International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2020; 8(2): 01-06

E-ISSN: 2321-2187
P-ISSN: 2394-0514
www.florajournal.com
Survey of medicinal plants with potential antidiabetic
IJHM 2020; 8(2): 01-06 activity used by villagers in lower Assam districts of
Received: 01-01-2020
Accepted: 03-02-2020 North-East, India
Biswajit Sarma
Assistant Professor, Department
of Chemistry, Royal School of Biswajit Sarma
Applied and Pure Sciences,
Royal Global University, Abstract
Guwahati, Assam, India
Diabetes is rapidly emerging as serious and major public health-care problem throughout the world. It is
a complex and chronic illness. Apart from currently available different synthetic drugs, many herbal
drugs have been recommended for the treatment of diabetic patients. An ethnobotanical study focused on
medicinal utility of antidiabetic plants was carried out among the rural village peoples of few lower
Assam districts, of North-East, India. A large number of medicinally important plant species are found to
be present in the study area. Our survey has reported as many as 41 numbers of medicinal plant species
belonging to 31 families. The most cited family was Moraceae, the most widely used plant part was the
leaf and the most common mode of administration was juice. All these claims and findings need to be
subjected to both phyto-and pharmaco-chemical investigations to assess the claimed activity with the aim
of finding new potent antidiabetic drugs.

Keywords: Anti-diabetic, diabetes mellitus, medicinal plants, herbal medicine, herbal treatments, Assam

1. Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease affecting a large proportion of the population
worldwide. It is one of the major degenerative disease in the world [1]. Hyperglycemia is a
common symptom of diabetes and ultimately leads to serious irreversible damage to different
body's systems [2]. It is characterized by high level of blood glucose level. It is a disease where
the body either produces little insulin or cells may become progressively resistant to insulin [3].
In diabetes the body cells are starved of sugar or glucose despite its very high concentration in
blood. In Ayurveda diabetes mellitus (DM) is referred to as Madhumeha, which literally
means excessive urine with sweet taste like honey [4]. There are two types of Diabetes mellitus
(DM), viz. Type -1 and Type -2. Type 2 is the more common type of diabetes. Type -2
diabetes mellitus makes up about 90% of the diabetic population in the world.
Diabetic patients increase day by day throughout the world and becoming the second leading
cause of death after cancer and heart disease in many developed countries. Diabetes affects
almost 5% of the world population [5] and management of diabetes without any side effects is
still a challenging job to the medical system. Currently in India the number of diabetic patients
is around 41.9 million and it is expected to rise to 69.9 million by 2025. Diabetes is a group of
disorder which often leads to complications such as kidney failure, blindness, coronary heart
disease, premature death and circulatory problem. Diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy,
diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure and stroke are the most
common complications of diabetes [6].
Regardless of the type, diabetic patients are required to control their blood glucose levels. The
common strategy for treatment of diabetes focused mainly on regulating and decreasing blood
sugar level to fall within the normal level. Blood sugar monitoring is one of the most essential
tasks for diabetic patients. The main mechanisms in antidiabetic medicines involve decrease
blood sugar through stimulating pancreatic β-cells; inhibiting other blood sugar elevating
hormones; increasing the sensitivity of insulin receptor.
Diabetes is treated with various oral hypoglycemic drugs. Currently available synthetic
antidiabetic drugs are found to be associated with various major side effects. Though there are
different approaches of the treatment of diabetes and its secondary complications, herbal
Corresponding Author:
formulations are always preferred due to their various advantages. Natural medicines are
Biswajit Sarma
Assistant Professor, Department becoming a popular form of healthcare worldwide [7]. A large number of advantages are
of Chemistry, Royal School of associated with antidiabetic herbal medicines as opposed to pharmaceutical drugs. Easy
Applied and Pure Sciences, availability, low toxicity, raw consumption, easy affordability, least side effects and low cost
Royal Global University, makes the herbal preparations more popular.
Guwahati, Assam, India
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The Indian healthcare system Ayurvedic medicine has formed in the treatment of diabetes by the local people of the study
an integral and unavoidable part of the Indian tradition [8]. areas. Several field trips in different seasons were carried out
However, unlike synthetic drugs, herbal products are in different village areas of four districts of Lower Assam
generally not regulated for purity and potency. namely Nalbari, Barpeta, Kamrup and Udalguri. Information
The present work is an effort to explore the therapeutic was collected from all categories of village people including
antidiabetic medicinal plants of the study area, where this local herbal practitioners, persons having thorough knowledge
illness is found to be the most common. The present survey of herbal medical practices, village elders, farmers, local
and review aimed for recording the traditional herbal practices vaidyaʼs and traditional healers through normal conversations,
of therapeutic antidiabetic plants of few lower Assam districts personal face-to-face interviews and discussions. Some
of North-East, India, and to assess the viability of various information was also gathered from few village markets,
medicinal plant species in light of the literature review. where some plant parts were sold. The interviewed people
were chosen in many cases randomly. During the field visit
2. Materials and methods information was cross verified repeatedly with the data in
2.1 Study area other places. During the conversations, all the data and
North-eastern region of India (22°-29° N; 89°-97° E) information about plants and parts of the plants used, local
comprises of seven states. This part of India can be name of the plants, mode of administrations, methods of
categorized into the eastern Himalayas, several Northeast hills preparation or formulation of drugs, frequency of dose, dose
and the Brahmaputra and Barak Valley as plains. More than quantity, duration of herbal treatments and effectiveness of a
30% area of North East India is covered by dense forest. particular drug were collected. All the data were collected
Different types of ethnic tribes are inhabited in these seven through various repeated field visits and careful interactions
states of North–East India. Almost 160 major tribal with the concerned people. Only the reliable information was
communities are present in this region [9, 10]. considered and incorporated in the present report. The
Assam is botanically rich state of North East India. Assam is information collected was also cross verified with the
located in the northeastern region of India. Assam is situated available standard literatures.
between foothills of Himalayas and the Patkai and Naga Hills.
Assam has subtropical climate with a temperature range from 2.3 Plant collection and identification
7°C to 40°C and average annual rainfall varying from 1,450 Plant species used by different villagers were collected
mm to 3,800mm. Heavy rainfall takes place during monsoon. following standard protocols and norms and then preserved
A large area of the state is covered by dense semi-evergreen using herbarium techniques. Identification of collected plants
to evergreen forests. Total forest area in the state is 27,673 sq specimens was done in the Botany department of Gauhati
km which is 35.28% of the total geographical area of Assam. university and by the experts in Ayurvedic college, Gauhati.
This state is very much rich in medicinal plant wealth. Assam Specimens collected from our field study were preserved as
is basically an agricultural-based state and the village areas of herbarium.
Assam are full of large numbers of different kinds of valuable
medicinal plants. There are more than seventeen distinctive 3. Result and discussion
ethnic tribes in Assam consisting of different ethno-cultural Ethnobotany may be defined as the study of the relationship
groups. Some of these ethnic groups are Bodos, Dimasha, between various plant species and people which usually
Mising, Karbi, Koch, Mishimi, Tiwa, Deories, Sonowal focuses on the influences of indigenous plants on the local
Kachari, Ahom, Nagas, Rabhas, Chutia, Motok, Garos and inhabitants [15]. Traditional herbal medicinal systems are
Moran [11, 12]. getting considerable attention in global healthcare system.
The present study and survey work was conducted along Different natural products from medicinal plants are
some of the selected village areas of Nalbari, Barpeta, becoming the basis for treating various human diseases [16].
Udalguri and Kamrup districts of Assam. These four districts Herbal medicines are always cost-effective. For basic health-
are located in the western most part of Assam. Majority of the care approximately 80% of the world population still depends
rural peoples in these four districts are mainly cultivators and upon therapeutic plants either directly or indirectly. These
different types of agricultural workers. Lots of different plant plants are rich source of bioactive compounds that can be
species having potential antidiabetic activities are growing used to develop drug synthesis [17]. Medicinal plants have a
wild in this region. The societies of these districts are also hopeful and promising future. Conservation of traditional
ethnically diversified. Majority of rural people in these areas knowledge as well as sustainable utilization of local herbal
still prefer the traditional herbal medication as their best medicinal plants is very much essential [18].
alternative. People of various communities in these areas have Diabetes is one of the fastest growing metabolic disease,
a long history of using plants for their different ailments. medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes are of
Some specific villages were selected for the field study. The considerable interest and a large number of plants have shown
selections were done mainly on the basis of economic a significant amount of hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic
backgrounds, lack of modern facilities, ethnic diversities of activity. Several Ayurvedic herbal formulations have been
the peoples, dependences on various medicinal plants etc. used in the treatment of diabetes for centuries. Herbalists treat
Plants species form an integral essential part of their culture. different health problems including diabetes mellitus with the
Village people of these areas have developed a rich help of medicinal plants [19]. Indigenous medicinal plants and
ethnomedical tradition [13] and they have a very much strong herbal products have been used in the control and treatment of
bonding with the herbal medicinal plant species [14]. Till date, diabetes from the time of Charaka and Sushruta in India [20].
only very few literatures on the traditional herbal uses of Herbal preparations and their doses are generally taken under
antidiabetic plants of these four districts are available but the guidance of properly trained professional. A systematic
ethnomedicinal investigation are still lacking. scientific investigation of traditional herbal treatment of
diabetes may be helpful for the development of alternative
2.2 Methods drugs and therapeutic strategies. The present research study
An extensive field survey was carried out in order to collect highlights useful ethno botanical information about the uses
information about the ethnomedicinal uses of medicinal plants of medicinal plants by the local village people and different
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tribalʼs communities of few selected lower Assam districts. diabetic treatments the mode of herbal drug administration in
This investigation was done with the aim of identifying as most of the cases are oral. Plant parts were generally used
well as searching for new herbal plants with anti-diabetic singly. In many instances, it was found that two or more
activity which can be efficiently used in the treatment of different plant parts were used in the same patient but usually
diabetes mellitus. Free radical induced damage is one of the not administered at the same time. Majority of the cases
key factors of diabetic complicacy and antidiabetic practitioners prefer fresh plant parts for herbal preparations
compounds with antioxidant properties are of additional but in many cases dried plant parts are also used. In many
advantage and would be more beneficial. Many antidiabetic cases honey, milk etc. are used to mask the odor and also
plant products are found to be rich in their antioxidant improve the adequacy of herbal preparations. The herbal
properties. practitioners generally collect the plants from wild sources.
Although lots of people nowadays use herbal medicines as a From the current field study it has been found that there is
part of their primary health care system, there are still serious high prospect of antidiabetic medicinal plants in Assam. The
concerns about the efficacy and safety of using these survey has indicated that a large number of plant species
medicinal plants and their various plant products. While having potential antidiabetic activities are available in the
herbal medicines have potential contributions towards the study area. The results of the present survey are presented in
advancement of healthcare systems, still many major Table-2 and the scientific names are arranged in alphabetical
challenges need to be overcome. Still there are lots of order. The field studies indicate that localities of these areas
confusions and questions about the safety, accurate dose, have sound knowledge of herbal medicines. From this
exact duration of their treatment, side effects, purity of the investigation we have ascertained that 41 plant species are
products, standardization of herbal products, stability of their widely using in the study area by the local communities and
compositions and acute and chronic toxicities. These herbal traditional herbal practitioners for the treatment of diabetic
preparations may contain varying amounts of bioactive patients. These 41 plant species belong to 31 families. The
ingredients and various amounts of impurities. If these most dominating family is Moraceae with four species
different issues are properly resolved, medicinal plants as well followed by Nymphaeaceae and Fabaceae with two species
as various plant products can be used as a safe, effective, each. Eighteen species (44%) are trees, ten species (24%) are
efficient and affordable form of health care. herbs, eight species (20%) are shrubs and five species (12%)
In the survey it has been found that different types of are climbers which are presented in Figure-I. The method of
formulations for the treatment of diabetes were practiced by herbal preparation falls into various categories. Plant parts are
the indigenous herbalists of the area. In herbal treatment, used in the form of juice (24%), decoction (22%), fresh and
preparations were made in the form of decoction, soaked, orally (17%), infusion (9%), powder (7%), cooked (7%),
infusion, grounded, juice, powder, cooked, paste and fresh soaked (5%), paste (5%) and grounded (2%) which are
plant parts. Very common media used for preparation of presented in Figure-3. Various parts such as leaf, root bark,
herbal medicines were water, milk, lime water and honey. In bulb, flower, fruit, seed, stem bark, rhizome, and tuber are
majority of the cases these herbal medications were prepared used to develop various herbal medicinal preparations. Leaves
by using water and many of them were consumed during the are the most used (56%) part.
early hours of the day especially in empty stomach. In

Table 1: And status of the study Geographical location area

Sl. No. Status Assam Nalbari Barpeta Udalguri Kamrup
26°N to 27°N 26° 45′ N to 26°49′ 26°46′N to 25°46′N to 26°49′N
1 Latitude 24° 8′ N to 28° 2′ N
latitude N latitude 27°77′N latitude latitude
2 91°E and 91°47′E 90°15′ E to 90°45′ E 92° 08′ E to 95° 15′ E 90° 48′ E to 91° 50′ E
Longitude 89° 42′ E to 96° E longitude
longitude longitude Longitude longitude
3 Area (Sq. Km) 78,438 2,257 3,245 1,852.16 4,345
4 Forest area (Sq. Km) 26,781,91 170.03 311.25 120.0 211.0
Population
5 3,12,05576 7,71,693 16,93,622 8,31,668 15,17,542
(2011 census data)
Rainfall
6 2818 mm 2029 mm 1717 mm 1828 mm 1500 to 2600 mm
(annual average)
Tropical monsoon rainforest Sub-tropical Tropical monsoon Sub tropical with semi-dry
7 Climate Humid and congenial
climate climate climate summer & cold winter

Table 2: Medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes by the local communities in the study areas.
Sl. Botanical name & Mode of utilization of the herbal
Local name Habit English name Part used
No. family medicines
Adhatoda vasica Bahaktita Malabar Fresh leaf extracts in empty stomach is
1 Shrub Leaf
(Acanthaceae) Nut used orally
Acacia arabica Perennial Indian
2 Taruwakadam bark Bark powder is used
(Fabaceae) shrub Gum
Aloe barbadensis Leaves paste is used
3 Chal-kunwari Shrub Barbados aloe Leaf
(Xanthorrhoeaceae)
King of Aqueous extracts of the whole plant at
Andrographis paniculata Kalmegh
Herb Bitters Whole plant a dose of 2-3 tea spoon in empty
4 (Acanthaceae)
stomach
Annona reticulata
5 Atlosh, Atephal Tree Custard Apple Leaf Young Leaf juice
(Annonaceae)
6 Aegle marmelos Bael, Bilva Tree Stone Apple Leaf, root bark Fresh leaf extract and dried powder of

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(Rutaceae) root and bark

Catharanthus roseus Nayantara Fresh leaf and flower extracts or fresh
7 Shrub Tiny Periwinkle Leaf, flower
(Apocynaceae) leaf may be chewed
Coccinia indica
8 Kundali Climber Little gourd Fruit Fruits are used as vegetable
(Cucurbitaceae)
Cinnamomum tamala Indian Bay-leaf, Leaf Boiled water extract of the leaf are
9 Tez pat Tree
(Lauraceae) Indian cassia used orally
Cynodon dactylon Dubari ban
10 Herb Green couch grass Whole plant Whole plant extract is consumed
(Poaceae)
11 Cajanus cajan (Fabaceae) Rahar-mah Shrub Pigeon pea,red gram Seed, leaf Fresh leaf extract and boiled seed
Citrullus vulgaris The juice extract of the fresh fruits and
12 Tarmuj Climber Watermelon Fruit, seed
(Curcurbitaceae) seeds are taken
Curcuma longa Paste of fresh rhizome is taken orally
13 Haldhi Herb Turmeric Rhizome
(Zingiberaceae) in empty stomach
Dillenia indica Ouwtenga Flower
14 Tree Elephant apple Flower juice is used orally
(Dilleniaceae)
Eugenia jambolana Fruit, stem bark,
15 Kala jamu Tree Jaman Ripe fruits are eaten; seed powder
(Myrtaceae) seed
Ficus benghalensis Aerial root, stem Decoction of root and stem bark are
16 Bot, Bor –goch Tree Banyan Tree
(Moraceae) bark used
Ficus racemosa
17 Jangyadimoru Tree Crattock, Cluster Fruit Fruits are used as vegetable
(Moraceae)
Ficus heterophylla Dimaru, Limbing
18 Tree Fruit Fruits are used as vegetable
(Moraceae) Dumbaru, stream fig
Ficus religiosa Ahot Peepal tree, Stem bark, root Infusion of stem bark and root bark are
19 Tree
(Moraceae) Sacred tree bark used
Garcinia pedunculata Fruit pulp
20 Bar thekera Tree Garcinia Dried fruit pulp soaked with water
(Clusiaceae)
Gymnema sylvestre
21 Gurmar Climber Gurmar Leaf Leaves are eaten once a day
(Asclepiadaceae)
Hibiscus syriacus Water extract of leaf and flowers are
22 Jobaphool Shrub Rose of sharon Flower, leaf
(Malvaceae) consumed orally
Ipomoea batatas Mithaalu Boiled stem are eaten; raw stem are
23 Climber Sweet potato Stem
(Convolvulaceae) also used as vegetable
24 Leucas aspera (Labiatae) Dron or durum Herb White dead nettle Leaf Leaf juice is used orally
Musa paradisiaca Kaskal
25 Shrub Banana Unripe fruit pulp Fruit juice is used orally
(Plantaginaceae)
Momordica dioica Small bittergourd, Unripe fruit, leaf,
26 Titakerela Climber Juice of plant parts are used
(Cucurbitaceae) spine gourd seed
Moringa oleifera Leaf, flower and fruit are used as
27 Sajina Tree Drumstick tree Leaf, flower, fruit
(Moringaceae) vegetable
28 Morus alba (Moraceae) Nuni Tree White mulberry Fruit Ripe fruits are eaten
Nyctanthes arbortristis Night jasmine, Coral
29 Sewaliphool Tree Flower, leaf Leaf, flower juice is used orally
(Oleaceae) jasmine.
Nymphaea rubra Red water lily
30 Ranga vet Herb Root, Rhizome Rhizome paste taken orally
(Nymphaeaceae)
Nymphaea alba Baga vet
31 Herb White water lily Root, rhizome Roots and rhizomes juice is used orally
(Nymphaeaceae)
Nelumbo nucifera Padumphool Indian lotus,
32 Shrub Rhizome decoction of rhizome is used
(Equisetopsida) sacred lotus
Ocimum sanctum Kala tulsi Leaf consumed raw
33 Herb Holy basil Leaf
(Lamiaceae)
Phyllanthus emblica Amlakhi
34 Tree Indian gooseberry Fruit The juice extract of the fresh fruits
(Phyllanthaceae)
Swertia chirayta Decoction of the Areal part, leaf is
35 Chiratatita Herb Bitter stick Areal part, leaf
(Gentianaceae) used
Spondias mangifera Amara
36 Tree Indian Hog plum Root Boiled extract of the root
(Anacardiaceae)
Tinospora cordifolia Saguni-lota Dried barks decoction and leaf juice is
37 Climber Gulanchatinospora Stem bark, leaf
(Menispermaceae) used
Terminalia citrine Silikha, Black chuglam Fresh as well as dry powdered fruits
38 Tree Fruit
(Combretaceae) Haritaki are used
Fenugreek Powdered seeds are mixed with boiling
Trigonella foenum
39 Mithi Herb seed,Greek Hay- Seed water and consumed orally in empty
(Fabaceae)
seed stomach;
Tabernaemontana
40 ivaricate Kothanna-phul Shrub Crape jasmine Flower, leaves Fresh leaves and flowers are consumed
(Apocynaceae)
Zingiber officinale
41 Ada Herb Ginger Rhizome Boiled rhizome is given
(Zingiberaceae)

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evaluation of exact mode of action of different herbal extracts.

5. Acknowledgement
The author would like to thank the herbal practitioners of the
survey areas. The author acknowledges all the contributions
from the village people and local residents of the four lower
Assam districts in the form of their wisdom, indigenous
knowledge and logistics support during the time of field work.
The author also thankful to Assam, Forest Department.

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