Engineers Precision Data Pocket Reference PDF

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A PRECISION DATA BOOK

FOR THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER, DESIGNER,
MANUFACTURING ENGINEER, DRAFTSMAN,
TOOLMAKER, MACHINIST, HOBBYIST AND STUDENT
Engineers
Precision
Data
Pocket Reference
Steve Heather
INDUSTRIAL PRESS INC.
Industrial Press, Inc.
32 Haviland Street, Suite 3
South Norwalk, CT 06854
Tel: 203-956-5593; Toll-Free: 888-528-7852
Email: info@industrialpress.com
Heather, Steve.
Engineers Precision Data, Pocket Reference
Copyright © 2014 by Industrial Press, Inc.

All rights reserved.
ISBN (print): 978-0-8311-3496-9

ISBN (pdf): 978-0-8311-9194-8
ISBN (e-pub): 978-0-8311-9195-5
ISBN (mobi): 978-0-8311-9196-2
This book, or any parts thereof, may not be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form without the written
permission of the publisher.
Limits of Liability and disclaimer of Warranty:

The author and publisher make no warranty of
any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to
the information contained in this book.
Sponsoring Editor: John Carleo

Editorial Consultant: Christopher J. McCauley
Cover Design: Janet Romano
industrialpress.com
ebooks.industrialpress.com
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
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CONTENTS
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS AND MEASUREMENT

Solution Of Right-Angled Triangles .................................................... 1
Solution Of Oblique-Angled Triangles ................................................ 2
Areas & Dimensions Of Plane Figures ............................................... 3
Volumes Of Solids .............................................................................. 6
Distance Across Corners Of Hexagons & Squares ............................ 8
Coordinates For Locating Equally Spaced Holes ............................... 9
Sine Bar Calculations ....................................................................... 10
Measuring Dovetail Slides ................................................................ 11
Calculating Countersink & Spot Drill Depths .................................... 12
Speeds & Feeds For Milling, Drilling, & Turning ............................... 13
Allowances For Sheet Metal Bending ............................................... 14
Calculating Shearing Pressure For Blanking .................................... 16
Shear Strengths Of Materials For Blanking ...................................... 17
SCREW THREAD AND DRILL SIZE EQUIVALENT CHARTS

ISO Metric Coarse ............................................................................ 18
ISO Metric Fine ................................................................................. 19
UNC - Unified National Coarse ......................................................... 20
UNF - Unified National Fine .............................................................. 21
BA - British Association .................................................................... 22
BSW - British Standard Whitworth .................................................... 23
BSF - British Standard Fine .............................................................. 24
BSP - British Standard Pipe .............................................................. 25
BSPT - British Standard Pipe Taper ................................................. 26
NPT - National Pipe Taper ................................................................ 27
Fluteless (Cold Forming) Threads - Tapping Drill Sizes ................... 28
Thread Repair Inserts - Tapping Drill Sizes ...................................... 29
Fractional, Number, Letter, Metric & Decimal
Drill Size Equivalent Charts .............................................................. 30
FASTENERS
Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws ................................................. 34
Clearance Drill, Counterbore & Key Sizes For Inch Series ........ 34
Clearance Drill, Counterbore & Key Sizes For Metric Series ..... 35
Hexagon Socket Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws ..................... 36
Clearance Drill, Countersink & Key Sizes For Inch Series ......... 36
Clearance Drill, Countersink & Key Sizes For Metric Series ...... 37
Machine & Set Screw Identification Chart ........................................ 38
iii
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CONTENTS
ALLOWANCES AND TOLERANCES

Terms Used For Preferred Fits On Holes & Shafts .......................... 39
Selected ISO Fits – Hole Basis ......................................................... 40
Clearance Fits ............................................................................. 40
Transition Fits ............................................................................. 42
Interference Fits .......................................................................... 43
PROPERTIES AND TESTING OF MATERIALS

Heat, Mass & Weight Of Elements ................................................... 44
Hardness Comparison Table ............................................................ 46
Surface Texture ................................................................................ 48
DRAWING STANDARDS
Drawing Sheet Sizes - U.S. Customary Inch & ISO Metric ............... 49
Line Types & Line Widths ................................................................. 50
ASME & ISO Orthographic Projections ............................................ 51
ASME & ISO Geometric Symbols Comparison Chart ...................... 52
Common Drawing Abbreviations ...................................................... 53
COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL

Letter Addresses ............................................................................... 54
G-Code Addresses ........................................................................... 55
Miscellaneous Functions (M-Codes) ................................................ 56
CONVERSION FACTORS
Inches To Millimeters ........................................................................ 57
Millimeters To Inches ........................................................................ 58
Fractional Inches To Millimeters ....................................................... 59
Fractional Inches To Decimal Inches ................................................ 59
Common Conversion Factors ........................................................... 60
Metric To Inch System ................................................................ 60
Inch To Metric System ................................................................ 61
INDEX .................................................................................................. 62
iv
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SOLUTION OF RIGHT- ANGLED TRIANGLES 1
a = opposite side
b = adjacent side
c = hypotenuse
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2 SOLUTION OF OBLIQUE- ANGLED TRIANGLES
ONE SIDE AND TWO ANGLES KNOWN.
Example: Known side a, with angles

A, and B, also known. Then:
A
b C = 180° – (A + B)
c
a x sin B a x sin C
b= c=
B C sin A sin A
a a x b x sin C
Area =
2
TWO SIDES AND THE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM KNOWN.
Example: Known sides a, and b, with

angle C, between them. Then:
A
a x sin C
b tan A =
c b – (a x cos C)
a x sin C
B = 180° – (A + C) c=
B C sin A
a a x b x sin C
Area =
2
TWO SIDES AND THE ANGLE OPPOSITE ONE OF THE SIDES KNOWN.
Example: Known angle A, with a, being the

opposite side, and b, the other side. Then:
A
b b x sin A
c sin B =
a
C = 180° – (A + B)
B C a x sin C
c=
a sin A
a x b x sin C
Area =
2
ALL THREE SIDES KNOWN.
Example: Known sides a, b, and c, and the

angles opposite them A, B, and C. Then:
A
b² + c ² – a ²
c b cos A =
2bc
b x sin A
sin B =
a
B C C = 180° – (A + B)
a a x b x sin C
Area =
2
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AREAS AND DIMENSIONS OF PLANE FIGURES 3
SQUARE
Area = A = s² = ½ d²
s = 0.7071d = A
d = 1.4142s = 1.4142 A
RECTANGLE
Area = A = ab = a d² – a ² = b d² – b²
d = a² + b²
a = d ² – b² = A  b
a = d ² – a² = A  a
PARALLELOGRAM
Area = A = bh
h = Ab
b = Ah
RIGHT- ANGLED TRIANGLE

a = b² + c ²
b = a² – c ²
c = a² – b ²
Area = A = ½ bc
ACUTE- ANGLED TRIANGLE
Area = A = ½ bh
If S = ½ (a + b + c), then:
A = S (S – a) (S – b) (S – c)
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4 AREAS AND DIMENSIONS OF PLANE FIGURES
OBTUSE- ANGLED TRIANGLE
Area = A = ½ bh
If S = ½ (a + b + c), then:
A = S (S – a) (S – b) (S – c)
TRAPEZIUM / TRAPEZOID *
(a + b) h
Area = A =
2
* USA
TRAPEZOID / TRAPEZIUM *
(H + h) a + bh + cH
Area = A =
2
* USA
HEXAGON
Area = A = 2.5981s² = 2.5981R²

R = s = 1.155r
r = 0.866s = 0.866R
s = R = 1.155r
OCTAGON
Area = A = 4.8284s² = 2.8284R²

R = 1.307s = 1.082r
r = 1.207s = 0.924R
s = 0.765R = 0.828r
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AREAS AND DIMENSIONS OF PLANE FIGURES 5
CIRCLE
Area = A = π r ² = 3.1416 r ² = 0.7854 d ²

Circumference = C = 2 π r = 6.2832r = π d
d
r = C 6.2832 = A  3.1416
d = C 3.1416 = A  0.7854
A = area, l = arc length CIRCULAR SECTOR

 = angle in degrees
r x  x 3.1416
l = = 0.01745 r 
180
A = ½ rl = 0.008727  r ²
57.296 l 2A 57.296 l
 = r = = 
r l
A = area, l = arc length CIRCULAR SEGMENT
 = angle in degrees
C = 2 h (2 r – h) A = ½ [ r l – c (r – h) ]
c ² + 4h ²
r = l = 0.01745 r 
8h
57.296 l
h = r – ½ 4 r ² – c²  =
r
CIRCULAR RING
Area = A = π (R ² – r ² ) = 3.1416 (R ² – r ² )
D
= 3.1416 (R + r ) (R – r )
R r
= 0.7854 (D ² – d ² )
= 0.7854 (D + d ) (D – d )
Area = A = π a b = 3.1416 a b ELLIPSE
An approximate formula for the perimeter is:
Perimeter = P = 3.1416 2 (a ² + b² )
A closer approximation is:

(a – b)²
P = 3.1416 2 (a ² + b² ) –
2.2
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6 VOLUMES OF SOLIDS
CUBE
Volume = V = s³
s = ³ V
SQUARE PRISM
Volume = V = a b c
V V V
a = b = c =
bc ac ab
PRISM V = volume
A = area of end surface
V = hxA
The area of the end surface “A”, can be

found by using the formulas for areas
and dimensions of plane figures.
PYRAMID
Volume = V = ⅓h x area of base
SPHERE V = volume, A = surface area
4π r ³ πd ³
V = = = 4.1888 r ³ = 0.5236d ³
3 6
A = 4π r ² = π d ² = 12.5664 r ² = 3.1416 d ²
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VOLUMES OF SOLIDS 7
V = volume SPHERICAL SEGMENT

A = area of spherical surface
h c ² h²
V = 3.1416 h ² r – = 3.1416 h +
3 8 6
c²
A = 2 π r h = 3.1416 + h²
4
c² + 4h²
c = 2 h ( 2 r – h) r =
8h
V = volume, A = area of surface TORUS
V = 2 π² R r ² = 19.739 R r ²
π²
= D d ² = 2.4674 D d ²
4
A = 4 π² R r = 39.478 R r
= π² D d = 9.8696 D d
V = volume, A = total surface area CYLINDER

S = area of cylindrical surface
V = π r ² h = 3.1416 r ² h = 0.7854 d ² h D
S = 2 π r h = 6.2832 r h = π d h = 3.1416 d h
A = 6.2832 r ( r + h) = 3.1416 d ( ½ d + h)
V = volume, S = slant height CONE

A = area of conical surface
π r²h
V = = 1.0472 r ² h = 0.2618 d ² h
3
A = 3.1416 r r ² + h² = 3.1416 r s
S = r ² + h²
V = volume, S = slant height FRUSTUM OF A CONE

A = area of conical surface
V = 1.0472 h (R ² + R r + r ² )
= 0.2618 h (D² + D d + d ² )
A = 3.1416 s (R + r ) = 1.5708 s (D + d )
S = (R – r )² + h ²
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8 DISTANCE ACROSS CORNERS

OF HEXAGONS AND SQUARES
2 3
D = d = 1.154701d
3
E = d 2 = 1.414214 d
Any values not shown can be calculated using the above formulas
d D E d D E d D E
1/32 0.0361 0.0442 2 2.3094 2.8284 42 48.4974 59.3970
1/16 0.0722 0.0884 3 3.4641 4.2426 43 49.6521 60.8112
3/32 0.1083 0.1326 4 4.6188 5.6569 44 50.8068 62.2254
0.1 0.1155 0.1414 5 5.7735 7.0711 45 51.9615 63.6396
1/8 0.1443 0.1768 6 6.9282 8.4853 46 53.1162 65.0538
5/32 0.1804 0.2210 7 8.0829 9.8995 47 54.2709 66.4681
3/16 0.2165 0.2652 8 9.2376 11.3137 48 55.4256 67.8823
0.2 0.2309 0.2828 9 10.3923 12.7279 49 56.5803 69.2965
7/32 0.2526 0.3094 10 11.5470 14.1421 50 57.7351 70.7107
1/4 0.2887 0.3536 11 12.7017 15.5564 51 58.8898 72.1249
9/32 0.3248 0.3977 12 13.8564 16.9706 52 60.0445 73.5391
0.3 0.3464 0.4243 13 15.0111 18.3848 53 61.1992 74.9533
5/16 0.3608 0.4419 14 16.1658 19.7990 54 62.3539 76.3676
11/32 0.3969 0.4861 15 17.3205 21.2132 55 63.5086 77.7818
3/8 0.4330 0.5303 16 18.4752 22.6274 56 64.6633 79.1960
0.4 0.4619 0.5657 17 19.6299 24.0416 57 65.8180 80.6102
13/32 0.4691 0.5745 18 20.7846 25.4559 58 66.9727 82.0244
7/16 0.5052 0.6187 19 21.9393 26.8701 59 68.1274 83.4386
15/32 0.5413 0.6629 20 23.0940 28.2843 60 69.2821 84.8528
0.5 0.5774 0.7071 21 24.2487 29.6985 61 70.4368 86.2671
17/32 0.6134 0.7513 22 25.4034 31.1127 62 71.5915 87.6813
9/16 0.6495 0.7955 23 26.5581 32.5269 63 72.7462 89.0955
19/32 0.6856 0.8397 24 27.7128 33.9411 64 73.9009 90.5097
0.6 0.6928 0.8485 25 28.8675 35.3554 65 75.0556 91.9239
5/8 0.7217 0.8839 26 30.0222 36.7696 66 76.2103 93.3381
21/32 0.7578 0.9281 27 31.1769 38.1838 67 77.3650 94.7523
11/16 0.7939 0.9723 28 32.3316 39.5980 68 78.5197 96.1666
0.7 0.8083 0.9899 29 33.4863 41.0122 69 79.6744 97.5808
23/32 0.8299 1.0165 30 34.6410 42.4264 70 80.8291 98.9950
3/4 0.8660 1.0607 31 35.7957 43.8406 71 81.9838 100.4092
25/32 0.9021 1.1049 32 36.9504 45.2548 72 83.1385 101.8234
0.8 0.9238 1.1314 33 38.1051 46.6691 73 84.2932 103.2376
13/16 0.9382 1.1490 34 39.2598 48.0833 74 85.4479 104.6518
27/32 0.9743 1.1932 35 40.4145 49.4975 75 86.6026 106.0661
7/8 1.0104 1.2374 36 41.5692 50.9117 76 87.7573 107.4803
0.9 1.0392 1.2728 37 42.7239 52.3259 77 88.9120 108.8945
29/32 1.0464 1.2816 38 43.8786 53.7401 78 90.0667 110.3087
15/16 1.0825 1.3258 39 45.0333 55.1543 79 91.2214 111.7229
31/32 1.1186 1.3700 40 46.1880 56.5686 80 92.3761 113.1371
1 1.1547 1.4142 41 47.3427 57.9828 Inch or Metric Units
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COORDINATES FOR LOCATING 9

EQUALLY SPACED HOLES
Multiply values shown by diameter of pitch circle (Inch or Metric Units)
8-HOLE
3-HOLE
A = 0.27059
A = 0.25000 B = 0.27059
B = 0.43301 C = 0.46194
C = 0.86603 D = 0.19134
9-HOLE
A = 0.46985
5-HOLE B = 0.17101
A = 0.18164 C = 0.26201
B = 0.55902 D = 0.21985
C = 0.40451 E = 0.38302
D = 0.29389 F = 0.32139
G = 0.17101
H = 0.29620
10-HOLE
6-HOLE A = 0.29389
A = 0.43301 B = 0.09549
B = 0.25000 C = 0.18164
C = 0.50000 D = 0.25000
E = 0.15451
11-HOLE
A = 0.47975
7-HOLE B = 0.14087
A = 0.27052 C = 0.23700
B = 0.33922 D = 0.15231
C = 0.45049 E = 0.11704
D = 0.21694 F = 0.25627
E = 0.31175 G = 0.42063
F = 0.39092 H = 0.27032
K = 0.18449
L = 0.21291
12-HOLE
8-HOLE A = 0.22415
A = 0.35355 B = 0.12941
B = 0.14645 C = 0.48296
D = 0.12941
E = 0.25882
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10 SINE BAR CALCULATIONS
A = angle of sine bar.

H = height of slip gage blocks.
L = length of sine bar.
If the angle is known, use the following formula to find the height:
H = L x sin A
Example using a 5 inch sine bar where; L = 5, A = 32°
H = 5 x sin 32°
H = 5 x 0.52991
H = 2.6496 inches
Example using a 100 mm sine bar where; L = 100, A = 9°

H = 100 x sin 9
H = 100 x 0.15643
H = 15.643 millimeters
If the height is known, use the following formula to find the angle:
H
sin A =
L
Example using a 5 inch sine bar where; L = 5, H = 3.256″
3.256
sin A =
5
sin A = 0.6512
With a calculator use; sin -1 (0.6512)
A = 40.6321° = 40° 37′ 56″
Example using a 100 mm sine bar where; L = 100, H = 23.7mm

23.7
sin A =
100
sin A = 0.237
With a calculator use; sin -1 (0.237)
A = 13.7095° = 13° 42′ 34″
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MEASURING DOVETAIL SLIDES 11
The measuring rollers used to check a male or female dovetail slide

should be small enough in diameter so that the contact point at “e ” is
below the corner or edge of the dovetail.
Male dovetail
To calculate dimension “x ” use the following formula:
x = D ( 1 + cot ½ ) + a
Example: To calculate “x ” where; D = 0.750″,  = 60°, a = 2.500″
x = 0.75 ( 1 + cot ½ 60 ) + 2.5

x = 0.75 ( 1 + cot 30 ) + 2.5
x = 0.75 ( 1 + 1.73205 ) + 2.5
x = 0.75 ( 2.73205 ) + 2.5
x = 2.049 + 2.5
x = 4.549″
Note:
To find the cotangent (cot) of an angle using a scientific calculator use;
1/ tan α. So in the previous example you would enter:
1  tan 30
To calculate dimension “c ” use the following formula:

c = h x cot 
Female dovetail
To calculate dimension “y ” use the following formula:
y = b – D ( 1 + cot ½ )
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12 CALCULATING COUNTERSINK
AND SPOT DRILL DEPTHS
The following formulas are for countersinks and spot drills that have been
sharpened to a point, allowances on tool depth will have to be made if the
countersink or spot drill is not sharpened to a point.
 = angle of countersink or fastener.

D = diameter of countersink or fastener head.
Z = depth of tool travel required from surface of part.
To calculate the tool travel “Z” required for any sharp-point countersink or
spot drill angle, use either of the following formulas:
0.5 D
Z = or Z = 0.5 D x cot ( 0.5  )
tan ( 0.5  )
Countersink Factor
Angle (Inch or Metric Units)
The table opposite is a quick 60° 0.8660 x diameter
reference for commonly used 82° 0.5752 x diameter
angles. To calculate the tool 90° 0.5000 x diameter
travel “Z” required for any 100° 0.4195 x diameter
sharp-point countersink or spot
118° 0.3004 x diameter
drill angle, multiply the factor by
the countersink diameter. 120° 0.2887 x diameter
To calculate the tool travel “Z – a” required for any truncated countersink

or spot drill angle, use either of the following formulas:
a = allowance for truncated countersink tool.
T = diameter of small end of truncated tool.
T
0.5 ( D – T )
Z–a = or Z – a = 0.5 ( D – T ) x cot ( 0.5  )
tan ( 0.5  )
T
Z
a
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SPEEDS AND FEEDS 13

FOR MILLING, DRILLING AND TURNING
D = cutting tool diameter for milling and drilling, and the workpiece
diameter for turning.
N = spindle speed in revolutions per minute (rpm).
V = cutting speed in feet per minute (fpm) for inch units, and
meters per minute (m/min) for metric units.
π = 3.1416
To calculate the spindle speed in rpm when the cutting tool or workpiece
diameter and the cutting speed are known, use the following inch or
metric formulas:
Inch units Metric units
12 V 1000 V
N = N =
πD πD
Example: To find the spindle speed “N” where; D = 0.500 inches,

V = 80 fpm
12 x 80
N = = 611 rpm
3.1416 x 0.500
To calculate the cutting speed in fpm or m/min when the cutting tool or
workpiece diameter and the spindle speed are known, use the following
inch or metric formulas:
Inch units Metric units
πDN πDN
V = fpm V = m/min
12 1000
Example: To find the cutting speed “V ” where; D = 25 mm,

N = 350 rpm
3.1416 x 25 x 350
V = = 27.5 m/min
1000
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14 ALLOWANCES FOR SHEET METAL BENDING
Bend allowance
T Neutral line
Bend angle
Inside bend radius
To calculate the length of the neutral line of straight stock before bending,
use the following formulas, where;
L = length of straight stock before bending.

T = thickness of material.
R = inside radius of bend.
 = angle of bend.
For 90° bends in soft brass and soft copper:
L = (0.55 x T ) + ( 1.57 x R )
For 90° bends in half-hard copper and brass, soft steel, and aluminum:
L = (0.64 x T ) + ( 1.57 x R )
For 90° bends in bronze, hard copper, cold-rolled steel, and spring steel:
L = (0.71 x T ) + ( 1.57 x R )
For bend angles other than 90 degrees, calculate the length “L” using the
above formulas then multiply “L” by the bend angle “” divided by 90.

L x
90
Example: To find the straight length “L” required for a 60° angled bend in
soft brass where; T = 0.125 inches, R = 0.375 inches:
L = [ (0.55 x T ) + ( 1.57 x R ) ] x

90
60
L = [ (0.55 x 0.125 ) + ( 1.57 x 0.375 ) ] x
90
60
L = 0.6575 x
90
L = 0.4383 inches
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ALLOWANCES FOR SHEET METAL BENDING 15
Example: Calculate the straight length of stock required in 3mm thick

aluminum for the component below:
45° bend:
45
L = [ (0.64 x 3 ) + ( 1.57 x 3 ) ] x = 3.31
90
90° bend:
L = (0.64 x 3 ) + ( 1.57 x 3 ) = 6.63
180° bend:
180
L = [ (0.64 x 3 ) + ( 1.57 x 6 ) ] x = 22.68
90
Straight sections:
L = 8 + 8 + 22 = 38
Total straight stock required:

L = 3.31 + 6.63 + 22.68 + 38
L = 70.62 mm
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16 CALCULATING SHEARING PRESSURE

FOR BLANKING
To calculate the pressure required in tons for blanking various types of

materials, use the following formula, where;
P = pressure required in tons.
A = perimeter of blank in inches.
T = thickness of material in inches.
S = shearing pressure of material in tons per square inch (See Shear
Strengths of Materials for Blanking).
P = A x T x S
Example: Calculate the pressure required in tons for the blank in the
illustration below.
Material: Brass - Soft Sheet x 0.125″ thick

Shear strength: 15 tons per square inch
4.00″
1.00″
Ø0.80″
0.80″ 2 PLACES
0.85″ 2.45″
0.80″
0.50″
3.50″
Perimeter of blank = 4.00 + 2.45 + 3.50 + 0.80 + 0.50 + 0.85 + 1.00

+ 0.80 = 13.90 inches
Circumference of holes = ( π x 0.80 ) x 2 = 5.026 inches
Total perimeter “A” = 13.90 + 5.026 = 18.926 inches
Pressure required “P ” = A x T x S = 18.926 x 0.125 x 15 = 35.49
Pressure required = 35.49 tons
Note: The general rule for punches that have shear on them is to halve
the tonnage up to a material thickness of 0.250 inches, for material
thickness over 0.250 inches, two thirds of the tonnage should be used.
If the blank is in metric dimensions, calculate the total perimeter and
convert to inches, also convert the material thickness to inches. Then
calculate the pressure required using the same formula.
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SHEAR STRENGTHS OF MATERIALS 17

FOR BLANKING
The table below gives some common materials used and their shear
strength in tons per square inch.
TONS PER TONS PER

MATERIAL MATERIAL
SQ. IN. SQ. IN.
ALUMINUM MONEL METAL
CAST 6 CAST 30
SOFT SHEET 7-1/2 ROLLED SHEET 32-1/2
HALF-HARD SHEET 9-1/2
HARD SHEET 12-1/2 NICKEL SILVER
HALF-HARD SHEET 16
BRASS
CAST 18 SILVER 15
SOFT SHEET 15
HALF-HARD SHEET 17-1/2 STEEL
HARD SHEET 20 CASTING 30
BOILER PLATE 30
BRONZE ANGLE IRON 30
GUNMETAL 16 COLD DRAWN ROD 29
PHOSPHOR 20 NICKEL 3-1/2% 41
NICKEL 5% 42-1/2
COPPER SILICON SHEET 32-1/2
CAST 12-1/2 STAINLESS SHEET 35
ROLLED 14 0.10 CARBON SOFT 22-1/2
0.25 CARBON MILD 25
CUPRO NICKEL 20 0.50 CARBON 35
0.75 CARBON 40
DURALUMIN 1.0 CARBON 42-1/2
SOFT SHEET 15 1.2 CARBON 47
TREATED 17-1/2
TREATED AND TIN
20
COLD ROLLED CAST 3
ROLLED SHEET 2-1/2
FIBRE SHEET STEEL 25
HARD 12
ZINC
IRON SAND CAST 7
CAST 12-1/2 DIE CAST 8
2% NICKEL 25 ROLLED SHEET 9
WROUGHT 20 HARD ROLLED 10
Job Name: -- /359372t
18 SCREW THREAD CHARTS

ISO Metric Coarse (All sizes in mm)
Nominal Effective Minor Dia. Minor Dia. Tapping Clearance

Diameter Pitch Diameter of Bolt of Nut Drill Drill
M1 0.25 0.838 0.693 0.729 0.75 1.05
M1.1 0.25 0.938 0.793 0.829 0.85 1.15
M1.2 0.25 1.038 0.893 0.929 0.95 1.25
M1.4 0.30 1.205 1.032 1.075 1.10 1.45
M1.6 0.35 1.373 1.170 1.221 1.25 1.65
M1.8 0.35 1.573 1.370 1.421 1.45 1.85
M2 0.40 1.740 1.509 1.567 1.60 2.05
M2.2 0.45 1.908 1.648 1.713 1.75 2.25
M2.5 0.45 2.208 1.948 2.013 2.05 2.60
M3 0.50 2.675 2.387 2.459 2.50 3.10
M3.5 0.60 3.110 2.764 2.850 2.90 3.60
M4 0.70 3.545 3.141 3.242 3.30 4.10
M4.5 0.75 4.013 3.580 3.688 3.70 4.60
M5 0.80 4.480 4.019 4.134 4.20 5.10
M6 1.00 5.350 4.773 4.917 5.00 6.10
M7 1.00 6.350 5.773 5.917 6.00 7.20
M8 1.25 7.188 6.466 6.647 6.80 8.20
M9 1.25 8.188 7.466 7.647 7.80 9.20
M10 1.50 9.026 8.160 8.376 8.50 10.20
M11 1.50 10.026 9.160 9.376 9.50 11.20
M12 1.75 10.863 9.853 10.106 10.20 12.20
M14 2.00 12.701 11.546 11.835 12.00 14.25
M16 2.00 14.701 13.546 13.835 14.00 16.25
M18 2.50 16.376 14.933 15.294 15.50 18.25
M20 2.50 18.376 16.933 17.294 17.50 20.25
M22 2.50 20.376 18.933 19.294 19.50 22.25
M24 3.00 22.051 20.319 20.752 21.00 24.25
M27 3.00 25.051 23.319 23.752 24.00 27.25
M30 3.50 27.727 25.706 26.211 26.50 30.50
M33 3.50 30.727 28.706 29.211 29.50 33.50
M36 4.00 33.402 31.093 31.670 32.00 36.50
M39 4.00 36.402 34.093 34.670 35.00 39.50
M42 4.50 39.077 36.479 37.129 37.50 42.50
M45 4.50 42.077 39.479 40.129 40.50 45.50
M48 5.00 44.752 41.866 42.587 43.00 48.50
M52 5.00 48.752 45.866 46.587 47.00 53.00
M56 5.50 52.428 49.252 50.046 50.50 57.00
Basic profile of a Metric Screw Thread
P/8 H/8
P/2 60° 0.375H H

0.625H H = 0.8660 P
30° P/4
0.125 H = 0.1082 P
0.250 H = 0.2165 P
Pitch
P/2
Line
H/4 0.375 H = 0.3247 P

P 0.625 H = 0.5412 P
Job Name: -- /359372t
SCREW THREAD CHARTS 19

ISO Metric Fine (All sizes in mm)
Nominal Effective Minor Dia. Minor Dia. Tapping Clearance

Diameter Pitch Diameter of Bolt of Nut Drill Drill
M3 0.35 2.773 2.570 2.621 2.65 3.10
M3.5 0.35 3.273 3.070 3.121 3.15 3.60
M4 0.50 3.675 3.387 3.459 3.50 4.10
M4.5 0.50 4.175 3.887 3.959 4.00 4.60
M5 0.50 4.675 4.387 4.459 4.50 5.10
M5.5 0.50 5.175 4.887 4.959 5.00 5.60
M6 0.50 5.675 5.387 5.459 5.50 6.10
M6 0.75 5.513 5.080 5.188 5.20 6.10
M7 0.75 6.513 6.080 6.188 6.20 7.10
M8 0.75 7.513 7.080 7.188 7.20 8.20
M8 1.00 7.350 6.773 6.917 7.00 8.20
M9 1.00 8.350 7.773 7.917 8.00 9.20
M10 0.75 9.513 9.080 9.188 9.20 10.20
M10 (S/P) 1.00 9.350 8.773 8.917 9.00 10.20
M10 1.25 9.188 8.466 8.647 8.80 10.20
M11 1.00 10.350 9.773 9.917 10.00 11.20
M12 1.00 11.350 10.773 10.917 11.00 12.20
M12 (S/P) 1.25 11.188 10.466 10.647 10.80 12.20
M12 1.50 11.026 10.160 10.376 10.50 12.20
M14 1.00 13.350 12.773 12.917 13.00 14.25
M14 (S/P) 1.25 13.188 12.466 12.647 12.80 14.25
M14 1.50 13.026 12.160 12.376 12.50 14.25
M16 1.00 15.350 14.773 14.917 15.00 16.25
M16 (C) 1.50 15.026 14.160 14.376 14.50 16.25
M18 1.00 17.350 16.773 16.917 17.00 18.25
M18 (S/P) 1.50 17.026 16.160 16.376 16.50 18.25
M18 2.00 16.701 15.546 15.835 16.00 18.25
M20 1.00 19.350 18.773 18.917 19.00 20.25
M20 (C) 1.50 19.026 18.160 18.376 18.50 20.25
M20 2.00 18.701 17.546 17.835 18.00 20.25
M22 1.50 21.026 20.160 20.376 20.50 22.50
M22 2.00 20.701 19.546 19.835 20.00 22.50
M24 1.50 23.026 22.160 22.376 22.50 24.25
M24 2.00 22.701 21.546 21.835 22.00 24.25
M25 (C) 1.50 24.026 23.160 23.376 23.50 25.25
M27 1.50 26.026 25.160 25.376 25.50 27.25
M27 2.00 25.701 24.546 24.835 25.00 27.25
M30 1.50 29.026 28.160 28.376 28.50 30.50
M30 2.00 28.701 27.546 27.835 28.00 30.50
M32 (C) 1.50 31.026 30.160 30.376 30.50 32.50
M33 2.00 31.701 30.546 30.835 31.00 33.50
M40 (C) 1.50 39.026 38.160 38.376 38.50 40.50
M50 (C) 1.50 49.026 48.160 48.376 48.50 50.50
C = Conduit Thread
S/ P = Spark Plug Thread
Job Name: -- /359372t

Unified National Coarse (U.N.C.)
Nom. Threads Minor Minor

Size Per Major Effective Diameter Diameter Tapping Clearance
Inch Diameter Diameter of Bolt of Nut Drill Drill
(No.)
(inch) T.P.I. (inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) (mm) (mm)
No.1 64 0.0730 0.0629 0.0538 0.0561 1.55 1.95
No.2 56 0.0860 0.0774 0.0641 0.0667 1.85 2.30
No.3 48 0.0990 0.0855 0.0734 0.0764 2.10 2.65
No.4 40 0.1120 0.0958 0.0813 0.0849 2.35 2.95
No.5 40 0.1250 0.1088 0.0943 0.0979 2.65 3.30
No.6 32 0.1380 0.1177 0.0997 0.1040 2.85 3.60
No.8 32 0.1640 0.1437 0.1257 0.1300 3.50 4.30
No.10 24 0.1900 0.1629 0.1389 0.1450 3.90 4.90
No.12 24 0.2160 0.1889 0.1649 0.1710 4.50 5.60
1/4 20 0.2500 0.2175 0.1887 0.1959 5.10 6.50
5/16 18 0.3125 0.2764 0.2443 0.2524 6.60 8.10
3/8 16 0.3750 0.3344 0.2983 0.3073 8.00 9.70
7/16 14 0.4375 0.3911 0.3499 0.3602 9.40 11.30
1/2 13 0.5000 0.4500 0.4056 0.4167 10.80 13.00
9/16 12 0.5625 0.5084 0.4603 0.4723 12.20 14.50
5/8 11 0.6250 0.5660 0.5135 0.5266 13.50 16.25
3/4 10 0.7500 0.6850 0.6273 0.6417 16.50 19.25
7/8 9 0.8750 0.8028 0.7387 0.7547 19.50 22.50
1 8 1.0000 0.9188 0.8466 0.8647 22.25 25.75
1-1/8 7 1.1250 1.0322 0.9497 0.9704 25.00 29.00
1-1/4 7 1.2500 1.1572 1.0747 1.0954 28.00 32.00
1-3/8 6 1.3750 1.2667 1.1705 1.1946 30.75 35.50
1-1/2 6 1.5000 1.3917 1.2955 1.3196 34.00 38.50
1-3/4 5 1.7500 1.6201 1.5046 1.5335 39.50 45.00
2 4-1/2 2.0000 1.8557 1.7274 1.7594 45.00 51.00
2-1/4 4-1/2 2.2500 2.1057 1.9774 2.0094 52.00 58.00
2-1/2 4 2.5000 2.3376 2.1933 2.2294 57.00 65.00
Basic profile of a U.N.C. Screw Thread
P/8 H/8
P/2 60° 0.375H H

0.625H H = 0.8660 P
30° P/4
0.125 H = 0.1082 P
0.250 H = 0.2165 P
Pitch
P/2
Line
H/4 0.375 H = 0.3247 P

P 0.625 H = 0.5412 P
Job Name: -- /359372t

Unified National Fine (U.N.F.)
Nom. Threads Minor Minor

Size Per Major Effective Diameter Diameter Tapping Clearance
Inch Diameter Diameter of Bolt of Nut Drill Drill
(No.)
No.0 80 0.0600 0.0519 0.0447 0.0465 1.25 1.60
No.1 72 0.0730 0.0640 0.0560 0.0580 1.55 1.95
No.2 64 0.0860 0.0759 0.0668 0.0691 1.90 2.30
No.3 56 0.0990 0.0874 0.0771 0.0797 2.15 2.65
No.4 48 0.1120 0.0985 0.0864 0.0894 2.40 2.95
No.5 44 0.1250 0.1102 0.0971 0.1004 2.70 3.30
No.6 40 0.1380 0.1218 0.1073 0.1110 2.95 3.60
No.8 36 0.1640 0.1460 0.1299 0.1340 3.50 4.30
No.10 32 0.1900 0.1697 0.1517 0.1560 4.10 4.90
No.12 28 0.2160 0.1928 0.1722 0.1770 4.70 5.60
1/4 28 0.2500 0.2268 0.2062 0.2113 5.50 6.50
5/16 24 0.3125 0.2854 0.2614 0.2674 6.90 8.10
3/8 24 0.3750 0.3479 0.3239 0.3299 8.50 9.70
7/16 20 0.4375 0.4050 0.3762 0.3834 9.90 11.30
1/2 20 0.5000 0.4675 0.4387 0.4459 11.50 13.00
9/16 18 0.5625 0.5264 0.4943 0.5024 12.90 14.50
5/8 18 0.6250 0.5889 0.5568 0.5649 14.50 16.25
3/4 16 0.7500 0.7094 0.6733 0.6823 17.50 19.25
7/8 14 0.8750 0.8286 0.7874 0.7977 20.40 22.50
1 12 1.0000 0.9459 0.8978 0.9098 23.25 25.75
1-1/8 12 1.1250 1.0709 1.0228 1.0348 26.50 29.00
1-1/4 12 1.2500 1.1959 1.1478 1.1598 29.50 32.00
1-3/8 12 1.3750 1.3209 1.2728 1.2848 32.75 35.50
1-1/2 12 1.5000 1.4459 1.3978 1.4098 36.00 38.50
Basic profile of a U.N.F. Screw Thread
P/8 H/8
P/2 60° 0.375H H

0.625H H = 0.8660 P
30° P/4
0.125 H = 0.1082 P
0.250 H = 0.2165 P
Pitch
P/2
Line
H/4 0.375 H = 0.3247 P

P 0.625 H = 0.5412 P
Job Name: -- /359372t

British Association (B.A.)
Basic Basic Basic Basic

B.A. Depth of Major Effective Minor Tapping Clearance
No. Pitch Thread Diameter Diameter Diameter Drill Drill
(inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) (mm) (mm)
0 0.0394 0.0236 0.2362 0.2126 0.1890 5.10 6.10
1 0.0354 0.0213 0.2087 0.1874 0.1661 4.50 5.40
2 0.0319 0.0191 0.1850 0.1659 0.1468 4.00 4.80
3 0.0287 0.0173 0.1614 0.1441 0.1268 3.40 4.20
4 0.0260 0.0156 0.1417 0.1262 0.1106 3.00 3.70
5 0.0232 0.0140 0.1260 0.1120 0.0980 2.65 3.30
6 0.0209 0.0126 0.1102 0.0976 0.0850 2.30 2.90
7 0.0189 0.0114 0.0984 0.0870 0.0756 2.05 2.60
8 0.0169 0.0102 0.0866 0.0764 0.0661 1.80 2.25
9 0.0154 0.0092 0.0748 0.0656 0.0563 1.55 1.95
10 0.0138 0.0083 0.0669 0.0587 0.0504 1.40 1.75
11 0.0122 0.0073 0.0591 0.0518 0.0445 1.20 1.60
12 0.0110 0.0067 0.0512 0.0445 0.0378 1.05 1.40
13 0.0098 0.0059 0.0472 0.0423 0.0354 0.98 1.30
14 0.0091 0.0055 0.0394 0.0339 0.0283 0.80 1.10
15 0.0083 0.0049 0.0354 0.0305 0.0256 0.70 0.98
16 0.0075 0.0045 0.0311 0.0266 0.0220 0.60 0.88
Basic profile of a B.A. Screw Thread
r
H h r
47.5°
s H = 1.13634P
h = 0.60000P
P s = 0.26817P
r = 0.18083P
Job Name: -- /359372t

British Standard Whitworth (B.S.W.)
Threads Basic Basic Basic Basic

Nom. Per Depth of Major Effective Minor Tapping Clearance
Size Inch Thread Diameter Diameter Diameter Drill Drill
1/16 60 0.0107 0.0625 0.0518 0.0411 1.15 1.65
3/32 48 0.0133 0.0938 0.0805 0.0672 1.85 2.50
1/8 40 0.0160 0.1250 0.1090 0.0930 2.55 3.30
5/32 32 0.0200 0.1562 0.1362 0.1162 3.20 4.10
3/16 24 0.0267 0.1875 0.1608 0.1341 3.70 4.90
7/32 24 0.0267 0.2188 0.1921 0.1654 4.50 5.70
1/4 20 0.0320 0.2500 0.2180 0.1860 5.10 6.50
5/16 18 0.0356 0.3125 0.2769 0.2413 6.50 8.10
3/8 16 0.0400 0.3750 0.3350 0.2950 7.90 9.70
7/16 14 0.0457 0.4375 0.3918 0.3461 9.30 11.30
1/2 12 0.0534 0.5000 0.4466 0.3932 10.50 13.00
9/16 12 0.0534 0.5625 0.5091 0.4557 12.10 14.50
5/8 11 0.0582 0.6250 0.5668 0.5086 13.50 16.25
11/16 11 0.0582 0.6875 0.6293 0.5711 15.00 17.75
3/4 10 0.0640 0.7500 0.6860 0.6220 16.25 19.25
7/8 9 0.0711 0.8750 0.8039 0.7328 19.25 22.50
1 8 0.0800 1.0000 0.9200 0.8400 22.00 25.75
1-1/8 7 0.0915 1.1250 1.0335 0.9420 24.75 29.00
1-1/4 7 0.0915 1.2500 1.1585 1.0670 28.00 32.00
1-3/8 6 0.1067 1.3750 1.2683 1.1616 30.50 35.50
1-1/2 6 0.1067 1.5000 1.3933 1.2866 33.50 38.50
1-3/4 5 0.1281 1.7500 1.6219 1.4938 39.00 45.00
2 4-1/2 0.1423 2.0000 1.8577 1.7154 44.50 51.00
2-1/4 4 0.1601 2.2500 2.0899 1.9298 51.00 58.00
2-1/2 4 0.1601 2.5000 2.3399 2.1798 57.00 64.00
Basic profile of a B.S.W. Screw Thread
r
H h r 55°
H = 0.960491P
s h = 0.640327P
P s = 0.160082P
r = 0.137329P
Job Name: -- /359372t

British Standard Fine (B.S.F.)

Nom. Per Depth of Major Effective Minor Tapping Clearance
Size Inch Thread Diameter Diameter Diameter Drill Drill
3/16 32 0.0200 0.1875 0.1675 0.1475 4.00 4.90
7/32 28 0.0229 0.2188 0.1959 0.1730 4.60 5.70
1/4 26 0.0246 0.2500 0.2254 0.2008 5.30 6.50
5/16 22 0.0291 0.3125 0.2834 0.2543 6.80 8.10
3/8 20 0.0320 0.3750 0.3430 0.3110 8.30 9.70
7/16 18 0.0356 0.4375 0.4019 0.3663 9.70 11.30
1/2 16 0.0400 0.5000 0.4600 0.4200 11.10 13.00
9/16 16 0.0400 0.5625 0.5225 0.4825 12.70 14.50
5/8 14 0.0457 0.6250 0.5793 0.5336 14.00 16.25
11/16 14 0.0457 0.6875 0.6418 0.5961 15.50 17.75
3/4 12 0.0534 0.7500 0.6966 0.6432 16.75 19.25
7/8 11 0.0582 0.8750 0.8168 0.7586 19.75 22.50
1 10 0.0640 1.0000 0.9360 0.8720 22.75 25.75
1-1/8 9 0.0711 1.1250 1.0539 0.9828 25.50 29.00
1-1/4 9 0.0711 1.2500 1.1789 1.1078 28.50 32.00
1-3/8 8 0.0800 1.3750 1.2950 1.2150 31.50 35.50
1-1/2 8 0.0800 1.5000 1.4200 1.3400 34.50 38.50
1-3/4 7 0.0915 1.7500 1.6585 1.5670 41.00 45.00
2 7 0.0915 2.0000 1.9085 1.8170 47.00 51.00
2-1/4 6 0.1067 2.2500 2.1433 2.0366 53.00 58.00
2-1/2 6 0.1067 2.5000 2.3933 2.2866 58.00 64.00
Basic profile of a B.S.F. Screw Thread
r
H h r 55°
H = 0.960491P
s h = 0.640327P
P s = 0.160082P
r = 0.137329P
Job Name: -- /359372t

British Standard Pipe (B.S.P.)
Tapping Tapping
Drill Drill
Nom. Per Depth of Major Effective Minor
Size Inch Thread Diameter Diameter Diameter BSPF (G) BSP (Rp)
1/16 28 0.0229 0.3040 0.2812 0.2583 6.80 6.60
1/8 28 0.0229 0.3830 0.3601 0.3372 8.80 8.60
1/4 19 0.0337 0.5180 0.4843 0.4506 11.80 11.50
3/8 19 0.0337 0.6560 0.6223 0.5886 15.25 15.00
1/2 14 0.0457 0.8250 0.7793 0.7336 19.00 18.75
5/8 14 0.0457 0.9020 0.8563 0.8106 21.00 20.75
3/4 14 0.0457 1.0410 0.9953 0.9496 24.50 24.25
7/8 14 0.0457 1.1890 1.1433 1.0976 28.25 28.00
1 11 0.0582 1.3090 1.2508 1.1926 30.75 30.40
1-1/4 11 0.0582 1.6500 1.5918 1.5336 39.50 39.00
1-1/2 11 0.0582 1.8820 1.8238 1.7656 45.00 45.00
1-3/4 11 0.0582 2.1160 2.0578 1.9996 51.00 51.00
2 11 0.0582 2.3470 2.2888 2.2306 57.00 56.75
2-1/4 11 0.0582 2.5870 2.5288 2.4706 62.75 62.75
2-1/2 11 0.0582 2.9600 2.9018 2.8436 72.50 72.50
Basic profile of a B.S.P. Screw Thread
r
H h r 55°
H = 0.960491P
s h = 0.640327P
P s = 0.160082P
r = 0.137329P
Job Name: -- /359372t

British Standard Pipe Taper – Rc Series (B.S.P.T.)
Effective Position Tapping Tapping

Basic Dia. at of Gauge Ream Drill Size Drill Size
Nom. Major Gauge “L” Dia. “R” With Without
Size T.P.I. Dia. Plane on Tap at “L” Reamer Reamer
(inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) (mm) (mm)
1/16 28 0.3040 0.2812 0.3976 0.2583 6.00 6.40
1/8 28 0.3830 0.3601 0.3976 0.3374 8.00 8.40
1/4 19 0.5180 0.4843 0.5905 0.4508 10.80 11.20
3/8 19 0.6560 0.6223 0.6063 0.5886 14.25 14.75
1/2 14 0.8250 0.7793 0.8071 0.7335 17.75 18.25
3/4 14 1.0410 0.9953 0.8583 0.9496 23.00 23.75
1 11 1.3090 1.2508 1.0236 1.1925 29.00 30.00
1-1/4 11 1.6500 1.5918 1.1142 1.5335 37.50 38.50
1-1/2 11 1.8820 1.8238 1.1142 1.7657 43.50 44.50
2 11 2.3470 2.2888 1.2874 2.2303 55.00 56.00
2-1/2 11 2.9600 2.9018 1.4606 2.8437 70.00 71.00
Basic profile of a B.S.P.T. Screw Thread
r
55°
H h
r
90° P Taper 1 in 16
on diameter
Axis of Screw
H = 0.960491P
h = 0.640327P
s = 0.160082P
Gauge r = 0.137329P
Plane
Reamer Basic Basic

Diameter Effective Major
“R” Diameter Diameter
Length forward of
Gauge Plane “L”
Job Name: -- /359372t

National Pipe Taper (N.P.T.)
Effective
Dia. at Length of Tapping
Outside Beginning Effective Length Effective Drill Size
Nom. Dia. of of External Dia. at at Thread at Without
Size T.P.I. Pipe Thread, E 0 E1 L1 L2 Reamer
(inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) (mm)
1/16 27 0.3125 0.2712 0.2812 0.1600 0.2611 6.30

1/8 27 0.4050 0.3635 0.3736 0.1615 0.2639 8.70
1/4 18 0.5400 0.4774 0.4916 0.2278 0.4018 11.10
3/8 18 0.6750 0.6120 0.6270 0.2400 0.4078 14.50
1/2 14 0.8400 0.7584 0.7784 0.3200 0.5337 18.00
3/4 14 1.0500 0.9677 0.9889 0.3390 0.5457 23.25
1 11-1/2 1.3150 1.2136 1.2386 0.4000 0.6828 29.00
1-1/4 11-1/2 1.6600 1.5571 1.5834 0.4200 0.7068 38.00
1-1/2 11-1/2 1.9000 1.7961 1.8223 0.4200 0.7235 44.00
2 11-1/2 2.3750 2.2690 2.2963 0.4360 0.7565 56.00
Basic profile of a N.P.T. Screw Thread
60°
H h
90° P Taper 1 in 16
on diameter
Axis of Screw
H = 0.8657P
h = 0.8P
L2
L1
E0 E1 E2 D
Job Name: -- /359372t

Fluteless (Cold Forming) Threads – Tapping Drill Sizes
ISO Metric Coarse ISO Metric Fine

Nominal Pitch Tapping Nominal Pitch Tapping
Diameter (mm) Drill (mm) Diameter (mm) Drill (mm)
M1 0.25 0.88 M4 0.50 3.75
M1.6 0.35 1.45 M5 0.50 4.75
M2 0.40 1.80 M6 0.50 5.75
M2.5 0.45 2.30 M6 0.75 5.65
M3 0.50 2.80 M8 0.50 7.75
M3.5 0.60 3.20 M8 0.75 7.65
M4 0.70 3.70 M8 1.00 7.55
M5 0.80 4.60 M10 0.75 9.65
M6 1.00 5.60 M10 1.00 9.55
M7 1.00 6.50 M12 1.00 11.55
M8 1.25 7.40 M12 1.50 11.30
M10 1.50 9.30 M14 1.00 13.55
M12 1.75 11.20 M14 1.50 13.30
M14 2.00 13.10 M16 1.00 15.55
M16 2.00 15.10 M16 1.50 15.30
M18 2.50 16.90 M18 1.50 17.30
M20 2.50 18.90 M20 1.50 19.30
U.N.C. U.N.F.
Nom. Size Tapping Nom. Size Tapping
(No.) (inch) T.P.I. Drill (mm) (No.) (inch) T.P.I. Drill (mm)
No.2 56 1.95 No.2 64 2.00
No.3 48 2.25 No.3 56 2.30
No.4 40 2.55 No.4 48 2.60
No.5 40 2.85 No.5 44 2.90
No.6 32 3.10 No.6 40 3.20
No.8 32 3.80 No.8 36 3.80
No.10 24 4.30 No.10 32 4.50
No.12 24 4.90 No.12 28 5.10
1/4 20 5.80 1/4 28 5.90
5/16 18 7.30 5/16 24 7.50
3/8 16 8.80 3/8 24 9.00
7/16 14 10.30 7/16 20 10.50
1/2 13 11.90 1/2 20 12.10
9/16 12 13.30 9/16 18 13.70
5/8 11 14.80 5/8 18 15.25
3/4 10 17.90 3/4 16 18.30
7/8 9 20.95 7/8 14 21.40
1 8 24.00 1 12 24.50
Job Name: -- /359372t

Fluteless (Cold Forming) Threads – Tapping Drill Sizes
B.S.W. B.A.
Nom. Size Tapping B.A. Pitch Tapping
(inch) T.P.I. Drill (mm) No. (inch) Drill (mm)
1/8 40 2.90 0 0.0394 5.60
3/16 24 4.20 2 0.0319 4.40
1/4 20 5.70 3 0.0287 3.80
5/16 18 7.20 4 0.0260 3.30
3/8 16 8.70 5 0.0232 2.95
6 0.0209 2.60
B.S.F.
Nom. Size Tapping B.S.P.
(inch) T.P.I. Drill (mm) Nom. Size Tapping
3/16 32 4.40 (inch) T.P.I. Drill (mm)
7/32 28 5.20 1/8 28 9.25
1/4 26 5.90 1/4 19 12.60
5/16 22 7.40 3/8 19 16.10
3/8 20 9.00 1/2 14 20.00
Thread Repair Inserts – Tapping Drill Sizes
ISO Metric Coarse B.S.W.

Nominal Pitch Tapping Nom. Size Tapping
Size (mm) Drill (mm) (inch) T.P.I. Drill (mm)
M3 0.50 3.20 1/8 40 3.40
M4 0.70 4.20 3/16 24 5.10
M5 0.80 5.20 1/4 20 6.70
M6 1.00 6.30 5/16 18 8.30
M8 1.25 8.30 3/8 16 9.90
M10 1.50 10.40 7/16 14 11.50
M12 1.75 12.50 1/2 12 13.00
U.N.C. U.N.F.
Nom. Size Tapping Nom. Size Tapping
(inch) T.P.I. Drill (mm) (No.) (inch) T.P.I. Drill (mm)
1/4 20 6.70 1/4 28 6.70
5/16 18 8.30 5/16 24 8.30
3/8 16 9.90 3/8 24 9.90
7/16 14 11.50 7/16 20 11.50
1/2 13 13.00 1/2 20 13.00
9/16 12 15.00 9/16 18 14.50
5/8 11 16.50 5/8 18 16.30
3/4 10 19.75 3/4 16 19.50
Job Name: -- /359372t
30 FRACTIONAL, NUMBER, LETTER, METRIC &

DECIMAL DRILL SIZE EQUIVALENT CHARTS
Fraction Equivalent Fraction Equivalent

Number Number
or Letter mm inch mm or Letter mm inch mm
80 0.0135 0.343 57 0.0430 1.092
0.35 0.0138 0.350 1.10 0.0433 1.100
79 0.0145 0.368 1.15 0.0453 1.150
0.38 0.0150 0.380 56 0.0465 1.181
1/64 0.0156 0.396 3/64 0.0469 1.191
0.40 0.0157 0.400 1.20 0.0472 1.200
78 0.0160 0.406 1.25 0.0492 1.250
0.42 0.0165 0.420 1.30 0.0512 1.300
0.45 0.0177 0.450 55 0.0520 1.321
77 0.0180 0.457 1.35 0.0531 1.350
0.48 0.0189 0.480 54 0.0550 1.397
0.50 0.0197 0.500 1.40 0.0551 1.400
76 0.0200 0.508 1.45 0.0571 1.450
75 0.0210 0.533 1.50 0.0591 1.500
0.55 0.0217 0.550 53 0.0595 1.511
74 0.0225 0.572 1.55 0.0610 1.550
0.60 0.0236 0.600 1/16 0.0625 1.588
73 0.0240 0.610 1.60 0.0630 1.600
72 0.0250 0.635 52 0.0635 1.613
0.65 0.0256 0.650 1.65 0.0650 1.650
71 0.0260 0.660 1.70 0.0669 1.700
0.70 0.0276 0.700 51 0.0670 1.702
70 0.0280 0.711 1.75 0.0689 1.750
69 0.0292 0.742 50 0.0700 1.778
0.75 0.0295 0.750 1.80 0.0709 1.800
68 0.0310 0.787 1.85 0.0728 1.850
1/32 0.0312 0.792 49 0.0730 1.854
0.80 0.0315 0.800 1.90 0.0748 1.900
67 0.0320 0.813 48 0.0760 1.930
66 0.0330 0.838 1.95 0.0768 1.950
0.85 0.0335 0.850 5/64 0.0781 1.984
65 0.0350 0.889 47 0.0785 1.994
0.90 0.0354 0.900 2.00 0.0787 2.000
64 0.0360 0.914 2.05 0.0807 2.050
63 0.0370 0.940 46 0.0810 2.057
0.95 0.0374 0.950 45 0.0820 2.083
62 0.0380 0.965 2.10 0.0827 2.100
61 0.0390 0.991 2.15 0.0846 2.150
1.00 0.0394 1.000 44 0.0860 2.184
60 0.0400 1.016 2.20 0.0866 2.200
59 0.0410 1.041 2.25 0.0886 2.250
1.05 0.0413 1.050 43 0.0890 2.261
58 0.0420 1.067 2.30 0.0906 2.300
2.35 0.0925 2.350
Job Name: -- /359372t
FRACTIONAL, NUMBER, LETTER, METRIC & 31


Number Number
42 0.0935 2.375 21 0.1590 4.039
3/32 0.0938 2.385 20 0.1610 4.089
2.40 0.0945 2.400 4.10 0.1614 4.100
41 0.0960 2.438 4.20 0.1654 4.200
2.45 0.0965 2.450 19 0.1660 4.216
40 0.0980 2.489 4.30 0.1693 4.300
2.50 0.0984 2.500 18 0.1695 4.305
39 0.0995 2.527 11/64 0.1719 4.366
38 0.1015 2.578 17 0.1730 4.394
2.60 0.1024 2.600 4.40 0.1732 4.400
37 0.1040 2.642 16 0.1770 4.496
2.70 0.1063 2.700 4.50 0.1772 4.500
36 0.1065 2.705 15 0.1800 4.572
7/64 0.1094 2.779 4.60 0.1811 4.600
35 0.1100 2.794 14 0.1820 4.623
2.80 0.1102 2.800 13 4.70 0.1850 4.700
34 0.1110 2.819 3/16 0.1875 4.762
33 0.1130 2.870 12 4.80 0.1890 4.800
2.90 0.1142 2.900 11 0.1910 4.851
32 0.1160 2.946 4.90 0.1929 4.900
3.00 0.1181 3.000 10 0.1935 4.915
31 0.1200 3.048 9 0.1960 4.978
3.10 0.1220 3.100 5.00 0.1969 5.000
1/8 0.1250 3.175 8 0.1990 5.054
3.20 0.1260 3.200 5.10 0.2008 5.100
30 0.1285 3.264 7 0.2010 5.105
3.30 0.1299 3.300 13/64 0.2031 5.159
3.40 0.1339 3.400 6 0.2040 5.182
29 0.1360 3.454 5.20 0.2047 5.200
3.50 0.1378 3.500 5 0.2055 5.220
28 0.1405 3.569 5.30 0.2087 5.300
9/64 0.1406 3.571 4 0.2090 5.309
3.60 0.1417 3.600 5.40 0.2126 5.400
27 0.1440 3.658 3 0.2130 5.410
3.70 0.1457 3.700 5.50 0.2165 5.500
26 0.1470 3.734 7/32 0.2188 5.558
25 0.1495 3.797 5.60 0.2205 5.600
3.80 0.1496 3.800 2 0.2210 5.613
24 0.1520 3.861 5.70 0.2244 5.700
3.90 0.1535 3.900 1 0.2280 5.791
23 0.1540 3.912 5.80 0.2283 5.800
5/32 0.1562 3.967 5.90 0.2323 5.900
22 0.1570 3.988 A 0.2340 5.944
4.00 0.1575 4.000 15/64 0.2344 5.954
Job Name: -- /359372t
32 FRACTIONAL, NUMBER, LETTER, METRIC &


Number Number
6.00 0.2362 6.000 8.40 0.3307 8.400
B 0.2380 6.045 Q 0.3320 8.433
6.10 0.2402 6.100 8.50 0.3346 8.500
C 0.2420 6.147 8.60 0.3386 8.600
6.20 0.2441 6.200 R 0.3390 8.611
D 0.2460 6.248 8.70 0.3425 8.700
6.30 0.2480 6.300 11/32 0.3438 8.733
E, 1/4 0.2500 6.350 8.80 0.3465 8.800
6.40 0.2520 6.400 S 0.3480 8.839
6.50 0.2559 6.500 8.90 0.3504 8.900
F 0.2570 6.528 9.00 0.3543 9.000
6.60 0.2598 6.600 T 0.3580 9.093
G 0.2610 6.629 9.10 0.3583 9.100
6.70 0.2638 6.700 23/64 0.3594 9.129
17/64 0.2656 6.746 9.20 0.3622 9.200
H 0.2660 6.756 9.30 0.3661 9.300
6.80 0.2677 6.800 U 0.3680 9.347
6.90 0.2717 6.900 9.40 0.3701 9.400
I 0.2720 6.909 9.50 0.3740 9.500
7.00 0.2756 7.000 3/8 0.3750 9.525
J 0.2770 7.036 V 0.3770 9.576
7.10 0.2795 7.100 9.60 0.3780 9.600
K 0.2810 7.137 9.70 0.3819 9.700
9/32 0.2812 7.142 9.80 0.3858 9.800
7.20 0.2835 7.200 W 0.3860 9.804
7.30 0.2874 7.300 9.90 0.3898 9.900
L 0.2900 7.366 25/64 0.3906 9.921
7.40 0.2913 7.400 10.00 0.3937 10.000
M 0.2950 7.493 X 0.3970 10.084
7.50 0.2953 7.500 10.20 0.4016 10.200
19/64 0.2969 7.541 Y 0.4040 10.262
7.60 0.2992 7.600 13/32 0.4062 10.317
N 0.3020 7.671 Z 0.4130 10.490
7.70 0.3031 7.700 10.50 0.4134 10.500
7.80 0.3071 7.800 27/64 0.4219 10.716
7.90 0.3110 7.900 10.80 0.4252 10.800
5/16 0.3125 7.938 11.00 0.4331 11.000
8.00 0.3150 8.000 7/16 0.4375 11.112
O 0.3160 8.026 11.20 0.4409 11.200
8.10 0.3189 8.100 11.50 0.4528 11.500
8.20 0.3228 8.200 29/64 0.4531 11.509
P 0.3230 8.204 11.80 0.4646 11.800
8.30 0.3268 8.300 15/32 0.4688 11.908
21/64 0.3281 8.334 12.00 0.4724 12.000
Job Name: -- /359372t
FRACTIONAL, NUMBER, LETTER, METRIC & 33


Number Number
12.20 0.4803 12.200 19.50 0.7677 19.500
31/64 0.4844 12.304 25/32 0.7812 19.845
12.50 0.4921 12.500 20.00 0.7879 20.000
1/2 12.70 0.5000 12.700 51/64 0.7969 20.241
12.80 0.5039 12.800 20.50 0.8071 20.500
13.00 0.5118 13.000 13/16 0.8125 20.638
33/64 0.5156 13.096 21.00 0.8268 21.000
13.20 0.5197 13.200 53/64 0.8281 21.034
17/32 0.5312 13.492 27/32 0.8438 21.433
13.50 0.5315 13.500 21.50 0.8465 21.500
13.80 0.5433 13.800 55/64 0.8594 21.829
35/64 0.5469 13.891 22.00 0.8661 22.000
14.00 0.5512 14.000 7/8 0.8750 22.225
14.25 0.5610 14.250 22.50 0.8858 22.500
9/16 0.5625 14.288 57/64 0.8906 22.621
14.50 0.5709 14.500 23.00 0.9055 23.000
37/64 0.5781 14.684 29/32 0.9062 23.017
14.75 0.5807 14.750 59/64 0.9219 23.416
15.00 0.5906 15.000 23.50 0.9252 23.500
19/32 0.5938 15.083 15/16 0.9375 23.812
15.25 0.6004 15.250 24.00 0.9449 24.000
39/64 0.6094 15.479 61/64 0.9531 24.209
15.50 0.6102 15.500 24.50 0.9646 24.500
15.75 0.6201 15.750 31/32 0.9688 24.608
5/8 0.6250 15.875 25.00 0.9843 25.000
16.00 0.6299 16.000 63/64 0.9844 25.004
16.25 0.6398 16.250 1 1.0000 25.400
41/64 0.6406 16.271 26.00 1.0236 26.000
16.50 0.6496 16.500 1-1/16 1.0625 26.988
21/32 0.6562 16.669 27.00 1.0630 27.000
16.75 0.6594 16.750 28.00 1.1024 28.000
17.00 0.6693 17.000 1-1/8 1.1250 28.575
43/64 0.6719 17.066 29.00 1.1417 29.000
17.25 0.6791 17.250 30.00 1.1811 30.000
11/16 0.6875 17.462 1-3/16 1.1875 30.162
17.50 0.6890 17.500 31.00 1.2205 31.000
45/64 0.7031 17.859 1-1/4 1.2500 31.750
18.00 0.7087 18.000 32.00 1.2598 32.000
23/32 0.7188 18.258 33.00 1.2992 33.000
18.50 0.7283 18.500 1-5/16 1.3125 33.338
47/64 0.7344 18.654 34.00 1.3386 34.000
19.00 0.7480 19.000 1-3/8 1.3750 34.925
3/4 0.7500 19.050 35.00 1.3780 35.000
49/64 0.7656 19.446 36.00 1.4173 36.000
34 HEXAGON SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS
Clearance Drill, Counterbore and Key Sizes
Inch Series
All dimensions in inches

Head Height Clearance Drill
“H” “B”
Nom. Counterbore Hexagon
Size of Number or Diameter Key Size
Screw Max. Min. Fractional Decimal “C” “J”
No. 0 0.060 0.057 49 0.073 1/8 0.050”
No. 1 0.073 0.070 43 0.089 5/32 1/16
No. 2 0.086 0.083 36 0.106 3/16 5/64
No. 3 0.099 0.095 31 0.120 7/32 5/64
No. 4 0.112 0.108 29 0.136 7/32 3/32
No. 5 0.125 0.121 23 0.154 1/4 3/32
No. 6 0.138 0.134 18 0.170 9/32 7/64
No. 8 0.164 0.159 10 0.194 5/16 9/64
No. 10 0.190 0.185 2 0.221 3/8 5/32
1/4 0.250 0.244 9/32 0.281 7/16 3/16
5/16 0.312 0.306 11/32 0.344 17/32 1/4
3/8 0.375 0.368 13/32 0.406 5/8 5/16
7/16 0.438 0.430 15/32 0.469 23/32 3/8
1/2 0.500 0.492 17/32 0.531 13/16 3/8
5/8 0.625 0.616 21/32 0.656 1 1/2
3/4 0.750 0.740 25/32 0.781 1-3/16 5/8
7/8 0.875 0.864 29/32 0.906 1-3/8 3/4
1 1.000 0.988 1-1/32 1.031 1-5/8 3/4
1-1/4 1.250 1.236 1-5/16 1.312 2 7/8
1-1/2 1.500 1.485 1-9/16 1.562 2-3/8 1
1-3/4 1.750 1.743 1-13/16 1.812 2-3/4 1-1/4
2 2.000 1.983 2-1/16 2.062 3-1/8 1-1/2
Job Name: -- /359372t
HEXAGON SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS 35

Clearance Drill, Counterbore and Key Sizes
Metric Series
All dimensions in millimeters

Head Height
“H”
Nom. Clearance Counterbore Hexagon
Size of Drill Diameter Key Size
Screw Pitch Max. Min. “B” “C” “J”
M1.6 0.35 1.60 1.52 1.80 3.50 1.5
M2 0.40 2.00 1.91 2.20 4.40 1.5
M2.5 0.45 2.50 2.40 2.70 5.40 2.0
M3 0.50 3.00 2.89 3.40 6.50 2.5
M4 0.70 4.00 3.88 4.40 8.25 3.0
M5 0.80 5.00 4.86 5.40 9.75 4.0
M6 1.00 6.00 5.85 6.40 11.25 5.0
M8 1.25 8.00 7.83 8.40 14.25 6.0
M10 1.50 10.00 9.81 10.50 17.25 8.0
M12 1.75 12.00 11.79 12.50 19.25 10.0
M14 2.00 14.00 13.77 14.50 22.25 12.0
M16 2.00 16.00 15.76 16.50 25.50 14.0
M20 2.50 20.00 19.73 20.50 31.50 17.0
M24 3.00 24.00 23.70 24.50 37.50 19.0
M30 3.50 30.00 29.67 30.75 47.50 22.0
M36 4.00 36.00 35.64 37.00 56.50 27.0
M42 4.50 42.00 41.61 43.00 66.00 32.0
M48 5.00 48.00 47.58 49.00 75.00 36.0
Job Name: -- /359372t
36 HEXAGON SOCKET FLAT COUNTERSUNK

HEAD CAP SCREWS
Clearance Drill, Countersink and Key Sizes
Inch Series
+
82° 2°
All dimensions in inches

Head Clearance Drill
Diameter “B”
Nom. Countersink Hexagon
Size of “A” “A1” Number or Diameter Key Size
Screw Max. Min. Fractional Decimal “C” “J”
No. 2 0.197 0.168 36 0.106 0.197 0.050”
No. 3 0.226 0.193 31 0.120 0.226 1/16
No. 4 0.255 0.218 29 0.136 0.255 1/16
No. 5 0.281 0.240 23 0.154 0.281 5/64
No. 6 0.307 0.263 18 0.170 0.307 5/64
No. 8 0.359 0.311 10 0.194 0.359 3/32
No. 10 0.411 0.359 2 0.221 0.411 1/8
1/4 0.531 0.480 9/32 0.281 0.531 5/32
5/16 0.656 0.600 11/32 0.344 0.656 3/16
3/8 0.781 0.720 13/32 0.406 0.781 7/32
7/16 0.844 0.781 15/32 0.469 0.844 1/4
1/2 0.938 0.872 17/32 0.531 0.938 5/16
5/8 1.188 1.112 21/32 0.656 1.188 3/8
3/4 1.438 1.355 25/32 0.781 1.438 1/2
7/8 1.688 1.604 29/32 0.906 1.688 9/16
1 1.938 1.841 1-1/32 1.031 1.938 5/8
1-1/4 2.438 2.316 1-5/16 1.312 2.438 7/8
1-1/2 2.938 2.791 1-9/16 1.562 2.938 1
Job Name: -- /359372t
HEXAGON SOCKET FLAT COUNTERSUNK 37

HEAD CAP SCREWS
Clearance Drill, Countersink and Key Sizes
Metric Series
+2°
90° – 0°
All dimensions in millimeters

Head
Diameter
Nom. Clearance Countersink Hexagon
Size of “A” “A1” Drill Diameter Key Size
Screw Pitch Max. Min. “B” “C” “J”
M3 0.50 6.72 5.35 3.40 6.72 2.0
M4 0.70 8.96 7.80 4.40 8.96 2.5
M5 0.80 11.20 9.75 5.40 11.20 3.0
M6 1.00 13.44 11.70 6.40 13.44 4.0
M8 1.25 17.92 15.60 8.40 17.92 5.0
M10 1.50 22.40 19.50 10.50 22.40 6.0
M12 1.75 26.88 23.40 12.50 26.88 8.0
M14 2.00 30.24 26.18 14.50 30.24 10.0
M16 2.00 33.60 28.96 16.50 33.60 10.0
M20 2.50 40.32 34.60 20.50 40.32 12.0
Job Name: -- /359372t
38 MACHINE AND SET SCREW

IDENTIFICATION CHART
Machine Screws
Flat Double Raised Oval Cheese

Countersunk Countersunk Countersunk
Round Button Pan Hexagon
Fillister Truss Cap Hexagon

Washer
Set Screws
Flat Oval Cone

Point Point Point
Cup Dog Half Dog

Point Point Point
Job Name: -- /359372t
TERMS USED FOR PREFERRED FITS 39

ON HOLES AND SHAFTS
Hole Shaft
Description
Basis Basis
Loose Running Fit:

H11 / c11 h11 / C11 For wide commercial tolerances where less
accuracy is needed.
Free Running Fit:
H9 / e9 h9 / E9 For high running speeds and large

temperature variations and where accuracy is
not essential.
Clearance Fits
Close Running Fit:

H8 / f7 h7 / F8 For running on accurate machines and for
accurate moderate speeds.
Sliding Fit:
H7 / g6 h6 / G7 To move and turn freely and locate
accurately, but not intended to run freely.
Locational Clearance Fit:
H7 / h6 h6 / H7 Used for a snug fit for locating stationary parts

that can be assembled and disassembled
freely.
Locational Transition Fit:

Transition Fits
H7 / k6 h6 / K7 For accurate location with a compromise

between clearance and interference.
Locational Transition Fit:

H7 / n6 h6 / N7 For accurate location where greater
interference is permissible.
Locational Interference Fit:

H7 / p6 h6 / P7 For parts requiring prime accuracy of location
with rigidity and alignment.
Interference Fits
Medium Drive Fit:

H7 / s6 h6 / S7
For steel parts or shrink fits on light sections.
Force Fit:
H7 / u6 h6 / U7 For parts that can be highly stressed or for

shrink fits where it is impractical to use heavy
pressing forces.
Job Name: -- /359372t
40 SELECTED ISO FITS – HOLE BASIS

(All sizes in millimeters)
CLEARANCE FITS
Loose Free
Running Running
Nominal
Sizes Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance
Hole Shaft Hole Shaft Hole Shaft
Over To H11 c11 H9 d10 H9 e9
+ 0.060 – 0.060 + 0.025 – 0.020 + 0.025 – 0.014
0 3
0 – 0.120 0 – 0.060 0 – 0.039
+ 0.075 – 0.070 + 0.030 – 0.030 + 0.030 – 0.020
3 6
0 – 0.145 0 – 0.078 0 – 0.050
+ 0.090 – 0.080 + 0.036 – 0.040 + 0.036 – 0.025
6 10
0 – 0.170 0 – 0.098 0 – 0.061
+ 0.110 – 0.095 + 0.043 – 0.050 + 0.043 – 0.032
10 18
0 – 0.205 0 – 0.120 0 – 0.075
+ 0.130 – 0.110 + 0.052 – 0.065 + 0.052 – 0.040
18 30
0 – 0.240 0 – 0.149 0 – 0.092
+ 0.160 – 0.120
30 40
0 – 0.280 + 0.062 – 0.080 + 0.062 – 0.050
+ 0.160 – 0.130 0 – 0.180 0 – 0.112
40 50
0 – 0.290
+ 0.190 – 0.140
50 65
0 – 0.330 + 0.074 – 0.100 + 0.074 – 0.060
+ 0.190 – 0.150 0 – 0.220 0 – 0.134
65 80
0 – 0.340
+ 0.220 – 0.170
80 100
0 – 0.390 + 0.087 – 0.120 + 0.087 – 0.072
+ 0.220 – 0.180 0 – 0.260 0 – 0.159
100 120
0 – 0.400
+ 0.250 – 0.200
120 140
0 – 0.450
+ 0.250 – 0.210 + 0.100 – 0.145 + 0.100 – 0.084
140 160
0 – 0.460 0 – 0.305 0 – 0.185
+ 0.250 – 0.230
160 180
0 – 0.480
+ 0.290 – 0.240
180 200
0 – 0.530
+ 0.290 – 0.260 + 0.115 – 0.170 + 0.115 – 0.100
200 225
0 – 0.550 0 – 0.355 0 – 0.215
+ 0.290 – 0.280
225 250
0 – 0.570
+ 0.320 – 0.300
250 280
0 – 0.620 + 0.130 – 0.190 + 0.130 – 0.110
+ 0.320 – 0.330 0 – 0.400 0 – 0.240
280 315
0 – 0.650
+ 0.360 – 0.360
315 355
0 – 0.720 + 0.140 – 0.210 + 0.140 – 0.125
+ 0.360 – 0.400 0 – 0.440 0 – 0.265
355 400
0 – 0.760
+ 0.400 – 0.440
400 450
0 – 0.840 + 0.155 – 0.230 + 0.155 – 0.135
+ 0.400 – 0.480 0 – 0.480 0 – 0.290
450 500
0 – 0.880
Job Name: -- /359372t
SELECTED ISO FITS – HOLE BASIS 41

CLEARANCE FITS
Close Locational
Running Sliding Clearance
Nominal
Sizes Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance
Hole Shaft Hole Shaft Hole Shaft
Over To H8 f7 H7 g6 H7 h6
+ 0.014 – 0.006 + 0.010 – 0.002 + 0.010 – 0.006
0 3
0 – 0.016 0 – 0.008 0 0
+ 0.018 – 0.010 + 0.012 – 0.004 + 0.012 – 0.008
3 6
0 – 0.028 0 – 0.012 0 0
+ 0.022 – 0.013 + 0.015 – 0.005 + 0.015 – 0.009
6 10
0 – 0.028 0 – 0.014 0 0
+ 0.027 – 0.016 + 0.018 – 0.006 + 0.018 – 0.011
10 18
0 – 0.034 0 – 0.017 0 0
+ 0.033 – 0.020 + 0.021 – 0.007 + 0.021 – 0.013
18 30
0 – 0.041 0 – 0.020 0 0
30 40
+ 0.039 – 0.025 + 0.025 – 0.009 + 0.025 – 0.016
0 – 0.050 0 – 0.025 0 0
40 50
50 65
+ 0.046 – 0.030 + 0.030 – 0.010 + 0.030 – 0.019
0 – 0.060 0 – 0.029 0 0
65 80
80 100
+ 0.054 – 0.036 + 0.035 – 0.012 + 0.035 – 0.022
0 – 0.071 0 – 0.034 0 0
100 120
120 140
+ 0.063 – 0.043 + 0.040 – 0.014 + 0.040 – 0.025
140 160
0 – 0.083 0 – 0.039 0 0
160 180
180 200
+ 0.072 – 0.050 + 0.046 – 0.015 + 0.046 – 0.029
200 225
0 – 0.096 0 – 0.044 0 0
225 250
250 280
+ 0.081 – 0.056 + 0.052 – 0.017 + 0.052 – 0.032
0 – 0.108 0 – 0.049 0 0
280 315
315 355
+ 0.089 – 0.062 + 0.057 – 0.018 + 0.057 – 0.036
0 – 0.119 0 – 0.054 0 0
355 400
400 450
+ 0.097 – 0.068 + 0.063 – 0.020 + 0.063 – 0.040
0 – 0.131 0 – 0.060 0 0
450 500
Job Name: -- /359372t
42 SELECTED ISO FITS – HOLE BASIS

TRANSITION FITS
Locational Locational
Transition Transition
Nominal
Sizes Tolerance Tolerance
Hole Shaft Hole Shaft
Over To H7 k6 H7 n6
+ 0.010 + 0.006 + 0.010 + 0.010
0 3
0 0 0 + 0.004
+ 0.012 + 0.009 + 0.012 + 0.016
3 6
0 + 0.001 0 + 0.008
+ 0.015 + 0.010 + 0.015 + 0.019
6 10
0 + 0.001 0 + 0.010
+ 0.018 + 0.012 + 0.018 + 0.023
10 18
0 + 0.001 0 + 0.012
+ 0.021 + 0.015 + 0.021 + 0.028
18 30
0 + 0.002 0 + 0.015
30 40
+ 0.025 + 0.018 + 0.025 + 0.033
0 + 0.002 0 + 0.017
40 50
50 65
+ 0.030 + 0.021 + 0.030 + 0.039
0 + 0.002 0 + 0.020
65 80
80 100
+ 0.035 + 0.025 + 0.035 + 0.045
0 + 0.003 0 + 0.023
100 120
120 140
+ 0.040 + 0.028 + 0.040 + 0.052
140 160
0 + 0.003 0 + 0.027
160 180
180 200
+ 0.046 + 0.033 + 0.046 + 0.060
200 225
0 + 0.004 0 + 0.031
225 250
250 280
+ 0.052 + 0.036 + 0.052 + 0.066
0 + 0.004 0 + 0.034
280 315
315 355
+ 0.057 + 0.040 + 0.057 + 0.073
0 + 0.004 0 + 0.037
355 400
400 450
+ 0.063 + 0.045 + 0.063 + 0.080
0 + 0.005 0 + 0.040
450 500
Job Name: -- /359372t
SELECTED ISO FITS – HOLE BASIS 43

INTERFERENCE FITS
Locational Medium
Interference Drive
Nominal
Sizes Tolerance Tolerance
Hole Shaft Hole Shaft
Over To H7 p6 H7 s6
+ 0.010 + 0.012 + 0.010 + 0.020
0 3
0 + 0.006 0 + 0.014
+ 0.012 + 0.020 + 0.012 + 0.027
3 6
0 + 0.012 0 + 0.019
+ 0.015 + 0.024 + 0.015 + 0.032
6 10
0 + 0.015 0 + 0.023
+ 0.018 + 0.029 + 0.018 + 0.039
10 18
0 + 0.018 0 + 0.028
+ 0.021 + 0.035 + 0.021 + 0.048
18 30
0 + 0.022 0 + 0.035
30 40
+ 0.025 + 0.042 + 0.025 + 0.059
0 + 0.026 0 + 0.043
40 50
+ 0.030 + 0.072
50 65
+ 0.030 + 0.051 0 + 0.053
0 + 0.032 + 0.030 + 0.078
65 80
0 + 0.059
+ 0.035 + 0.093
80 100
+ 0.035 + 0.059 0 + 0.071
0 + 0.037 + 0.035 + 0.101
100 120
0 + 0.079
+ 0.040 + 0.117
120 140
0 + 0.092
+ 0.040 + 0.068 + 0.040 + 0.125
140 160
0 + 0.043 0 + 0.100
+ 0.040 + 0.133
160 180
0 + 0.108
+ 0.046 + 0.151
180 200
0 + 0.122
+ 0.046 + 0.079 + 0.046 + 0.159
200 225
0 + 0.050 0 + 0.130
+ 0.046 + 0.169
225 250
0 + 0.140
+ 0.052 + 0.190
250 280
+ 0.052 + 0.088 0 + 0.158
0 + 0.056 + 0.052 + 0.202
280 315
0 + 0.170
+ 0.057 + 0.226
315 355
+ 0.057 + 0.098 0 + 0.190
0 + 0.062 + 0.057 + 0.244
355 400
0 + 0.208
+ 0.063 + 0.272
400 450
+ 0.063 + 0.108 0 + 0.232
0 + 0.068 + 0.063 + 0.292
450 500
0 + 0.252
Job Name: -- /359372t
44 PROPERTIES AND TESTING OF MATERIALS

Heat, Mass and Weight of Elements
Name of Symbol Atomic Atomic Melting
Element Number Number Weight Point °C
Actinium Ac 89 227.028 1050
Aluminum Al 13 26.9815 660.37
Americium Am 95 (243) 994 ± 4
Antimony Sb 51 121.75 630.74
Argon A 18 39.948 –189.2
Arsenic As 33 74.9216 817
Astatine At 85 (210) 302
Barium Ba 56 137.33 725
Berkelium Bk 97 (247) ···
Beryllium Be 4 9.01218 1278 ± 5
Bismuth Bi 83 208.980 271.3
Boron B 5 10.81 2079
Bromine Br 35 79.904 –7.2
Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 320.9
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 839 ± 2
Californium Cf 98 (251) ···
Carbon C 6 12.011 3652
Cerium Ce 58 140.12 798 ± 2
Cesium Cs 55 132.9054 28.4 ± 0.01
Chlorine Cl 17 35.453 –100.98
Chromium Cr 24 51.996 1857 ± 20
Cobalt Co 27 58.9332 1495
Copper Cu 29 63.546 1083.4 ± 0.2
Curium Cm 96 (247) 1340 ± 40
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 1409
Einsteinium Es 99 (252) ···
Erbium Er 68 167.26 1522
Europium Eu 63 151.96 822 ± 5
Fermium Fm 100 (257) ···
Fluorine F 9 18.9984 –219.62
Francium Fr 87 (223) 27
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 1311 ± 1
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 29.78
Germanium Ge 32 72.59 937.4
Gold Au 79 196.967 1064.434
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 2227 ± 20
Helium He 2 4.00260 –272.2
Holmium Ho 67 164.930 1470
Hydrogen H 1 1.00794 –259.14
Indium In 49 114.82 156.61
Iodine I 53 126.905 113.5
Iridium Ir 77 192.22 2410
Iron Fe 26 55.847 1535
Krypton Kr 36 83.80 –156.6
Lanthanum La 57 138.906 920 ± 5
Lawrencium Lw 103 (260) ···
Lead Pb 82 207.2 327.502
Lithium Li 3 6.941 180.54
Lutetium Lu 71 174.967 1656 ± 5
Magnesium Mg 12 24.305 648.8 ± 0.5
Manganese Mn 25 54.9380 1244 ± 2
Mendelevium Md 101 (258) ···
Mercury Hg 80 200.59 –38.87
Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 2617
Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 1010
Job Name: -- /359372t
PROPERTIES AND TESTING OF MATERIALS 45

Heat, Mass and Weight of Elements
Name of Symbol Atomic Atomic Melting
Element Number Number Weight Point °C
Neon Ne 10 20.1179 –248.67
Neptunium Np 93 237.048 640 ± 1
Nickel Ni 28 58.69 1453
Niobium Nb 41 92.9064 2468 ± 10
Nitrogen N 7 14.0067 –209.86
Nobelium No 102 (259) ···
Osmium Os 76 190.2 3045 ± 30
Oxygen O 8 15.9994 –218.4
Palladium Pd 46 106.42 1554
Phosphorus P 15 30.9738 44.1
Platinum Pt 78 195.08 1772
Plutonium Pu 94 (224) 641
Polonium Po 84 (209) 254
Potassium K 19 39.0938 63.25
Praseodymium Pr 59 140.908 931 ± 4
Promethium Pm 61 (145) 1080
Protactinium Pa 91 231.0359 1600
Radium Ra 88 226.025 700
Radon Rn 86 (222) –71
Rhenium Re 75 186.207 3180
Rhodium Rh 45 102.906 1965 ± 3
Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678 38.89
Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 2310
Samarium Sm 62 150.36 1072 ± 5
Scandium Sc 21 44.9559 1539
Selenium Se 34 78.96 217
Silicon Si 14 28.0855 1410
Silver Ag 47 107.868 961.93
Sodium Na 11 22.9898 97.81 ± 0.03
Strontium Sr 38 87.62 769
Sulfur S 16 32.06 112.8
Tantalum Ta 73 180.9479 2996
Technetium Tc 43 (98) 2172
Tellurium Te 52 127.60 449.5 ± 0.3
Terbium Tb 65 158.925 1360 ± 4
Thallium Tl 81 204.383 303.5
Thorium Th 90 232.038 1750
Thulium Tm 69 168.934 1545 ± 15
Tin Sn 50 118.71 231.9681
Titanium Ti 22 47.88 1660 ± 10
Tungsten W 74 183.85 3410 ± 20
Unnilhexium Unh 106 (266) ···
Unnilnonium Unn 109 (266) ···
Unniloctium Uno 108 (265) ···
Unnilpentium Unp 105 (262) ···
Unnilquadium Unq 104 (261) ···
Unnilseptium Uns 107 (261) ···
Uranium U 92 238.029 1132 ± 0.8
Vanadium V 23 50.9415 1890 ± 10
Xenon Xe 54 131.29 –111.9
Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04 824 ± 5
Yttrium Y 39 88.9059 1523 ± 8
Zinc Zn 30 65.39 419.58
Zirconium Zr 40 91.224 1852 ± 2
Note: Values in ( ) are atomic weights of the most stable known isotopes.
Job Name: -- /359372t

Hardness Comparison Table
Brinell Hardness Number Rockwell

10mm Ball, 3000kgf Load Hardness Number
A - Scale D - Scale
Rockwell Diamond 60kgf 100kgf
C - Scale Pyramid Tungsten Load Load
Hardness Hardness Standard Hultgren Carbide Diamond Diamond
Number Number Ball Ball Ball Indenter Indenter
68 940 ··· ··· ··· 85.6 76.9

67 900 ··· ··· ··· 85.0 76.1
66 865 ··· ··· ··· 84.5 75.4
65 832 ··· ··· (739) 83.9 74.5
64 800 ··· ··· (722) 83.4 73.8
63 772 ··· ··· (705) 82.8 73.0
62 746 ··· ··· (688) 82.3 72.2
61 720 ··· ··· (670) 81.8 71.5
60 697 ··· (613) (654) 81.2 70.7
59 674 ··· (599) (634) 80.7 69.9
58 653 ··· (587) 615 80.1 69.2
57 633 ··· (575) 595 79.6 68.5
56 613 ··· (561) 577 79.0 67.7
55 595 ··· (546) 560 78.5 66.9
54 577 ··· (534) 543 78.0 66.1
53 560 ··· (519) 525 77.4 65.4
52 544 (500) (508) 512 76.8 64.6
51 528 (487) (494) 496 76.3 63.8
50 513 (475) (481) 481 75.9 63.1
49 498 (464) (469) 469 75.2 62.1
48 484 (451) (455) 455 74.7 61.4
47 471 442 443 443 74.1 60.8
46 458 432 432 432 73.6 60.0
45 446 421 421 421 73.1 59.2
44 434 409 409 409 72.5 58.5
43 423 400 400 400 72.0 57.7
42 412 390 390 390 71.5 56.9
41 402 381 381 381 70.9 56.2
40 392 371 371 371 70.4 55.4
39 382 362 362 362 69.9 54.6
Note: The values given in ( ) are beyond the normal

range and are given for information only.
Job Name: -- /359372t
PROPERTIES AND TESTING OF MATERIALS 47

Hardness Comparison Table
Brinell Hardness Number Rockwell

10mm Ball, 3000kgf Load Hardness Number
A - Scale D - Scale
Rockwell Diamond 60kgf 100kgf
C - Scale Pyramid Tungsten Load Load
Hardness Hardness Standard Hultgren Carbide Diamond Diamond
Number Number Ball Ball Ball Indenter Indenter
38 372 353 353 353 69.4 53.8

37 363 344 344 344 68.9 53.1
36 354 336 336 336 68.4 52.3
35 345 327 327 327 67.9 51.5
34 336 319 319 319 67.4 50.8
33 327 311 311 311 66.8 50.0
32 318 301 301 301 66.3 49.2
31 310 294 294 294 65.8 48.4
30 302 286 286 286 65.3 47.7
29 294 279 279 279 64.7 47.0
28 286 271 271 271 64.3 46.1
27 279 264 264 264 63.8 45.2
26 272 258 258 258 63.3 44.6
25 266 253 253 253 62.8 43.8
24 260 247 247 247 62.4 43.1
23 254 243 243 243 62.0 42.1
22 248 237 237 237 61.5 41.6
21 243 231 231 231 61.0 40.9
20 238 226 226 226 60.5 40.1
(18) 230 219 219 219 ··· ···
(16) 222 212 212 212 ··· ···
(14) 213 203 203 203 ··· ···
(12) 204 194 194 194 ··· ···
(10) 196 187 187 187 ··· ···
(8) 188 179 179 179 ··· ···
(6) 180 171 171 171 ··· ···
(4) 173 165 165 165 ··· ···
(2) 166 158 158 158 ··· ···
(0) 160 152 152 152 ··· ···
Note: The values given in ( ) are beyond the normal

range and are given for information only.
Job Name: -- /359372t

Surface Texture Produced by Common Production Methods
ISO Number N12 N11 N10 N9 N8 N7 N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1
Micrometers (m) 50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.80 0.40 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.012
Microinches (in) 2000 1000 500 250 125 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5
Process
Flame Cutting
Snagging
Sawing
Planning, Shaping
Drilling
Chemical Milling
EDM
Milling
Broaching
Reaming
Electron Beam
Laser
Electro-Chemical
Boring, Turning
Barrel Finishing
Electrolytic Grinding
Roller Burnishing
Grinding
Honing
Electro-Polish
Polishing
Lapping
Superfinishing
Sand Casting
Hot Rolling
Forging
Perm. Mold Casting
Investment Casting
Extruding
Cold Rolling, Drawing
Die Casting
The values shown in the table above are typical Average Application
for the processes listed. Higher or lower values
may be obtained under special conditions. Less Frequent Application
Job Name: -- /359372t
DRAWING STANDARDS 49
Drawing Sheet Sizes – U.S. Customary Inch and ISO Metric
U.S. Customary Size, Inches

A 8½ x 11 D 22 x 34
B 11 x 17 E 34 x 44
C 17 x 22 F 28 x 40
B
A
D E
C 17 in.
ISO Metric Size, Millimeters

A4 210 x 297 A1 594 x 841
A3 297 x 420 A0 841 x 1189
A2 420 x 594
A3
A4 210 mm
A1 A0
A2
Job Name: -- /359372t
50 DRAWING STANDARDS
Line Types and Line Widths
Standard line widths are: Thick Line, 0.7mm (0.028 inches),

Thin Line, 0.35mm (0.014 inches), and both give a good contrast.
Thick
Visible Line
Thin
Hidden Line
Section Line Thin

Projection Line
Thin
Center Line
Thin
Symmetry Line
Leader Line
Extension Line
Dimension Line Dimension Line
Extension Line
and Leader Line Thin
20.50
Cutting-Plane Line Thick

or
Viewing-Plane Line Thick
Thick
Break Line Thin
Phantom Line Thin

Reference Line
Thin
Stitch Line Thin
Thick
Chain Line
Job Name: -- /359372t
ASME and ISO Orthographic Projections
ASME – Third Angle Projection
(B) Top
(C) Left (A) Front (D) Right
Third Angle
Projection Symbol
(E) Bottom
ISO – First Angle Projection
(E) Bottom
(D) Right (A) Front (C) Left

First Angle
Projection Symbol
(B) Top
Job Name: -- /359372t
52 DRAWING STANDARDS
ASME and ISO Geometric Symbols Comparison Chart
Symbol For: ASME Y14.5 ISO
Straightness u u
Flatness c c
Circularity e e
Cylindricity g g
Profile of a Line k k
Profile of a Surface d d
Angularity a a
Perpendicularity b b
Parallelism f f
Position j j
Concentricity, Coaxiality r r
Symmetry i i
Circular Runout *h *h
Total Runout *t *t
At Maximum Material Condition m m
At Maximum Material Boundary m NONE
At Least Material Condition l l

At Least Material Boundary l NONE
Projected Tolerance Zone p p

Diameter n n
Basic Dimension 50 50
All Around Profile
Conical Taper y y
Slope z z
Square o o
* Arrowheads may be filled or unfilled.
Job Name: -- /359372t
Common Drawing Abbreviations
Term Abbreviation
Across Flats A/F

Assembly ASSY
Bend Radius BR
Center CTR
Center Line CL
Chamfer CHAM
Countersink CSK
Counterbore CBORE
Diameter DIA
Dimension DIM
Drawing DWG
Equally Spaced EQUI SP
Figure FIG
Hexagon HEX
Hexagon Head HEX HD
Least Material Condition LMC
Left Hand LH
Material MATL
Maximum MAX
Maximum Material Condition MMC
Minimum MIN
Not To Scale NTS
Number No.
Pitch Circle Diameter PCD
Radius RAD
Reference REF
Required REQD
Right Hand RH
Spherical Radius SR
Spotface SF
Square SQ
Thick THK
Thread THD
Typical TYP
Job Name: -- /359372t
54 COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL

Letter Addresses
Letter
Description Refers to
Address
A Angular dimension about the X-axis and measured in decimals Axis nomenclature
of a degree.
B Angular dimension about the Y-axis and measured in decimals Axis nomenclature
of a degree.
C Angular dimension about the Z-axis and measured in decimals Axis nomenclature
of a degree.
D Angular dimension about a special axis, or third feed function, Axis nomenclature
or tool function for selection of tool compensation.
E Angular dimension about a special axis or second feed function. Axis nomenclature
F Feed word (code). Feed words
G Preparatory word (code). Preparatory words
H Unassigned.
I Interpolation parameter or thread lead parallel to the X-axis. Circular interpolation
and threading
J Interpolation parameter or thread lead parallel to the Y-axis. Circular interpolation
and threading
K Interpolation parameter or thread lead parallel to the Z-axis. Circular interpolation
and threading
L Unassigned.
M Miscellaneous or auxiliary function. Miscellaneous
functions
N Sequence or line number. Sequence number
O Sequence number for secondary head only. Sequence number

P Third rapid-traverse dimension or tertiary motion dimension Axis nomenclature
parallel to X.
Q Second rapid-traverse dimension or tertiary motion dimension Axis nomenclature
parallel to Y.
R First rapid-traverse dimension or tertiary motion dimension Axis nomenclature
parallel to Z or radius for constant surface-speed calculation.
S Spindle-speed function. Spindle speed
T Tool function. Tool function
U Secondary-motion dimension parallel to X. Axis nomenclature
V Secondary-motion dimension parallel to Y. Axis nomenclature
W Secondary-motion dimension parallel to Z. Axis nomenclature
X Primary X-motion dimension. Axis nomenclature
Y Primary Y-motion dimension. Axis nomenclature
Z Primary Z-motion dimension. Axis nomenclature
Job Name: -- /359372t
COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL 55

G – Code Addresses
Code Description Code Description
G00 Rapid positioning. G60-G69 Unassigned.
G01 Linear interpolation. G70 Program in inches.
G02 Circular interpolation clockwise. G71 Program in millimeters.
G72 Circular interpolation - clockwise

G03 Circular interpolation (three dimensional).
counterclockwise.
G73 Circular interpolation - counter-
G04 Dwell - time delay. clockwise (three dimensional).
G06 Parabolic interpolation. G74 Cancels circular interpolation.
G75-G79 Unassigned.
G08 Automatic acceleration.
G80 Cancels fixed cycle.
G09 Automatic deceleration.
G10-G12 Unassigned. G81 Drill cycle.
G82 Drill and dwell cycle.

G13-G16 Axis selection.
G83 Peck drill cycle.
G17 X Y plane selection.
G84 Tapping cycle.
G18 X Z plane selection.
G85 Boring cycle - rotating spindle
G19 Y Z plane selection. retraction.
G86 Boring cycle - rapid traverse
G20-G32 Unassigned. retraction.
G33 Thread cutting, constant lead. G87 Boring cycle - manual retraction.
G34 Thread cutting, increasing lead. G88 Boring cycle - dwell and manual
retraction.
G35 Thread cutting, decreasing lead. G89 Boring cycle - dwell and feed
retraction.
G36-G39 Unassigned.
G90 Absolute input programming.
G40 Cancel compensation/offset.
G91 Incremental input programming.
G41 Cutter compensation - left. G92 Preload of registers.
G42 Cutter compensation - right. G93 Inverse time feed rate.
G43 Cutter compensation - inside G94 Feed rate per minute for inches or
corner. millimeters.
G44 Cutter compensation - outside G95 Feed rate per revolution for inches
corner. or millimeters.
G45-G49 Unassigned. G96 Constant surface speed.
G97 Programmed spindle speed in

G50-G59 Reserved for adaptive control. revolutions per minute.
Job Name: -- /359372t
56 COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL

Miscellaneous Functions (M – Codes)
Code Description
M00 Compulsory machine stop. The machine will stop automatically upon reaching this
code.
M01 Optional machine stop. The machine will only stop if the operator has pushed the
optional stop button.
M02 End of program. May or may not rewind the tape on older machines.
M03 Starts the spindle in a clockwise rotation.
M04 Starts the spindle in a counterclockwise rotation.
M05 Spindle stop.
M06 Manual or automatic tool change.
M07 Coolant on (flood).
M08 Coolant on (mist).
M09 Coolant off.
M10 Turns the pallet clamp on for machines with pallet changers.
M11 Turns the pallet clamp off for machines with pallet changers.
M13 Turns on the spindle in a clockwise rotation and the coolant at the same time.
M14 Turns on the spindle in a counterclockwise rotation and the coolant at the same time.
M19 Stops the spindle at a predefined orientation.
M30 End of program. Returns the program to the beginning.
M40-M46 Used to signal gear changes if required.
M47 Continues program execution from the start of the program unless inhibited by an
interlock signal.
M48 Cancels M49.
M49 Deactivates a manual spindle or feed override and returns the parameter to the
programmed value.
M58 Cancels M59.
M59 Holds the rpm constant at the value in use when M59 is initiated.
M60 Automatic pallet change for machines with pallet changers.
M98 Subprogram call.
M99 Subprogram end.
Job Name: -- /359372t
CONVERSION FACTORS 57
Inches to Millimeters
(1 inch = 25.4 millimeters)
inch mm inch mm inch mm inch mm

0.0001 0.00254 1 25.4 40 1,016.0 80 2,032.0
0.0002 0.00508 2 50.8 41 1,041.4 81 2,057.4
0.0003 0.00762 3 76.2 42 1,066.8 82 2,082.8
0.0004 0.01016 4 101.6 43 1,092.2 83 2,108.2
0.0005 0.01270 5 127.0 44 1,117.6 84 2,133.6
0.0006 0.01524 6 152.4 45 1,143.0 85 2,159.0
0.0007 0.01778 7 177.8 46 1,168.4 86 2,184.4
0.0008 0.02032 8 203.2 47 1,193.8 87 2,209.8
0.0009 0.02286 9 228.6 48 1,219.2 88 2,235.2
10 254.0 49 1,244.6 89 2,260.6
0.001 0.0254 11 279.4 50 1,270.0 90 2,286.0
0.002 0.0508 12 304.8 51 1,295.4 91 2,311.4
0.003 0.0762 13 330.2 52 1,320.8 92 2,336.8
0.004 0.1016 14 355.6 53 1,346.2 93 2,362.2
0.005 0.1270 15 381.0 54 1,371.6 94 2,387.6
0.006 0.1524 16 406.4 55 1,397.0 95 2,413.0
0.007 0.1778 17 431.8 56 1,422.4 96 2,438.4
0.008 0.2032 18 457.2 57 1,447.8 97 2,463.8
0.009 0.2286 19 482.6 58 1,473.2 98 2,489.2
20 508.0 59 1,498.6 99 2,514.6
0.01 0.254 21 533.4 60 1,524.0 100 2,540.0
0.02 0.508 22 558.8 61 1,549.4
0.03 0.762 23 584.2 62 1,574.8 150 3,810
0.04 1.016 24 609.6 63 1,600.2 200 5,080
0.05 1.270 25 635.0 64 1,625.6 250 6,350
0.06 1.524 26 660.4 65 1,651.0 300 7,620
0.07 1.778 27 685.8 66 1,676.4 350 8,890
0.08 2.032 28 711.2 67 1,701.8 400 10,160
0.09 2.286 29 736.6 68 1,727.2 450 11,430
30 762.0 69 1,752.6 500 12,700
0.1 2.54 31 787.4 70 1,778.0 550 13,970
0.2 5.08 32 812.8 71 1,803.4 600 15,240
0.3 7.62 33 838.2 72 1,828.8 650 16,510
0.4 10.16 34 863.6 73 1,854.2 700 17,780
0.5 12.70 35 889.0 74 1,879.6 750 19,050
0.6 15.24 36 914.4 75 1,905.0 800 20,320
0.7 17.78 37 939.8 76 1,930.4 850 21,590
0.8 20.32 38 965.2 77 1,955.8 900 22,860
0.9 22.86 39 990.6 78 1,981.2 950 24,130
79 2,006.6 1,000 25,400
Job Name: -- /359372t
58 CONVERSION FACTORS
Millimeters to Inches
(1 millimeter = 0.03937 inches)
mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch

0.001 0.000039 11 0.43307 51 2.00787 91 3.58268
0.002 0.000079 12 0.47244 52 2.04724 92 3.62205
0.003 0.000118 13 0.51181 53 2.08661 93 3.66142
0.004 0.000157 14 0.55118 54 2.12598 94 3.70079
0.005 0.000197 15 0.59055 55 2.16535 95 3.74016
0.006 0.000236 16 0.62992 56 2.20472 96 3.77953
0.007 0.000276 17 0.66929 57 2.24409 97 3.81890
0.008 0.000315 18 0.70866 58 2.28346 98 3.85827
0.009 0.000354 19 0.74803 59 2.32283 99 3.89764
20 0.78740 60 2.36220 100 3.93701
0.01 0.000394 21 0.82677 61 2.40157
0.02 0.000787 22 0.86614 62 2.44094 110 4.33071
0.03 0.001181 23 0.90551 63 2.48031 120 4.72441
0.04 0.001575 24 0.94488 64 2.51969 130 5.11811
0.05 0.001969 25 0.98425 65 2.55906 140 5.51181
0.06 0.002362 26 1.02362 66 2.59843 150 5.90551
0.07 0.002756 27 1.06299 67 2.63780 160 6.29921
0.08 0.003150 28 1.10236 68 2.67717 170 6.69291
0.09 0.003543 29 1.14173 69 2.71654 180 7.08661
30 1.18110 70 2.75591 190 7.48031
0.1 0.003937 31 1.22047 71 2.79528 200 7.87402
0.2 0.007874 32 1.25984 72 2.83465
0.3 0.011811 33 1.29921 73 2.87402 300 11.81102
0.4 0.015748 34 1.33858 74 2.91339 400 15.74803
0.5 0.019685 35 1.37795 75 2.95276 500 19.68504
0.6 0.023622 36 1.41732 76 2.99213 600 23.62205
0.7 0.027559 37 1.45669 77 3.03150 700 27.55906
0.8 0.031496 38 1.49606 78 3.07087 800 31.49606
0.9 0.035433 39 1.53543 79 3.11024 900 35.43307
40 1.57480 80 3.14961 1,000 39.37008
1 0.039370 41 1.61417 81 3.18898
2 0.078740 42 1.65354 82 3.22835 2,000 78.74016
3 0.118110 43 1.69291 83 3.26772 3,000 118.11024
4 0.157480 44 1.73228 84 3.30709 4,000 157.48031
5 0.196850 45 1.77165 85 3.34646 5,000 196.85039
6 0.236220 46 1.81102 86 3.38583 6,000 236.22047
7 0.275591 47 1.85039 87 3.42520 7,000 275.59055
8 0.314961 48 1.88976 88 3.46457 8,000 314.96063
9 0.354331 49 1.92913 89 3.50394 9,000 354.33071
10 0.393701 50 1.96850 90 3.54331 10,000 393.70079
Job Name: -- /359372t
Fractional Inches to Millimeters
(1 inch = 25.4 millimeters)
inch mm inch mm inch mm inch mm

1/64 0.39688 17/64 6.74688 33/64 13.09688 49/64 19.44688
1/32 0.79375 9/32 7.14375 17/32 13.49375 25/32 19.84375
3/64 1.19063 19/64 7.54063 35/64 13.89063 51/64 20.24063
1/16 1.58750 5/16 7.93750 9/16 14.28750 13/16 20.63750
5/64 1.98438 21/64 8.33438 37/64 14.68438 53/64 21.03438
3/32 2.38125 11/32 8.73125 19/32 15.08125 27/32 21.43125
7/64 2.77813 23/64 9.12813 39/64 15.47813 55/64 21.82813
1/8 3.17500 3/8 9.52500 5/8 15.87500 7/8 22.22500
9/64 3.57188 25/64 9.92188 41/64 16.27188 57/64 22.62188
5/32 3.96875 13/32 10.31875 21/32 16.66875 29/32 23.01875
11/64 4.36563 27/64 10.71563 43/64 17.06563 59/64 23.41563
3/16 4.76250 7/16 11.11250 11/16 17.46250 15/16 23.81250
13/64 5.15938 29/64 11.50938 45/64 17.85938 61/64 24.20938
7/32 5.55625 15/32 11.90625 23/32 18.25625 31/32 24.60625
15/64 5.95313 31/64 12.30313 47/64 18.65313 63/64 25.00313
1/4 6.35000 1/2 12.70000 3/4 19.05000 1 25.40000
Fractional Inches to Decimal Inches

inch Dec. inch Dec. inch Dec. inch Dec.
1/64 0.01563 17/64 0.26563 33/64 0.51563 49/64 0.76563
1/32 0.03125 9/32 0.28125 17/32 0.53125 25/32 0.78125
3/64 0.04688 19/64 0.29688 35/64 0.54688 51/64 0.79688
1/16 0.06250 5/16 0.31250 9/16 0.56250 13/16 0.81250
5/64 0.07813 21/64 0.32813 37/64 0.57813 53/64 0.82813
3/32 0.09375 11/32 0.34375 19/32 0.59375 27/32 0.84375
7/64 0.10938 23/64 0.35938 39/64 0.60938 55/64 0.85938
1/8 0.12500 3/8 0.37500 5/8 0.62500 7/8 0.87500
9/64 0.14063 25/64 0.39063 41/64 0.64063 57/64 0.89063
5/32 0.15625 13/32 0.40625 21/32 0.65625 29/32 0.90625
11/64 0.17188 27/64 0.42188 43/64 0.67188 59/64 0.92188
3/16 0.18750 7/16 0.43750 11/16 0.68750 15/16 0.93750
13/64 0.20313 29/64 0.45313 45/64 0.70313 61/64 0.95313
7/32 0.21875 15/32 0.46875 23/32 0.71875 31/32 0.96875
15/64 0.23438 31/64 0.48438 47/64 0.73438 63/64 0.98438
1/4 0.25000 1/2 0.50000 3/4 0.75000 1 1.00000
Job Name: -- /359372t
60 CONVERSION FACTORS
Common Conversion Factors
Metric to Inch System
To Convert To Obtain Multiply By
Length
Centimeters Feet 0.0328084
Centimeters Inches 0.03937
Kilometers Miles 0.6213712
Meters Feet 3.28084
Meters Inches 39.37008
Meters Yards 1.093613
Millimeters Feet 0.00328084
Millimeters Inches 0.03937008
Area
Square Centimeters Square Feet 0.00107639
Square Centimeters Square Inches 0.1550003
Square Kilometers Square Miles 0.38610216
Square Meters Square Feet 10.76391
Square Meters Square Inches 1550.003
Square Meters Square Yards 1.19599
Square Millimeters Square Inches 0.00155
Volume
Cubic Centimeters Cubic Inches 0.06102374
Cubic Meters Cubic Feet 35.3146667
Cubic Meters Cubic Yards 1.30795062
Liters Gallons (US) 0.26417205
Liters Gallons (UK) 0.21996925
Liters Pints (US) 2.11337642
Liters Pints (UK) 1.759754
Mass
Grams Ounces 0.035274
Grams Pounds 0.0022046
Kilograms Pounds 2.2046226
Kilograms Stone 0.15747304
Tonnes Short Ton 1.1023113
Tonnes Long Ton 0.98420653
Job Name: -- /359372t
Common Conversion Factors
Inch to Metric System
To Convert To Obtain Multiply By
Length
Feet Centimeters 30.48
Feet Meters 0.3048
Feet Millimeters 304.8
Inches Centimeters 2.54
Inches Meters 0.0254
Inches Millimeters 25.4
Miles Kilometers 1.609344
Yards Meters 0.9144
Area
Square Feet Square Centimeters 929.0304
Square Feet Square Meters 0.09290304
Square Inches Square Centimeters 6.4516
Square Inches Square Meters 0.00064516
Square Inches Square Millimeters 645.16
Square Miles Square Kilometers 2.5899881
Square Yards Square Meters 0.83612736
Volume
Cubic Feet Cubic Meters 0.02832
Cubic Inches Cubic Centimeters 16.387064
Cubic Yards Cubic Meters 0.7645548
Gallons (US) Liters 3.7854
Gallons (UK) Liters 4.54609
Pints (US) Liters 0.47317
Pints (UK) Liters 0.56826
Mass
Ounces Grams 28.34952
Pounds Grams 453.59237
Pounds Kilograms 0.453592
Stone Kilograms 6.3503
Long Ton Tonnes 1.01605
Short Ton Tonnes 0.90718
Job Name: -- /359372t
62 INDEX
A Clearance fits, hole basis, 40

Clearance holes, 34
Abbreviations, drawings, 53
Countersunk head, inch, 36
Acute-angled triangle, area, 3
Countersunk head, metric, 37
Addresses, 54
Socket head, inch, 34
G-codes, 55
Socket head, metric, 35
Letters used in CNC, 54
Coaxiality, geo-symbol, 52
Allowances
Concentricity, geo-symbol, 52
Bending, sheet metal, 14
Cold forming threads, 28-29
Clearance fits, hole basis, 40
Common conversion factors, 60
Interference fits, hole basis, 43
Metric to imperial, 60
Transition fits, hole basis, 42
Imperial to metric, 61
All round profile, geo-symbol, 52
Computer numerical control, 54
Angle, countersink, 12
Conduit thread, 19
Angle, of sine bar, 10
Cone, area & volume, 7
Angularity, geo-symbol, 52
Conical taper, geo-symbol, 52
Area, conversion factors, 60
Conversion factors, 57
Areas of plane figures, 3
Inches to millimeters, 57
Atomic numbers, 44-45
Millimeters to inches, 58
Atomic weights, 44-45
Fractional inch to millimeters, 59
Fractional inch to decimal, 59
B Coordinates, locating holes, 9
BA, screw thread, 22 Corners, hexagons & squares, 8
Fluteless, 29 Cube, volume, 6
Basic dimension, drawings, 52 Counterbore sizes, cap screws, 34
Bending, sheet metal, 14 Socket head, inch series, 34
Blanking, shearing pressure, 16 Socket head, metric series, 35
Blanking, shear strengths, 17 Countersink depths, 12
Brinell hardness number, 47 Countersunk screw diameters, 36
BSF, screw thread, 24 Countersunk cap, inch, 36
Fluteless, 29 Countersunk cap, metric, 37
BSP, screw thread, 25 Cylinder, area & volume, 7
Fluteless, 29 Cylindricity, geo-symbol, 52
BSPT, screw thread, 26
BSW, screw thread, 23
D
Fluteless, 29
Decimal drill sizes, 30-33
Thread repair insert, 29
Diameter, geo-symbol, 52
Diamond pyramid hardness No, 46
C Distance across corners, 8
Circle, area & circumference, 5 Dovetail slides, measuring, 11
Circularity, geo-symbol, 52 Drawing abbreviations, 53
Circular ring, area, 5 Drawing sheet sizes, 49
Circular runout, geo-symbol, 52 Drawing standards, 49-53
Circular sector, area, 5 Drill size equivalent charts, 30
Circular segment, area, 5 Drilling, speeds and feeds, 13
Job Name: -- /359372t
INDEX 63
E H
Elements, heat, mass & weight, 44 Hardness comparison table, 46
Ellipse, area & perimeter, 5 Heat, elements melting points, 44
Equally spaced holes, 9 Hexagon,
Equivalent charts, drill sizes, 30 Area, 4
Distance across corners, 8
F Socket head cap screws, 34-37
Holes & shafts, preferred fits, 39
Factor, countersink depth, 12
Factors, common conversion, 60
Feeds & speeds, 13 I
Female dovetail, measuring, 11 Inch to metric, conversions, 61
First angle projection, ISO, 51 Inches to millimeters, 57
Fits on holes and shafts, 40 Inside bend radius, calculating, 14
Clearance fits, 40 Interference fits, hole basis, 43
Interference fits, 43 ISO fits, hole basis, 40
Terms used, 39 ISO geometric symbols, 52
Transition fits, 42 ISO metric coarse thread, 18
Flatness, geo-symbol, 52 ISO metric fine thread, 19
Formulas,
Bend allowance, sheet metal, 14 K
Countersink depths, 12
Key sizes,
Measuring dovetail slides, 11
Socket head cap screw, 34
Equally spaced holes, 9
Countersunk head cap screw, 36
Hexagons & squares, 8
Oblique-angled triangles, 2
Plane figures, 3
L
Right-angled triangles, 1 Letter addresses, CNC, 54
Shearing pressure, blanking, 16 Letter drill sizes, 30-33
Sine bar, 10 Line types, drawing standards, 50
Speeds & feeds, drilling, 13 Line widths, drawing standards, 50
Speeds & feeds, milling, 13 Locating equally spaced holes, 9
Speeds & feeds, turning, 13
Spot drill depths, 12 M
Volumes of solids, 6 Machine screw ID chart, 38
Fluteless cold forming threads, 28 Male dovetail, measuring, 11
Fractional drill sizes, 30-33 Materials,
Fractional inches to millimeters, 59 Hardness comparison table, 46
Fractional inches to decimals, 59 Shear strengths, blanking, 17
Frustum of a cone, volume, 7 Mathematical formulas, 1-17
Measuring dovetail slides, 11
G Melting point, elements, 44-45
G-code addresses, CNC, 55 Metric drill sizes, 30-33
Geometric symbols, 52 Metric thread, coarse, 18
Metric thread, fine, 19
Job Name: -- /359372t
64 INDEX
Metric to inch, conversions, 60 Sine bar calculations, 10

Millimeters to inches, 58 Slope, geo-symbol, 52
Milling, speeds & feeds, 13 Socket head cap screws, 34-37
Miscellaneous functions, CNC, 56 Solids, volumes, 6
MMC, geo-symbol, 52 Solution of triangles,
Oblique-angled, 2
N Right-angled, 1
Spark plug thread, 19
Neutral line, bending, 14
Speeds and feeds, 13
NPT screw thread, 27
Number drill sizes, 30-33 Sphere, volume, 6
Spherical segment, volume, 7
Spot drills, countersink depth, 12
O Square, area, 3
Oblique-angle triangle, solution, 2 Square, across corners, 8
Obtuse-angle triangle, area, 4 Square prism, volume, 6
Octagon, area, 4 Straightness, geo-symbol, 52
Orthographic projections, 51 Surface texture, 48
Symbols, geometric, 52
P Symmetry, geo-symbol, 52
Parallelism, geo-symbol, 52
Parallelogram, area, 3 T
Perpendicularity, geo-symbol, 52 Texture, surface, 48
Plane figures, areas, 3 Third angle projection, ASME, 51
Position, geo-symbol, 52 Threads,
Preferred fits, terms used, 39 British Association, 22
Pressure required, blanking, 16 British Standard Fine, 24
Prism, volume, 6 British Standard Whitworth, 23
Profile of a line, geo-symbol, 52 British Standard Pipe, 25
Properties of elements, 44 British Standard Pipe Taper, 26
Pyramid, volume, 6 ISO Metric Coarse, 18
ISO Metric Fine, 19
R National Pipe Taper, 27
Rectangle, area, 3 Unified National Coarse, 20
Right-angle triangle, solution, 1 Unified National Fine, 21
Rockwell hardness number, 46 Thread repair inserts, drill sizes, 29
Torus, volume, 7
S Total runout, geo-symbol, 52
Transition fits, hole basis, 42
Screw threads, 18-29
Trapezium, area, 4
Selected ISO fits, hole basis, 40
Trapezoid, area, 4
Set screw ID chart, 38
Turning, speeds & feeds, 13
Shearing pressure, blanking, 16
Shear strengths of materials, 17
Sheet sizes, drawings, 49 V
Sheet metal bending allowance, 15 Volumes of solids, 6-7
Job Name: -- /359372t
Job Name: -- /359372t
Job Name: -- /359372t
Job Name: -- /359372t

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Job#: 359372c

Date: 14-04-22 16:21:05

359372c-F.indd 1 21/04/14 5:15 PM

A PRECISION DATA BOOK

INDUSTRIAL PRESS INC.

Copyright © 2014 by Industrial Press, Inc.

ISBN (print): 978-0-8311-3496-9

This book, or any parts thereof, may not be

Limits of Liability and disclaimer of Warranty:

Sponsoring Editor: John Carleo

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS AND MEASUREMENT

SCREW THREAD AND DRILL SIZE EQUIVALENT CHARTS

ALLOWANCES AND TOLERANCES

PROPERTIES AND TESTING OF MATERIALS

COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL

SOLUTION OF RIGHT- ANGLED TRIANGLES 1

2 SOLUTION OF OBLIQUE- ANGLED TRIANGLES

ONE SIDE AND TWO ANGLES KNOWN.

Example: Known side a, with angles

TWO SIDES AND THE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM KNOWN.

Example: Known sides a, and b, with

Example: Known angle A, with a, being the

ALL THREE SIDES KNOWN.

Example: Known sides a, b, and c, and the

AREAS AND DIMENSIONS OF PLANE FIGURES 3

RIGHT- ANGLED TRIANGLE

ACUTE- ANGLED TRIANGLE

4 AREAS AND DIMENSIONS OF PLANE FIGURES

OBTUSE- ANGLED TRIANGLE

Area = A = 2.5981s² = 2.5981R²

Area = A = 4.8284s² = 2.8284R²

AREAS AND DIMENSIONS OF PLANE FIGURES 5

Area = A = π r ² = 3.1416 r ² = 0.7854 d ²

A = area, l = arc length CIRCULAR SECTOR

Area = A = π a b = 3.1416 a b ELLIPSE

An approximate formula for the perimeter is:

A closer approximation is:

The area of the end surface “A”, can be

Volume = V = ⅓h x area of base

SPHERE V = volume, A = surface area

V = volume SPHERICAL SEGMENT

V = volume, A = total surface area CYLINDER

V = volume, S = slant height CONE

V = volume, S = slant height FRUSTUM OF A CONE

8 DISTANCE ACROSS CORNERS

COORDINATES FOR LOCATING 9

Multiply values shown by diameter of pitch circle (Inch or Metric Units)

10 SINE BAR CALCULATIONS

A = angle of sine bar.

Example using a 100 mm sine bar where; L = 100, A = 9°

Example using a 100 mm sine bar where; L = 100, H = 23.7mm

MEASURING DOVETAIL SLIDES 11

The measuring rollers used to check a male or female dovetail slide

To calculate dimension “x ” use the following formula:

Example: To calculate “x ” where; D = 0.750″,  = 60°, a = 2.500″

x = 0.75 ( 1 + cot ½ 60 ) + 2.5

To calculate dimension “c ” use the following formula: