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Lecture 3
Constative models
ENG. MAHMOUD ALI
MSC, GEO. ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY
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Finite Element
A numerical technique to find an approximate solution for a (set of) partial differential
equation(s).
The Finite Element Method for deformations is based on the following principles:
• Equilibrium (between external forces and internal stresses)
• Kinematics (displacements and strains)
• Constitutive relation (material behaviour)
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Iteration Process
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Finite Element Method (FEM)
Mesh Element
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Finite Element Method (FEM)
Mesh Element and Node
Predicted Surface Settlement Behind Wall
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• MC predicts unrealistic surface heave 4 mm
• HS & HSsmall predict max. surface settlement 9 mm
Predicted Wall Resultant Displacement
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• MC predicts unrealistic surface heave 4 mm
• HS & HSsmall predict max. surface settlement 9 mm
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Types of stress-strain behaviour
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Model parameters in Hooke’s law
Linear Elastic
Used for stiff structures in the soil
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Alternative parameters in Hooke’s law
Linear Elastic
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Failure in a simple shear test
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Linear-elastic perfectly-plastic stress-strain relationship
- Elasticity: Hooke’s law
- Plasticity: Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion
LEPP model with Mohr-Coulomb failure contour is in PLAXIS called the Mohr-Coulomb model
For this model: Plasticity = Failure
This does NOT apply to all models!!!
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Linear-elastic perfectly-plastic stress strain relationship.
A yield function, f, is introduced a function of stress and strain.
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
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Material Type
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Young’s modulus (stiffness), E
Young’s modulus (stiffness), E
• Use Eo for highly over consolidated clays and rocks
with a large linear elastic range.
• Use E50 for sands and normally consolidated clays.
• Use Eur in case of unloading problems (tunneling
and excavations).
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Stiffness parameter - suggestions
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Stiffness parameter - suggestions
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Stiffness parameter - suggestions
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Stiffness parameter - suggestions
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Stiffness parameter - suggestions
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Stiffness parameter - suggestions
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Cohesion, c
Cohesionless soil: c = 0.2 kPa
Friction angle, φ
Avoid values higher than 35° when performing
preliminary computations to save computing
time.
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Dilatancy angle, ψ
Dilatancy angle,
Cohesive soil: zero
Cohesionless soil ( φ> 30o): φ– 30o
Cohesionless soil (φ < 30o): zero (-ve only in extremely loose sands)
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Advantages:
• Simple and clear model.
• First order approach of soil behavior in general.
• Suitable for many practical applications.
• Limited number and clear parameters.
• Good representation of failure behavior (drained).
• Dilatancy can be included.
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Mohr-Coulomb Model
Disadvantages:
• Isotropic and homogeneous behavior.
• Until failure linear elastic behavior.
• No stress/stress-path/strain-dependent stiffness.
• No distinction between primary loading and
• unloading or reloading.
• Dilatancy continues for ever.
• Be careful with undrained behaviour
• No time-dependency (creep).
Example 1 28
Example 1 29
Example 1 30
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Material Type
Drained:
No excess pore pressures are generated.
Dry soil
Sands: full drainage and high permeability.
Low rate of loading.
Long term behavior of cohesive soil.
Use effective model parameters: E’, ν’, c’, φ’
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Material Type
Undrained:
Excess pore pressures are developed.
Clays: flow of pore water can be neglected due to low permeability.
High rate of loading.
Short term behavior of cohesive soil.
Use effective model parameters: E’, ν’, c’, φ’
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Material Type
Non-porous:
No initial or excess pore pressures.
Block water flow.
Used to model concrete.
Used in combination with the “Linear Elastic Model”.
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
Difference in behavior for primary loading reloading/unloading
Nonlinear behavior well below failure conditions
Stress dependent stiffness
Plastic deformations for isotropic or Ko-stress paths
Dilatancy is not constant
Small strain stiffness
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
Influence of density on strength and
stiffness
Cannot be accounted for with simple
elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive models.
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
Poisson ratio for unloading ν (-)
ur
ν = 0.2
ur
K -value for normal consolidation
o Knc (-)
o
K = 1- sin φ
o
q /q f a R (-)
f
R = 0.9
f
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
Dilatancy cut-off
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Hardening Soil Model
Model parameters
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
Advantages
Better non-linear formulation of soil behavior in general.
Distinction between primary loading and unloading
Different stiffnesses for different stress paths based on standard tests.
Well suited for unloading situations with simultaneous deviatoric loading
(excavations).
Large stiffness at small strain levels (vibrations) (HSsmall only)
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Hardening Soil Model
Disadvantages
No peak strength and softening.
No secondary compression (Creep).
No anisotropy
E50/Eoed > 2 (difficult to input).
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Hardening Soil Model
Examples of parameter selection
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Hardening Soil Model
Examples of parameter selection
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Hardening Soil Model
Examples of parameter selection
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Hardening Soil Model
Examples of parameter selection
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Hardening Soil Model
Examples of parameter selection
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Hardening Soil Model
Examples of parameter selection
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Hardening Soil Model
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Pre-failure Stress-strain Behaviour
1: Linear elastic, perfectly plastic
2: Hyperbolic stress-strain curve (stiffness degradation for 𝜺𝜺 > 1E-4)
3: Non-linear stiffness from very small strains (1E-6)
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Pre-failure Stress-strain Behaviour
3: Non-linear stiffness from very small strains (1E-6)
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HS small model
Relevance of small-strain stiffness:
• Very stiff behaviour at very small strains (vibrations)
• Reduction of stiffness with increasing strain; restart after load reversal
• Hysteresis in cyclic loading:
• Energy dissipation
• Damping
Also relevant for applications like:
• Excavations (settlement trough behind retaining wall)
• Tunnels (settlement trough above tunnel)
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HS small model
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HS small model
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HS small model
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HS small model
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HS small model
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HS small model
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HS small model
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HS small model
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HS small model
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HS small model
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HS small model
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HS small model
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Soft soil model
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Soft soil model
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Soft soil model
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Soft soil model
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Hoek-Brown Model
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Hoek-Brown Model
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Hoek-Brown Model
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Hoek-Brown Model
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Hoek-Brown Model
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Hoek-Brown Model
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Hoek-Brown Model
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Hoek-Brown Model
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Hoek-Brown Model
