Maysan University/ College of

Engineering
Thermodynamics
Petroleum engineering dept.
2nd stage
2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Presented by: Ass. Lec. Qudama M. Q. Al- Yasiri

 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Consider the heating of a room by the passage of electric current
through a resistor. Again, the first law dictates that the amount
of electric energy supplied to the resistance wires be equal to
the amount of energy transferred to the room air as heat. Now
let us attempt to reverse this process. It will come as no surprise
that transferring some heat to the wires does not cause an
equivalent amount of electric energy to be generated in the wires.
It is clear from these arguments that processes proceed in a
certain direction and not in the reverse direction. The first law
places no restriction on the direction of a process, but satisfying
the first law does not ensure that the process can actually occur.
This inadequacy of the first law to identify whether a process can
take place is remedied by introducing another general principle,
the second law of thermodynamics.

The use of the second law of thermodynamics is not limited to

identifying the direction of processes; it also asserts that energy
has quality as well as quantity. The first law is concerned with
the quantity of energy and the transformations of energy from one
form to another with no regard to its quality.
In the development of the second law of thermodynamics, it is very
convenient to have a hypothetical body with a relatively large
thermal energy capacity (mass x specific heat) that can supply or
absorb finite amounts of heat without undergoing any change in
temperature. Such a body is called a thermal energy reservoir, or
just a reservoir. In practice, large bodies of water such as oceans,
lakes, and rivers as well as the atmospheric air can be modeled
accurately as thermal energy reservoirs because of their large
thermal energy storage capabilities.
Ex: The air in a room can be treated as a reservoir in the analysis of
the heat dissipation from a TV set in the room, since the amount of
heat transfer from the TV set to the room air is not large enough to
have a noticeable effect on the room air temperature. A reservoir
that supplies energy in the form of heat is called a source, and one
that absorbs energy in the form of heat is called a sink.
Heat Engines
Work can be converted to heat directly and completely, but
converting heat to work requires the use of some special devices.
These devices are called heat engines. Heat engines differ
considerably from one another, but all can be characterized by the
following:
1. They receive heat from a high-temperature source (solar energy,
oil furnace, nuclear reactor, etc.).
2. They convert part of this heat to work (usually in the form of a
rotating shaft).
3. They reject the remaining waste heat to a low-temperature sink
(the atmosphere, rivers, etc.).
4. They operate on a cycle.
The work-producing device that best fits into the definition of a
heat engine is the steam power plant.
Thermal Efficiency
Qout represents the magnitude of the energy wasted in order to
complete the cycle. But Qout is never zero; thus, the net work
output of a heat engine is always less than the amount of heat
input. That is, only part of the heat transferred to the heat engine
is converted to work. The fraction of the heat input that is
converted to net work output is a measure of the performance of a
heat engine and is called the thermal efficiency 𝜼𝒕𝒉 .
For heat engines, the desired output is the net work output, and
the required input is the amount of heat supplied to the working
fluid. Then the thermal efficiency of a heat engine can be
expressed as:
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
Part of the heat received by
a heat engine is converted
to work, while the rest is Schematic of a steam power plant
rejected to a sink.
The net work output of this power plant is simply the difference
between the total work output of the plant and the total work
input
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑾𝒊𝒏

The net work can also be determined from the heat transfer data
alone.
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑸𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑡ℎ =
𝑄𝑖𝑛

𝑸𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝜼𝒕𝒉 = =𝟏−
𝑸𝒊𝒏 𝑸𝒊𝒏
2nd Law of Thermodynamics statements:
1) Kelvin–Planck Statement

It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive

heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work.

That is, a heat engine must exchange heat with a low-temperature

sink as well as a high-temperature source to keep operating. The
Kelvin–Planck statement can also be expressed as no heat engine
can have a thermal efficiency of 100 percent.
Refrigerators
We all know from experience that heat is transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature, that is, from high-temperature mediums to low
temperature ones. This heat transfer process occurs in nature without requiring
any devices. The reverse process, however, cannot occur by itself. The transfer
of heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-temperature one requires
special devices called refrigerators.

Basic components of a refrigeration system

Coefficient of Performance of Refrigerators
The efficiency of a refrigerator is expressed in terms of the
coefficient of performance (COP), denoted by COPR .
The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat (QL) from the
refrigerated space. To accomplish this objective, it requires a
work input of Wnet,in Then the COP of a refrigerator can be
expressed as:
𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑸𝑳
𝒄𝒐𝒑𝑹 = =
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒊𝒏
The conservation of energy principle for a cyclic device requires
that: 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕, 𝒊𝒏 = 𝑸𝑯 − 𝑸𝑳
𝑸𝑳 𝑸𝑳
𝒄𝒐𝒑𝑹 = =
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒊𝒏 𝑸𝑯 − 𝑸𝑳
Heat Pumps
A device that transfers heat from a low-temperature medium to a
high-temperature one is the heat pump, shown schematically in
Refrigerators and heat pumps operate on the same cycle but differ
in their objectives. The objective of a refrigerator is to maintain
the refrigerated space at a low temperature by removing heat
from it. Discharging this heat to a higher-temperature medium is
merely a necessary part of the operation, not the purpose. The
objective of a heat pump, however, is to maintain a heated space
at a high temperature. This is accomplished by absorbing heat
from a low-temperature source, such as well water or cold outside
air in winter, and supplying this heat to the high-temperature
medium such as a house.
 The work supplied to a
heat pump is used to Schematic of a heat pump
extract energy from the
cold outdoors and carry
it into the warm indoors
Coefficient of Performance of Heat Pump

The measure of performance of a heat pump is also expressed

in terms of
the coefficient of performance 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝑯.𝑷 , defined as:

𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑸𝑯
𝒄𝒐𝒑𝑯.𝑷 = =
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒊𝒏
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕, 𝒊𝒏 = 𝑸𝑯 − 𝑸𝑳

𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑯
𝒄𝒐𝒑𝑯.𝑷 = = = 1+𝒄𝒐𝒑𝑹
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒊𝒏 𝑸𝑯 − 𝑸𝑳
2) Clausius Statement
Clausius statement is related to refrigerators or heat pumps. The
Clausius statement is expressed as follows:
It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and
produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower-
temperature body to a higher-temperature body.
It is common knowledge that heat does not, of its own volition,
transfer from a cold medium to a warmer one. The Clausius
statement does not imply that a cyclic device that transfers heat
from a cold medium to a warmer one is impossible to construct.
In fact, this is precisely what a common household refrigerator
does. It simply states that a refrigerator cannot operate unless its
compressor is driven by an external power source, such as an
electric motor.
Important Control Question:
- What are the differences between Heat Engines
and Heat Pumps?
* Objective
** Efficiency for H.E – COP for H.P
*** Statements
**** Flow chart scheme.