INDEX

Sr. Name Of Practical Page Date Sign.

No. No.

1 Familiarization With Various Component & Parts Of

Personal Computer

2 Assembling A Pc And Power Supplies

3 Introduction to Virus/Spyware/Worm/Trojan Horse ,

their detection, prevention and cure

4 Installation , Uninstallation And Use Of Antivirus

Software

Average Marks Obtained

Signature Of Faculty
(At the end of semester )
Remarks ( if any ) :
 1. Familiarization With Various Component & Parts Of Personal
Computer

The parts of a computer system are:

1. Monitor
2. CPU
3. Keyboard
4. Mouse
5. Speakers
6. Printer

Input Devices: Devices that help us put data into the computer are called input devices. They help in giving
instructions to the computer. Let us learn about a few input devices.

➢ Keyboard: The keyboard is used for entering data into the computer system. It can type words, numbers
and symbols.
➢ Mouse: The mouse is a pointing device. You can give input to the computer with the help of the mouse.
➢ Joystick: A joystick makes computer games a lot more fun. When it is moved, it passes information to
the computer.
➢ Microphone: A microphone is the mike that can be attached to a computer. It allows you to input sounds
like speech and songs into the computer. You can record your voice with the help of a microphone.
➢ Web Camera: A web camera is used to take live photos videos. You can save them in the computer.
➢ Scanner: A Scanner Copies pictures and pages, and turns them into images that can be saved on a
computer.
➢ Processing Device: All the inputs are stored, sorted, arranged and changed by a computer. The device
that helps a computer do so is called the processing device. The processing device in a computer is known
as Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Output Devices: The parts of a computer that help us to show the results of processing are called out
devices. Let us learn about a few output devices.

➢ Monitor: A monitor looks like a TV screen. It shows whatever you type on the keyboard or draw with
the mouse.
➢ Printer: A printer prints the results of your work from the computer screen on a sheet of paper. This is
called a printout.
➢ Speakers: The speakers are the output devices that produce different types of sounds processed by the
computer. You can listen to songs or speeches stored in the computer with the help of speakers.

Storage Devices: The parts of a computer which are used for storing data are called. Storing data are called
storage devices. They help in storing any work done on a computer permanently. Let us learn about a few
storage devices.
➢ Hard Disk: Inside the CPU there is a hard disk. It is made up of one or more metallic disks. It stores a large
amount of information.
➢ Floppy Disk: It stores small amounts small amounts of information. It works when it is inserted into the
floppy drive. The floppy drive is fixed in the CPU.
MOTHERBOARD : A motherboard is one of the most essential parts of a computer system. It holds together
many of the crucial components of a computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory and
connectors for input and output devices. The base of a motherboard consists of a very firm sheet of non-
conductive material, typically some sort of rigid plastic. Thin layers of copper or aluminium foil, referred to
as traces, are printed onto this sheet. These traces are very narrow and form the circuits between the various
components. In addition to circuits, a motherboard contains a number of sockets and slots to connect the other
components.

Parts of a Motherboard: If you were to open up your computer and take out the motherboard, you would
probably get pretty confused about all the different parts. Depending on the make and model of your computer,
it might look something like this. To understand how computers work, you don't need to know every single
part of the motherboard. However, it is good to know some of the more important parts and how the
motherboard connects the various parts of a computer system together. Here are some of the typical parts:

➢ A CPU socket - the actual CPU is directly soldered onto the socket. Since high speed CPUs generate a lot
of heat, there are heat sinks and mounting points for fans right next to the CPU socket.
➢ A power connector to distribute power to the CPU and other components.
➢ Slots for the system's main memory, typically in the form of DRAM chips.
➢ A chip forms an interface between the CPU, the main memory and other components. On many types of
motherboards, this is referred to as the Northbridge. This chip also contains a large heat sink.
➢ A second chip controls the input and output (I/O) functions. It is not connected directly to the CPU but to
the Northbridge. This I/O controller is referred to as the Southbridge. The Northbridge and Southbridge
combined are referred to as the chipset.
➢ Several connectors, which provide the physical interface between input and output devices and the
motherboard. The Southbridge handles these connections.
➢ Slots for one or more hard drives to store files. The most common types of connections are Integrated
Drive Electronics (IDE) and Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA).
➢ A read-only memory (ROM) chip, which contains the firmware, or startup instructions for the computer
system. This is also called the BIOS.
➢ A slot for a video or graphics card. There are a number of different types of slots, including the Accelerated
Graphics Port (AGP) and Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe).
➢ Additional slots to connect hardware in the form of Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slots.

Types of Motherboards: Motherboards come in different sizes, known as form factors. The most common
motherboard form factor is ATX. The different types of ATX are known as micro-ATX (sometimes shown
as µATX, mini-ATX, FlexATX, EATX, WATX, nano-ATX, pico-ATX, and mobileATX). A smaller form
factor is ITX, which comes in mini-ITX, nano-ITX, and pico-ITX sizes. Some motherboards, such as the
NLX and LPX form factors, had a riser board that attached to the smaller motherboard. Adapters go into the
slots on the riser board instead of into motherboard slots. Figure shows some of the motherboard form factors.
 The BTX form factor was intended to replace ATX. But further development of the BTX standard was
canceled in favor of propriety form factors. Within the BTX family of form factors are the smaller versions
called microBTX (sometimes shown as µBTX), nano-BTX, and pico-BTX. The WTX (for Workstation
Technology Extended) is an older form factor that is larger than ATX or BTX and was used with high-end
workstations, such as those with multiple processors and more drives.

HARD DISKS: The hard drive of a computer is a device that stores all the software installed on a computer,
as well as all the data files created and used by this software. This includes any documents you have created
and downloaded, such as photos and music. The hard drive is a form of permanent storage, rather than
temporary memory such as random-access memory (RAM). This means that when you turn off the computer,
the files remain safely stored on the drive so you can use them again the next time you start your computer.

There are two general types of hard drives: hard disk drives (HDD), which use one or more rotating discs
and rely on magnetic storage, and solid-state drives (SSD), which have no moving mechanical parts, but use
flash memory like the kind found in USB flash drives. If you have a regular desktop computer, you most likely
have a hard disk drive. Solid-state drives are more typical for high-end, expensive laptops.Every computer has
at least one internal hard drive to store software and data. If you are using a Windows operating system, this
drive is typically called the C drive. If you are using a Mac, it is just called the hard drive. If you need extra
storage capacity, you can install additional internal hard drives or connect separate external hard drives.
TYPES OF HARD DISK There are three types of hard disk:
i. Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)
ii. Serial ATA (SATA)
iii. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
PATA: These were the first types of hard disk drives and they made use of the Parallel ATA interface standard
to connect to computers. These types of drives are the ones we refer to as Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
and Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE) drives.These PATA drives were introduced by Western
Digital back in 1986. They provided a common drive interface technology for connecting hard drives and
other devices to computers. Data transfer rate can go up to 133MB/s and a maximum of 2 devices can be
connected to a drive channel.Most of the motherboards have a provision of two channels, thus a total of 4
EIDE devices can be connected internally. They make use of a 40 or 80 wire ribbon cable transferring multiple
bits of data simultaneously in parallel. These drives store data by the use of magnetism. The internal structure
is one made of mechanical moving parts. They have been superseded by serial ATA.
SATA: These hard drives have replaced the PATA drives in desktop and laptop computers. The main physical
difference between the two is the interface, although their method of connecting to a computer is the same.
Here are some advantages of SATA Hard Disk Drives. Worth noting is that their capacities vary a lot and so
does the prices. When buying a disk drive, you need to know its storage capacity and how much storage you
want.
• SATA drives can transfer data faster than PATA types by using serial signaling technology.
• SATA cables are thinner and more flexible than PATA cables.
• They have a 7-pin data connection, with cable limit of 1 meter.
• Disks do not share bandwidth because there is only one disk drive allowed per SATA controller chip on
the computer motherboard.
• They consume less power. They only require 250 mV as opposed to 5V for PATA.
Small Computer System Interface: These are quite similar to IDE hard drives but they make use of the
Small Computer System Interface to connect to the computer. SCSI drives can be connected internally or
externally. Devices that are connected in a SCSI have to be terminated at the end. Here are some of their
advantages.
• They are faster.
• They are very reliable.
• Good for 24/7 operations.
• Have a better scalability and flexibility in arrays.
• Well-adapted for storing and moving large amounts of data.
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE: A floppy disk drive (FDD), or floppy drive, is a hardware device that reads data
storage information. It was invented in 1967 by a team at IBM and was one of the first types of hardware
storage that could read/write a portable device. FDDs are used for reading and writing on
removable floppy discs.

CD-ROM Drive: Also called a CD-ROM player, it is a device that can read information from a CD-ROM.
CD-ROM drives can be either internal, in which case they fit in a bay, or external, in which case they generally
connect to the computer's SCSI interface or parallel port. Parallel CD-ROM players are easier to install, but
they have several disadvantages: They're somewhat more expensive than internal players, they use up the
parallel port which means that you can't use that port for another device such as a printer, and the parallel port
itself may not be fast enough to handle all the data pouring through it.
DVD: It is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed in 1995. The medium can store any
kind of digital data and is widely used for software and other computer files as well as video programs watched
using DVD players. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same
dimensions. Prerecorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto
the DVD. Such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank
recordable DVD discs (DVD-R and DVD+R) can be recorded once using a DVD recorder and then function
as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVDs (DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM) can be recorded and erased
many times. DVDs are used in DVD-Video consumer digital video format and in DVD-Audio consumer
digital audio format as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a special AVCHD format to hold high
definition material (often in conjunction with AVCHD format camcorders). DVDs containing other types of
information may be referred to as DVD data discs.

KEYBOARD: A computer keyboard is one of the primary input devices used with a computer that looks
similar to those found on electric typewriters, but with some additional keys. Keyboards allow you to
input letters, numbers, and other symbols into a computer that can serve as commands or be used to type text.

QWERTY keyboard layout: Below is a close up image of a QWERTY computer keyboard with each
of the keys selectable. Hover over any of the keys below to see a description of the key and click any
of the keys to open a new page with full details about the key.

Keyboard ports and interfaces: Today, most desktop computer keyboards connect to the computer using
either USB or Bluetooth for wireless communication. Before USB, a computer may have used PS/2, serial
port, or AT (Din5) as a keyboard interface.

Types of keyboards: Today, most keyboards are similar to each other, but may be missing one or more of
the sections mentioned earlier (e.g., the keypad). Where keyboards begin to differ the most is with the
keyboard layout. While most keyboards use the QWERTY layout, there are still people who use
the DVORAK layout.

Laptop keyboards: A laptop keyboard is different from a desktop keyboard to help reduce the size
and the overall weight of the laptop. Most laptop keyboards are made smaller by placing the keys
closer to each other and not always including control keys or a keypad. For a laptop to have all the
same functions as a desktop keyboard, laptop keyboards use an Fn key that is used in conjunction
with other keys to perform special functions.
Smartphone and tablet keyboards: Today's smartphones and tablets do not come with a physical keyboard,
although it may be purchased as an optional peripheral add-on. These devices utilize a thumb keyboard or on-
screen keyboard to type messages and enter text into various fields. The image to the right shows an example
of the Apple iPhone on-screen keyboard, used on all of Apple's touch-based device.

DISPLAY DEVICE: A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual
or tactile form. When the input information that is supplied has an electrical signal, the display is called
an electronic display. A computer monitor is an output device which displays information in pictorial form.
A monitor usually comprises the display device, circuitry, casing, and power supply. ... Older monitors used
a cathode ray tube (CRT).

VARIOUS CHIPS ( memory chips and CPU ) : A memory chip is an integrated circuit made out of millions
of capacitors and transistors that can store data or can be used to process code. Memory chips can hold memory
either temporarily through random access memory (RAM), or permanently through read only memory (ROM).
Read only memory contains permanently stored data that a processor can read but cannot modify. Memory
chips comes in different sizes and shapes. Some can be connected directly while some need special drives.
Memory chips are essential components in computer and electronic devices in which memory storage plays a
key role.

There are a few different types of memory chips:

• Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips: Also known as volatile memory chips because they
lose memory once the power supply is removed. DRAM can only transmit a single line of memory
and needs to be constantly refreshed to prevent the loss of memory bits.
• Static random access memory (SRAM) chips: Non-volatile chips that are commonly used in portable
battery-powered devices. Unlike DRAM, they do not need to be refreshed and do not immediately lose
memory when the power source is disconnected.
• First in, first out (FIFO) memory chips: Mainly used when memory is being transferred between
different types of devices.
• Erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM): The memory in these chips can be erased when
exposed to ultraviolet rays. These chips can then be reprogrammed for a new set of data values.
• Programmable read only memory (PROM) memory: Differs from other programmable memory chips
as they can only be programmed once. The contents cannot be erased electronically or though
ultraviolet rays.
SERIAL AND PARALLEL PORTS: Every computer is built with tons of different ports that perform
various functions. Two of the most important types for data trans are serial ports and parallel ports.

Serial ports are generally built into the mother board, which is why the connectors behind the casing that are
connected to the mother board by a wire cable can be used to connect an exterior element. Serial connectors
generally have 9 or 25 pins and resemble the following (DB9 and DB25 connectors respectively):

A personal computer generally has between one and four serial ports.
Parallel ports data transmission involves sending data simultaneously on several channels (wires). The
parallel ports on personal computers can be used to send 8 bits (one octet) simultaneously via 8 wires.Parallel
ports, like serial ports, are built into the mother board. DB25 connectors allow for connection to an exterior
element (e.g. a printer):

USB PORTS: A USB port is a standard cable connection interface for personal computers and consumer
electronics devices. USB stands forUniversal Serial Bus, an industry standard for short-distancedigital data
communications. USB ports allow USB devices to be connected to each other with and transfer digital data
over USB cables.

FIRE WIRE: FireWire is Apple Computer's version of a standard, IEEE 1394, High Performance Serial Bus,
for connecting devices to your personal computer. FireWire provides a single plug-and-socket connection on
which up to 63 devices can be attached with data transfer speeds up to 400 Mbps (megabits per second).
External connector, similar to a USB port, that provides a high-speed connection between a computer and
peripheral devices. Firewire was developed by Apple, Inc. and is based off the standard IEEE 1394 high
performance serial bus. Firewire ports are able to transfer data at a rate of up to 400 Mbps.
BLUETOOTH: It is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-
wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.400 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices, and
building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by Dutch electrical engineer Jaap Haartsen , working for
telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables.
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 30,000 member
companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.
The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG
oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. A
manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device. A network
of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices.

DOT MATRIX AND LASER PRINTERS: A laser printer is much faster and still cheaper to operate than
an inkjet, but cannot create carbon copies and the toner cartridges are expensive even if they last a long time.
Functional difference: A dot matrix printer works like a type writer in that it has a ribbon which is struck
against the paper by a “hammer”.

MODEMS: A modem (abbreviation of modulator-demodulator), also known as a broadband termination

unit (BTU), is a hardware device that converts data so that it can be transmitted from computer to computer
over telephone wires. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce
the original digital data. Modems can be used with any means of transmitting analog signals, from light-
emitting diodes to radio. Modems are generally classified by the maximum amount of data they can send in a
given unit of time, usually expressed in bits per second (symbol bit(s), sometimes abbreviated "bps"), or bytes
per second (symbol B(s)). Modems can also be classified by their symbol rate, measured in baud. The baud
unit denotes symbols per second, or the number of times per second the modem sends a new signal. For
example, the ITU V.21 standard used audio frequency-shift keying with two possible frequencies,
corresponding to two distinct symbols (or one bit per symbol), to carry 300 bits per second using 300 baud.
By contrast, the original ITU V.22 standard, which could transmit and receive four distinct symbols (two bits
per symbol), transmitted 1,200 bits by sending 600 symbols per second (600 baud) using phase-shift keying.
CONNECTORS AND CABLES: In information science, connectors, normally called "input-output
connectors" (or I/O for short), are interfaces for linking devices by using cables. They generally have a male
end with pins protruding from it. This plug is meant to be inserted into a female part (also called a socket),
which includes holes for accommodating the pins. However, there are "hermaphroditic" plugs which can act
as either male or female plugs, and can be inserted into either one. The pins and holes in connectors are usually
linked to the electric wires which form the cable. The pin layout describes which pins couple with which
wires. Each numbered pin generally corresponds to a wire within the cable, but sometimes one of the pins is
left unused. Additionally, in some cases, two pins may be linked to one another; this is called a "bridge."
The computer's motherboard has a certain number of input-output connectors located on the "rear panel."
Most motherboards have the following connectors:
• Serial port, which uses a DB9 connector, for connecting older devices;
• Parallel port, which uses a DB25 connector, mainly for connecting old printers;
• USB ports (1.1, low-speed, or 2.0, high-speed), for connecting more recent peripherals;
• RJ45 connector (called the LAN port or Ethernet port), for connecting the computer to a network. It
interfaces with a network card built into the motherboard.
• VGA connector (called SUB-D15), used for hooking up a monitor. This connector interfaces with the built-
in graphics card;
• Jacks (Line-In, Line-Out and microphone), for connecting speakers or a hi-fi sound system, as well as a
microphone. This connector interfaces with the built-in sound card.
 2. ASSEMBLING A PC AND POWER SUPPLIES
How to Assemble a Basic Desktop PC:- This set of instructions will help you assemble a basic computer
capable of running most modern software packages encountered by a casual user. Modern computers become
more affordable when users supplement their monetary investment with a few hours of effort. This computer
build will be very basic and will be the minimum hardware necessary to have a functional system. After you
have all of the parts and materials needed, it will take between 2 and 4 hours to assemble your computer and
you will need to be able to use simple hand tools, such as a screwdriver and a pair of pliers.
Step 1: Procuring Parts

➢ First you will need to buy the parts necessary to build the computer. The parts we will use in this project
are labelled in figure 1:
1. Processor (CPU)
2. Computer Case
3. Optical Drive (DVD RW and SATA capable)
4. Memory (RAM)
5. Power Supply
6. SATA Cables
7. Motherboard (SATA Capable)
8. Processor Fan
9. Case Fan
10. Hard Drive (SATA Capable)
11. Assortment of case and drive screws (Not Pictured)
12. Flowers (necessary if you are invading the space of your significant other)
➢ Most, if not all of these parts can be bought together in what is known as a “barebones kit”. In this
instance, the case, motherboard, cpu, hard drive, and memory were bought together from tigerdirect.com
as a barebones kit for around $200. The DVD drive and cables were purchased from newegg.com for
less than $30 before shipping. There is an obvious financial advantage to buying parts bundled together,
but less obvious is the benefit you will realize from the amount of time you save trying to research parts
compatibility.

Step 2: Gather Tools and Supplies

 Gather the tools you will need for the project:
• Screwdriver (for slotted and Phillips head screws)
• Wire cutters and strippers
• Needle-nosed pliers
• Utility knife
• Small flashlight
• Adjustable wrench
• Small container to hold screws
• Heat sink compound
• Grounding Strap
You may not use every single one of these tools in every installation, but it is best to have all of them on
hand in case you have a use for them.
Warning: Using incorrect tools for a task (such as turning a screw with a knife blade) can cause equipment
damage and bodily injury.
Step 3: Open the Case

Open the computer case by removing the side panels. Find the screws that hold the side panels in place and
remove them (shown in figure 3 circled in red). The panel is removed by first sliding it back (figure 4) then
lifting it away from the case (figure 5).
Warning: Case may have sharp edges. Handle with care to avoid injury.

Step 4: Prepare the Case for Assembly

Three things need to be done before assembly begins:

• Remove any parts or packaging materials that may have been shipped inside the case (figure 6).
• Remove the cover for the optical drive. On our case, we will be removing the cover on the highest drive
bay to mount our DVD drive as shown in figure 7. Do this by pressing in the retaining tabs shown in figure
8.
• Make note of the cables pre-installed in the case. These should be front panel connections for features such
as the power switch, audio jacks and usb ports. If they are not labeled, consult the manufacturer’s
documentation and label them yourself now before other parts are installed in the case (figure 8).
Step 5: Ground Yourself
 Put the grounding strap on your wrist (Figure 10) and connect the other end to the computer case. If your strap
is not equipped with a clip to hook to the case, find a place to wedge against the metal as shown in figure 11.
This will prevent any buildup of static electricity on your body from damaging the computer components.
Caution:Static electricity can ruin computer components. Always wear a grounding strap when handling any
internal components.
Step 6: Install Motherboard

To install the motherboard we need parts that should have been included with your purchased components:
I/O Bezel is a trim panel installed in the back of the case that surrounds the interface ports on the motherboard.
It should be included with the motherboard. Figure 12 shows the contents of the motherboard box.
Standoffs are installed in the case screw holes to create a riser that separates the case and motherboard. The
screws install into the standoffs as shown in figure 13. Screws and standoffs should be included with the case,
but it is a good idea to order these items just in case they aren't included.
Follow these steps to install the motherboard in the case:
Install the I/O bezel plate into the opening in the back of the case (figure 14). It pushes in from the inside.
1. Install standoffs in the case. The standoffs screw into the motherboard mounting holes shown in figure 14.
Check the screw hole locations on the motherboard for exact placement.
2. Lower the motherboard into the case and align with the I/O bezel.
3. Install the screws.
Figure 15 shows the motherboard installed in the case. It works best to leave the screws loose until all of them
have been started and the board is aligned with the bezel.
Caution: To prevent damage to the motherboard it must only contact the standoffs and screws. All of the
standoffs and screws must be installed.
Step 7: Install Hard Drive

The hard drive is the device that stores all of your data. It is 3.5" wide and needs to be mounted so that you
can gain access to the cable connections on the back (figure 16). If that is not possible you may need to
connect cables before you install the drive. To mount the drive:
1. Find a 3.5" drive bay to install the drive in. If you have trouble finding a place to mount the drive consult
your case documentation for suggestions.
2.Slide the drive into place until the screw holes on the sides are lined up with the holes in the case.
3.Install the screws.

Step 8: Install Optical Drive

The optical drive is 5.25" wide and is installed in the drive bay that we removed the cover from in a previous
step. Cable access considerations apply to this drive also. To install the drive:
1.Slide the drive into the drive bay until the screw holes are lined up and the front of the drive is flush with
the front of the case (figure 18). Make sure that it is orientated correctly.
2.Install the screws.
Step 9: Install the CPU

The CPU is the brain of the computer. It is installed on the motherboard in the socket shown in figure 20.To
install the CPU:
1. Find the corner marking that designates pin 1 of the CPU as shown in figure 19. On this AMD brand
processor, the corner is marked with an arrow. Consult the manufacturer's documentation for specific
information about your processor.
2. Lift the small metal rod next to the socket as shown in figure 20.
3. Find the corresponding marking on the CPU socket and insert the CPU so that the markings are lined up.
Push the rod down to lock the processor in place (figure 21).
Step 10: Install RAM

The RAM is the temporary memory location that the processor works from. Permanently stored data is
pulled from disks and stored in RAM while the processor works with it. The memory is easy to install:
1.Set the RAM board in the socket as shown in figure 22. Check to see that the notch in the board is in the
correct location. If it is not, turn it around 180º.
2.Press firmly on both ends of the board to set it into the socket. Make sure the tabs lock into place as shown
in figure 23.
 Caution: Pressing the boards in when the tab is not aligned could cause damage to the RAM boards as well
as the motherboard.
Step 11: Install the CPU Fan

The CPU fan is really a combination of a heat sink and fan together. The unit draws heat away from the
CPU . To install the fan:
1. Place thermal compound to the CPU following the instructions provided with the compound.
2. Set the fan assembly on the CPU with mounting tabs aligned.
3.Pull the locking rod down on the fan assembly to lock into place.
4.Connect the fan assembly's power connector to the motherboard. Consult the manual to determine proper
placement.
Caution: Failure to apply thermal compound will result in insufficient cooling and will cause damage to the
CPU and/or motherboard.
1.Align the mounting holes by holding the fan to the mounting pad on the inside of the case as shown in
figure 25. The fan needs to be mounted so that it blows air out of the case.
2.Insert the screws from the outside of the case and tighten.
Step 13: Install Power Supply

1. Align the mounting holes in the case and power supply as shown in figure 26.
2. Insert screws and tighten.
Step 14: Connect Cables

With all of the components installed in the case, the jungle of wires can be daunting. It is important to consult
the motherboard manual in order to make sure proper connections are made. There are two kinds of
connections, power and data. Every device that has been installed needs power. In figure 27, the power supply
connectors are shown. The motherboard has two power connections, and there are two connectors specifically
for SATA devices (drives). The other connectors will run fans and other non-SATA devices.
• Data cables connect drives and front panel devices to the motherboard. Please consult the motherboard
documentation for the exact placement of connectors.
Warning: Incorrect connections can damage components and cause bodily injury.

Step 15: Wrap-up

INTRODUCTION TO PC POWER SUPPLY: A power supply unit (or PSU) converts mains AC to low-
voltage regulated DC power for the internal components of a computer. Modern personal computers
universally use switched-mode power supplies. Some power supplies have a manual switch for selecting input
voltage, while others automatically adapt to the mains voltage. Most modern desktop personal computer power
supplies conform to the ATX specification, which includes form factor and voltage tolerances. While an ATX
power supply is connected to the mains supply, it always provides a 5 Volt standby (5VSB) voltage so that
the standby functions on the computer and certain peripherals are powered. ATX power supplies are turned
on and off by a signal from the motherboard. They also provide a signal to the motherboard to indicate when
the DC voltages are in spec, so that the computer is able to safely power up and boot. The most recent ATX
PSU standard is version 2.31 as of mid-2

Function: The desktop computer power supply changes alternating current from a wall socket to low-voltage
direct current to operate the processor and peripheral devices. Several direct-current voltages are required, and
they must be regulated with some accuracy to provide stable operation of the computer. A power supply
rail or voltage rail refers to a single voltage provided by a power supply unit (PSU).

Simplified circuit diagram of a typical PSU Diagram of a typical XT & AT voltage regulator circuit

Original IBM PC, XT and AT standard: The first IBM PC power supply unit (PSU) supplied two main
voltages: +5 V and +12 V. It supplied two other voltages, −5 V and −12 V, but with limited amounts of power.
Most microchips of the time operated on 5 V power. Of the 63.5 W these PSUs could deliver, most of it was
on this +5 V rail. The +12 V supply was used primarily to operate motors such as in disk drives and cooling
fans. As more peripherals were added, more power was delivered on the 12 V rail. However, since most of
the power is consumed by chips, the 5 V rail still delivered most of the power. The −12 V rail was used
primarily to provide the negative supply voltage to the RS-232 serial ports. A −5 V rail was provided for
peripherals on the ISA bus (such as soundcards), but was not used by the motherboard. An additional wire
referred to as 'Power Good' is used to prevent digital circuitry operation during the initial milliseconds of
power supply turn-on, where output voltages and currents are rising but not yet sufficient or stable for proper
device operation. Once the output power is ready to use, the Power Good signal tells the digital circuitry that
it can begin to operate.

ATX standard: When Intel developed the ATX standard power supply connector (published in 1995),
microchips operating on 3.3 V were becoming more popular, beginning with the Intel
80486DX4 microprocessor in 1994, and the ATX standard supplies three positive rails: +3.3 V, +5 V, and
+12 V. Earlier computers requiring 3.3 V typically derived that from a simple but inefficient linear regulator
connected to the +5 V rail. It provides multiple wires and power connections for the 3.3 V supply, because it
is most sensitive to voltage drop in the supply connections. Another ATX addition was the +5 V SB (standby)
rail for providing a small amount of standby power, even when the computer was nominally "off". There are
two basic differences between AT and ATX power supplies: the connectors that provide power to the
motherboard, and the soft switch. In ATX-style systems, the front-panel power switch provides only a control
signal to the power supply and does not switch the mains AC voltage. This low-voltage control allows other
hardware or software to turn the system on and off.

ATX12V standard: As transistors become smaller on chips, it becomes preferable to operate them on lower
supply voltages, and the lowest supply voltage is often desired by the densest chip, the central processing unit.
In order to supply large amounts of low-voltage power to the Pentium and subsequent microprocessors, a
special power supply, the voltage regulator module began to be included on motherboards. Newer processors
require up to 100 A at 2 V or less, which is impractical to deliver from off-board power supplies.

Entry-Level Power Supply Specification: It is a power supply unit meant for high-power-consumption
computers and entry-level servers. Developed by the Server System Infrastructure (SSI) forum, a group of
companies including Intel, Dell, Hewlett-Packard and others, that works on server standards, the EPS form
factor is a derivative of the ATX form factor. The latest specification is v2.93.The EPS standard provides a
more powerful and stable environment for critical server-based systems and applications. EPS power supplies
have a 24-pin motherboard power connector and an eight-pin +12 V connector. The standard also specifies
two additional four-pin 12 V connectors for more power-hungry boards (one required on 700–800 W PSUs,
both required on 850 W+ PSUs). EPS power supplies are in principle compatible with
standard ATX or ATX12V motherboards found in homes and offices but there may be mechanical issues
where the 12 V connector and in the case of older boards the main connector overhang the sockets.[8] Many
PSU vendors use connectors where the extra sections can be unclipped to avoid this issue. As with later
versions of the ATX PSU standard, there is also no −5 V rail.
12 V–only supplies

Since 2011, Fujitsu and other tier-1 manufacturers[15] have been manufacturing systems containing
motherboard variants that require only a 12 V supply from a custom-made PSU, which is typically rated at
250–300 W. DC-DC conversion, providing 5 V and 3.3 V, is done on the motherboard; the proposal is that
5 V and 12 V supply for other devices, such as HDDs, will be picked up at the motherboard rather than from
the PSU itself, although this does not appear to be fully implemented as of January 2012.
The reasons given for this approach to power supply are that it eliminates cross-load problems, simplifies and
reduces internal wiring that can affect airflow and cooling, reduces costs, increases power supply efficiency,
and reduces noise by bringing the power supply fan speed under the control of the motherboard.
Connectors: Typically, power supplies have the following connectors (all are Molex (USA) Inc Mini-Fit Jr,
unless otherwise indicated):
• PC Main power connector (usually called P1): This is the connector that goes to the motherboard to
provide it with power. The connector has 20 or 24 pins. One of the pins belongs to the PS-ON wire (it is
usually green). This connector is the largest of all the connectors. In older AT power supplies, this
connector was split in two: P8 and P9. A power supply with a 24-pin connector can be used on a
motherboard with a 20-pin connector. In cases where the motherboard has a 24-pin connector, some power
supplies come with two connectors (one with 20-pin and other with 4-pin) which can be used together to
form the 24-pin connector.
• 12V only power connector (labelled P1, though it is not compatible with the ATX 20 or 24 pin connector):
This is a 16-pin Molex connector supplying the motherboard with six 12 V lines with common returns, a
'supply OK' signal, a 'PSU ON' signal and an 11 V auxiliary supply. One pin is left unused.[25]
• 12V only System monitoring (P10): This is a 171822-8 AMP or equivalent connector carrying a supply
to the PSU fan and sense returns.[25]
• ATX12V 4-pin power connector (also called the P4 power connector). A second connector that goes to
the motherboard (in addition to the main 24-pin connector) to supply dedicated power for the processor.
For high-end motherboards and processors, more power is required, therefore EPS12V has an 8-pin
connector.
 3. Introduction to Virus/Spyware/Worm/Trojan Horse , their detection,
prevention and cure
Virus :- Virus is a program written to enter to your computer and damage/alter your files/data. A virus might
corrupt or delete data on your computer. Viruses can also replicate themselves. A computer Virus is more
dangerous than a computer worm as it makes changes or deletes your files while worms only replicates itself
with out making changes to your files/data.
Examples of virus are: - W32.Sfc!mod ABAP.Rivpas.A Accept.3773
Viruses can enter to your computer as an attachment of images, greeting, or audio / video files. Viruses also
enters through downloads on the Internet. They can be hidden in a free/trial softwares or other files that you
download.
So before you download anything from internet be sure about it first. Almost all viruses are attached to an
executable file, which means the virus may exist on your computer but it actually cannot infect your computer
unless you run or open the malicious program. It is important to note that a virus cannot be spread without a
human action, such as running an infected program to keep it going.
Virus is of different types which are as follows.
• File Virus:-This type of virus normally infects program files such as .exe, .com, .bat. Once this virus stays
in memory it tries to infect all programs that load on to memory.
• Macro Virus: - These type of virus infects word, excel, PowerPoint, access and other data files. Once
infected repairing of these files is very much difficult.
• Master boot record files: - MBR viruses are memory-resident viruses and copy itself to the first sector
of a storage device which is used for partition tables or OS loading programs .A MBR virus will infect
this particular area of Storage device instead of normal files. The easiest way to remove a MBR virus is to
clean the MBR area,
• Boot sector virus: - Boot sector virus infects the boot sector of a HDD or FDD. These are also memory
resident in nature. As soon as the computer starts it gets infected from the boot sector.
Cleaning this type of virus is very difficult.
• Multipartite virus: - A hybrid of Boot and Program/file viruses. They infect program files and when the
infected program is executed, these viruses infect the boot record. When you boot the computer next time
the virus from the boot record loads in memory and then start infecting other program files on disk
• Polymorphic viruses: - A virus that can encrypt its code in different ways so that it appears differently in
each infection. These viruses are more difficult to detect.
• Stealth viruses: - These types of viruses use different kind of techniques to avoid detection. They either
redirect the disk head to read another sector instead of the one in which they reside or they may alter the
reading of the infected file’s size shown in the directory listing. For example, the Whale virus adds 9216
bytes to an infected file; then the virus subtracts the same number of bytes (9216) from the size given in
the directory.

Spywares: - Spyware is a type of program that is installed with or without your permission on your personal
computers to collect information about users, their computer or browsing habits tracks each and everything
that you do without your knowledge and send it to remote user. It also can download other malicious programs
from internet and install it on the computer.Spyware works like adware but is usually a separate program that
is installed unknowingly when you install another freeware type program or application.

Worms :- Worms are malicious programs that make copies of themselves again and again on the local drive,
network shares, etc. The only purpose of the worm is to reproduce itself again and again. It doesn’t harm any
data/file on the computer. Unlike a virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Worms spread
by exploiting vulnerabilities in operating systems
Examples of worm are: - W32.SillyFDC.BBY Packed.Generic.236 W32.Troresba
Due to its replication nature it takes a lot of space in the hard drive and consumes more cpu uses which in turn
makes the pc too slow also consumes more network bandwidth.

Trojans Horse : - A Trojan horse is not a virus. It is a destructive program that looks as a genuine application.
Unlike viruses, Trojan horses do not replicate themselves but they can be just as destructive. Trojans also open
a backdoor entry to your computer which gives malicious users/programs access to your system, allowing
confidential and personal information to be theft.
Example: - JS.Debeski.Trojan
Trojan horses are broken down in classification based on how they infect the systems and the damage
caused by them. The seven main types of Trojan horses are:
• Remote Access Trojans
• Data Sending Trojans
• Destructive Trojans
• Proxy Trojans
• FTP Trojans
• security software disabler Trojans
• denial-of-service attack Trojans

Spam: - Spamming is a method of flooding the Internet with copies of the same message. Most spams are
commercial advertisements which are sent as an unwanted email to users. Spams are also known as Electronic
junk mails or junk newsgroup postings. These spam mails are very annoying as it keeps coming every day and
keeps your mailbox full.
 4. Installation, Uninstallation And Use Of Antivirus Software
Installing Software : When you purchase new software for your laptop, it may help to know that some
applications will automatically start the installation setup once you insert the software CD in the DVD/CD-
RW drive. Other packages, however, may require you to load the software from floppy disks. (Also, when
purchasing software, make sure that the package is labeled for Windows PCs, and not for Macintosh
computers.)To install software, open the Start menu and select the Run option. Type the letter of your CD
drive in the window that appears, and click on Browse. Look for the setup.exe file in the list of files that should
appear.

Uninstalling Software : To uninstall a piece of software from your laptop, first open the Start menu and select
the Control Panel option. In the Control Panel window that appears, double-click on
the Add/Remove Programs icon. An Add/Remove Programs Properties window will appear. If the software
you wish to remove appears in the list at the bottom of the window, click on the software you wish to delete
to select it, then left-click on the Add/Remove button. Follow the prompts that appear on the screen to finish
uninstalling the software.If the software you wish to uninstall does not appear in the list at the bottom of the
Add/Remove Programs Properties window, open the Start menu and select the Programs option. From the
pop-up sub-menu that appears, select the name of the software you wish to remove, and see if there's an
uninstall option available for that package. If so, click on the uninstall option and follow the prompts to finish
uninstalling the software.Still other software packages require you to re-run the program's setup/installation
procedure from the original media, in order to uninstall the software.

HOW IT WORKS

Most antivirus programs work through signature detection. The program keeps a library of malicious
programs and viruses. Whenever the software comes across a piece of suspect software, it will compare the
signature on the file to its database. If it matches a piece of malicious software, the program will act
accordingly.

While the Internet has ostensibly become a safer place (people know more than ever before about safe
surfing habits and the browsers are always trying to stay ahead of the malicious coders), there is still no
excuse for surfing the web without an antivirus program. Antivirus software is your last line of defense
against the many harmful programs out there that can destroy your computer.

Scanning Files: Most good antivirus programs come with a scanning function. With this, you can do a
thorough scan of your computer and make sure you aren't infected with anything that might be breaching
your security or causing your computer to slow down.

Removing Infections : Every antivirus program has its own ways in which it responds to threats or
viruses found on a computer. It may quarantine the infected programs in case they are not really viruses, but
rather something you need for your computer to run smoothly. Usually, it will ask the user whether or not he
wants to delete the infected programs.

Virus Protection : The main purpose of antivirus software is, of course, to protect the computer from
getting a virus. It does this by scanning downloads and attachments for viruses, and by running in the
background when the user is surfing the Internet. Should the user come across a virus, the program will warn
the user and give her the option of getting rid of it before it infects.