SM&T Section 2
Standards Measurement & Testing Project No. SMT4-CT97-2165
UNCERT MANUAL: 2000
Manual of Codes of Practice for the Determination of Uncertainties in
Mechanical Tests on Metallic Materials
SECTION 2
Glossary of definitions and symbols
F A Kandil
National Physical Laboratory
Queens Road
Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW
UNITED KINGDOM
Issue 1
September 2000
SM&T Section 2
Standards Measurement & Testing Project No. SMT4-CT97-2165
UNCERT MANUAL: 2000
2.1 DEFINITIONS
Coverage factor
A number that, when multiplied by the combined standard uncertainty, produces the
expanded uncertainty. It is dependent on the confidence level (e.g. 95% probability).
Error of measurement
The result of a measurement minus the true value of the measurand (not precisely
quantifiable because the true value is unknown and lies somewhere within the range
of uncertainty).
Level of confidence
The probability that the value of the measurand lies within the quoted range of
uncertainty.
Measurand
The specific quantity being reported as the measurement result. A measurand can be
a direct test reading or an estimate of a material property from other readings.
Measurement
A set of operations having the object of determining a value of the measurand.
Result of a measurement
Value attributed to the measurand, obtained by measurement.
Uncorrected result
Result of a measurement before correction for systematic error.
Corrected result
Result of a measurement after correction for systematic error.
Standard deviation
The positive square root of the variance.
Uncertainty of measurement
A parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that defines the range
within which the true value of a measurand is estimated to fall (within a given
confidence).
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SM&T Section 2
Standards Measurement & Testing Project No. SMT4-CT97-2165
UNCERT MANUAL: 2000
Standard uncertainty
The estimated standard deviation.
Combined standard uncertainty
The result of the combination of standard uncertainty components.
Expanded uncertainty
The value obtained by multiplying the combined standard uncertainty by a coverage
factor.
Variance
A measure of the dispersion of a set of n measurement results. It is the sum of the
square of the deviation of the measurement result from the average, divided by n-1.
2.2 SYMBOLS
ci Sensitivity coefficient.
dv Divisor used to calculate the standard uncertainty
=1 (for normal probability distribution)
=2 (for normal probability distribution, k = 2)
= 3 (for rectangular probability distribution)
= 6 (for triangular probability distribution)
= 2 (for U-shaped probability distribution)
f Functional relationship between the estimated value of the measurand, y,
and the input parameters xi.
k Coverage factor used to calculate expanded uncertainty U for a normal
distribution.
kp Coverage factor used to calculate an expanded uncertainty for a specified
level of confidence p where a normal probability distribution cannot be
assumed (see table in Section 2.4).
n Number of repeat measurements.
m Number of input parameters on which the measurand depends.
p Probability or level of confidence expressed in percentage terms or in the
range 0 to 1.
q Random variable.
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SM&T Section 2
Standards Measurement & Testing Project No. SMT4-CT97-2165
UNCERT MANUAL: 2000
q Arithmetic mean or average of n repeated measurements of randomly
varying quantity q. [Eq. (2)]
s(qj) Experimental standard deviation of a random variable q determined from n
repeat measurements, when n is a relatively small number. [Eq. (3)]
s( q ) Experimental standard deviation of arithmetic mean q . [Eq. (4)]
u(xi) Standard uncertainty of input parameter xi. [Eq. (5)]
uc(y) Combined standard uncertainty of the measurand, y. [Eq. (6)]
U Expanded uncertainty of the measurand, y. [Eq. (8)]
V Value of the measurand.
xi Estimate of input quantity Xi.
y Estimate of the measurand V (V= y ± U). [Eq. (1)]
νi Degrees of freedom of standard uncertainty u(xi) of input parameter, xi.
νeff Effective degrees of freedom of uc(y) used to obtain kP (t- distribution).
[Eq. (7)]
2.3 EQUATIONS FOR UNCERTAINTY CALCULATIONS
y = f ( x1 ,x 2 ,.............., xm ) (1)
1 n
n∑
q= qj (2)
j =1
1 n
s (q j )= ∑
(n − 1) j =1
(q j − q )2 (3)
s( q j )
s (q ) = (4)
n
u( x i ) = s ( q ) [Type A uncertainty] (5a)
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SM&T Section 2
Standards Measurement & Testing Project No. SMT4-CT97-2165
UNCERT MANUAL: 2000
tolerance
u( xi ) = [Type B uncertainty] (5b)
dv
m
uc ( y ) = ∑i =1
[ci u ( xi )]2 (6)
uc4 ( y )
ν eff = (7)
m
ui4 ( y )
∑
i =1 νi
U = k uc ( y ) (8)
2.4 Student’s t-Distribution Table
νeff 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 14
k95 13.97 4.53 3.31 2.87 2.65 2.52 2.43 2.37 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.17
νeff 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 80 100 ∞
k95 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.06 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.03 2.02 2.00
NOTE: The above values are for a level of confidence of 95%. Values for other levels of confidence can
be found in the Guide.
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