Allusion: Figure of explication using a brief or casual reference to a famous person, historical event,

place, or work of art. It is important to stress that the referent of an allusion be generally well-known.
Sources include history, myth, and the Bible. Contemporary instances of allusion extend to media created
content, events, and persons -- even to the extent that a character in one movie may use an allusion in
referring to a fictional, but nonetheless well-known, event or person from another movie. Popular music
lyrics are a further source of allusion.

"And finally you’re all familiar with Dr. Wilmut's cloned sheep. We actually missed the real story behind
this. We’re so interested in talking about when this will happen with humans. (And, by the way, if we
haven’t already done it somewhere, the cloning of a human being is likely anytime. It’s no longer a
theoretical issue; it’s just a question of who’s going to do it.) The real story behind the sheep is that Dr.
Wilmut created the prototype for bioindustrial design. He’s the Henry Ford of the Biotech Century. It is
now possible to replicate in countless numbers exact copies of an original living creature with the same
kind of quality controls and engineering standards we did using mass production and assembly line
factory work with inert materials. That’s what’s so important about this animal. We moved from the
industrial age to the bioindustrial age."

-- Jeremy Rifkin, The BioTech Century

"And I can pledge our nation to a goal: When we see that wounded traveler on the road to Jericho, we
will not pass to the other side."

-- George W. Bush, 2000 Inaugural Address

Note: The reference here is to the biblical character in the parable about the good Samaritan.

"Iran and ISIS are competing for the crown of militant Islam. Both want to impose a militant Islamic empire
first on the region and then on the entire world. They just disagree among themselves who will be the
ruler of that empire. In this deadly game of thrones, there’s no place for America or for Israel.

- Benjamin Netanyahu, Third Joint Session of Congress Address

Antithesis: Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually
through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences.

Ex: "He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain that which he cannot lose" -- Jim Elliot

although the surface appears to be...very, very fine-grained as you get close to it. It's almost like a
powder...Okay, I'm going to step off the LEM now.  That's one small step for [a] man; one giant leap for
mankind."

-- Neil Armstrong, Apollo 11 Moon Landing Speech

I want to urge you, as many of you as can, to visit our country, and invite members of our Congress to
visit you. Let them understand how the world looks from your perspective. Let them see how you do your
jobs. Tell them what you're worried about and where you disagree with us. And give us a chance to build
that base of common experience and mutual trust that is so important to our future together...We must
have a sense of responsibility for the future. We are not destined to be adversaries. But it is not
guaranteed that we will be allies."

-- William Jefferson Clinton, Address to the Russian Duma

"We find ourselves rich in goods but ragged in spirit, reaching with magnificent precision for the
moon but falling into raucous discord on earth. We are caught in war, wanting peace. We're torn by
division, wanting unity."

-- Richard M. Nixon, Inaugural Address

Anaphora: Figure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause,
or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases;
repetition of the initial word(s) over successive phrases or clauses.

Anaphora appeals to the feelings. You can evoke any number of feelings when using anaphora, including
but not limited to anger, fear, solidarity, or even nostalgia.

To raise a happy, healthy, and hopeful child, it takes a family; it takes teachers; it takes clergy; it takes
business people; it takes community leaders; it takes those who protect our health and safety. It takes
all of us."

-- Hillary Clinton, 1996 Democratic National Convention Address

"I am going to discuss this war in which we've been engaged for a hundred and five years; the war
declared by Karl Marx in 1848, re-declared and brought down to date by Lenin, again re-declared by
Stalin, and again re-declared by the Kremlin within the last five or six weeks."

-- Senator Joe McCarthy

"Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya. Last night, Japanese
forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night, Japanese
forces attacked the Philippine Islands. Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island. And this
morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island."

-- Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Pearl Harbor Address

Anadiplosis : Figure of repetition that occurs when the last word or terms in one sentence, clause, or
phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of the next sentence, clause, or phrase. This device
is used to emphasize a point or to bring out the intensity of a point. Is also used to show cause and effect.

"Tonight, we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom. Our grief has turned to
anger, and anger to resolution."

-- George W. Bush, 9-20-01 Address to Congress and the Nation

"Of course our vision and our aims go far beyond the complex arguments of economics, but unless we
get the economy right we shall deny our people the opportunity to share that vision and to see beyond the
narrow horizons of economic necessity. Without a healthy economy we can’t have a healthy society
and without a healthy society the economy won’t stay healthy for long."

-- Margaret Thatcher, The Lady's Not For Turning

"Integrating our counterterrorism and regional strategies was the most difficult and the most important
aspect of the new strategy to get right. Al-Qaida was both a client of and a patron to the Taliban, which in
turn was supported by Pakistan. America's al-Qaida policy wasn't working because our Afghanistan
policy wasn't working. And our Afghanistan policy wasn't working because our Pakistan policy
wasn't working."

-- Condoleezza Rice, Statement to the 9/11 Commission

Parallelism: Figure of balance identified by a similarity in the syntactical structure of a set of words in

"Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shallpay any price, bear any
burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the
success of liberty."

-- John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address

"I've tried to offer leadership to the Democratic Party and the Nation. If, in my high moments, I have done
some good, offered some service,shed some light, healed some wounds, rekindled some hope, or
stirred someone from apathy and indifference, or in any way along the way helped somebody, then this
campaign has not been in vain."

-- Jesse Jackson, 1984 Democratic National Convention Address

"...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

-- Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address (here delivered by Jeff Daniels)

Analogy: A kind of extended metaphor or long simile in which an explicit comparison is made between
two things (events, ideas, people, etc.) for the purpose of furthering a line of reasoning or drawing an
inference; a form of reasoning employing comparative or parallel cases.

"Our men in uniform are like the college football players. While the struggle is impending, they are
observing the rules of training that they may be fit to fight. But when the game has been won, the
temptation to break training and make up for the restraints of the past months and years will be a mighty
one."
"I look at this as being in the form of a house...and the students are the foundation, and the teachers are
the walls, and the roof itself is the school. And we know that if you have a weak foundation, the walls and
the roof can't be supported. Therefore, it crumbles."

"By affirming the desirability of the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons, we have concentrated on the
steps that are achievable and verifiable. My colleague, Sam Nunn, has described the effort as akin to
climbing a mountain shrouded in clouds: We cannot describe the top to be certain that there may not be
unforeseen, perhaps even insurmountable, obstacles. But we are prepared to undertake the journey in
the belief that the summit will never come into view unless we begin the ascent and deal with the
proliferation issues immediately before us, including the Iranian and North Korean programs."

Paradox: Figure that employs an apparent contradiction which, nonetheless, evokes some measure of
truth; a statement which seems at one level to be nonsensical because it moves against a normalcy. At
another level, however, the figure conjures a new way of seeing or understanding, a novel meaning.

Example #1: "I don't hustle with people who are dishonest."

Example #2: "The close we are to danger, the farther we are from harm."

"Paradox has been defined as ‘Truth standing on her head to attract attention.’ But it must be admitted
that writers, like other mendicants and mountebanks, frequently do try to attract attention. They set out
conspicuously, in a single line in a play, or at the head or tail of a paragraph, remarks of this challenging
kind; as when Mr. Bernard Shaw wrote: ‘The Golden Rule is that there is no Golden Rule’; or Oscar
Wilde observed: ‘I can resist everything except temptation’; or as a duller scribe (not to be named with
these and now doing penance for his earlier vices in the nobler toil of celebrating the virtues of Mr.
Pond) said in defense of hobbies and amateurs and general duffers like himself: ‘If a thing is worth
doing, it's worth doing badly.’  To these things do writers sink."

-- G.K. Chesterton, When Doctors Agree

"I think it can be said that he now stands with our other American martyrs in the cause of freedom and
justice. His death is a terrible tragedy and sorrow -- first of all to his family, to our nation, and to our
conscience. The criminal act that took his life brings shame to our country. An apostle of non-violence
has been the victim of violence. The cause for which he marked and worked, I am sure, will find a new
strength."

Oxymoron: Figure that binds together TWO words that are ordinarily contradictory; a TWO WORD
paradox; two words with contrary or apparently contradictory meanings occurring next to each other, and,
which, nonetheless, evoke some measure of truth; the figure conjures a new way of seeing or
understanding, a novel meaning.
"...And it is important that the Iraqi people continue to reject these terrorists, who know nothing but
violence and destruction, who do not care about the future of Iraq, who do not care about the future of the
Iraqi people. These cold acts of terrorism like this have gone on far too long. Together, we can put a stop
to this, and we must throw these heartless zealots out of this country for good."

-- Lieutenant General Raymond T. Odierno, 07/26/07 Press Briefing

Odierno makes effective use of anaphora. Can you spot it?