The document discusses methods for quantifying uncertainty in measurements. It defines key terms like systematic error, random error, and standard uncertainty. Measurements should identify the true value, error sources, and categorize uncertainties as either systematic or random. Random uncertainty is estimated using statistics of repeated measurements or estimates of elemental error sources. Systematic uncertainty comes from factors like calibration. The combined standard uncertainty is the square root of the sum of the squared systematic and random uncertainties, and the expanded uncertainty uses a coverage factor to define a confidence level, typically 95%.
The document discusses methods for quantifying uncertainty in measurements. It defines key terms like systematic error, random error, and standard uncertainty. Measurements should identify the true value, error sources, and categorize uncertainties as either systematic or random. Random uncertainty is estimated using statistics of repeated measurements or estimates of elemental error sources. Systematic uncertainty comes from factors like calibration. The combined standard uncertainty is the square root of the sum of the squared systematic and random uncertainties, and the expanded uncertainty uses a coverage factor to define a confidence level, typically 95%.
The document discusses methods for quantifying uncertainty in measurements. It defines key terms like systematic error, random error, and standard uncertainty. Measurements should identify the true value, error sources, and categorize uncertainties as either systematic or random. Random uncertainty is estimated using statistics of repeated measurements or estimates of elemental error sources. Systematic uncertainty comes from factors like calibration. The combined standard uncertainty is the square root of the sum of the squared systematic and random uncertainties, and the expanded uncertainty uses a coverage factor to define a confidence level, typically 95%.
The document discusses methods for quantifying uncertainty in measurements. It defines key terms like systematic error, random error, and standard uncertainty. Measurements should identify the true value, error sources, and categorize uncertainties as either systematic or random. Random uncertainty is estimated using statistics of repeated measurements or estimates of elemental error sources. Systematic uncertainty comes from factors like calibration. The combined standard uncertainty is the square root of the sum of the squared systematic and random uncertainties, and the expanded uncertainty uses a coverage factor to define a confidence level, typically 95%.
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ASME PTC 19.1 6-1.
2 USING PREVIOUS VALUE OF (SX)
Previous sample of the variable would be useful when a SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION small sample size (N) is used to Calculate the mean value This supplement simplifies uncertainty analysis assessing (x) of a measurement. data quality. When Np previous value (Xpj) are known for the quantity HARMONIZATION - eliminates unclear words like bias being measured, the sample standard Deviation for the precision &limits and precision index variable can be calculated as UNCERTAINTY - differ between error, it's effects & limit estimation. *Instead of "BIAS" we use: SYSTEMATIC ERROR - describes error source SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY - describes limits This estimate of the random standard V = Np – 1 *Instead of "PRECISION" we use: RANDOM ERROR - describes error source that scatter in 6-1.3 Using Elemental Random Error Source test data To estimate the random standard uncertainty of the mean, RANDOM UNCERTAINTY - describes limits to random you can use information about elemental random error error "STANDARD" UNCERTAINTY > equal to single standard sources in the measurement process, with K representing the deviation of average total number of these sources. 95% > common confidence level ISO GUM utilizes CLASSIFICATION for Degrees of freedom for the estimated random standard ERRORS and UNCERTAINTIES: TYPE A UNCERTAINTIES uncertainty (Sx) depend on information used for elemental TYPE B UNCERTAINTIES uncertainties and are calculated as (Vk), representing the SUPPLEMENT utilizes CLASS. for ERROR and appropriate degrees of freedom for (SxkG). UNCERTAINTIES: RANDOM ERROR SYSTEMATIC ERROR SECTION 2: OBJECT & SCOPE z Aim is to clarify terms & methods eliminating & assessing 6-1.4 Using Estimates of Sample Standard Deviation uncertainty. Estimates of sample standard deviation are utilized in situations like pre-test uncertainty analysis, where prior data •SECTION 5: DEFINING THE MEASUREMENT is lacking. This allows for informed decision-making based PROCESS on engineering judgment and the best available information. 1. Selection of the Appropriate "True Value" -measurements with ideal zero error 2. Identification of Error Sources -measuring the true value must be identified (a) Calibration uncertainty ASME PTC 19.1 (b) Uncertainty due to test article and/or instrumentation •SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION installation This supplement simplifies uncertainty analysis assessing (c) Data acquisition uncertainty data quality. (d) Data reduction uncertainty (e) Uncertainty due to methods and Other Effects >HARMONIZATION - eliminates unclear words like bias 3. Categories of Uncertainty precision &limits and precision index a. ALTERNATIVE CATEGORIZATION >UNCERTAINTY - differ between error, it's effects & limit b. TIME INTERVAL EFFECTS estimation. c. TEST OBJECTIVE 4. Comparative versus Absolute Testing *Instead of "BIAS" we use: - known as back-to-back test. •SYSTEMATIC ERROR - describes error source •SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY - describes limits MEASUREMENTS OF PROCESS *Instead of "PRECISION" we use: The measurement of process •RANDOM ERROR - describes error source that scatter in This section emphasizes the importance of selecting a test data suitable "true value" aligned with measurement goals, •RANDOM UNCERTAINTY - describes limits to random identifying and categorizing error sources, and error distinguishing between comparative and absolute testing objectives in the measure process. "STANDARD" UNCERTAINTY > equal to single standard Section 6 – UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT deviation of average 6-1 RANDOM STANDARD UNCERTAINTY OF THE 95% > common confidence level MEAN 6-1.1 General Case •ISO GUM utilizes CLASSIFICATION for ERRORS and X As the average of N measurements, the appropriate UNCERTAINTIES: random standard uncertainty of the Mean. -TYPE A UNCERTAINTIES In a sample of (SX) measurements, the degrees of freedom -TYPE B UNCERTAINTIES is the sample size (N). SUPPLEMENT utilizes CLASS. for ERROR and 6-4 COMBINED STANDARD AND EXPANDED UNCERTAINTIES: UNCERTAINTY OF A MEASUREMENTS -RANDOM ERROR The combined standard and expanded uncertainty of a -SYSTEMATIC ERROR measurement is a way to express the range within which the true value of a measured quantity is likely to lie. It combines •SECTION 2: OBJECT & SCOPE the standard uncertainty (related to random errors) and an Aim is to clarify terms & methods eliminating & assessing additional component to account for systematic errors, uncertainty. providing a more comprehensive estimate of measurement uncertainty. The expanded uncertainty is often reported with •SECTION 5: DEFINING THE MEASUREMENT a coverage factor to define a confidence level, commonly PROCESS expressed as a percentage (e.g., 95%). The formula is: 1. Selection of the Appropriate "True Value" U=k⋅u -measurements with ideal zero error where : U×= the combined standard uncertainty 2. Identification of Error Sources k= coverage factor representing the desired level of -measuring the true value must be identified confidence. U= expanded uncertainty (a) calibration uncertainty (b) uncertainty due to test article ••general form of the expression for determining the and/or instrumentation installation (c) data acquisition uncertainty of a measurement is the root uncertainty (d) data reduction uncertainty (e) uncertainty sum-square of the systematic and random standard due to methods and Other Effects uncertainties of the measurement. 3. Categories of Uncertainty CALCULATION PROCEDURE a. ALTERNATIVE CATEGORIZATION 1. Define Measurement Process b. TIME INTERVAL EFFECTS • True Value c. TEST OBJECTIVE • Error Sources 4. Comparative Versus Absolute Testing • Categorize Uncertainties - known as back-to-back test. 2. List Elemental Error Sources • Categorization of Uncertainties. THE MEASUREMENT OF PROCESS 3. Calculate the Systematic Uncertainty and Random This section emphasizes the importance of selecting a Uncertainty or Each Parameter suitable "true value" aligned with measurement goals, • RANDOM STANDARD UNCERTAINTY OF identifying and categorizing error sources, and THE MEAN distinguishing between comparative and absolute testing • SYSTEMATIC STANDARD UNCERTAINTY objectives in the measure process. OF A MEASUREMENT 4. Calculate Uncertainty Section 6: UNCERTAINTY OF A MEASUREMENT • Combine the systematic and random uncertainties 5. Report 6-3 CLASSIFICATION OF UNCERTAINTY SOURCES
Uncertainties classifies by source as either
Type A ● Uncertainties are the calculated standard deviations obtained from data sets. Type B ● Uncertainties are those that are estimated or approximated rather than being calculated from data. ● Uncertainties are also given as standard deviation level estimates. Uncertainties are classified by their effect on the measurement, either random or systematic, rather than by their source.
There may be situations when it is convenient to classify
elemental uncertainties by both effect and source. This Supplement recommends the following nomenclature for dual classification:
6-3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF UNCERTAINTY SOURCES
TYPE A It is calculated standard deviation obtained from data sets. TYPE B It is estimated or approximated rather than being calculated from data.
