk where I study is
always clear from
distractions.
4. I use earplugs to minimize
distracting sounds.
5. I study facing a wall.
6. I don’t do other things
while I am studying.
7. I prepare ahead of time all
the materials that I will
need for studying.
8. I avoid wasting my time on
Facebook, etc. in between
my study time.
9. I review my notes after
class and use it for review.
10. I take breaks from time
to time during study time.

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Activity 2: Write Me Down

Directions: Interview five (5) families in your barangay or other possible options
may be presented depending on the current situation in your community. Create
three (3) interview questions regarding their situation during the COVID-19
pandemic crisis. Make sure that the responses of your interview questions are
quantifiable.
1. ___________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________

Activity 3: Quantitative or Not?

Directions: Which of the following can be considered as quantitative interview
questions? Copy the statements below in your answer sheet and p ut a
check (√) before the number if the following questions illustrate quantitative
nature and mark it with X if it is not.
1) How often do you buy mobile accessories for social acceptance purposes?
2) How regularly do you go to malls in a week?
3) How much would you be willing to pay for mobile app for dating?
4) What are the differences in attitudes towards shopping between men and
women?
5) What us the difference in the number of telephone calls made between men
and women?
6) What is the relationship between a grade in math and level of class
participation among Grade 10 students?
7) What is the relationship between the number of COVID-19 cases and travel
exposure?
8) What is the relationship between job satisfaction and salary among public
school teachers?
9) Can you describe how you first became aware of the COVID-19 crisis?
10) Can you talk about your thought on how the COVID-19 pandemic affects a
person, a family, a school or a community?
11) How do you see yourself today, in terms of the “new normal”?
12) How does your family view your gender crisis?
13) What does your school or community do to educate you about the COVID-19
pandemic crisis?
14) Can you talk about whether or not you feel safe in your school or community
after the enhanced community quarantine was lifted?
15) Which factors mostly distort the approval rating of the president?

Deepen

Directions: Perform the following tasks. You may write or encode your answer in a
short bond paper. Submit your output to your teacher for checking.
Task 1: Decide on what type of data collection instrument you will use in
obtaining data for your research study. Why will you use this specific data
collection method?
Task 2: Once you have decided on what data collection instrument to use, it is
time to create your questions as a basis for data gathering. Make sure to align each
of your questions or items to the research questions.
Task 3: Write also a draft of your one-page informed consent.

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LESSON 2: Data Presentation and Interpretation

Jumpstart

Source: https://psa.gov.ph/

Look at the latest figures gathered by the Philippine Statistics Authority from a
conducted census. Answer the questions that follow on how you are going to interpret
the data. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1) How is the data presented?
2) If you will be asked to present again the data, how will you arrange and label
it? Use a sperate sheet of paper to draw your presentation of the data.
3) Write 3-5 sentences explanation of the data presented.

Discover

Data presentation and analysis is one of the most essential part in your
research study. An excellent data presentation can be potential for winning the
hearts of the panelists, clients, or simply the readers. No matter how good your data,
if it is not well presented, you will not be able to earn the preferences of those whom
you are trying to persuade. Good data presentation matters.

Presentation and Interpretation of Data

To be able to create and present an organized picture of information from a
research report, it is important to use certain techniques to communicate findings
and interpretations of research studies into visual form. The common techniques
being used to display results are tabular, textual and graphical methods.

Data Tables or Tabular Presentation

A table facilitates representation of even large amounts of data in an attractive,
easy to read and organized manner. The data is organized in rows and columns. This

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is one of the widely used forms of presentation of data since data tables are easy to
construct and read. The purpose of a table is to simplify the presentation and to
facilitate comparisons.

Parts of a Table:

The various parts of a table may vary depending upon the given data, but a
good table must contain at least the following parts:
1) Table number – Each table should be numbered. It is given for reference
purposes.
2) Title of the table – Every table must have a suitable title. It is a brief
explanation of content of the table. A complete title must answer the questions
what, where and when in that sequence. These are placed above the table. The
title is usually
written right after the table number.
3) Caption – A word or phrase that explains the content of a column of a table,
i.e., it explains what the column represents. It may consist of one or more
column headings.
4) Stub – Stubs explain contents of row of a table, i.e., stubs are the designation
of the rows or row headings. They are at the extreme left.
5) Body of the table – Most important part of table as it contains data.
6) Headnote – Head note is inserted to convey complete information of the title.
7) Footnote – It is used for pointing exceptions to the data. Anything in a table
which the reader may find difficult to understand from the title, captions and
stubs should be explained in footnotes.

Source: https://mathstudy.home.blog/2019/01/18/tabulation-of-data/

To interpret the tables, one needs to do the following:

1) Analyze the connections among the details of the headings.

2) Check the unusual pattern of the data and determine the reason behind these.
3) Begin with the table number and the title.

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4) Present the significant figures (overall results, high and low values, the
unusual pattern).
5) Refrain from repeating again what’s inside the table.
6) Support your findings with literature and studies that confirms or contrasts
your results.
7) Establish the practical implications of the results. This will add value to your
research findings.
8) End with a brief generalization.

Graphs
Graphs focuses on how a change in one variable relates to another. Graphs
use bars, lines, circles, and pictures in representing the data. It is a visual
representation of a relationship between, but not restricted to, two variables.
Commonly consists of two axes called the x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis (vertical).

To interpret a graph or chart, read the title, look at the key, read the labels.
Then study the graph to understand what it shows. Read the title of the graph or
chart. The title tells what information is being displayed. In choosing what type of
graph to use, determine the specific purpose of the presentation.

Things to Remember in Making a Graph

1) Accurately shows the facts
2) Grabs the reader’s attention
3) Has titles and labels
4) Simple and uncluttered
5) Clearly shows any trends or differences in data
6) Visually accurate

Types of Graphs
1) Line Graph - Scale line graph represents frequency distributions over time
Y-axis represents frequency.
X-axis represents time.
2) Bar Graph - Uses differently colored or patterned bars to represent different
classes.
Y-axis represents frequency.
X-axis may represent time or different classes.
3) Clustered Bar Graph - Bars can be presented as clusters of sub-groups in
clustered bar charts. These are useful to compare values across categories.
They are sometimes called stacked bar charts.
4) Histogram - A histogram is a chart that shows frequencies for. intervals of
values of a metric variable.
Height represents corresponding frequency
Width of bar represents class intervals
5) Pie Chart - It is usually used to show how parts of a whole is compare to each
other and to the whole. The entire circle represents the total and the parts are
proportional to the amount of the total they represent.
6) Scatter Plot - also called a scatterplot, scatter graph, scatter chart, scatter
gram, or scatter diagram) is a type of plot or mathematical diagram using
Cartesian coordinates to display values for typically two variables for a set of
data.
7) Pictogram - A pictogram, also called a pictogramme, pictograph, or simply
picto, and in computer usage an icon, is a graphic symbol that conveys its
meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object.

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Steps for Data Interpretation:

1) Revisit the main and sub-problems.

2) Describe the data
3) Plan for an appropriate way to present the data collected through tabular,
graphical or any other way.
4) Plug in additional information
5) Have closure or concluding statement in every data interpretation.

Explore

Activity 1: Look and Explain Me!

Directions: Interpret each figure given below. Follow the guidelines in
interpreting the graph. Write a brief interpretation of the data on a separate sheet
of paper

Graph 1. Number of COVID-19 cases in the Philippines

as of April 2, 2020, by gender

Graph 2. Philippines Major Import Sources, 2016

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Deepen

Activity 1: Present Me!

Directions: Present the following data using a specific non-prose material

according to its purpose. Use a separate paper for your presentation.
According to the latest Facebook post of Department of Health-Philippines
DOH COVID-19 CASE BULLETIN #106, dated June 28, 2020.
1. There is a total of 24, 137 Active Cases of COVID-19 in the Philippines (Data
as of June 27, 2020) with the following breakdown:

Asymptomatic - 898 persons Mild - 23, 090 persons

Severe - 125 persons Critical - 24 persons

2. These are the data on hospital beds and mechanical ventilators for COVID-19
patients with the following breakdown:
Ward beds - 3, 179 (41.15% occupied)
Isolation Beds - 8,925 (37.93% occupied)
ICU Beds - 1, 313 (36.63% occupied)
Ventilators - 1, 883 (22.89% in use)

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LESSON 3: Using Statistical Techniques to

Analyze Data

Jumpstart

Activity 1: What’s My Level?

Directions: Look at the table below. Check your level of conceptual knowledge
and computational skills of these statistical techniques.

Statistical Levels of Conceptual Levels of Conceptual Skills

Techniques Knowledge
Weak Average Excellent Weak Average Excellent
Percentage
Mean
Standard Deviation
Correlation Analysis
Regression Analysis
Hypothesis Testing

Discover

Basic Statistical Tool

There are different statistical tools that is available, some of them are simple,
some are complicated and specific for certain purposes. Statistical tests is a major
part of data interpretation so that a researcher can compare groups of data to
determine the probability that differences between results are based on chance,
thus can conclude the validity of the hypothesis.

Two types of statistical methods are used in analyzing data: descriptive

statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are used to synopsize
data from a sample exercising the mean or standard deviation. Inferential
statistics are used when data is viewed as a subclass of a specific population.

Common Statistical Tools

1. Mean or average – the middlemost value of your list of values. It is useful
in determining the overall trend of a data set. It is very easy and quick to
calculate, simply getting the sum of a list of number divided by the number
of items on the list.

2. Percentage - is any proportion from the whole. One of the most frequent
ways to represent statistics is by percentage. Percent simply means "per
hundred" and the symbol used to express percentage is %.

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3. Standard deviation - (often abbreviated as "Std Dev" or "SD") provides an

indication of how far the individual responses to a question vary or "deviate"
from the mean. SD tells the researcher how spread out the responses are. It
tells how measurements for a group are spread out from the average (mean
or expected value). A low standard deviation means that most of the
numbers are close to the average, while a high standard deviation means
that the numbers are more spread out.

4. Correlation Analysis (Pearson’s r) – used to find a correlation between at

least two continuous variables. It is a method used to estimate the strength
of relationship between two quantitative variables. The value for such
correlation lies between 0.00 (no correlation) and 1.00 (perfect correlation)

5. Regression Analysis can be used to explain the relationship between

dependent and independent variables.
Three major uses:
a. Causal analysis -shows you the possible causation of changes in Y by
changes X.
b. Forecasting an Effect- allows you estimate and predict the value of Y
given the value of X.
c. Linear Trend Forecasting- helps you trace the line best fit to tine series

6. T-Test - The t-test assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically
different from each other. This analysis is appropriate whenever you want to
compare the means of two groups, and especially appropriate as the analysis
for the posttest-only two-group randomized experimental design.

7. Chi-square test - is the statistical test for bivariate analysis of nominal

variables, specifically, to test the null hypothesis. It tests whether or not a
relationship exists between or among variables and tells the probability that
the relationship is caused by chance. This cannot in any way show extent of
the association between two variables.

8. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - is a set of statistical methods used

mainly to compare the means of two or more samples. Estimates of variance
are the key intermediate statistics calculated, hence the reference to variance
in the title ANOVA. The different types of ANOVA reflect the different
experimental designs and situations for which they have been developed.

You can perform statistical analysis with the help of Excel. It is used by most of
the data scientists who require the understanding of statistical concepts and
behavior of the data. If you need to develop complex statistical analyses, you can
save steps and time by using the Analysis Tool Pak.

You provide the data and parameters for each analysis, and the tool uses the
appropriate statistical or engineering macro functions to calculate and display the
results in an output table. Some tools generate charts in addition to output tables.

The Analysis Tool Pak includes the tools described in the following sections. To
access these tools, click Data Analysis in the Analysis group on the Data tab. If the
Data Analysis command is not available, you need to load the Analysis Tool Pak add-
in program.

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Explore

Activity 1: What’s My Percentage?

Directions: Here’s a data gathered by Purok A City High School administration
regarding the number of Grade 12 parents who opted to receive printed copies of the
learning modules. Fill out the boxes for total and percentage. Then write a brief
interpretation of the table.

Total Number of Parents who opted to

Sections Number receive printed copies of
of learning modules Percentage (%)
Parents
12-A 30 6
12-B 25 0
12-C 32 16
12-D 30 19
Total

Interpretation:
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.

Deepen

Activity 1
Directions: From the data you have gathered in Lesson 1, Explore Activity 2:
Write Me Down, present your data in tabular form and perform the
appropriate statistical tool to analyze and interpret your results. Write or
encode your output in a short bond paper.

Activity 2
Directions: Perform the following task. You may write or encode your answer
in a long bond paper. Submit your output to your teacher for checking.
Based on your methodology, decide what statistical technique/s you will use
to analyze deeply your data. Why will you use this tool?

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Rubrics for Data Interpretation and Analysis

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Content (35%)
▪ The Research Instruments directly
and clearly gathered the needed data.
▪ Sufficient data are gathered that
answers the research questions.
▪ Appropriate statistical technique was used
and computation is accurate.
▪ Presentations of data are clear and well
labeled in a table or graph.
▪ Interpretation and analysis highlight
the significant results.
▪ Discussion of the findings is well
supported with relevant literature.
▪ Implications of the results were presented.
Coherence (25%)
▪ Cohesive of devices are effectively used.
▪ Organization of ideas, presentation,
and discussion is smoothly presented.
Creativity (25%)
▪ Writer’s voice is showcased.
▪ Paper uses variety of sentence structures.
▪ Uses appropriate language.
Communication (15%)
▪ Sentences are well structured
▪ Grammatical conventions are observed.
▪ Correct spelling and proper research
format are followed.

Legend:

5 – to a very great extent

4 – to a great extent
3 – to some extent
2 – to a little extent
1 – not at all

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Gauge

Directions: Answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the
given choices. Write the letter of your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is an unethical practice in research?

A. Informing participants that they are free to backout at any time
B. Requiring the participants to continue until the study is done
C. Assuring participants of confidentiality of gathered data
D. Securing informed consent
2. Which of the following is NOT considered part of descriptive statistic values?
A. Mean B. Pearson’s r
C. Standard deviation D. Variance
3. What kind of correlation exists when two variables have no relationship with
each other?
A. Negative Correlation B. Strong Negative Correlation
C. Strong Positive Correlation D. No Correlation
4. Which one of the following is an advantage of using questionnaire?
A. It can encourage the participants to be open to the researchers since
their identity can be made anonymous.
B. Some participants will not be able to complete the required responses
C. Questionnaires may lack depth of answers from participants.
D. Some will not be able to return the questionnaire on time.
5. A study is conducted to determine the relationship between the time spent in
studying and scores in a quarterly exam among 100 students of GRSHS-X. The
result shows a correlational value of 0.98. What is the interpretation of this
obtained result?
A. The amount of time spent on studying is strongly associated with the
score in a quarterly exam.
B. The amount of time spent on studying is not associated with the score in
a quarterly exam.
C. The score in a quarterly exam is moderately associated with the
amount of time spent on studying.
D. The score in a quarterly exam is negatively associated with the amount of
time spent on studying.
6. Which of these is not a method of data collection?
A. Experiments B. Interviews
C. Observations D. Questionnaires
7. A correlation coefficient enables you to:
A. quantify the strength of the relationship between variables.
B. evaluate whether two variables measure the same values.
C. measure the difference between two quantities
D. establish whether the data is exact.

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8. What is the outcome when you reject the null hypothesis when it is false?
A. Correct decision B. Incorrect decision
C. Type I Error D. Type II Error
9. Which of the following is a graph that uses a line to represent data?
A. Bar chart B. Line graph
C. Pie chart D. Vertical graph
10. Which of the following is not necessary when preparing your data analysis?
A. Create a conclusion after gathering your data.
B. Encode and organize your data for analysis.
C. Prepare your research instruments.
D. Begin gathering your data.
11.To fight boredom, Cindy is trying her luck by selling milk tea during the COVID-
19 pandemic lockdown. The table below shows the number of cups sold from
March to July 2020. What is the best interpretation of the graph below?

A. The graph shows that Cindy’s milk tea sales is doing good every month.
B. The graph shows that the month of May is the best-selling month.
C. The graph shows that Cindy’s milk tea sales is not good.
D. Cindy’s milk tea business is going to shut down soon.
12.Which correlation is the weakest among the four?
A. -1.0 B. -0.6
C. +0.5 D. +0.80
13. Which of the following statistical technique uses rankings instead of
actual values in computing the correlational values between two sets of
data?
A. Analysis of Variance B. Pearson’s r
C. Spearman’s Rho D. t-test
14. What observational role is evident if an observer is known and
recognized by the participants as part of their group or community but has
limited interaction with them?
A. Complete observer B. Complete participant
C. Observer as participant D. Participant as observer
15. What is a questionnaire?
A. It is a tool for data interpretation. B. It is a tool for data evaluation.
C. It is a tool for data collection. D. It is a tool for data analysis.

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22
Pre-test LESSON 1
1. B Explore
2. B Activity 1: Answer Me!
3. B Answers may vary
4. A
5. B Activity 2: Write Me Down
6. A Answers may vary
7. D
8. A Activity 3: Quantitative or Not?
9. A 1. √
10. B 2. √
11. A 3. √
12. D 4. X
13. A 5. X
14. C 6. X
15. D 7. X
8. X
9. X
10. X
11. X
12. X
13. X
14. X
15. X
LESSON 2 Gauge
1. B
Jumpstart: Answers may vary 2. C
3. D
Explore Activity 1: Look and Explain Me! 4. A
Answers may vary 5. A
6. C
Deepen Activity 1: Present Me! 7. A
Answers may vary 8. B
9. C
LESSON 3 10. A
11. B
Jumpstart: Activity 1: What’s My Level? 12. D
Answers may vary 13. B
14. A
Explore Activity 1: What’s My Percentage? 15. C
Answers may vary
Deepen: Answers may vary
Deepen -Activity 1
Answers may vary
Deepen -Activity 2
Answers may vary
Answer Key
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References

Books:

Baraceros, Esther L. 2017. Practical Research 2 First Edition. Manila: Rex

Book Store, Inc.

Chin Uy, Ronaldo Cabauatan, Belinda de Castro, Jeanette Grajo. 2016.

Practical Research 2. Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc.

Laurentina Paler-Calmorin, Melchor A. Calmorin. 2008. Research Methods

and Thesis Writing. Manila: Rex Book Store Inc.

Ruben E. Faltado III, Medaedo B. Bombita, Helen B. Boholano, Angeline M.

Pogoy. 2016. Practical Research 2 Quantitative Research for SHS.
Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.

Website:

Research Process. (n.d.) Research Methodology. Research-Methodolog.net.

Retrieved July 22, 2020 from https://research-methodology.net/research-
methodology/research-process

Practical Research 2. Chua, Von Christopher. Retrieved July 22, 2020 from
https://mathbychua.weebly.com/practical-research-2.html

Problem Definition and Research Proposal. (n.d.) Research Methods.

ZeePedia.com. Retrieved July 22, 2020 from https://
www.zeepedia.com/research_methods

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
launion@deped.gov.ph
lrm.launion@deped.gov.ph

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