This document discusses spread spectrum signals for digital communication. Spread spectrum modulation spreads the signal across a wide frequency band by modulating it with a pseudorandom code. This provides advantages like increased security, preventing jamming, and allowing multiple users to share the same channel. There are three main types of spread spectrum: direct sequence, time hopping, and frequency hopping. Frequency hopping spread spectrum transmits data by modulating a carrier frequency that is then randomly changed or "hopped" between different frequencies. Slow frequency hopping transmits multiple symbols per hop while fast frequency hopping transmits portions of a single symbol across multiple hops.
This document discusses spread spectrum signals for digital communication. Spread spectrum modulation spreads the signal across a wide frequency band by modulating it with a pseudorandom code. This provides advantages like increased security, preventing jamming, and allowing multiple users to share the same channel. There are three main types of spread spectrum: direct sequence, time hopping, and frequency hopping. Frequency hopping spread spectrum transmits data by modulating a carrier frequency that is then randomly changed or "hopped" between different frequencies. Slow frequency hopping transmits multiple symbols per hop while fast frequency hopping transmits portions of a single symbol across multiple hops.
This document discusses spread spectrum signals for digital communication. Spread spectrum modulation spreads the signal across a wide frequency band by modulating it with a pseudorandom code. This provides advantages like increased security, preventing jamming, and allowing multiple users to share the same channel. There are three main types of spread spectrum: direct sequence, time hopping, and frequency hopping. Frequency hopping spread spectrum transmits data by modulating a carrier frequency that is then randomly changed or "hopped" between different frequencies. Slow frequency hopping transmits multiple symbols per hop while fast frequency hopping transmits portions of a single symbol across multiple hops.
This document discusses spread spectrum signals for digital communication. Spread spectrum modulation spreads the signal across a wide frequency band by modulating it with a pseudorandom code. This provides advantages like increased security, preventing jamming, and allowing multiple users to share the same channel. There are three main types of spread spectrum: direct sequence, time hopping, and frequency hopping. Frequency hopping spread spectrum transmits data by modulating a carrier frequency that is then randomly changed or "hopped" between different frequencies. Slow frequency hopping transmits multiple symbols per hop while fast frequency hopping transmits portions of a single symbol across multiple hops.
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UNIT 7
SPREAD SPECTRUM SIGNALS
FOR DIGITAL COMMUNICATION:
What is Spread Spectrum
signal? In communication till now we had discussed how to utilize the channel BW efficiently & how to minimize the amount of transmitted power? But beside this some other problems are there they are as follows: 1. Security 2. Jam the transmission by others 3. Same channel is used by others
Remedy: SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION It uses some kind of coding ,spreading at transmitter & despreading at the receiver obtained with the code word Code word is independent of the information carried by the signal SS signal is pseudorandom in nature Specially designed receiver is required
Advantages & Disadvantages:
Classification:
Model of Spread Spectrum Digital
Communication:
Informatio Channe n seq l Encode r
Spread spectrum signal Modulat or
Pseudorando m pattern generator
Transmit ter
Channe l
Demod ulator
Channe Outpu l Decode r
Pseudorando m pattern generator
Receiv er
Direct Sequence:
Time Hopped spread
spectrum:
Frequency Hopping spread spectrum:
Idealized model of baseband spread
spectrum system:
Waveforms in the transmitter of DSSS
Power Spectral Density:
PSD after Despreading:
DSSS with Coherent BPSK:
Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum
(FH-SS) System:
Data is used to modulate a carrier
The data modulated carrier is then randomly hopped from one frequency to other Due to this spectrum of transmitted signal is spread sequentially rather than instantaneously M-ary fsk is known as FH/MFSK Based on rate of hopping FH/MFSK system has been classified into two categories
Slow frequency hopping:
Each frequency hop=several symbols 2. Fast frequency hopping: Each symbol Transmission=Several frequency hop . Frequency shifted every T seconds c 1.
Duration of signal element is Ts seconds
Slow FHSS has Tc Ts
Fast FHSS has Tc < Ts
Generally fast FHSS gives improved performance
in noise (or jamming)
Basic Operation:
Typically 2k carriers frequencies forming
2k channels Channel spacing corresponds with bandwidth of input
FHSS Example:
FHSS Transmitter:
FHSS Receiver:
Slow Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum
Using MFSK (M=4, k=2):
Fast Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum
Using MFSK (M=4, k=2):
Chip Rate(Rc):
Individual tone of shortest duration is
defined as a chip in FHSS Rc=max(Rh ,Rs) where Rh-hop rate Rs-symbol rate
Rc is higher than Rh or Rs for slow
frequency hopping Rc = Rs = (Rb/K)>= Rh Where K=log2(M) or M=2^K
Process Gain: PG=BW(spread spectrum)/BW(unspread signal) BW(spread spectrum)=2^n*fs BW(unspread signal)=fs PG=2^n n is no of bits at the output of PN code generator
Difference: Slow Frequency Hopping
Fast Frequency Hopping
1) More than one symbols are
transmitted per frequency hop
1) More than one frequency hops
are required to transmit one symbol
2) Chip rate is equal to symbol
rate
2) Chip rate is equal to hop rate
3) Symbol rate is higher than hop 3) Hop rate is higher than symbol rate rate 4) Same carrier frequency is used 4) One symbol is transmitted to transmit one or more symbols over multiple carriers in different hops 5) A jammer can detect this signal if the carrier frequency in one hop is known
5) A jammer cant detect this
signal because one symbol is transmitted using more than one
