11

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
QUARTER 1 – MODULE 1
CELL THEORY AND CELL STRUCTURES
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – GRADE 11
QUARTER 1 – MODULE 1: CELL THEORY AND CELL STRUCTURES

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein
the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office
may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted
to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The
publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Sarah Kimberly F. Lamadrid

Editors: EXCELSA F. BUAN

Reviewers: DR. NOEL V. IBIS, EPS / DARCY GUY Y. MAÑEBO, EPS

Illustrator: Sarah Kimberly F. Lamadrid

Layout Artist: Sarah Kimberly F. Lamadrid

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – GRADE 11
QUARTER 1 – MODULE 1: CELL THEORY AND CELL STRUCTURES

I. Introduction

Cells are the basic, fundamental unit of life. So, if we were to break apart an organism to
the cellular level, the smallest independent component that we would find would be the cell.
In this module you are going to learn about the cell theory and the functions of different cell
structures.

II. Objectives

At the end of this module, the learners should be to demonstrate understanding of the
cell theory and the cell structure and functions.

Specific Objectives:

a. Explain the postulates of the cell theory.

b. Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles.

c. Recognize the importance of each organelle in sustaining life.

III. Vocabulary List

1. Cell - the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living organisms
2. Eukaryotic cell – cell that contain nucleus and organelles that are enclosed by a plasma
membrane.

3. Prokaryotic cells – they are single-celled microorganisms that have no true nucleus and
membrane bound organelles

4. Organelle – a tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within the cell.

5. Nucleus (major organelle) - holds genetic information necessary for reproduction and cell
growth

6. Mitochondria - a double membrane-bound organelle is mainly responsible for the energy

transactions vital for the survival of the cell.

7. Lysosomes - digest unwanted materials in the cell.

8. Endoplasmic reticulum - plays a significant role in the internal organization of the cell by
synthesizing selective molecules and processing, directing and sorting them to their
appropriate locations.

9. Golgi bodies - it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell

10. Chloroplasts - the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment
chlorophyll.

11. Vacuoles- stores food, water, and other waste materials in the cell

12. Centriole - involved in cell division. They give orientation to the ‘mitotic spindle’ which
forms during cell division

IV. PRE- TEST Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which one of the following is not found in prokaryotic cells?

A) ribosomes B) a membrane-bound nucleus
C) a cell wall D) a capsule
2. The nucleus of a cell
A) is the region of the cell where ribosomes are degraded.
B) contains DNA and controls cell activities
C) is contained inside the nucleolus.
D) is surrounded by a single layer of membrane
3. The function of mitochondria is
A) Intracellular transport of proteins. B) Photosynthesis.
C) Intracellular digestion. D) Cellular respiration (ATP synthesis)
4. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of
A) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them.
B) a phospholipid single layer with embedded proteins
C) a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
5. What is the primary structural difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and
smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
a. The letter "S" and the letter "R" b. the presence and absence of vesicle
c. the presence or absence of DNA d. the presence or absence of ribosomes

V. Learning Activities

1. THE CELL THEORY

1.1 Landmarks in the study of a cell
Soon after Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope, Robert Hooke in 1665
observed a piece of cork under the microscope and found it to be made of small
compartments which he called “cells” (Latin cell = small room). In 1672, Leeuwenhoek
observed bacteria, sperms and red blood corpuscles, all of which were cells. Much later, in
1831, Robert Brown, an Englishman observed that all cells had a centrally positioned body
which he termed the nucleus.

1.2 The cell theory

In 1838 M.J. Schleiden and Theodore Schwann formulated the “cell theory.” Which
maintains that:

1. All organisms are composed of cells.

2. Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
 The cells vary considerably, in shapes and sizes (Fig.4.1). Nerve cells of animals
have long extensions. They can be several centimeter in length. Muscle cells are elongated
in shape. Egg of the ostrich is the largest cell (75 mm). Some plant cells have thick walls.
There is also wide variation in the number of cells in different organisms.

2. CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

The study of cellular ultrastructure (cell anatomy) is always accompanied by the
study of its functions and processes cell physiology), which are mediated by different
organelles at the cellular level. Each organelle plays a specific role, which eventually
contributes importantly to the general functioning of the cell.

The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions essential to
carry out life’s processes. These components include- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm,
nucleus, and cell organelles.

a. Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane

The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of
substances in and out of the cells. It separates the cell from the external environment. The
cell membrane is present in all the cells.
The cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell within which all other organelles,
such as the cytoplasm and nucleus, are enclosed. It is also referred to as the plasma
membrane. By structure, it is a porous membrane (with pores) which permit the movement
of selective substances in and out of the cell. Besides this, the cell membrane also protects
the cellular component from damage and leakage.
It forms the wall-like structure between two cells as well as between the cell and its
surroundings. Plants are immobile, so their cell structures are well-adapted to protect from
them from external factors. The cell wall helps to reinforce this function.

Figure 1. Structure of Cell wall and Cell membrane Source: Vikasana-Bridge Course 2012

Structure
– Outermost non-living layer present in all plant cells. Secreted by the cell itself.
– In most plants, it is chiefly made up of cellulose but may also contain other
chemical substances such as pectin and lignin.
 – The substance constituting the cell wall is not simply homogeneous, but it consists
of fine threads or fibers called microfibrils.
– It may be thin (1 micron) and transparent as in the cells of onion peel. In some
cases, it is very thick as in the cells of wood.
Functions
– The cell wall protects the delicate inner parts of the cell.
– Being rigid, it gives shape to the cell.
– As it is rigid, it does not allow distension of the cell, thus leading to turgidity of the
cell that is useful in many ways.
– It freely allows the passage of water and other chemicals into and out of the cells.
– There are breaks in the primary wall of the adjacent cells through which cytoplasm
of one cell remains connected with the other. These cytoplasmic strands which connect one
cell to the other one are known as plasmodesmata.
– Walls of two adjacent cells are firmly joined by a cementing material called middle
lamella made of calcium pectinate.
? Intext Questions 1: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. A suitable term for the various components of cells is
a. tissue b. chromosomes c. cell organelles d. genes
2. The thin, flexible barrier around a cell is called the
a. cell membrane b. cell wall c. cell envelope d. cytoplasm
3. Which of the following is not found on the cell membrane?
a. protein channel b. carbohydrates c. phospholipid d. ribosome

b. Cell Wall
The cell wall is the most prominent part of the plant’s cell structure. It is made up of
cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
The cell wall is present exclusively in plant cells. It protects the plasma membrane and
other cellular components. The cell wall is also the outermost layer of plant cells.
It is a rigid and stiff structure surrounding the cell membrane. It provides shape and
support to the cells and protects them from mechanical shocks and injuries. It is Nonliving
layer found in plants, fungi, & bacteria. Made of cellulose in plants, made of peptidoglycan in
bacteria and made of chitin in Fungi

c. Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell membrane.
Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm.
The cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes,
are suspended in this cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm contains many cell organelles of which we shall learn about:
1. those that trap and release energy e.g. mitochondria and chloroplasts;

2. those that are secretory or involved in synthesis and transport e.g. Golgi, ribosomes and
endoplasmic reticulum

3. the organelles for motility - cilia and flagella

4. the suicidal bags i.e. lysosomes

5. the nucleus which controls all activities of the cell, and carries the hereditary material

Q. Intext Questions 2: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. The cell wall of a plant is made up of
a. chitin b. cellulose c. peptidoglycan
2. Chitinous cell wall is present in _______. a. Plants b. Bacteria c. Fungi
3. Which of the following statements are not true regarding cell wall?
a. Cell wall is semi-permeable. b. Cell wall provides mechanical support to the cell.
c. The cell wall is also the outermost layer of plant cells.
4. Which of the following cell part is not suspended in the cytoplasm?
a. nucleus b. endoplasmic reticulum c. cell membrane

5. It is the part of the cell where most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place.

a. nucleus b. cytoplasm c. ribosome

d. Nucleus
The nucleus contains the hereditary material of the cell, the DNA. It sends signals to the
cells to grow, mature, divide and die. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope
that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell. The nucleus protects the DNA and is an
integral component of a plant’s cell structure. It controls the activities of the cell. Usually the
largest organelle.
Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis.

Also, it is involved in controlling cellular
activities and cellular reproduction.

Nuclear membrane
The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by
forming a boundary between the nucleus and
other cell organelles. Also called as the nuclear
envelope. It contains nuclear pores for
Figure 2. Structure of the Nucleus and its parts
materials to enter & leave nucleus and Source: Vikasana-Bridge course 2012
connected to the rough ER.

Chromosomes
Chromosomes play a crucial role in determining the sex of an individual. Each human cell
contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

e. Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved
in the transportation of substances throughout
the cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism
of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids,
and proteins. It is a continuous single-membrane
system structure, which folds on itself to form a
double-structured organelle.

It is attached to both the nuclear

membrane and cell/plasma membrane (Campbell
and Farell,2008). In some cells, the ER functions
Figure 3. Endoplasmic Reticulum
as site for some molecular biosynthesis including
steroidal hormones of the endocrine cells.
There are two basic forms of endoplasmic reticulum: the rough and smooth ER.
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface that makes membrane proteins and proteins for
EXPORT out of cell. Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface. They are then
threaded into the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and
transported.
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface. It is attached to the ends of rough ER. It
makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell. Its functions are to Makes membrane
lipids (steroids), regulates calcium (muscle cells) and destroys toxic substances (Liver).

f. Ribosome
Ribosomes are the site for protein synthesis. It is a large enzyme because it anabolically
synthesizes protein. It is present in both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes but different sizes.
The eukaryotic ribosome has a total size of the
80s (S- “Svedberg” sedimentation unit). The 80S
ribosome of eukaryotes divides into two subunits: the
small subunit 40s, and the large subunit is 60S. It has an
amino acyl site, which receives the amino acid. In
contrast to prokaryotes, it does not have an E (exit site)/
The prokaryotic ribosome has a total size of 70s Figure 4. Ribosome structure
divided into a small subunit of 30s and a large subunit Source: Vikasana-Bridge course 2012
50s. It contains the A site, P site and E site which is
absent in eukaryotes.

g. Golgi Bodies / Golgi Complex / Golgi Apparatus

Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of
materials within the cell. The cisternae and many vesicles, which function outside the
nucleus and ER, make up the golgi complex. Under the electron micrograph, it appears as
flat, stacked membranous structure. It has three distinct regions: the cis (near ER), medial
(middle part) and trans (near the plasma membrane). Some of its regions function also for
glycosylation, phosphorylation, and proteolysis (protein degradation). It is absent in
prokaryotes.

Figure 5. Golgi Apparatus Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

Table 1: Comparison of the structure and function of ER, Golgi body and ribosome.

Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Ribsome

Structure Spherical about 150 - 250 Å
A network of membranes Is a stack of membranous in diameter, made up of large
with thickness between 50 - sacs of the same thickness molecules of RNA and
60A°. It is of two types– as ER. Exhibit great diversity proteins (ribonucleo proteins)
rough endoplasmic reticulum in size and shape.
(RER) i.e. when ribosomes
are attached to it and In animal cells present Present either as free
Smooth endo-plasmic around the nucleus, 3 to 7 in particles in cytoplasm or
reticulum (SER) when no number. In plant cells, many attached to ER. Also found
ribosomes are present. in number of and present stored in nucleolus inside the
scattered throughout the cell nucleus. 80S types found in
Distributed throughout the called dictyosomes. eukaryotes and 70S in
cytoplasm and is in contact prokaryotes (Ssvedberg unit
with the cell membrane as of measuring ribosomes).
well as the nuclear
membrane.

Function Synthesis and secretion as Site for protein synthesis.

Provides internal enzymes, participates in
framework, compartment and transformation of
reaction surfaces, transports membranes to give rise to
enzymes and other materials other membrane structure
through out the cell. RER is such as lysosome,
the site for protein synthesis acrosome, and dictyosomes,
and SER for steroid synthesize wall element like
synthesis, stores pectin, mucilage
carbohydrates.
 Q. Intext Questions 3: Write your answer on the space provided.
1. Why cannot the cell survive without the nucleus?
_______________________________________________________
2. What is the function of the nucleolus in the cell?
_______________________________________________________
3. . Given below is a list of functions, relate them to their respective organelles:
(a) synthesis of some enzymes ______________________
(b) synthesis of steroids ______________________
(c) Intracellular transport ______________________
(d) Synthesis of proteins ______________________
2. Mention any two advantages of the extensive network of endoplasmic reticulum.
(i) ______________________ (ii) ______________________
3. What are the three places where ribosomes occur in a cell?
________________________________________________________
5. Name the membrane system that connects the nuclear membrane with the cell
membrane?
_______________________________________________________
h. Mitochondria
The mitochondrion is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it
produces ATP – the cell’s energy currency. This organelle is present in eukaryotes but not in
prokaryotes. Bacteria can produce ATP with the use of their plasma membrane.
Mitochondrion also contains its DNA and able to synthesize few proteins. Aside from the
said function, it is also responsible for fatty acid oxidation (Campbell and Farell, 2008).
Structure: (a) Wall made up of double
membrane, (b) The inner membrane is
folded inside to form projections called
‘cristae’ which project into the inner
compartment called the ‘matrix’.
Appear as tiny thread like structures
under light microscope. Approximately 0.5
1.00 μm (micrometer). Number usually a
few hundred to a few thousand per cell
(smallest number is just one as in an alga,
Micromonas.

Figure 6. Structure of a Mitochondrion

Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
i. Chloroplast
Chloroplast, an organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic algae, is the site of
photosynthesis. It contains grana (plural of granum), membranous bodies found in the
chlorophyll that is mainly responsible for photon processing. The size of chloroplast ranges
from 5 – 10 micrometers. It is found in all green plant cells in the cytoplasm. Number 1 to
1008 (how so definite)
Shape: Usually disc-shaped or laminate as in
most plants around you. In some ribbon - shaped as
in an alga Spirogyra or cup-shaped as in another alga
Chlamydomonas.
Plastids
Plastids are found only in a plant cell. These may be
colourless or coloured. Based on this fact, there are
three types of plastids.
(i) Leucoplast - white or colourless
Figure 7. 3D Structure of the Chloroplast
(ii) Chromoplast – blue, red, yellow etc. Source: The McGrawhill Companies Inc.
(iii) Chloroplast – green
Chloroplast versus Mitochondria
Can you now visualize how these two organelles are opposite to each other, one traps
the solar energy locking it in a complex molecule (by photosynthesis), the other releases the
energy by breaking the complex molecule (by respiration).
Similarities between mitochondria and chloroplast: both contain their own DNA (the
genetic material) as well as their own RNA (for protein synthesis). Thus, they can self-
duplicate to produce more of their own kind without the help of nucleus.
Thought the chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own DNA the hereditary
molecule and also their own ribosomes, they are termed as semi-autonomous only because
they are incapable of independent existence outside the cytoplasm for a long time. Since
most of their proteins are synthesized with the help of the nuclear DNA.

Q. Intext Questions 4: Write your answer on the space provided.

1. Name the chemical which provides energy trapped in its bonds to the cell. ____________
2. Which part of the chloroplasts is the site of light reaction? _______________________
3.Name the sac like–structure which form the grana? __________________________
4. Why is mitochondrion called the “power house” of the cell?________________________
5. Which organelle contains enzymes for cellular respiration? ________________________
6. State two similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts
j. THE MICROBODIES (TINY BUT IMPORTANT)
j.1 Lysosomes
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes
exemplified by hydrolase. It protects the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell
and helps in cell renewal. Therefore, it is known as the cell’s suicide bags.
The main features of lysosomes are as follows:
1. Membranous sacs budded off from Golgi body.
2. May be in hundreds in a single cell.
3. Contain several enzymes (about 40 in number)
4. Materials to be acted upon by enzymes enter the lysosomes
5. Lysosomes are called “suicidal bags” as enzymes contained in them can digest the
cell’s own material when damaged or dead.
Importance of intracellular digestion by the lysosomes:
(i) help in nutrition of the cell by digesting food, as they are rich in various
hydrolysing enzymes which enable them to digest almost all major chemical
constituents of the living cell.
(ii) Help in defence by digesting germs, as in white blood cells.
(iii) Help in cleaning up the cell by digesting damaged material of the cell.
(iv) Provide energy during cell starvation by digestion of the own parts of the cells
(autophagic, auto : self; phagos: eat up).
(v) Help sperm cells in entering the egg by breaking through (digesting) the egg
membrane.
(vi) In plant cells, mature xylem cells lose all cellular contents by lysosome activity.
(vii) When cells are old, diseased or injured, lysosomes attack their cell organelles
and digest them. In other words lysosomes are autophagic, i.e. self devouring.

j.2 Peroxisomes
It contains various enzymes that can be catalyze a variety of reactions. They are very
small organelles bound by their plasma membrane. some peroxisomes break down fatty
acids to smaller molecules that are transported to mitochondria for fuel. Found both in plant
and animal cells. Found in the green leaves of higher plants. They participate in oxidation of
substrates resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide.
They often contain a central core of crystalline material called nucleoid composed of
urate oxidase crystals. These bodies are mostly spherical or ovoid and about the size of
mitochondria and lysosomes. They are usually closely associated with ER. They are
involved in photorespiration in plant cells.

j.3 Glyoxysomes
The microbodies present in plant cells and morphologically similar to peroxisomes.
Found in the cell of yeast and certain fungi and oil rich seeds in plants. Functionally they
contain enzymes of fatty acid metabolism involved in the conversion of lipids to
carbohydrates during germination.
 k. VACUOLES
Vacuoles stores food, water, and other waste materials
in the cell. It’s an organelle walled by a single membrane. It
is noticeably prominent in plants than in animals. In plants, it
increases in number and size as the plants ages.
It is important on storing over secreted toxic secondary.
The membrane of vacuole is called tonoplast. Vacuole is
filled with watery fluid called cell sap which has dissolved
salts, sugars, enzymes etc.
Figure 8. Central Vacuole in a Plant
Cell Source: Vikasana- Bridge course
j. CYTOSKELETON 2012

The Cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm -function:

provide mechanical strength to the cell establish cell shape locomotion (several types of cell
motility) intracellular transport of organelles.
Three (3) main types of fiber:
1.microtubules: determine the positions of membrane enclosed organelles and
intracellular transport
2.microfilament: determine the shape of the cell and necessary for the whole cell
locomotion
3.intermediate filament: provide mechanical strength and resistance to shear stress
Table 2: The Structure and Functions of Cytoskeleton
 It is present in all the animal cells (but not in Amoeba), located just outside the nucleus. It
is cylindrical, 0.5 μm in length and without a membrane. It has 9 sets of peripheral triplet
tubules but none in the centre (9 + 0).

Each set has three tubules arranged at definite angles. It has its own DNA and RNA and
therefore it is self-duplicating.

Function: Centrioles are involved in cell division. They

Figure 9. Structure of the centriole
give orientation to the ‘mitotic spindle’ which forms during Source: Nature Reviews- Molecular Cell Biology
cell division

n. CILIA AND FLAGELLA (THE ORGANELLES FOR

MOTILITY)

(i) Some unicellular organisms like Paramecium and Euglena swim in water with the help of
cilia and flagella respectively.

(ii) In multicellular organisms some living tissues (epithelial tissues) have cilia. They beat and
create a current in the fluid in order to move in a given direction e.g. in the wind pipe
(trachea) to push out the mucus and dust particles.

(iii) Cilia beat like tiny oars or pedals (as in a boat) and flagella bring about whiplash like
movement.

(iv) Both are made up of contractile protein tubulin in the form of microtubules. (v) The
arrangement of the microtubules is termed as 9 + 2, that is, two central microtubules and
nine duplet sets surrounding them.

Q. Intext Questions 5: Write your answer on the space provided.

1. Why are lysosomes called suicidal bags? _____________________
2. List the usefulness of intracellular digestion by lysosomes. __________________
3. What is the function of peroxisomes in plant cells? _____________________
4. What organelle is responsible for storing food, water, and other waste materials in the
cell? _____________________
5. What organelle helps the sperm cell for its motility and locomotion?____________

6. Which organelle gives orientation to the ‘mitotic spindle’ which forms during cell division?
____________

7. It is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. ____________

8. It determine the shape of the cell and necessary for the whole cell locomotion. _________

Extending Science Learning:

 View the following videos available in YouTube for further learning and other
references. Note: This is not required but you can watch the videos if you have
stable internet connection.

Cell Structure at https://youtu.be/URUJD5NEXC8

The Cell: High School Biology at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8

The Plasma Membrane at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moPJkCbKjBs

The Fluid Mosaic Model for AS Biology at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJhgsl21k6A

Introduction to Cytoskeleton at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BAGI6LbHeo

Inner Life of the Cell at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzcTgrxMzZk

VI. Practice Tasks

Practice Task 1. Label the Cell Parts.
A. Direction: Label the animal cell parts and write your answer on the line provided
corresponding each number from the illustration below.

1. _______________________ 8. _______________________
2. _______________________ 9. _______________________
3. _______________________ 10. _______________________
4. _______________________ 11. _______________________
5. _______________________ 12. _______________________
6. _______________________ 13. _______________________
7. _______________________
Practice Task 2: Complete the three basic components of the cell theory by
arranging these words in proper order. Write your answer on the space
provided after each number.
1. ORGANISMS OF CELLS ARE ALL MORE LIVING COMPOSED OR ONE
___________________________________________________________
2. OF BASIC CELL THE IS UNIT LIFE
___________________________________________________________
3. COME CELLS PRE-EXISTING ALL FROM CELLS
___________________________________________________________

Practice Task 3: Organelle Nickname

For this activity, use the activity worksheet provided below. Name the organelle that is
shown in each picture. For each organelle, tell whether it is membrane-bound or non-
membrane bound. Create a nickname for each organelle that is connected to its function and
explain.

ACTIVITY WORKSHEET
Name: ______________________________________________
Year & Section: _______________________________________
Complete each table below. Write the name of each organelle in the blanks. In the
second column, indicate whether it is membrane-bound or non-membrane-bound organelle.
Create a nickname for each organelle that is connected to its function. Write its function and
comparison in the last column.

Organelle Membrane- Nickname Explanation

bound/ Non-
Membrane-
bound
________________________________ Function:

In the same
way…

Function:
 In the same
way…

Function:

In the same
way…

Function:

In the same
way…

_______________________

Function:

In the same
way…
______________________
Function:

In the same
way…

Function:

In the same
way…
Guide Questions:
1. Organelles work together to sustain overall function of the cell and maintain
homeostasis. Predict what would happen if one of the organelles was removed. How would
that affect the survival and efficiency of the cell?
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Among the cellular structures described in the activity, which organelles are parts of the
endomembrane system?
_________________________________________________________________________

4. What distinct organelles perform energy transformation?

______________________________________________________________

VII. Post Test

Read the following questions and write the answer after the sentence.
1. Who coined the term cell? ________________________
2. Which organelle in the cell is responsible for the overall control of the entire cell.
______________________
3. Which organelle is the site of protein production in the cell?
__________________
4. Which organelle contain digestive enzymes and act as suicide bags of the cell?
___________________
5. Which organelle is the powerhouse of the cell since it is capable of producing
energy molecules from glucose? ___________________
6. Which secretory granules serve as the site for RNA degradation? ____________
7. Name the membrane system that connects the nuclear membrane with the cell
membrane. ______________________
8. Why cannot the cell survive without the nucleus? _________________________
9. Which organelle plays a primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates,
synthesis of lipids, steroids, and proteins? ___________________________
10. Which organelle is filled with watery fluid called cell sap which has dissolved
salts, sugars, enzymes etc.? ____________________

VIII. Assignments/Additional Activities

Cell Modeling – At your home, use recycled/recyclable materials such as
paper, cartolina, yarn and other materials available at you house. Make sure to
label the different cell parts. You can make a plant cell, animal cell or prokaryotic
cell.
References:
Books: General Biology 1 by Rea, Dequillo, Chua pages 4-17
General Biology Combined Book 1 & 2 by Dela Pena, Gracilla, Pangilinan
pages 7-17
Raven, P. a. (2001). Biology 6th Ed. The McGraw Hill Company, USA
Reece, J. B. (2013). Campbell Biology, 10th Ed. Pearson Education, Inc.
United States of America
PDF: MODULE - 1 Diversity and Evolution of Life - CELL – STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
VIKASANA. BRIDGE COURSE (2012) Chapter 3: CELL STRUCTURE &
FUNCTION Unit 1: CELL: THE UNIT OF LIFE
Websites:
Cell Structure and Function. retrieved at https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/cell-
structure-and-function date retrieved: June 10, 2020
Vocabulary list. retrieved at https://biologydictionary.net. date retrieved: June 15, 2020

Worksheets – Retrieved at http://www.cellsalive.com on June 5, 2020

IX. Answer Key

Q. Intext Questions 1

1. C 2. A 3. D

Q. Intext Questions 2

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B

Q. Intext Questions 3

1. It controls all the activities of the cell.

2. The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in controlling cellular
activities and cellular reproduction.

3. (a) Golgi body (b) ER, (c) ER, (d) ribosomes

4. (i) internal framework, (ii) transport of cellular substances

5. cytoplasm, ER, Nucleolus; chloroplasts, mitochondria 6. Endoplasmic reticulum

Q. Intext Questions 4 1. ATP 2. Grana 3. Thylakoids 4. Because energy as ATP is

generated and stored in mitochondria 5. Mitochondria 6. (i) both are semiautonomous (ii)
both contain DNA or both contain ribosomes

Q. Intext Questions 5

1. Because the lysosome can devour organelles of the same cell

2. They help in cleaning up the cell by digesting useless matter
3. Fat metabolism 4. Vacuole 5. Flagella 2. Centrioles 3.Cytoskeleton
Practice Task 1: Label the Cell Parts

1. Nucleolus 2. Nuclear Membrane 3. Ribosome 4. Vesicle

5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 6. Golgi Body
7. Cell Membrane 8. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 9. Mitochodria 10.
Vacuoles 11. Cytoplasm 12. Lysosome 13. Centrioles

Practice Task 2:

1. ALL LIVING ORGANISMS COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE LIVING CELLS

2. CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE.

3. ALL CELLS COME FROM PPRE-EXISITING CELLS.

Practice Task 3: For the table: Comparison cell to the city

Link: http://olms.cte.jhu.edu/olms2/data/ck/sites/1943/files/Cell%20%City%20Worksheet
%20Answer%20Key.pdf

Guide Questions

1. The cell will not function well and there will not be a homeostasis that could lead to
cell death.
2. All the organelles except cell membrane and cell wall.
3. Mitochodria and Chloroplast

Pre-Test: 1. 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. D

Post Test:

1. Robert Hooke
2. Nucleus
3. Ribosome
4. Lysosome
5. Mitochondria
l. Lysosome
m. Endoplasmic reticulum
n. Because it contains the DNA and it is the control center of the cell.
o. Golgi Body
p. Vacuole