SUBJECT:-SYNOPSIS ON MIMO

TITLE - MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT

ABSTRACT

MIMO( Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology using multiple antennas used for
wireless communication. MIMO technology appears in some WiFi routers,greatly inhancing
their capability over single antenna router.

MIMO uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve
communication performance.it offers significant increases in data throughput and link range
withoutCadditional bandwidth or transmit power. It achieves this by higher spectral efficiency
(more bits persecond per hertz of bandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading).

MIMO is important part of morden wireless communication standards such as IEEE

802.11n and WiMax etc.MIMO makes antennas work smarter by enabling them to combine data
streams arriving from different paths and at different times to effectively increase receiver
signal-capturing power.

Smart antennas use spatial diversity technology, which puts surplus antennas to good use.
If there are more antennas than spatial streams, as in a 2x3 (two transmitting, three receiving)
antenna configuration, then the third antenna can add receiver diversity and increase range.

MIMO based on main spatial multiplexing principle Spatial Multiplexing : It is a

transmission techniqueto transmit independent and separately
 INTRODUCTION
In the field of wireless communications, MIMO systems have enabled a huge step forward
since they can increase significantly both the coverage and the capacity of cellular systems. The
technology is developing very fast and is already present in several standards
Digital communication using MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output), sometimes called a
\volume to volume" wireless link, has recently emerged as one of the most signi_cant technical
breakthroughs in modern communications.

The technology _gures prominently on the list of recent technical advances

with a chance of resolving the bottleneck of tra_c capacity in future Internet-intensive wireless
networks.Perhaps even more surprising is that just a few years after its invention the technology
seems poised to penetrate large-scale standards-driven commercial wireless products and
networks such as broadband wireless access systems, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN),
3G1 networks and beyond.

MIMO systems can be de_ned simply. Given an arbitrary wireless communication

system, we consider a link for which the transmitting end as well as the receiving end is
equipped with multiple antenna elements. Such a setup is illustrated in Fig. 1.
The idea behind MIMO is that the signals on the transmit (TX) antennas at one end and
the receive (RX) antennas at the other end are "combined"
in such a way that the quality (Bit Error Rate or BER) or the data rate (bits/sec) of the
communication for each MIMO user will be improved. Such an advantage can be used to
increase both the network's quality of service and the operator's revenues signi_cantly.

A core idea in MIMO systems is space-time signal processing in which time (the natural
dimension of digital communication data) is complemented with the spatial dimension inherent
in the use of multiple spatially distributed antennas. As such MIMO systems can be viewed as an
extension of the so-called smart antennas, a popular technology using antenna arrays for
improving wireless transmission dating
back several decades.

A key feature of MIMO systems is the ability to turn multipath propagation, traditionally
a pitfall of wireless transmission, into a bene_t for the user.
 LITERATURE SURVEY
In literature, physical models can be distinguished into deterministic models and
geometry-based stochastic channel models. Deterministic models (such as ray-tracing and
recording impulse response models) begin by creating an artificial environment. The channel
response can be consequently calculated for simulation purposes. But in this case, the calculation
time is considerable high.

Geometry-based stochastic channel models (GSCM) consider that the channel

response is carried out by respecting the characteristic of wave propagation, both site-specific
Tx-Rx environments, and scattering mechanism. All parameters are statistically defined to
closely match the measured channel observation. The channel response can be rapidly computed
for a single-bounce, double-bounce or multi-bounce scattering mechanism. Analytical channel
models can be further illustrated into correlation-based models, statistical cluster models, and
propagation-based models.

- Correlation-based models contain the Tx and Rx correlations overall channel matrixes. For
example, the kronecker model assumes that the channel correlation is a product of the
correlations at the transmitter and receiver sides.

- Statistical cluster models determine physical parameters in a random manner without referring
to the geometry of a physical medium. For example, Saleh-Valenzuela model uses two
exponentially decaying amplitudes varying in time and distance of the clusters, while increasing
delay time with the assumptions that the direction of departure (DOD) and the angle of arrival
(DOA) are independent and identically distributed.

- Propagation-based models are such as keyhole channel models, finite scattered model,
maximum entropy model, virtual channel representation . . . etc.
 DESCRIPTION

A MIMO system typically consists of m transmit and n receive antennas. A

ompressed digital source in the form of a binary data stream is fed to a simplified transmitting
block encompassing the functions of error control coding and mapping to complex modulation
symbols (QPSK, M-QAM, etc.).

The latter produces several separate symbol streams which range from independent to
partially redundant to fully redundant. Each is then mapped onto one of the multiple TX
antennas. After upward frequency conversion, filtering and amplification, the signals are
launched into the wireless channel. At the receiver, the signals are captured by possibly multiple
antennas and demodulation and de-mapping operations are performed to recover the message.

The level of intelligence, complexity, and a priori channel knowledge used in selecting
the coding and antenna mapping algorithms can vary a great deal depending on the application.
This determines the class and performance of the multi-antenna solution that is implemented.

MIMO systems are defined by Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing. Spatial
Multiplexing can provide a higher capacity but no better signal quality. Instead of improving
signal quality, Spatial Multiplexing decreases it. Spatial Diversity improves the signal quality
and achieves a higher signal-to noise ratio at the receiver-side.

Spatial Multiplexing
The transmission of multiple data streams over more than one antenna is called Spatial
Multiplexing. There are two types, which have to be taken into account.

- The first type is V-BLAST (Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time), which transmits
spatial un-coded data streams without any consideration in equalizing the signal at the receiver.

- The second one is realized by Space-Time Codes.

In contrast to V-BLAST, Space-Time Codes deliver orthogonal and thereby independent

data streams. The V-BLAST method is not able to separate the streams so that multi-stream
interferences (MSI) can appear. That makes the transmission unsteady and forward error coding
is not always able to resolve this issue. The detection of a space-time-coded signal is based on a
simple linear process and achieves reasonable results.

The advantage of Spatial Multiplexing is linear capacity gain in relation to the number of
transmit antennas. The advantage of Spatial Multiplexing is linear capacity gain in relation to the
number of transmit antennas.
MIMO channel modeling

Many different Multiple-input multiple-output channel models have been proposed in the
last years. MIMO channel models can be classified as physical and analytical models as shown in
Figure 6. On the one hand, physical channel models focus on the characteristics of an environment
and the electromagnetic wave propagation between the transmitter and the receiver, also they
consider the antenna configurations at both ends.
On the other hand, analytical models do not provide the site-specific descriptions so that they
do not take into account the wave propagation characteristics. The model impulse response is
mathematically generated and related to the statistical properties of the propagation environment.
However, due to its simplicity, an analytical channel model is very useful for producing MIMO
channel matrix for different kind of communication systems.

Figure 6 MIMO channels and communication models

 Antenna Systems

Antenna technologies are the key in increasing the network capacity. It started with sectorized
antennas. These antennas illuminate 60 or 120 degrees and operate as one cell. In GSM the capacity
can be trebled, by 120 degree antennas. Adaptive antenna arrays intensify spatial multiplexing using
narrow beams.

Smart Antennas belong to adaptive antenna arrays but differ in its smart DoA (Direction of
Arrival) estimation. Independent of any supported feedback and transparent to the user terminal,
Smart Antennas can form a user-specific beam. Optional feedback can reduce complexity of the
array system.

MIMO Systems normally require feedback and are not transparent to the user. Beamforming is
the method used to create the radiation pattern of an antenna array. It can be applied in all antenna
array systems as well as MIMO Systems Smart Antennas are divided into two groups: - Phased
Array Systems (Switched Beamforming) with a finite number of fixed predefined patterns - Adaptive
Array Systems (AAS) (Adaptive Beamforming) with an infinite number of patterns adjusted to the
scenario in real time.
 APPLICATIONS
The IEEE 802.11n standard recommends MIMO-OFDM ( Orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing ).
MIMO is also used in mobile radio techniques such as recent 3GPP and 3GPP2 standard.

• WLAN – WiFi 802.11n

• Mesh Networks (e.g., MuniWireless)
• WMAN – WiMAX 802.16e
• 4G
• RFID
• Digital Home
 CONCLUSION
The major features of MIMO links for use in future wireless networks. Information
theory reveals the great capacity gains which can be realized from MIMO. Whether we achieve
this fully or at least partially in practice depends on a sensible design of transmit and receive
signal processing algorithms.

It is clear that the success of MIMO algorithm integration into commercial standards such
as 3G, WLAN, and beyond will rely on a fine compromise between rate maximization
(BLAST type) and diversity (space–time coding) solutions,also including the ability to adapt to
the time changing nature of the wireless channel using some form of (at least partial)
feedback. To this end more progress in modeling, not only the MIMO channel but its specific
dynamics, will be required.

As newand more specific channel models are being proposed it will useful to see how those
can affect the performance tradeoffs between existing transmission algorithms and whether new
algorithms,tailored to specific models, can be developed. Finally,upcoming trials and
performance measurements in specific deployment conditions will be key to evaluate precisely
the overall benefits of MIMO systems in real-world wireless scenarios suchas UMTS.
REFERANCES