The Early Republic

Lesson 1 ​The New Government Finds Its Way

Key Terms
Administration- ​staff of the executive branch

Precedents- ​an act or statement that becomes an example, rule, or tradition to be

followed
Cabinet- ​heads of the executive departments who meet as a group in order to advise
the President

Tariffs- ​a tax on imported goods

loose construction- ​a belief that the government has any power not forbidden by the
Constitution

strict construction- ​a belief that the government is limited to powers clearly stated in the
Constitution

Whiskey Rebellion- ​a 1795 uprising in western Pennsylvania that opposed the federal
excise tax on whiskey

political parties- ​an organization of people who seek to win elections and hold public
office in order to shape government policy

Democratic Republicans- ​led by Jefferson and Madison, one of the first political parties
in the United State and also known as the Republicans

Little Turtle- ​(1752-1812) an American Indian leader of the Miani people, resisting
American expansion into the Northwest Territory, Little Turtle’s forces won several
victories against US troops in 1790 and 1791. Little Turtle signed the Treaty of
Greenville in 1795, ceding much of Ohio and parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan to
the United States

Battle of Fallen Timbers- ​a 1794 battle in which federal troops defeated the Miami
Confederacy of American Indians

French Revolution- ​an uprising against the French monarchy that began in 1789
John Jay- ​(1745–1829) was an American statesman who played an influential role in
the founding of the United States and the building of the new country's government. In
1787 and 1788, Jay collaborated with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison to write
The Federalist​ , an important work that led to the Constitution's ratification. In 1789,
President Washington appointed Jay as the first Chief Justice of the new Supreme
Court.

XYZ Affair- ​a diplomatic controversy in 1798 in which french officials demanded bribes
of American negotiators

Alien and Sedition Acts- ​1798 laws that allowed the government to imprison or deport
non-citizen immigrants, known as aliens, and to prosecute those who criticized the
government

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions- ​state resolutions passed in 1798 declaring the Alien
and Sedition Acts unconstitutional

Aaron Burr- ​(1756–1836) was the third Vice President of the United States. Angered by
comments made by Alexander Hamilton, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804,
during which Hamilton was killed.

Academic Vocabulary
adverse: ​unfavorable
exploit:​ to take unfair advantage of
insurrection:​ a violent rebellion against a government
suppress: ​to put an end to something with force
unify:​ to bring together; to make into one unit
volatile:​ likely to change in a sudden, extreme way

Lesson Objectives
1. Describe​ how Washington’s administration built the federal government.
2. Analyze​ Hamilton’s plans for the economy and the opposition to them.
3. Explain​ how a two-party system emerged in the new nation.
4. Explain​ how territorial expansion brought Americans into conflict with the British
and with American Indians.
5. Describe​ American relations with Britain, France, and Spain.
 6. Analyze​ how the political parties’ debates over foreign policy further divided
them.

Creating a New Government: ​Text

1. Draw Inferences ​How do you think George Washington felt about taking on the
responsibility of being the first president? Cite evidence and quotes from the text
to support your inference. ​I think that Goerage Washington he took the
responsibilities seriously but he also felt a “great burden” to give the United States
government a good strong head start

2. Identify Supporting Details ​What important precedents did George Washington

set as the first president? Take notes on this throughout the texts in this lesson.
Some of the important precedents that Georage Washington set as the first
president is
- He established the Cabinet with the executive branch
- He introduced a policy of neutrality for foreign wars
- Two term limit of presidents
- Established relations with Great Britain with Jay’s Treaty
- Established the tradition of a presidential farewell address

Addressing the Nation's Debt: ​Text

3. Summarize ​ How did Hamilton’s plan redistribute the wealth in the United
States? Explain. ​Hamilton’s plan redistributed the wealth in the United States
because the wealth from the farmers to the merchants and from the south to the
north, and his plan was for new excise taxes and high tariffs

4. Draw Conclusions ​Why was it important for the United States government to
suppress the Whiskey Rebellion? ​It was important for the United States
government to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion because by suppressing the
rebellion it gave the opportunity to show the new power of the nation.

Political Divisions Lead to Two Parties: ​Text

5. Compare and Contrast ​Use the graphic organizer below to take notes about the
similarities and differences between the Federalists and the Democratic
Republicans. Include information about who made up each party, who led each
party, what economic activities each party supported, and each party’s attitude
toward the federal government.
Federalists Democratic Republic

- Led by Hamilton and John Adams - Led by Jefferson and Madison

- Favored by the northerns - Favored by southerners
- First 2 presidents and most - Common people supported them
governors, state legislators and - Worried that Federalists would focus
congressmen were Federalists on wealth and power in the hands of
- Credited with the new Constitution the federal government could hold too
and with the nations increased much power
prosperity during the 1790s - Wanted states to hold more power
relative to the federal government

6. Cite Evidence ​Did Washington support the Federalists or the Democratic

Republicans? Cite evidence to support your answer. ​Washington supported the
Federalists over the democratic republicans.

Domestic and Foreign Affairs: ​Text

7. Draw Conclusions ​Why did the British help the Native Americans fight against
the United States? ​The British helped the Native Americans fight against the
United States so that they could keep their forts on the American side of the great
lakes.
8. Explain Arguments ​Explain why the Democratic Republicans were more likely
to support the French Revolution, while the Federalists tended to oppose it.
Democratic Republicans were more likely to support the French Revolution
because the deomcratic republicans regret the executions but still preferred the
French Republic to its monarchist people, but the federalists thought that the
french revolutions were bloody anarchists that were out to destroy religion and
social order.
9. Draw Inferences ​Why did the Jay Treaty of 1794 cause arguments in
Congress? ​The Jay Treaty of 1794 caused arguments in the Congress because
Wasington and the federalists had favoured the treaty but the Democratic
Republicans denounced the treaty.

Foreign Policy Affects Domestic Politics: ​Text

10. Analyze Interactions Among Individuals, Events, and Ideas ​ What events
during John Adams’s presidency led to Jefferson and the Democratic
Republicans winning the presidency in the Election of 1800? ​The events during
John Adams presidency that led to Jefferson and the Democratic Republican
winning the presidency in the Election of 1800 was
- Hamilton's meddling had weakened the administration
- French began seizing american ships
- Adma sent envoys to Paris to negotiate peace but the French officials demanded
humiliating terms so John broke off the negotiations
- The Sedition Act and new federal taxes become very unpopular
The Early Republic
Lesson 2 ​Jefferson as President
Key Terms
Bureaucracy- ​a group of departments and officials that make up an organization, such
as a government

John Marshall- ​(1755–1835) was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States. After
serving under George Washington in the Revolutionary War, including the winter at
Valley Forge, Marshall held various law and political positions. As chief justice, Marshall
participated in more than 1,000 decisions, writing more than 500 of them himself, often
advancing and defending judicial power and the principles of American federalism.

judicial review-​ ​the power of the Supreme Court to decide whether acts of a president or
laws passed by Congress are constitutional

Marbury ​v.​ Madison-​ ​the 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of
judicial review

Louisiana Purchase- ​the 1803 purchase from France by the United States of the
territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains

Lewis and Clark Expedition- ​the 1804 expedition sent by President Jefferson to explore
the newly-acquired Louisiana Territory

Barbary War- ​a war between the Barbary States and the United States

Impressment- ​a policy of seizing people or property for military or public service

Embargo- ​an official ban or restriction on trade

Academic Vocabulary
confiscate: ​to take control of something
overrule:​ to use your power to change a decision you think is wrong
surplus: ​more than is needed

Lesson Objectives
 1. Understand​ why some saw Jefferson’s election as a “republican revolution.”
2. Explain​ the impact of John Marshall’s tenure as Chief Justice of the United
States.
3. Identity​ the importance of the Louisiana Purchase.
4. Analyze​ Jefferson’s foreign policies.

A New Direction for American Government: ​Text 1

1. Compare and Contrast ​Explain the difference between the ways Jefferson and
Hamilton wanted to deal with the national debt. What were the goals of each
leader? ​The difference between the ways that Jefferson and Hamilton wanted to
deal with the national debt was that Jefferson had encouraged Congress to
abandon the Alien and Sedition Acts, also the hated taxes on stamps, land and
alcoholic spirits, but unlike Hamilton, Jefferson wanted to retire the national debt
by paying it down.
2. Analyze Interactions Among Individuals, Events, and Ideas ​What
Jeffersonian ideas are still alive in politics today? ​Some of the Jeffersonian ideas
that are still alive in politics today are federal debt
3. Summarize ​ Was Jefferson’s election a “revolution” as he described it? ​Jefferson
called it a Revolution because it marked the first time that power in American
passed from one party to the next. It was a revolution because it was a sudden
change in political power.

John Marshall Shapes the Supreme Court: ​Text 2

4. Cite Evidence ​How did politicians behave toward one another during the 1790s
and the early 1800s? Cite evidence to support your conclusion. ​They were
enemies so that they could work against each other, such as Marbury and
Madison.
5. Draw Inferences ​What is the principle of judicial review and why was it
necessary? Give an example. ​The principle of judicial review is the power of the
Supreme court to decide whether the acts of a president or laws passed by
Congress are constitutional, this review was necessary so that the Supreme
Court can review the acts and the president and Congress do not make any crazy
acts that aren't constitutional

A Growing Nation Looks Westward: ​Text 3

6. Summarize ​Why did Jefferson choose to purchase the Louisiana Territory from
Napoleon? ​Jefferson choose to purchase the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon
 because without the army to occupy Louisiana and need money to fight the
British, Napoleon decided to sell all the land
7. Draw Conclusions ​Why did Jefferson believe he had “done an act beyond the
Constitution” by purchasing the Louisiana Territory? ​He believed that because the
constitution did not approve the federal government to buy territory from a foreign
country.

Foreign Difficulties Challenge Jefferson: ​Text 4

8. Summarize ​What was the U.S. “reexport” trade with France? Why did Britain
oppose this trade? ​The reexport trade with France, was when the American
merchants picked up cargoes in the French colonies and took them to ports in the
United States where they were unloaded, once they were unloaded the merchant
reshipped the cargoes to France as if they were American products, the British
hated this because it helped the French economy in which sustained Napoleon’s
army it also helped the US become Britain's largest commercial competitor.

9. Identify Supporting Details ​What were some of the dangers faced by American
merchants in the 1790s and early 1800s? Give examples. ​Some of the dangers
that the American merchants faced were that the British navy would take
American sailors from their ships and force them to serve in the British navy.

10. Analyze Interactions Among Individuals, Events, and Ideas ​ What were the
causes and effects of Jefferson’s embargo with Britain? What did these effects
reveal about the United States economy? ​Some of the causes and effects of
Jefferson’s embargo with Britain was that the embargo was supposed to starve
British and close their factories which created riots in the streets instead the
British found other markets in South America. The embargo also bankrupted
American marchants, which threw American sailors out of work, they hurt farmers
and this angered the votes so that the federalists gained support in northern
England which caused the embargo to be lifted and Jefferson's popularity began
to drop.
The Early Republic
Lesson 3 ​The War of 1812
Key Terms
Tecumseh- ​was a Shawnee warrior from the Ohio Valley who spearheaded a spiritual
and military resistance movement among American Indians in the early 1800s.
Tecumseh actively resisted the United States, fighting in battles, rejecting treaties, and
traveling widely to convince American Indian groups that they were all one people and
that no one group had the right to make a treaty.

Battle of Tippecanoe-​ ​an 1811 battle in the Indiana Territory between American Indians
and United States troops in which the American Indians were defeated

War Hawks- ​members of Congress who pushed for war against Great Britain in the
years leading up to the War of 1812

War of 1812- ​a war between the United States and Great Britain that lasted from 1812
to 1815

Andrew Jackson- ​(1767–1845) was an American military officer before serving in the
U.S. House of Representatives and Senate, and finally as the seventh U.S. President
from 1829 to 1837. As a general in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812, Jackson
successfully defended New Orleans. As President, he vetoed the renewal of the charter
of the Bank of the United States, opposed the nullification issue in South Carolina, and
initiated the spoils system.

Francis Scott Key-​ ​(1779–1843) was an American lawyer and amateur poet who is best
known as the author of the “The Star-Spangled Banner,” which became the U.S.
national anthem in 1931.

The Star-Spangled Banner- ​a poem written by Francis Scott Key in 1814 that became
the national anthem in 1931

Battle of New Orleans-​ ​War of 1812 battle when the United States defeated the British
in January of 1815

Treaty of Ghent- ​an 1814 agreement that ended the War of 1812

Hartford Convention-​ ​in 1814 meeting of Federalists from New England who opposed
the War of 1812 and demanded constitutional amendments to empower the region
Academic Vocabulary
bolster: ​to improve or support
momentum: ​force or speed of motion
perilous:​ very dangerous
solidarity:​ general agreement among people in a group because of shared goals

​Lesson Objectives
1. Identify​ the events that led to the War Hawks’ call for war.
2. Analyze​ the major battles and conflicts of the War of 1812.
3. Explain​ the significance of the War of 1812

​The Road to War: ​Text​ 1

1. Draw Inferences ​ Why did Congress fail in its attempts to force Britain and
France to recognize American neutrality? ​Congress failed in their attempts to
force Britain and France to recognize American neutrality because they wanted
to replace the emargo act with the nonintercourse act. Aimed at Britain and
France the act stated that the US would continue trade with whichever of the
countries would lift their restrictions on American shipping.
2. Summarize ​What were the main goals of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa? Did
they achieve these goals? ​Some of the main goals of Tecumseh and
Tenskwatawa were that they wanted to preserve American Indian culture and
wanted to unite that American Indian nations in an armed resistance against
American expansion, although after the Battle of Tippecanoe the movement lost
some of it momentum to continue and most American Indians escaped to fight
again.
3. Identify Supporting Details ​Why did the War Hawks want to go to war against
Britain? What did they hope to gain? ​The War Hawks wanted to go to war
against Britain because they wanted to restore national honor, and they had
insisted that invading Britain-hled Canada would leave the American Indians of
tier main source of arms and drive the British out of North America

​War with Britain: ​Text 2

4. Categorize ​Use the graphic organizer below to list American successes and
failures in the War of 1812. Include specific events.
 America In the War of 1812

Successes Failures

- Small American navy captured four - The small British and American
British ships Indian forces in Canada repeatedly
- American ships defeated a british defeated the American invasion
ship attempts in 1812 and 1813
- The army was able to reattack - Hull had surrendered Detroit to a
Detroit much smaller British force
- Defeated Britain's American Indian - The british navy blocked the coat
allies and british forces invaded the
- Harrison’s army killed Tecumseh United States
and scattered his supporters - British captured the national capital
- Jackson invaded the Spanish - Burned the White House and
colony of Florida Capitol

1. Summarize ​What errors did the U.S. leaders make when planning the War of
1812? ​Some errors that the US leaders made when planning the War of 1812 is
that the US was not united or prepared and they only had a small army and navy
and they were going up against the world's greatest power.
2. Draw Inferences ​What emotion did Francis Scott Key want to express when he
wrote the words to “The Star-Spangled Banner”? ​The emotion that he wanted to
express when he wrote the words is that he wrote it to celebrate the American
victory and he was proud of his country.

The Impact of the War of 1812: ​Text 3

7. Analyze Interactions Among Individuals, Ideas, and Events ​Why did the
United States experience a surge of patriotism after the War of 1812? ​The United
States experienced a surge of patriotism after the War of 1812 because they had
won their greatest victory at the Battle of New Orleans and it gave them
confidence and felt proud of their country.
8. Draw Inferences ​Why did the Federalists oppose the War of 1812? ​ ​ ​The
federalists opposed the War of 1812 because they considered the war to be
“offensive” and aimed at Canada.
9. Analyze Sequence ​What events led to the downfall of the Federalist Party? ​The
events that led to the downfall of the Federalist Party was that it was opposed to
the democratic spirit of the time and it fell due to the War of 1812.
10. Summarize ​ Explain the geographic impact of the War of 1812. ​There were no
geographical changes because all the land was to be given back but it did open
the Great Lakes region to American expansion.
The Early Republic
Lesson 4 ​The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

Key Terms
Turnpikes- ​a road that requires users to pay a toll

National Road- ​a road built by the federal government in the early 1800s that extended
from Maryland to Illinois

Erie Canal- ​a canal completed in 1825 that connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River

Industrial Revolution- ​a shift from manual labor to mechanized work that began in Great
Britain during the 1700s and spread to the United States around 1800

Samuel Slater- ​(1768-1835)- was an English-born industrialist who used his knowledge
of cotton and manufacturing and textile machinery to build the nation's first water
powered textile mill in 1793 at Pawtucket, Rhode Island

Francis Cabot Lowell- ​(1775–1817) was an American businessman who developed the
world’s first textile mill in which all operations in converting raw cotton into finished cloth
were performed within one facility.

Lowell girls- ​young women who worked in the textile mill in Lowell, Massachusetts, in
the early 1800s

interchangeable parts- ​identical components that can be used in place of one another

Eli Whitney- ​(1765–1825) was an American inventor best known for his invention of the
cotton gin, which he patented in 1794, to automate the removal of seeds from raw
cotton. Whitney's greatest contribution, however, was developing the idea of
mass-producing interchangeable parts. He did this in 1797 in order to fulfill a contract to
supply muskets for the government.

Samuel F.B. Morse- ​(1791–1872) was originally an art student who developed the idea
of the electric telegraph. By 1838, he had developed the system of dots and dashes that
became known throughout the world as the Morse Code. Later in life, Morse became a
prominent philanthropist, donating to charities and helping to establish Vassar College.
Academic Vocabulary
component: ​part; one of the parts of a whole
enforce:​ to make people obey a rule or law
interchangeable:​ capable of being used in place of each other
transatlantic:​ across the Atlantic Ocean

Lesson Objectives
1. Summarize​ the key developments in the transportation revolution of the early
1800s.
2. Analyze​ the rise of industry in the United States in the early 1800s.
3. Describe​ some of the leading inventions and industrial developments in the
early 1800s.

New Technology Revolutionizes Transportation: ​Text 1

1. Identify Cause and Effect ​ Why did transportation restrict economic growth in
the United States before the 1800s? ​Transportation restricted economic growth in
the United States before the 1800s because many of the people had transported
goods on by boats because it was the easiest way to transport their goods, but
there was an overload transportation of carts, wagons, sleighs and stagecoaches
being pulled by horses or oxen over a dirt road, transportation on land took a lot
more time than it did to transport goods on water

2. Summarize ​How did the steamboat change transportation on the Mississippi

River? ​The steamboat changed transportation on the Mississippi River because it
made it easier to travel upstream fighting against the currents and they released
the availability of the Mississippi River Basin for moving goods and people.

3. Identify Supporting Details ​How did the construction of the Erie Canal affect
industry in the United States? Give at least two examples. ​The construction of the
Erie Canal affected the industry in the United States because one the Erie Canal
lowered the price from $100 to $4 to ship a bunch of freight overland from the city
of Buffalo to NYC. It also helped make NYC the nation's greatest commercial
center which helped the growth of the city and it also enhanced the value of
farmland in the Great Lakes region.

4. Draw Inferences ​What were the advantages of using railroads instead of canals
to transport goods? ​Advantages of using railroads instead of canals to transport
 goods were that railroads cost less to build and they were easier to go up hill and
the trains can move faster and carry more weight than the ships could.

The Industrial Revolution: ​Text 2

5. Draw Conclusions ​Why did Britain want to prevent the spread of the Industrial
Revolution? ​Britain wanted to prevent the spread of the Industrial Revolution
because they wanted to protect the industrial advantage that they already had.

6. Compare and Contrast ​How did the processes of making shoes and clothes
change as a result of the Industrial Revolution? ​The process of making shoes and
clothes changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution because of the operations
at the factories making the cloth instead of the production of thread alone.

7. Draw Conclusions ​Why did Francis Lowell use young girls to staff his cloth
factories? ​Francis Lowell used young girls to staff his cloth factories because he
did not have to play women as much if he had men working and it also brought a
sort of freedom to the women and gave them more opportunities so they are
more excited to work.

Innovations in Industry and Agriculture: ​Text 3

8. Draw Inferences ​What were the benefits of using interchangeable parts? Why
did it take time for manufacturers to begin using interchangeable parts regularly?
Some of the benefits of using interchangeable parts were that it helped improve
efficiency in the factories because the components could be put in place of a
different part this also helped let to a more efficient way of productions of a large
range of manufactured goods, it took time for the manufacturers to begin using
interchangeable part regularly because they had to get the part to be able to fit
both of them in.

9. Categorize ​What were some of the positive and negative consequences of the
Industrial Revolution? Use the graphic organizer below to categorize your ideas.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Positive Consequences Negative Consequences

 - Product production ws faster - Pollution, unsafe conditions/
- Products would be made dirty factories
without using a lot of money - Long work hours and no breaks
- Price of products went down - Child labor
- Mass production = more supply - Jobs did not pay well
of goods - No education because they
- Led to more advances in the were stuck in factory
nation
- Opened up manufacturing
everywhere

10. Cite Evidence ​What was the most important innovation of the Industrial
revolution in the United States? Cite evidence from the text to support your
answer. ​The most important innovation of the Industrial revolution in the United
States was the interchangeable parts because they were more efficient, lower
loss, they increased speed of production and they were also used for just about
any and all new advancements.
The Early Republic
Lesson 5 Differences Between North and South Grow
Key Terms
Tariff of 1816- ​a protective tariff established by Congress to encourage Americans to
buy goods made in the United States

Capital- ​money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise

labor unions- ​an organization of workers

Nativists- ​a person who favors native-born inhabitants over immigrants

cotton gin-​ ​a machine invented in 1793 to separate the cotton fiber from its hard shell

Academic Vocabulary
access: ​the means of getting or acquiring
disperse: ​to go away in different directions
entrenched:​ strongly established; unlikely to change
fledgling:​ something that has just recently been formed and is still developing
upheaval:​ a very big change that often causes problems

Lesson Objectives
1. Analyze​ why industrialization took root in the northern part of the United States.
2. Describe​ the impact of industrialization on northern life.
3. Analyze​ the reasons that agriculture and slavery became entrenched in the
South.

Industrialization Takes Hold in the North: ​Text 1

1. Analyze Interactions Among Individuals, Events, and Ideas ​What effect did
the War of 1812 have on northern industry? ​The embargo of 1807 and the War of
1812 had cut off access to the British manufactured goods and they were needy
for substitutes, americans had built their own factories in the Northeast

2. Identify Cause and Effect ​ How did the Tariff of 1816 affect the North and the
South? Explain the positive and negative effects. ​The Tariff of 1816 affected the
North and South because it has increased the price of imported manufactured
 goods by 20-25% and the price for the imports encouraged the Americans to buy
products made in the US, the tariff helped industry, but it hurt the farmers who
had to pay the higher prices for regular consumer goods

3. Summarize ​Why did the Industrial Revolution in the United States begin in the
Northeast? ​The Industrial Revolution in the United States began in the Northeast
because it had bigger access the the capital and the money needed to build
factories or productive assets, and the Northeast had more cheap labor to be
able to work in factories they also had many swiftly flowing rivers that provided
water power for the new factories

Industrialization Changes Northern Society: ​Text 2

4. Determine Central Ideas ​Use the graphic organizer below to take notes about
America’s middle class, which expanded during the Industrial Revolution.

AMERICA’S MIDDLE CLASS

Who they were They were above working class of

common laborers but below the upper
class of wealthy business owners

What they did Men: ​lawyer, banker, accountant, clerk,

broker, auctioneer, retailer

Women: ​stayed at home

Where they lived They lived in suburban areas away from

the crowds, noise, small from factories
and urban workshops

5. Identify Cause and Effect ​ Describe how the immigrants who came to the United
States in the 1840s and the 1850s affected the northern economy. ​The
immigrants who came from the United States in the 1840s and the 1850s affected
the northern economy because they had boosted the Northeast's share of the
nations population but they also helped promote the urban growth

6. Cite Evidence ​What obstacles confronted the Irish and German immigrants who
came to the United States during this time? ​Some obstacles that confronted the
Irish and German immigrants who came to the United States was poverty had
 forced a lot of the immigrants to cluster in shaggy neighborhoods, the newcomers
all competed against free African American for jobs and housing, but the rioters
had attacked them and killed some and burned down their homes.

Agriculture Drives Southern Society: ​Text 3

7. Analyze Interactions Among Individuals, Events, and Ideas ​What factors led
to slavery becoming more deeply entrenched in the southern economy? Cite
evidence from the text. ​Some factories that led to slavery becoming more deeply
entrenched in the southern economy was that slavery soon became more
profitable as the cotton became the souths main crops, the cotton gin, western
expansion adn the industrialization led to a boost of the cotton production.

8. Draw Inferences ​How did the dominance of “King Cotton” prevent the spread of
industrialization in the South? ​The dominance of “King Cotton” helped prevent the
spread of industrialization in the South because the increase in the cotton supply
helped fill the growing demand from textile factories in the Northeast and Europe
bt by the 1840 southern plantations had produced 60% of the cotton that was
being sued by the American and European factories

9. Draw Conclusions ​Only a fourth of white southern men owned slaves. Why was
slavery so important to the culture of the South despite this? ​Slavery was so
important to the culture of the South despite this because the cotton was so
profitable that the demand fro slavery went through the rood and the farmers wish
that they would be able to had their own slaves and plantations and the common
whites had dreaded the freeing of their slaves becuase they feared that they
would come seek reveange on they but all the classes of white believed that they
all shared a sort of racial bond and even the poorest of the whites felt the smallest
amoutn of racial superiority

10. Paraphrase ​According George Fitzhugh, a slavery supporter quoted in the text,
what was the difference between slaves and free laborers? ​That slaves have it
much better than the free laborers because the free laborer had to work or starve.
The Early Republic
Lesson 6 ​Nationalism Influences Policies
Key Terms
Nationalism-​loyalty and devotion to one's nation

Henry Clay- ​(1777–1852) was an American politician who was elected to the U.S.
House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate from the state of Kentucky. Clay was a
leading proponent of economic nationalism, promoting federal support of internal
improvements, a protective tariff, and a national bank. In 1820, Clay helped craft the
Missouri Compromise to try to balance the rights of free and slave states.

American System- ​Henry Clay's federal program designed to stimulate the economy
with internal improvements and to create a self-sufficient nation

John Quincy Adams- ​(1767–1848) was the sixth President of the United States. Prior to
his presidency, Adams helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, which ended the
War of 1812. As President Monroe's Secretary of State, Adams was the chief architect
of the Monroe Doctrine. Adams returned to Congress after his presidency, where he
fought for the abolition of slavery and the improvement of the arts and sciences.

Adams-Onís Treaty- ​an 1819 treaty in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States

Monroe Doctrine-​ ​a foreign policy doctrine set forth by President Monroe in 1823 that
discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere

Missouri Compromise-​ ​an 1820 agreement calling for the admission of Missouri as a
slave state and Maine as a free state, and banning slavery in the Louisiana Purchase
north of the 36° 30' N latitude

Academic Vocabulary
advocate: ​a person who supports or urges for something
episode:​ an event or incident
regulate:​ to control something
sanctity:​ the quality of being very important or valuable
suppress:​ to stop or put down by authority or force
Lesson Objectives
1. Analyze​ the causes and effects of nationalism on domestic policy during the
years following the War of 1812.
2. Describe​ the impact of nationalism on the nation’s foreign policy.
3. Summarize​ the struggle over the issue of slavery as the nation grew.

The Influence of Nationalism on Domestic Affairs: ​Text 1

1. Analyze Interactions Among Individuals, Events, and Ideas ​What events led
to the “era of good feelings”? ​Some of the events that led to the “era of good
feelings” was in 1810 and 1812 the trade wars, there were issues with the foreign
policy and in 1812 and 1814 there was the War of 1812, the Hartford conventions
and the growth of nationalist feelings

2. Draw Inferences ​What was the goal of economic nationalism? ​The goal of
economic nationalism was to protect the strength and independence of the
nation.

3. Explain Arguments ​ What were some of the arguments for and against
establishing the second Bank of the United States? Use the graphic organizer
below to organize your ideas.

Establishing a National Bank

For Against

- Clay favored the reestablishment - Congressman opposed using

of a national bank federal funds for the improvements
- Would provide federal control over - Congress had the power to charter
the nation’s money supply and a national bank
banking practices

4. Vocabulary: Determine Meaning ​What is the “boom-and-bust” cycle and how

does it work? ​The “boom-and-bust” cycle is the bust that happens when the
national market emerged and more enterprises became connected over bigger
distances the economy became subject to perodidc shocks/panis and those were
the result of the “busts”. The “boom” phase is when high consumer demand
encourages owners to expand production
Nationalism Leads to American Expansion: ​Text 2
5. Analyze Interactions Among Individuals, Events, and Ideas ​ How did feelings
of nationalism influence foreign policy? ​The buildings of the nation’s pride and
identity was an important development that had helped shaped politics and the
arts, a key person in this was JOhn Quincy Adams, James Monroe’s Secretary of
state and the son of former PResident John Adams, monroe and adams hoped to
reduce the nation's great regional tensions by prompting nation expansion
6. Determine Central Ideas ​Summarize the main idea of the Monroe Doctrine.
Explain why the United States instituted this policy. ​The Monroe Doctrine is a
foregin policy that was created by President Monroe in 1823 in which discouraged
European intervention in the WesternHemisphere, the United States instituted
this policy when the British shared that goal and proposed uniting with the United
States to warn the other European powers to stay out of Latin American

7. Summarize ​What actions in Florida made Andrew Jackson a military hero? ​He
led a force into Florida to fight the Seminoles and seize Spanish forts.

Slavery and the Missouri Compromise: ​Text 3

8. Paraphrase ​Thomas Jefferson said: “The momentous question, like a fire-bell in
the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once the [death]
knell of the Union.” What was he talking about, and what did he mean? ​Thomas
Jefferson is talking about how the state of Missouri was joining that Union and if
Missouri had joined the Union as a slave state that it would tip the scales and all
of the slave states would have power over the free states.

9. Identify Cause and Effect ​Explain the causes and effects of the Vesey slave
revolt. ​The Vesey slave revolt was caused by the Missouri Compromise and by
causing the revolt the Southern politicians insisted that their safety required
northern silence on slavery.

10. Draw Conclusions ​What was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise? Did it
reach its goal? ​The purpose of the Missouri Compromise was to keep the balance
between the slave states and the free states, to keep the slave states happy, the
first part of the compromise was able to reach their goal but the second part of
the compromise was not because of the slave revolt caused by Vesey
The Early Republic
Lesson 7 ​Jacksonian Democracy
Key Terms
Jacksonian Democracy- ​Andrew Jackson and his followers' political philosophy
concerned with the interests of the common people and limiting the role of the federal
government

Caucus-​ ​a closed meeting of party members for the purpose of choosing a candidate

Andrew Jackson- ​(1767–1845) was the seventh U.S. President from 1829 to 1837. As a
general in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812, Jackson successfully defended New
Orleans. As president, he vetoed the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United
States, opposed the nullification issue in South Carolina, and initiated the spoils system.

Martin Van Buren- ​(1782–1862) was the eighth president of the United States, serving
from 1837 to 1841. He faced a national financial panic brought about in part by the
transfer of federal funds from the Bank of the United States to state banks. He also was
president during the Second Seminole War, a costly war that eventually led to the
removal of most of the Seminole people from parts of Florida.

spoils system- ​the practice of the political party in power giving jobs and appointments
to its supporters, rather than to people based on their qualifications

Indian Removal Act- ​an act passed by Congress in 1830 that allowed the federal
government to negotiate land exchanges with the American Indians in the Southeast

Trail of Tears-​ ​a forced march of the Cherokee Indians to move west of the Mississippi
in the 1830s

Tariff of Abominations- ​in 1828 protective tariff, so-named by its southern opponents

John C. Calhoun- ​(1782–1850) was a major American politician who served as U.S.
Vice President, secretary of war, secretary of state, and in both houses of Congress. He
was noted as a champion of states' rights and of slavery. His support for and work in
establishing the second Bank of the United States, a permanent road system, and a
standing army and modern navy made him one of the most influential supporters of
American nationalism.
Nullification- ​a theory that states could nullify, or void, any federal law they deemed
unconstitutional

Whigs-​ ​members of the nationalist political party formed in 1832 in opposition to the
Democrats

Academic Vocabulary
exploit: ​to take advantage of; utilize
perpetual:​ ongoing; continuous
reveled:​ enjoyed something very much
subversive:​ describes secret activities that are intended to damage a government or an
established system

Lesson Objectives
1. Analyze​ the movement toward greater democracy under Andrew Jackson.
2. Summarize​ the causes and effects of the removal of American Indians in the
early 1800s.
3. Evaluate​ the significance of the debate over tariffs and the idea of nullification.
4. Summarize​ the key events of the conflict over the second Bank of the United
States in the 1830s.
5. Analyze​ the political environment in the United States after Andrew Jackson.

Andrew Jackson Enters National Politics: ​Text 1

1. Draw Inferences ​Why did Andrew Jackson find support from the southern and
western states? ​Andrew Jackson found support from the southern and western
states because he and other critics denounced the program as “aristocratic” and
which allegedly favored the wealthy over the common people and soo became a
growing theme in national politics.

2. Identify Cause and Effect ​How did the changes in voting rights affect American
democracy? ​Changes in voting rights affected the American democracy by
lowering the voting qualifications and it soon created the Jacksonian Democracy.

3. Draw Conclusions ​ What political strategies contributed to Andrew Jackson’s

success in the election of 1828? ​Political strategies that contributed to Andrew
Jackson’s success in the election of 1828 were the spoils system, the state
 rewriting their constitution, public conventions in which voters had a greater say in
who became candidate in office.

American Indian Removal: ​Text 2

4. Explain Arguments ​Why did Andrew Jackson think that the American Indians
should be removed and sent to Oklahoma? Cite evidence from his quotes in the
text. ​Andrew Jackson thought the American Indians should be removed and sent
to Oklahoma because they thought all the people were equal and he also wanted
the native american to move west so that there would be more room for america
to expand on more land.
5. Draw Conclusions ​ What did the Trail of Tears show about many people’s views
about American Indians at the time? ​The Trail of Tears showed that the Jackson
administration continued to pressure the remaining american indian groups to sell
their lands and move west. Some of the american Indians in the south resisted
removal and troops forcibly removed the creeks from their southern lands, the
removal also affected american indian in the midwest.

The Debate Over Nullification: ​Text 3

6. Analyze Interactions Among Individuals, Events, and Ideas ​How was the
debate over nullification related to the conflict that later spiraled into the Civil
War? ​The debate over nullification related to the conflict that later spiraled into the
Civil War by the protective tariffs that had been a long topic of debate in the
United States, the industrial North had favored theses protective tariffs but the
agricultural south disliked them in 1828 Congress adopted a very high tariff in
which the south called the Tariff of Abominations.
7. Draw Inferences ​Why were the southern states opposed to high tariffs?
Southern states opposed higher tariffs because they had sold their cotton to
foreign buyers in order to exchange for foreign manufactured goods and so the
higher tariff would make the manufactured goods more expensive.

Economic Change Leads to the Bank War: ​Text 4

8. Summarize ​Explain why Andrew Jackson and many southerners opposed the
creation of a national bank. ​Andrew Jackson and many southerners opposed the
creation of a national bank because he thought that it was unconstitutional and
that it gave too much power to the capitalists, the national bank could also control
the state banks. This also allowed them to demand gold and silver from the
 individual state banks which reduced and forced them to lessen their value of
paper money.
9. Compare and Contrast ​Use the graphic organizer below to show the
differences between the beliefs of the Whigs and the Jacksonian Democrats. Also
include information about the people who made up each party.

Whigs Jacksonian Democrats

- Promoted the idea of a national - Fought when industry sought for

bank special advantages, such as
- Opposed President Jackson’s protective tariffs or federal
policies toward American Indians subsidies for roads and canals
- Criticized the expansion of - Promised to restore the Republic
executive power from a new form of aristocracy they
- Led by Henry Clay and Daniel called the “Money Power”
Webster in 1832 - Disliked the second Bank of the
- Nationlisists united States
- Wanted a strong federal - Believed it promoted economic
government to manage the growth by providing a stable
economy currency (paper money) in which
- Relied on a broad interpretation of people could have confidence
the Constitution - Argued that a lack of confidence in
- Favored the American System of the money supply could cause
protective tariffs, internal serious harm to the economy
improvement and a national - Led by Andrew Jackson
government
- Appealed to northern protestant
who wanted the government to
promote a moral reform

10. Determine Central Ideas ​How did Andrew Jackson exercise the power of the
executive branch to a different extent than previous presidents? Cite evidence.
Andrew Jackson exercised the power of the executive branch to a different extent
than previous presidents by using the power to veto more often than all the
previous presidents combined. He also forced congress to always consider his
opinions, his “negative activism” stopped the federal activity than in the past years
under former presidents.
National Politics After Jackson: ​Text 5
11. Identify Cause and Effect ​What caused the Panic of 1837? ​The Panic of 1837
was caused after Martin Van Buren took office in 1837.
12. Draw Inferences ​What events and strategies contributed to the Whig victory in
the Election of 1840? ​Some events and strategies that contributed to the Whig
victory in the Election of 1840 were the depression in 1837 which revived the
Whigs.