NMB 34103

MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM

ASSIGNMENT 5 _ MINI PROJECT

Date of Submission : 25 / 04 / 2021

Group / Semester : JANUARY 2021/ GROUP 17

No. Student Name Student ID

1. NUR FATIN FATIHAH BINTI AHMAD 50218118257

This assessment will evaluate the attainment of: PLO Marks

Design the instrument system through calculation,

CLO 3 2
practical or given problem. (C6)

Total
Table of Contents

QUESTION REVIEW ................................................................................................................................ 1

CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 5

1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 5

1.1 OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 6

2.0 METHADOLOGY.............................................................................................................................. 6

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM………………………………………………………………………………..7

2.2 LIST OF COMPONENT .................................................................................................................... 8

2.3 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT ................................................................................................... 8

2.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM ........................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 9

3.0 RESULT .............................................................................................................................................. 9

3.1 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... ……...11

CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................................12
4.0 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 12
Question Review

1. Define the temperature transducer.

A temperature transducer is employed to measure the temperature of a physical

object. Ordinarily, a transducer is nothing but transforming a physical quantity into
electrical energy. Thus, a temperature transducer is an instrument used to convert the
thermal energy of the substances into electrical form. In other words, it is a piece of
electrical equipment applied for automated measuring of temperature. The latest
purpose of the temperature transducer is to measure the heat of the material in a readable
format. The sensing element which is used in the temperature transducer must have the
properties of changing the characteristics with the variation of temperature.

2. List three examples of temperature transducers. Explain the principles of operation,

advantages, disadvantages and applications for each example.

• Thermistor

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Principle of operations Advantages Disadvantages Applications

It is a device in which • Fast response • Not suitable over • can be utilized as

resistance varies in with over a narrow a wide range of current-limiting
the temperature change. temperature temperature. devices for circuit
They are extensively range • The resistance security as
employed for the • Small in size versus replacements for
measurement of the • Low cost temperature fuses.
temperature due to their • Comparatively characteristic is • can be employed as
high sensitivity. Its large in highly non linear a heater in the
commonly comprised of temperature for • Requires automotive industry
a mixture of metallic a given change whetstone bridge to produce
oxides. in temperature circuit and additional heat
external power inside the cabin with
source for a diesel engine.
measurement

• Resistance temperature detector (RTD)

Principle of operations Advantages Disadvantages Applications

RTD’s are relatively • Most accurate • High cost • Air conditioning

high accuracy • Most stable • Somewhat and refrigeration
temperature sensors over time fragile servicing
fabricated from high- • More • Slowest response • Food Processing
purity conducting repeatable time • Stoves and grills
metals, such as copper, temperature • Low sensitivity • Textile production
platinum, or nickel, measurement to small
bound into a coil. Their temperature
electrical resistance changes
varies similarly to that
of the thermistor

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 • Thermocouple

Principle of operations Advantages Disadvantages Applications

It is a temperature
• High • Lowest accuracy • Used to test
transducers consisting of
temperature • Least stable temperatur e in the
two junctions of
operation • Least repeatable chemical plant,
different metals, such as
• Low cost • Low sensitivity petroleum plants.
constantan and copper,
• No resistance to small • Used in gas
welded together. One
lead wire temperature machines for
junction is maintained at
problems changes detecting the pilot
a fixed temperature
• Point flame.
named the cold junction,
temperature
and the other one is the
sensing
hot junction. Its
produces a voltage
generated across the
junction utilized to
measure temperature.
The producing voltage
from the thermocouple
is a function of the
temperature variations

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 3. State the comparison for each example of temperature transducer in term of measuring
range, stability, accuracy sensitivity and response time.

Example Measuring Stability Accuracy sensitivity Response time

temperature range
transducer

Temperature are between Moderate Very fast and with

Thermistor Fast between
high accuracy which is
-50℃ to 250 ℃ 0.12s to 10s
0.05℃ to 1.5 °C

Resistance
Temperature are between Best Highly accurate which
temperature Slow between 1s
detector (RTD) -200℃ to 600℃ is 0.1℃ to 1℃ to 50s

Temperatures are between Low Low accurate which is

Thermocouple Fast between
-270℃ to 1800℃ 0.5℃ to 5℃ 0.10s to 10s

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 Mini Project

Chapter 1

1.0 Introduction

The project tittle is “ Heat Sensor” which is a simple circuit that detect the temperature and
lights up the led when the temperature reaches the desired threshold. In this mini project, a
temperature transducer circuit application is designed by using a thermistor. The input of the circuit
is manipulated. Four conditions of temperature is chosen and to see how the resistance of
thermistor behaves in these difference circumstances. The output is recorded and compared to
reach the conclusion. A software is use for the circuit to go under simulation. Proteus ISIS
Schematic Capture is a software used to draw schematics and simulate the circuits in real time.
The latest purpose of the temperature transducer is to measure the heat of the material in a readable
format. So, about the purpose of conducting this mini project is to learn and understand better
about the working principle behind the temperature transducer. Besides that, it is to run the
simulation to see how the selected temperature transducer behave in a circuit. Electronic
components such as NTC 4.7k thermistor and BC 547 is used to run this project. The project is
created to help in reducing risks and apply the knowledge field of studies.

1.1 Objective

• To design and construct a heat sensor circuit that have NTC type thermistor and
led as the key components
• To understand the concept of temperature transducer.
• To apply the knowledge on the basic electrical, electronic and measurement on
the circuit design of the project.

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 Chapter 2

2.0 Methadology
Shown below are the steps taken in order to run the simulation:

1. Launch the software and choose the Proteus ISIS Schematic Capture.

2. Select the Component Mode from the left Toolbar.

3. Click “ON P” symbol from the libraries.

4. Choose and insert all the required components. The components consist of 8 components.

5. Place the components on the workspace.

6. Wire up the circuit
7. Set the variable resistor to 100% and edit the properties of the component.
8. Click on “Play” button on the bottom left to start the simulation. When start the
simulation, we increase and decrease the temperature of transducer to observe the effect
of LED and the reading of resistance of the NTC thermistor.
9. Observe the outcome and take the reading of voltage and record for comparison purposes.

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2.1 Circuit diagram

Figure 1 : Schematic of heat sensor circuit

In this circuit NPN transistor BC547 acts as a switch and it turn ON led when the
temperature rises over the threshold and turn OFF led when the temperature below the threshold.
The NTC themistor 4.7K is connected with the variable resistor and base terminal of transistor Q1.
Hence the base of Q1 gets bias through thermistor and variable resistor. Here RV1 resistance value
decides the temperature threshold. Led element is connected with battery and transistor collector
terminal. 4 pin ohmmeter is used. The 2nd and 3rd pin are connected to read the reading across the
device. If there is no temperature source are rise of temperature then the thermistor gives full
resistance the bias from battery to base terminal of transistor, when the temperature gets rise then
resistance value of thermistor gets decrease and allows bias from battery to base terminal of
transistor, then transistor gets turn ON and makes the led lights up.

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2.2 List of Components

• DC voltage supply (battery 9V)

• 10 kΩ variable resistor
• 4.7 kΩ NTC thermistor
• NPN transistor
• 2V light emitting diode (blue)
• 1µF polarized capacitor
• 4 pin ohmmeter
• Voltmeter

2.3 Description of component

• 10 kΩ variable resistor
Resistor contain three terminal and rotating contact which can be slide or rotate to adjust
the value of resistance.

• NPN transistor
Act as the switch to ON and OFF the led and consist with three terminals.

• 4.7 kΩ NTC thermistor

The resistance is inversely proportional to the temperature

2.4 Block diagram

4.7 kΩ NTC TEMPERATURE

LED SENSOR
THERMISTOR INCREASE /
DECREASE

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 CHAPTER 3

3.0 Result
The figures below is the print screen of the simulation and its shown the difference of the LED
ignition under two difference condition.

Figure 2 : The temperature of thermistor at 28℃

Figure 3 : The temperature of thermistor at 38℃

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Figure 2, with 4.499822 kΩ flows in the circuit, the LED does not turn on. Meanwhile in Figure
3, with 0.295314 kΩ flows in the circuit, it is enough to ignite the LED.

The simulation runs under 4 conditions and Table 1 shows the result of the simulation.

Temperature(°C) Resistance of LED

Thermistor(kΩ)
0 4.500068 LED doesn't turn on
28 4.499822 LED doesn't turn on
38 0.295314 LED turn on
48 0.295301 LED turn on
Table 1 : Resistance value across thermistor

By using formula Vin(RV1) = Vindc * (NTC resistance / R1 + NTC resistance) the voltage
across the Variable Resistor (RV1) can be calculated 100% of variable resistance is used, so R1
= 10kΩ

The voltage across RV1 :

At 0℃
RV1 = 9V*(4.500068 / 10+4.500068)
= 2.793 V

At 38℃
RV1 = 9V*(0.295314 / 10+0.295314)
= 0.258 V

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The graph below shows the current flowing through the main component with the temperature

Temperature VS Resistance of Thermistor

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4.500068 4.499822
Resistance of Thermistor(kΩ)

1 0.295314 0.295301

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-1
Temperature(°C)

Graph 1 : Temperature vs Resistance of thermistor

3.1 Discussion

From the experiment, we calculated the result of the resistance that flows through the main
components of the circuit which is thermistor and also across the led. The resistance is collected
before the thermistor detects heat, during the thermistor detects heat which is when the led starts
lights up and also after the thermistor detect heat, when the led not lights up. The resistance of
thermistor decrease when the temperature increase. The results is shown in the results section
above, drastic resistance drop when the thermistor temperature reach at 38℃. The temperature at
38℃, the voltage across thermistor drop but the voltage increase across LED. The light turns on
at desired temperature indicates the circuit is working properly.

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 CHAPTER 4

Conclusion

As a conclusion from our project, we designed this simple heat sensor system so that a
person with no experince in any engineering field can produce the circuit. The circuit also does
not cost a lot and it only takes a few components to produce the circuit. The main components of
the circuit is NTC thermistor, LED, and also variable resistance. The transducer that we use is
thermistor. Thermistor converts heat energy into electrical energy but in this circuit, the thermistor
converts heat energy into electrical energy then converts it into lights energy thus making the LED
produce lighting. We chose thermistor because it is a key component in our product which is a
simple heat sensor system. The experience that came with this task will definitely useful to be use
in the future when we are working as a professional in the industry.

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