SCH3U1: Solutions and Solubility– UNIT 4 AGENDA

Date Lesson Homework Labs/Assignments

CH 8.1 Importance of water p.375 #1,2,5-10

CH 8.2 & CH 8.3 Solutions and Dissolving p.381 #1-4

p.389 # 1-3,5-6,9-13
CH 8.5 Solubility and Saturation p.397 #1, 3-6

CH 8.6 Concentration p. 402 #3-7, 9-11

CH 8.7 Preparing Dilutions *Demo* p.405 practice #1-4

p.405 questions #2-6
CH 8.8 Concentrations & Consumer Products p.411 #1-6
OR CH 8.1 Properties of water OR p.375 1-3 p.504 #52,
95
Chapter 8 Review p.416-420 # 1-19,29-31,
47-52, 54,55,63,64,77 a-d
CH 9.1 Reactions of Ions in Solution p.427 # 1-2
p.428 #1-6
CH 9.2 Water Treatment

CH 9.5 Stoichiometry of Solutions p.447 # 1-2

Read p.447-448 sample problem #1 p.448 # 1-3
p.449 # 1-5
CH 10.1 Properties of Acids and Bases p.468 #1-2
p. 469 # 1,3-7
CH 10.2 Theoretical Acid –Base Definitions p.475 #1, 4-10

CH 10.3 Acid-Base Stoichiometry Steps for titration

“Titration” p.481 #1-5
p.485 # 7-10
LAB: Titration (DAY 1) Complete calculations

LAB: Titration (DAY 2) Complete handout

LAB: Titration (DAY 3) (CT)

Culminating Task Write-up
CH 8.2 Solutions and Their Characteristics

Solution:
• It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Solute: the substance that is in lesser quantity in a solution

Solvent: the substance that is in greater quantity in a solution

Concentration: the ratio of the quantity of solute to the quantity of solution or solvent (quantity/unit amount)

Concentrated solution: a solution with a relatively large quantity of solute compared to the volume of the solution.

Dilute Solution: a solution with a relatively small quantity of solute compared to the volume of the solution.

CH 8.3 The Dissolving Process

The Dissolving of Ionic Compounds

In order for ionic compounds to dissolve, the bonds within NaCl crystal must be broken. Diagram:

Dissociation→ the separation of ions that occurs when ionic compounds dissolve
Writing Dissociation Equations
• only ionic compounds undergo dissociation
• the solid compound is written always on the left side of the equation and the ions it releases are on the right.

Example: K3PO4 (s)

The Dissolving of Molecular Compounds

Miscible → liquids that mix in all proportions to form a solution (ex. Ethanol and water)
Immiscible → liquids that do not mix to form a solution (ex. Oil and water)

Like Dissolves Like: Solutes dissolve in solvents of similar polarity

• Ionic and polar covalent compounds dissolve in polar solvents due solute-solvent attractions.

Example: ethanol and water both have polar bonds

• Non-polar solutes do not dissolve in polar solvents because the solute-solvent attractions are weak.

Example: water and oil,

Surfactants:

have a hydrophilic end that is attracted to water and a hydrophobic end that is repelled by water. Form a micelle around
oil.

Diagram

Homework: pg 381 # 1-4 pg 389 # 1-3, 5-6, 9-13

CH 8.5 Solubility and Saturation

Solubility
• quantity of solute that can dissolve in a given quantity of solvent

Solubility Curves
Represents the mass of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at that temperature
.
Ionic Compounds
increases with rising temperature

Solubility Curves of Gases

Solubility of gases decreases as the temperature rises
little effect on liquids

Define:
saturated solution

unsaturated solution

supersaturated solution

Homework: p.397 #1,3-6

The Bends (scuba diver): Explain the cause and effect.
Refer to the Graph on p.394

Example 1:
a) Classify a solution that contains 60g/100g H2O of potassium nitrate at 400C.
b) What mass of solute should crystallize from this solution if it is cooled to 200C?
Example 2:
A potassium sulfate solution, K2SO4(aq) containing 11.8g/100g H2O at 200C, is warmed to 600C. What additional mass of
potassium sulfate is required to saturate this solution at 600C?
Example 3:
How many grams of potassium nitrate at 400C are needed to achieve a saturated solution when you have. Note the
chart is grams of solute/100g of Water.
a) 100g of water
b) 200g of water
c) 165g of water
Name: __________________________________________Date: ____________Class____________
Ch. 8.5 Solubility and Solutions
Read chapter 8.5 and complete the following questions.
1. According to the textbook how are the following terms defined:
Solute: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Solvent: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Saturated: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Unsaturated: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………
Supersaturated: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. What are the general trends in solubility? Complete the table

Solid Liquid Gas
Increase in Temperature
Increase in Pressure
3. Two identical bottles of carbonated pop are opened. One is placed in the refrigerator while the other is left on
the kitchen counter. Which becomes flat first? Why?
4. Unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated solutions of an ionic solid look the same. Described a laboratory test
that could be used to distinguish between these solutions.
5. Compare the effect increasing temperature on the solubilities of sucrose (table sugar) and carbon dioxide.
6. Fresh liquid honey (or as Mr. Lozada likes to call it, bee vomit) is a saturated solution. Over time, crystals of
sugar may form in the liquid.
(a) What effect would storing honey in the refrigerator have on this process?
(b) What is likely to happen if you pour liquid honey into a jar that contains a few sugar crystals? Assume no
temperature changes. Explain
7. The Bends is a life threating conditions that scuba divers may encounter. The Bends are caused by the solubility
of gases. Be able to explain how and what cases the bends.

Before complete the next questions review Practice Problems #1-3 in chapter 8.5.

. Interpreting solubility curves

Point on the curve=saturated solution
below the curve=unsaturated solution. More can dissolve
above the curve =supersaturated solution.

a) Classify a solution that contains 64g/100g H2O of

potassium nitrate at 400C.
b) What mass of solute should crystallize from this solution if
it is cooled to 200C?
c) How many grams of potassium nitrate at 40 C are needed
to achieve a saturated solution when you have. (Note the
chart is grams of solute/100g of Water.)
i) 100g of water ii) 200g of water iii) 165g of water

d) A potassium sulfate solution, K2SO4(aq) containing

11.8g/100g H2O at 200C, is warmed to 600C. What additional
mass of potassium sulfate is required to saturate this solution
at 600C?
Name: __________________________________________Date: ____________Class____________
Solubility Curve Practice Problems Worksheet 1

You'll notice that for most substances, solubility increases as temperature increases. As discussed earlier in solutions
involving liquids and solids typically more solute can be dissolved at higher temperatures. Can you find any exceptions
on the graph?____________________

Directions: Use the graph to answer the following questions. REMEMBER UNITS!
1) What mass of solute will dissolve in 100mL of water at the following temperatures?
a. KNO3 at 70°C = ____________
b. NaCl at 100°C= ____________
c. NH4Cl at 90°C= ____________
d. Which of the above three substances is most soluble in water at 15°C. = ____________

2) Types of Solutions
a) On a solubility curve, the lines indicate the concentration of a ___________________ solution - the maximum
amount of solute that will dissolve at that specific temperature.
b) Values on the graph ___________________ a curve represent unsaturated solutions - more solute could be
dissolved at that temperature.
 c) Label the following solutions as saturated or unsaturated. If unsaturated, write how much more solute can be
dissolved in the solution.

Solution Saturated or Unsaturated? If unsaturated: How much more

solute can dissolve in the solution?
a solution that contains 70g of NaNO3
at 30°C (in 100 mL H2O)
a solution that contains 50g of NH4Cl
at 50°C (in 100 mL H2O)
a solution that contains 20g of KClO3
at 50°C (in 100 mL H2O)
a solution that contains 70g of KI at
0°C (in 200 mL H2O)

3. Use the graph to answer the following two questions:

Which compound is most soluble at 20 ºC? ________ Which is the least soluble at 40 ºC? ________

4. A mass of 100 g of NaNO3 is dissolved in 120 g of water at 35ºC.

a) Is the solution saturated or unsaturated?______________________________

b) As the solution is cooled, at what temperature should solid first appear in the solution? Explain.

5 . A mass of 90 g of KNO3 is dissolved in 112 g of water at 50 ºC. The solution is heated to 70ºC. How many more grams
of potassium nitrate must be added to make the solution saturated? Explain your
CH 8.6 Concentration

Amount Concentration (symbol=c)

• the amount (in moles) of solute dissolved per litre of solution (unit=mol/L)

amount concentration (mol/L) = amount of solute (in mol)

volume of solution (in L)

c = n/v
Stock Solution
• a concentrated solution that is used to prepare dilute solutions for actual use

Standard Solution
• a solution for which the precise concentration is known (prepared in volumetric flasks)

Example 1: Sulfuric acid is a solution of hydrogen sulfate H2SO4 in water. A 25.0mL sample of concentrated sulfuric acid
contains 44 mg of hydrogen sulfate. Calculate the amount concentration of the solution.

Example 2: Household chlorine bleach is a 0.067mol/L solution of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO. What mass of sodium
hypochlorite is required to prepare 225mL of bleach?

Homework: p.402 # 3-7, 9-11

CH 8.7 Preparing Dilutions

Volumetric Flask: is a pear shaped container with a flat bottom and long, marked neck for measuring the precise volume
of a liquid.
Volumetric pipette: is a long, marked cylinder with or without a bubble for moving a precise volume of liquid.
A Standard Aqueous Solution From a Solid
Example: Prepare 100.0mL of a 0.500mol/L copper (II) chloride solution using a solid solute and distilled water.

Step 2: Obtain the mass of solid anhydrous copper (II) chloride by weighing it in a clean, dry 150mL beaker.
Step 3: Dissolve this solid in 40 to 50 mL of distilled water in the beaker. If the solute dissolves too slowly, gently heat
the beaker and stir the solute.
Step 4: Pour the solution into a 100.0 mL volumetric flask. Rinse the beaker and stirring rod 2-3 times with distilled water
and add the rinsings into the volumetric flask.
Step 5: Add distilled water to the flask until the flask is full to the 100.0 mL mark. Stopper the flask and mix the contents
thoroughly by repeatedly inverting the flask.

Diluting a Standard Aqueous Solution

Example: Prepare 100.0mL of 0.0500mol/L copper (II) chloride solution by diluting a 0.500 mol/L standard solution of
copper (II) chloride solution.
The Dilution Equation C1= initial concentration (concentrated solution)
C1 V1= C2 V2 V1= initial volume (before dilution)
C2= final concentration (diluted solution)
V2 = final volume (after dilution)

Step 2: Add 40 to 50 mL of distilled water to a clean 100.0 mL volumetric flask.

Step 3: Measure the required volume of the standard solution using a 10 mL volumetric pipette.
Step 4: Transfer the required volume of the standard solution into the volumetric flask.
Step 5: Add distilled water until the final volume of 100.0 mL is reached. Stopper the flask and mix the dilute solution
thoroughly.
Diluting Concentrated Acids
**wear safety goggles, an apron and rubber gloves**
** dilute in the fume hood**
**ALWAYS ADD THE ACID TO THE WATER…. Never the reverse**
Remember: A comes before W in the alphabet. Add Acid to Water!!
Practice: p.405 # 1-4 Homework: p. 405 #2-7
CH 8.8 Concentrations and Consumer Products

Percentage Concentration
In general: concentration= quantity of solute
quantity of solution
• Labels of many consumer products give concentrations expressed as a percentage concentration
• There are many ways to express concentration

1. Percentage volume/volume (% V/V) : cv/v = volume of solute x 100%

volume of solution

2. Percentage weight/volume (%W/V) : cw/v= mass of solute x 100%

volume of solution
3. Percentage weight/weight (%W/W) : cw/w= mass solute x 100%
mass of solution

Example 1: The concentration of ethanol in a 750ml bottle of wine is 13.5% V/V. Assuming that wine, has the same
density as water, calculate the volume of ethanol in the bottle.

Example 2: Glucose, is used to prepare intravenous feeding solutions. What volume of a 5.0%W/V glucose solution can be
prepared using 125g of glucose?

Extremely Low Concentrations

• When scientists are working in the medical and environmental field often measurements of concentrations are
extremely low.
• Very dilute concentrations are usually expressed in parts per million, parts per billion, and even parts per trillion.

ppm= mass solute x 106

mass solution RECALL: When doing problems with “parts per”
concentrations remember that…..
-Density of water 1g/mL, so 100g=100mL.
ppb= mass solute x 109 -All masses must have the same unit
mass solution -1kg=1000g, 1kg=1,000,000mg, 1L=1000mL

Example 1: A 1.5L sample of pool water contains 4.5mg of chlorine. Determine the concentration of chlorine in ppm.
Example 2: A 250mL sample of water is found to contain 12 ppb of an antibiotic. Determine the mass of the antibiotic in
the sample.

Refer to table 2, p. 411 for a summary Homework p.411 #1-6

CH 9.1 Reactions of Ions in Solution

Writing Total and Net Ionic Equations

• Recall that we can predict whether a compound precipitates or remains dissolved by using the solubility table.
BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → BaSO4( ) + 2NaCl ( )

Total Ionic Equation: all highly soluble ionic compounds are written as dissociated ions.
Ba2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq) + 2 Na+(aq) +SO42-(aq) →BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

Spectator Ions: ions that are not involved in a chemical reaction.

Net Ionic Equation: a chemical equation that includes only the entities that react.
Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → BaSO4(s)

Ex 1: Write the total and net ionic equations for the reaction between lead (II) nitrate solution and potassium iodide
solution.

Ex 2: Write the total and net ionic equations for the reaction between aluminum metal in a solution of copper (II)
chloride.

Ex 3: Write the total and net ionic equations for the reaction between NaOH(aq) and KNO3 (aq) .

HOMEWORK: p. 428 #1-6

Applications Questions: Make notes on Hard water/Water softening p. 434-435.
Chapter 9.2 Application

Hardness and Water Softening

Questions based on text reading (p. 434 – 435):

1. Name the elements that cause hardness in water.

2. What is hardness?
3. Give various problems caused by hardness.
4. Give methods for removing hardness.
5. How do you regenerate ion-exchange resin?
6. What is the chemical formula for the carbonate ion?
7. A ion exchange resin softener replaces calcium and manganese ions with ______ ions.
8. What element does ion exchange softening increase in the finished water? Why can this be a problem.

Chapter 8
9. From chapter 8.1 Select THREE unusual properties of water that result from hydrogen bonding and describe the
physical or biological significance of the properties you have selected.

CH 9.5 Stoichiometry of Solutions

Example 1: Determine the minimum volume of 0.42mol/L sodium sulfate, Na2SO4(aq), that is required to react completely
with all the barium ions in 500.0mL of 0.100mol/L barium chloride, BaCl2 solution
Example 2: Predict the mass of precipitate expected when 1.50L of 0.800mol/L sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(aq), is mixed
with 850mL of a 1.00mol/L aluminum nitrate, Al(NO3)3, solution.

Do example 1a p. 448 p.447 # 1-2 p.448 # 1-3

CH 10.1 Properties of Acids and Bases

Properties of Acids and Bases

Property Acid Base

pH

Taste

Touch

Litmus paper

Phenolphthalein

Bromothymol blue

Conducts electricity in
solution
Reaction with active metals Produce hydrogen gas Do not react

Reaction with carbonate Produce carbon dioxide Do not react

compounds

Reaction with carbon dioxide Do not react Produce carbonates

Reaction with oils and fat Do not react Produce a soap

Nomenclature of Acids and Bases

Acids without oxygen

• Start with a prefix hydro- and end with -ic acid.

Acids with oxygen

• The name is based on the name of its oxyanion.
• Note that the names of these oxyacids do not start with the prefix hydro- . (see table 3 & 4 on p.467)

Ex. H2SO3 H3PO5

PRACTICE: p. 468 #1-2 HOMEWORK: p. 469 #1,3-7

CH 10.2 Theoretical Acid-Base Definitions

The Arrhenius Theory:

Base: produces hydroxide ions.

Acid: produce hydrogen ions.

Dissociation: water molecules pull the positive and negative ions apart (**Ionic Compounds**)
Ionization: formation of ions from uncharged molecules (**Molecular Compounds**)

Limitations
• Some substances have basic properties but do not contain OH ions (ex.NH3)
• Water is not always the solvent

The Bronsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases

• An acid: a proton (H+) donor.
• Base: a proton acceptor. (picks up H+)

Example: HCl (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O +(aq) + Cl- (aq)

NH3 (g) + H2O (l) → NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq)

Strong and Weak Acids

Strong Acid- ionizes 100% in water;

Weak Acid- only partially ionizes in water;

Example: HCl (aq) → H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

HC2H3O2 (aq) → H+ (aq) + C2H3O2- (aq)

pH Scale: from 0-14.

A change in the scale is a tenfold change in how acidic or basic the
solution is.

Example:
• pH 3 is _______times more acidic than pH 4

• Lemon juice (pH 3) is _______times less acidic than battery acid (pH 0)

HOMEWORK: p. 475 #1, 4-10

CH 10.3 Acid-Base Stoichiometry
Titration: a procedure used to determine the concentration of a solution using a standardized solution.
Titrant: the solution in the burette during a titration. Concentration of titrant is known/given.
Sample: the solution in the flask with an unknown concentration.
Burette: a calibrated tube used to deliver variable known volumes of a liquid during a titration
Equivalence point: the point in a titration when neutralization is complete
Endpoint: the point during a titration when a sudden change in an observable property of the solution occurs; usually a
change in colour of an acid base indicator.
** Although the equivalence point and the endpoint are not the same, they will match if the correct indicator is
selected. Thus, the endpoint will tell us that the equivalence point has been reached.**

Determining Concentration Using Titration Data

Example: Several 10.00mL samples of sulfuric acid solution of unknown concentration are titrated with a 0.100mol/L
solution of sodium hydroxide. Use the observations summarized in table 3 to determine the concentration of the acid
solution.

QUESTIONS: p.481 #1 HOMEWORK: p.485 #7-10