Department of Education

Region III
DIVISION OF MABALACAT CITY

Name: __________________________________ Grade/Track/Strand: ___________

School: ____________________________________________ Date: ________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

General Chemistry 2 (Q2 – Wks. 1-2)
Kinetic Molecular Theory

I. Introduction

Matter can change in different phases like solid, liquid, and gas through
kinetic molecular theory. It states that all matter is made up of particles that are
constantly moving. All particles have energy, depending on the temperature.
Molecules in the solid phase have the least amount of energy, while gas particles
have the greatest amount of energy. The temperature of a substance is a measure of
the average kinetic energy of the particles. There are spaces between particles of
matter. There are attractive forces between atoms/molecules, and these become
stronger as the particles move closer together. These attractive forces are called
intermolecular forces

II. Learning Competencies

 Use the kinetic molecular model to explain the properties of liquids and solids.
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-99)
 Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces.
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100)
 Describe the following properties of liquids and explain the effect of
intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor
pressure, boiling point and molar heat of vaporization.
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-102)
 Explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and intermolecular
forces. (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-103)
 Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solid.
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-104)

III. Objectives
After going through this Learning Activity Sheets, you are expected to:
1. Enumerate the types of intermolecular forces;
2. Describe kinetic molecular model; and
3. Differentiate crystalline and amorphous solid

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IV. Discussion

The process of diffusion also illustrates the kinetic theory of matter. Diffusion is the
movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration. It is a
spreading-out of particles resulting in their even distribution.

Kinetic energy keeps the molecules apart and moving around. Intermolecular forces
try to draw the particles together. Gases have weaker intermolecular forces than
liquids. Liquids have weaker intermolecular forces than solids. Solids and liquids
have particles that are close to one another and are thus called "condensed phases"
to distinguish them from gases

The intermolecular forces between neighboring molecules of solids are strong enough
to keep them locked in position. Due to the strong intermolecular forces between
neighboring molecules, solids are rigid.

The kinetic energy of the molecules of gas is greater than any attractive forces
between the molecules thus, it has a widely separated molecule. The lack of any
significant attractive force between molecules allows gas to expand to fill its
container.

In liquids, molecules are denser and less compressible than gasses. However, the
attractive forces are not strong enough to keep neighboring molecules in a fixed
position and molecules are free to move past or slide over one another.

Types of Intermolecular Forces

1. Ionic forces

Ionic are interactions between ions or molecules. The attractive forces between
oppositely charged ions is described by Coulomb’s Law, in which the force increases
with charge and decreases as the distance between these ions is increased. The
highly polarized (charged) nature of ionic molecules is reflected in their high melting
points and their high-water solubility.

2. Hydrogen bonding

A hydrogen bond is an intermolecular force that forms a special type of dipole-dipole

attraction when a hydrogen atom bonded to a strongly electronegative atom exists in
the vicinity of another electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons. Hydrogen
bonds are e generally stronger than ordinary dipole-dipole and dispersion forces but
weaker than true covalent and ionic bonds.

3. Van Der Waals Forces

There are two kinds of Van der Waals forces: weak London Dispersion Forces and
stronger dipole-dipole forces.

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Dipole-Dipole interactions result when two dipolar molecules interact with each
other through space. When this occurs, the partially negative portion of one of the
polar molecules is attracted to the partially positive portion of the second polar
molecule. Molecular dipoles occur due to the unequal sharing of electrons between
atoms in a molecule. Molecules with dipoles that are not canceled by their molecular
geometry are said to be polar.

The weakest intermolecular forces of all are called weak London Dispersion Forces.
These represent the attraction between instantaneous dipoles in a molecule.

As the intermolecular attraction increases: The vapor pressure decreases, the boiling
point increases, surface tension increases, viscosity increases.

Crystalline Solids

These are the most common type of solids. They are firm, hold a definite and fixed
shape, rigid and incompressible. They generally have geometric shapes and flat faces.
The arrangement of particles in a crystalline solid is in a very orderly fashion. These
articles are arranged in a repeating pattern of a three-dimensional network. This
network is known as a Crystal lattice, and the smallest unit of a crystal is a Unit
Cell. The spaces between the atoms are significantly less due to high intermolecular
forces. This results in crystals having high melting and boiling points. The
intermolecular force is also uniform throughout the structure. Diamonds, metals,
salts are examples of crystalline solids.

Amorphous Solids

Amorphous solids are rigid structures, but they lack a well-defined shape. They do
not have a geometric shape. The particles of matter do not form the three-
dimensional lattice structure that we see in solids. Some naturally occurring
amorphous solids have impurities that prevent such a structure from forming. So
they have a short order arrangement of molecules. The most common example of an
amorphous solid is Glass. Gels, plastics, wax, thin films are also good examples of
amorphous solids.

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V. ACTIVITIES

Activity 1
Use the following terms to fill in the blanks. Some may be uses more than once.

Random motion Compress Kinetic Energy decrease Fluids

Empty space Density Absolute Zero Bonds temperature

1. The word kinetic comes from a Greek word that means “to move.” The kinetic
molecular theory is based upon the assumption that atoms are in constant
________________.

2. ___________is directly related to temperature. As the temperature increases so

does the ___________.

3. Compared to Solids and Liquids gases tend to have a lower _________. This can be
explained by the fact that there is so much _________between particles in a gas.

4. A small pressure will easily ___________ a gas. If this happens its ___________ will
increase. The space between the atoms will increase or ___________.

5. Solids have strong ___________, liquids have weaker ___________and gases have no
___________holding them together.

6. ___________is the temperature when a substance has no Kinetic Energy, and the
atoms are no longer moving.

7. Both liquids and gases are considered ___________because they flow easily.

Activity 2
Answer the following questions

Give one reason why industrial companies prefer to store a condensed fuel as a
liquid rather than a gas.

Using the kinetic molecular theory, explain why gas can be easily compressed while
a liquid and a solid cannot?

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Activity 3
Indicate the strongest type of intermolecular force (LDF, DDF, HBF, or IDF)
between the molecules in the following:

Polar or Nonpolar Strongest Intermolecular Force

A. CO2
B. PF3
C. HF
D. CH4
E. KBr in H2O

VI. Assessment
Choose the correct answer on the following. Write your answers in the space
provided.

________1. As a solid element melts, the atoms become __________ and they have
__________ attraction for one another.
A. more separated, more C. more separated, less
B. closer together, more D. closer together, less

________2. Together, liquids and solids constitute __________ phases of matter.

A. the compressible C. the fluid
B. the condensed D. all the above

________3. Which statement is true about liquids but not true about solids?
A. They flow and are highly ordered.
B. They are highly ordered and not compressible.
C. They flow and are compressible.
D. They assume both the volume and the shape of their containers.

________4. The strongest interparticle attractions exist between particles of a

__________ and the weakest interparticle attractions exist between
particles of a __________.
A. solid, liquid C. solid, gas
B. liquid, gas D. liquid, solid

________5. Which one of the following exhibits dipole-dipole attraction between

molecules?
A. XeF4 B. AsH3 C. CO2 D. BCl3

________6. C12H26 molecules are held together by __________.

A. ion-ion interactions C. hydrogen bonding
B. ion-dipole interactions D. dispersion forces

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________7. Which of the following has hydrogen bonding as its only
intermolecular force?
A. HF B. H2O C. C6H13NH2 D. None

________8. __________ are particularly polarizable.

A. Small nonpolar molecules
B. Small polar molecules
C. Large nonpolar molecules
D. Large molecules, regardless of their polarity,

________9. In which of the following molecules is hydrogen bonding likely to be the

most significant component of the total intermolecular forces?
A. CH4 C. C6H13NH2
B.C5H11OH D. CH3OH

________10. Of the following, __________ has the highest boiling point.

A. N2 B. Br2 C. H2 D. Cl2

________11. What intermolecular force is responsible for ice being less dense than
liquid water?
A London dispersion forces C. dipole-dipole forces
B. ion-dipole forces D. Hydrogen bonding

________12. What types of intermolecular forces exist between HI and H2S?

A. dipole-dipole and ion-dipole
B. dispersion forces, dipole-dipole, and ion-dipole
C. dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and ion-dipole
D. dispersion forces and dipole-dipole

________13. The first particles to evaporate from a liquid are _____.

A. those with the lowest kinetic energy
B. those farthest from the surface of the liquid
C. those with the highest kinetic energy
D. all the above

________14. Which of the following will evaporate the fastest?

A. water at 20°C C. water at 40°C
B. water at 0°C D. all the above

________15. An increase in the temperature of a contained liquid _____.

A. has no effect on the kinetic energy of the liquid
B. causes fewer particles to escape the surface of the liquid
C. decreases the vapor pressure of the liquid
D. causes the vapor pressure above the liquid to increase

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VII. Reflection

Answer the following questions

1. What is an ionic crystal?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. What type of crystal is a diamond?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3. What forces hold molecular crystals together?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

4. Which type of crystal is a good conductor of electricity?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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VIII. References

Wilbraham, Anthony et al.CHEMISTRY, Prentice Hall, Inc. 2002, New Jersey

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/kinetic-molecular-theory-of-
matter/

https://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Forces/Kinetic/Forces01.htm

https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2010/10/01/how-intermolecular-forces-affect-
boiling-points/

https://www2.palomar.edu/users/ngeetha/Ch%2011intermol%20force2.pdf

https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/the-solid-state/crystalline-and-amorphous-solids/

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1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. D
7. D
8. D
9. D A. nonpolar, LDF;
10. B B. polar, DDF;
11. D C. polar; HBF;
12. D D. nonpolar, LDF;
13. C E. polar, IDF
14. B
15. D
ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY 3
1. Random motion
2. Kinetic Energy
3. Density, Empty space
4. Compress, density,
decrease
5. Bonds
6. Absolute Zero
Answers may vary 7. Fluids
ACTIVITY 2 ACTIVITY 1
IX. Answer Key
X. Development Team

Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheets

Writer: Stefen M. Santos
Editor: Cristina L. Dizon, PhD
Reviewers: Ala M. Elagio, Nicole Ann P. Tiongco, Jeffrey R. Yumang
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Ericson Sabacan, EdD, CESO V
Leandro C. Canlas, PhD, CESE
Elizabeth O. Latorilla, PhD
Sonny N. De Guzman, EdD
Cristina L. Dizon, PhD
Elizabeth C. Miguel, EdD

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Department of Education – Division of Mabalacat

P. Burgos St., Poblacion, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Telefax: (045) 331-8143

E-mail Address: mabalacatcity@deped.gov.ph

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