Writing and Language Test 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS ‘Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. DIRECTIONS Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you ‘ill consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For ‘other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompani by one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising and editing decisions, Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole, ‘After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the Conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a "NO CHANGE” option, ‘Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the Passage as itis. Questions 1-11 arebased on the following passage. : Which choice provides the most appropriate introduction to the passage? A) NO CHANGE ‘The Agents of the FDA. ‘When you go to the grocery store, IMJ carvtit be fun 0 go with your friends and family? Why do you trust the # B) which way do you take when you drive or walk? chicken that you buy from the grocery store more than the = C)_ how is it possible to buy only the things that you i need? chicken you could buy off the back of some guy's truck? Beyond common sense, the answer is prety simple; the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. The [EM agency's beginnings came in 1906, when politicians and consumer a A) NO CHANGE B) agency's beginning’s ©) agencies beginnings D) agencies beginnings) D) how do you know what you're buying is safe? eee Se2 advocates began to realize how harmful unregulated food, cosmetics, and drugs could be. The FDA it today was formally created in 1930. for we know “The FDA is everywhere in American culture In fact, the FDA regulates nearly $1 trillion worth of American consumer goods. This trillion constitutes approximately 25% of al that is bought and sold in the United States. A large portion of this money is devoted to, goods imported into the United States. The FDA operates, ona budget of nearly $5 billion a year, much of which is generated by user fees, BJ which come primarily from pharmaceutical companies, whose drugs require FDA, approval. a A) NO CHANGE B) how ©) as D) DELETE the underlined portion. In context, which choice best combines the underlined sentences? A) In fact, the FDA regulates nearly $1 trillion worth, of American consumer goods, approximately 25% of all that is bought and sold in the United States. B) ‘The EDA, in fact, which regulates nearly $1 trillion worth of American consumer goods, moreover regulates what amounts to 25% of all that is. bought and sold, ©) A quarter of all that is bought and sold in the United States, which amounts to $1 trillion dollars approximately, is approved in some way by the EDA. D) ‘The $1 trillion dollars of goods in the United States, the same goods that constitute 25% of United States trade, are regulated by the FDA. A) NO CHANGE B) thus coming ©) those come D) they come2 a Stil, while many people are familiar with the GH i FDA% warning labels and health warnings, few knowwho | A). NOCHANGE actually works there. Afterall, an “agency” requires some B) Stunningly, agents, and the EDA must bea huge operation with all the ©) Therefore, food and pharmaceutical drugs needed in a population D) For safety’s sake, cof hundreds of millions. The FDA is certainly large: TE youive almost certainly seen its approvals on some of gy the products you use, i Which choice best supports the statement made in the first part of the sentence? A) NO CHANGE B)_ithas played a large role in reducing the amount ‘While the largest group of FDA employees comprises, ‘consumer safety officers, the central work of the FDA is, conducted by scientists. [EJ Relying on scientists makes Paine aan vale ee seas sincs ths eee a eeceptate food i something ©) Teddy and Franklin Roosevelt were proud of it, ‘most of us never think about. But how is it possible to know and you should be too, whether a type of food is sae for general consumption? D) ithas over 200 offices in the United States and employs many thousands of people. a At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. ‘The FDA employs nearly 1,000 chemists, 500 biologists, 300 pharmacologists, 40 epidemiologists, and many, many more. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it lists the employment statistics for the FDA last year. B) Yes, because it gives some data that will be claborated upon later in the paragraph. ©) No, because it interrupts the paragraphs discussion of consumer safety officers. 1D) No, because it does not account for the non- scientists who work at the FDA,j2 How can one possibly be confident that a packaged good on a supermarket shelf will be safe [BJ with confidence? This cant be a matter of taste: it must be a matter of chemistry, [J biology, and a matter of physics. The average consumer simply does not have the knowledge to.be able to assess the quality of food. ‘The same goes for drugs. Imagine you were taking five prescription drugs at ‘once—if the pills got mixed up, what would you do? In short, the FDA is omnipresent in American life, ‘even ifit isa bit hidden. The truly remarkable thing about the FDA, other than its high rates of success, EU) are_ being the collection of expertise it has amassed among its, workforce, Pethaps no other government agency requires such an incredible amount of brainpower on the cutting edge of scientific thought. A) B) 9 D) A) B) ° D) A) B) ° D) NO CHANGE certainly? with sureness? DELETE the underlined portion and end the sentence with a question mark. NO CHANGE biology, including some biology, and biological sciences, and NO CHANGE have had are[2 oo 2 (Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage. f2] A) NO CHANGE Drop the Buck B) themselves For anyone aspiring to play ice hockey professionally, ©) itself the National Hockey League (NHL) represents the D) himself pinnacle of hockey greatness in North America, if not the world. But how did the NHI rise to these remarkable ranks? ‘Which choice provides the most logical conclusion to ‘The story begins with that elusive trophy: the Stanley the sentence? Cup. In many ways, this goal is as old as the history of A) NO CHANGE professional hockey BBB its self. It was commissioned B)_who was born in London and educated at Eton and Sandhurst. ©) who served as Governor General under British Queen Victoria, DELETE the underlined portion and end the sentence with @ period after the word Preston. in 1892 as the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup and ‘was given to Canada’s top-ranking amateur team each year The name was later changed to commemoratethe yy contributions of then-Governor General of Canada, Lord. Stanley of Preston, BEY who did a great deal to grow the sport in the country,‘One of the early contenders for this prize was the National Hockey Association (NHA). When the NHA. folded in 1917, it was replaced by the NHL that same year, Despite the name change, the NHL followed from the \NHA in just about every way. Just as the NHA had before, so competing annually for the Stanley Cup. This ‘competition came against a variety of other professional and amateur teams and leagues, most notably the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA), which had formalized its relations with the NHA in 1915. The Boston Bruins, established in JJ 1924; they began the NHL expansion into the United States. By 1926, however, all other competing leagues had folded or merged, and the only remaining league was the NHL. [{] While other leagues and teams have issued challenges for the Cup, no non-NHL team has played for the Cup since that time. The NHL sole dominion over Lord Stanley’s Cup also symbotized its [Z| supremacy in the world of professional hockey. A) NO CHANGE B) so too did the NHL compete ©) so too competed D) so too was competing A) NO CHANGE B) 1924, C) 1924. They D) 1924: ‘The writer is considering deleting the previous sentence. Should the writer make this change? |A) Yes, because it breaks with the logical flow of the previous paragraph, B) Yes, because it provides a topic sentence that ‘would be better placed elsewhere in the passage. ©) No, because it contains the central argument of the passage asa whole. D) No, because it provides a logical introduction and relevant information for this paragraph. ‘Which choice best maintains the tone established in the passage? A) NO CHANGE B) awesomeness ©) formality D) swagger‘This high position was firmly cemented in the 1940s ‘when the “Original Six” NHL franchises competed with There were two Canadian teams that were especially ascendant, even dominant, and ‘many of the players from the era are still considered all- time greats. The league has only continued to expand. Six ‘more teams were added during the frst expansion of 1967, ‘Today, the league has 30 teams. [EJ ‘one another each year. 2i Ls] A) NO CHANGE B) Ascendant, even dominant, were the Canadian teams especially, ©) Canadian teams were especially ascendant, even dominant, ‘D) Canadian teams especially were dominant, Which choice most logically follows the previous sentence? A) There are even plans to expand the league to 32, with teams in Las Vegas and Quebec City. B) My personal favorite team is the Philadelphia Flyers, who were part of the 1967 expansion. ©) Many of the “Original Six” teams have won the Stanley Cup in recent years, D) Itcan seem alittle bit odd to have hockey teams in places with no natural ice, but that’s the way it oesj2. 2 A) NO CHANGE ‘Since the early days of professional BIJ] hockey, but other leagues have come and gone. There are other EB leagues. These, however, are “minor leagues?” where B) hockey, young players develop the skills necessary for NHL play,or : ©) hockey: where players spend whole careers waiting for their chance D) hockey: at the big leagues. Still, wile the NHL, made up of players from all over the world, BBY hold the sway that it does, the short history given here provides the important reminder ‘The writer is considering revising the underlined that leagues come and go. The only thing that remains, the | -_portion ofthe sentence to read only unadulterated constant, is the passion both men and leagues, such as the AHL, OHL, and QMJHL. ‘women have for the game. Should the writer add this information here? A) Yes, because it lays the groundwork for the shift in this paragraphis focus. B) Yes, because it provides examples of some current leagues other than the NHL. ©) No, because it suggests that the NHIL is not such an important league after all. D) No, because it provides details that should be given earlier in the passage. A) NO CHANGE B) holds the sway that they do, ©) hold the sway that they do, D) holds the sway that it does,{2 Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. Is Sitting the New Smoking? {1] Health scientists have a new warning: “Sitting 1s the new smoking” [2] However, excessive sitting and stillness, particularly when itis interruptedly sedentary, can have terrible consequences for health [3] Indeed, now that many Americans have accepted the health risks of, smoking and BY puffed away from that deadly pastime, researchers worry that the sedentary lifestyle of many Americans may have replaced smoking as a national health ‘sk, [4] This may sound odd because everyone has to sit at some point, whether at a job, in class, or in a car. Nearly 20 studies conducted in about as many Years have confirmed this grim conclusion, and these studies have covered over 800,000 people overall. While this number does not cover the entire population, it is, safely representative as a sample. In one study, researchers found a 46 percent increase in deaths from any cause among people who sat for more than four hours @ day while watching television, BIG] which is as compared to people who sat for only two. Other studies found links between excessive sitting and obesity, diabetes, and heart problems, A) NO CHANGE B) run ©) fired D) veered ‘To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4 should be placed A) where itis now. B) at the beginning of the paragraph. ©) before sentence 2. D) before sentence 3 Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) 800,000 is safely representative of the entire population, and that’s precisely the number that nearly twenty studies used to confirm the grim conclusion that was mentioned above. B) 20 tests used 800,000 subjects over the course of twenty or so years to confirm the grim conclusion. and did so with a representative sample that was safe, ©) Nearly 20 studies conducted in about as many years have confirmed this grim conclusion, and these studies have covered over 800,000 people overall, a safely representative sample. 1D) 800,000 people were safe from the grim conclusion of representative samples, as they were the 20 experiments of people in their 20s, A) NO CHANGE B) having C) thisis D) DELETE the underlined portion. Ea»‘The problem, it seems, is that the human body has not evolved for this kind of idleness. Consider our primate Bd ancestors for example, if they were not incredibly active at all times, they would not have survived. Even many humans throughout history had to live actively— not just as hunters, but as farmers or machinists. Now, as ‘most white-collar jobs involve sitting ata desk, human bodies arer‘t sure what to do with all the free time. And there is a lot of it, with some estimates showing that the average American is upright and active EX for only & hours of a day. This data shows that the sitting epidemic is not restricted to the workplace: BJ standing desks have become increasingly popular in the American workplace. Hoe Sedentary i the Typical American Hach Day? Seder 2 Hows [rae swe A) NO CHANGE B) ancestors. For example, ©) ancestors, for example, D) ancestors, for example: ‘Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the data in the graph? A) NO CHANGE B) for only 3 hours of the 24-hour day. ©) for nearly one third of an average day. D) forless than an hour a day. Which choices offers an accurate interpretation of the data in the graph? A) NO CHANGE B) the sitting done at work accounts for more than half of al sitting on an average day. ©) the average American also eats far too much, sometimes for hours ata time. D) less than half ofall sitting during an average day is done at work,‘There may be a message of hope in this news, however, For one, this research suggests that much of the American obesity epidemic could be solved with a change in sitting habits rather than a change in eating habits. More ‘walking (not to mention more running, biking, or other strenuous activity) can reduce weights significantly over time. Also, the mantra that “sitting is the new smoking” ‘may not apply to those [J that, of all things, fidget. ‘Researchers in the UK. tracked the habits of nearly 13,000, ‘women over the course of 12 years. In controlling for other factors, they found that the women who fidgeted—who ‘moved their hands and feet in small, seemingly negligible ‘ways —were less at risk for the perils of sitting than those who Efi sit perfectly still. The leader of the study, Janet Cade, says that fidgeting may not help with body-mass index, but it could improve metabolism. ‘Thus, while sitting is not likely to come with a ‘warning label, we can see some of EB their detrimental effects. We can also see, however, how easy those detrimental effects are to counteract. Perhaps you can't avoid sitting down on the job, but you can do yourself all Kinds of favors by standing up, stretching out, or tapping ‘your toes. EJ You don't have to take this national health threat sitting dor A) NO CHANGE B) who © we D) which A) NO CHANGE B) went ©) are D) sat oa A) NO CHANGE B) its ©) its D) theyre ‘The writers wants a conclusion that acknowledges the problem of sitting but also encourages the reader to use this research in a proactive way. Which choice best accomplishes this goal? A) NO CHANGE B) You should also really go to the gym once in a while, ©) You might consider applying for a job that allows you to go outside sometimes, D) There’ not all that much you can do, frankly.Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage. It’s So Rustic It's Chic For many people, “fashion”—the latest lines of shoes, ‘suits, dresses, or EZ furniture; refers to new things, Increasingly, however, the new things are considered less fashionable than the old ones. Granted, “retro” has been popular for a long time, as people have sported the clothes and EJ furnished their homes with the knick-knacks of yesteryear. The newest style ofall is both newer and older than mere “retro.” This new style, rustic chic, rooted in the various attempts by the stylish to glorify old things, EZ seeks to take its proponents back even further to... well, no one’ quite sure. | BMGGieim ae ae A) NO CHANGE B) furniture ©) furniture, D) furniture— A) NO CHANGE B) have furnished ©) farish. D) furnishing Le os ied ori ee Raa ad A) NO CHANGE 2B) has sought ©) seek D) seekingPoking fun at this trend, the creators of a popular comedy Ef] show IFC’s Portlandia, changed their early ‘theme song “The Dream of the “90s is Alive in Portland.” Back-dropped by men riding nineteenth-century bicycles, chipping their own ice, curing their own meats, and coiffing their handlebar EJ mustaches; these parts of the song jokes that the dream of the 1890s is alive in Portland. In fact, this joke is rooted in reality. Go into many coffee shops, restaurants, clothing stores, and furniture stores, and EJ the results may surprise you; salvaged furniture repainted in such a way that its age shows, handmade goods from artisans and craftspeople, and facial-hair configurations last seen on William Howard Taft. ‘This concept of rustic chic may seem a little odd. Furst, theres the question of economics. EQ] Why, for instance, would anyone want to pay good money for a piece of furniture that is not only out of style but shows its signs of age? Or why would someone want to pay more ‘money for something that is worn and broken than for something that is new? A) NO CHANGE B) show, IFC’ Portlandia, C) show, IFC's, Portlandia D) show, IFCS, Portlandia, A) NO CHANGE B) mustaches, the song ©) mustaches. These parts of the song. D) mustaches. The song Which choice most effectively sets up the examples that follow? A) NO CHANGE B) you'll notice something peculiar: ©) you'll see the look of yesteryear: D) everything will be curiously expensive; At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. The effect of rustic chic on the American gross domestic product is yet to be determined. ‘Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it adds a note of economic seriousness tothe passage. B) Yes, because the passage goes on to describe the global economy. ©) No, because itis not relevant to the main focus of the passage. D) No, because it contradicts information given in the following paragraph. Ea»‘Moreover, rustic chic is difficult to understand. because it does not have a clear know that hippies are trying to dress like people from the 1960s and flappers are trying to dress like people from the 1920s, How about people who are interested in the rustic chic aesthetic? When people plan barn weddings, they do interest. At least we so because they want to get married like “they” di. Why do you think people are getting married later now? (1) These questions may be unanswerable, but that does not mean that we cannot speculate as to why rustic chic has become such a popular style. [2] Wear the clothes that men and women did before the existence of the fashion industry. [3] ‘The simple answer would seem to be this: people want authenticity, so they want to free themselves of all the things that would seem to have created our contemporary, inauthentic world. [4] Have corporations ruined everything? [5] Buy from individual sellers and farmers. (6] Has the fashion industry ruined everything? Ina culture wherein advertisements tell us every day to be ourselves, many have found that command to be restricting rather than liberating, Truly being yourselfis the work of a lifetime. Even 50, rustic chic provides one svi to ERY) prevent the capitalist ystem from tucning us es, though depending on whose side youre on, k of it as more clutter STOP A) NO CHANGE B) choice. C) fashion. D) referent. “The writer wants to link this paragraph with the ideas that follow. Which choices best accomplishes this goal? A) NO CHANGE B) But who are “they”? ©) Asit was famously said, “Theres no accounting for the public’ taste? D) Itsone thing to have a beard, but who actually likes mustaches? ‘To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 2 should be placed A) where itis now. B) after sentence 4. ©) after sentence 5. D) afer sentence 6. A) NO CHANGE B) reduce some of the clutter of contemporary life, ©) halt the military-industrial complex of today, D) go offthe grid and live a pure life, If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section in the test.