Integrated pest management

on vegetables for insect pests

and vectors in South Texas

Adrian Silva and Ismael E. Badillo-Vargas

Texas A&M AgriLife Research
August 2016
 Insect pests of vegetables in the
Lower Rio Grande Valley
• whiteflies

• thrips

• psyllids

• aphids

• leafminers

• loopers

• fruit flies All these insect pests are very small.

 Whiteflies
• Eggs are laid on leaves in different
arrangements (e.g. spiral).

• Some nymphs have very ornate bodies that

vary from species to species. This
morphological feature is used to identify
these insects to the species level.

• In some situations whiteflies can go from the

egg stage to adult in 16 days. The adults can
move readily and will fly if disturbed.
• Whiteflies feed on multiple plant species
(polyphagous) and can cause extensive
feeding damage when present in high
numbers.
 Thrips
• Eggs are laid inside the leaves.

• There are two larval stages, a

prepupal and pupal stage that do not
feed and mostly occur in the soil, and
then adult males (smaller) and
females (larger) emerge and disperse
using their fringed wings.

• Thrips feed on multiple plant species thrips

(polyphagous) and can cause

extensive feeding damage when
present in high numbers. fungus
gnat
 Psyllids
• The main concern in vegetable production is the
tomato/potato psyllid.

• The yellow football-shaped eggs are usually laid

on the undersides and edges of leaves on very
fine stalks.

• There are 5 nymphal stages differing only on

their body size.

• The adults have white markings and roof-like

wings to disperse to other fields and throughout
very long distances.

• Tomato/potato psyllids feed on multiple

solanaceous species, including weedy ones
(polyphagous) and can cause extensive feeding
damage when present in high numbers. Nymphs
cause “psyllid yellows” by feeding.
 Aphids
• Aphids come in various colors and
sizes.
• Common aphids in vegetable crops
are the green peach aphid,
melon/cotton aphid, and potato
aphid.
• Aphids give birth to live young or and
can lay eggs.
• Most adults do not have wings but in
overpopulated situations they may
develop wings to disperse and
colonize other fields.
• Aphids feed on multiple vegetable
species (polyphagous) and can cause
extensive feeding damage when
present in high numbers.
 Leafminers
• Eggs are laid on leaves.

• When the larvae hatches it eats its way inside the

leaf tissue where it creates “mines”.

• It makes a cocoon outside of the leaves where it

pupates until the adult emerges and flies to
other plants.

• Leafminers feed on multiple vegetable species

(polyphagous) and can cause extensive feeding
damage when they are larvae.
• The adult looks completely different to the
immature stage (larvae) as it is a moth that could
fly to other plants.
 Loopers
• There are several different species of
loopers that can infest vegetable crops.

• Eggs are laid in groups on the underside

of the leaves.

• When the larvae emerges it feeds on

leaves and fruits using its chewing
mouthparts.

• Loopers feed on multiple vegetable and

fruit plant species (polyphagous) and can
cause extensive feeding damage.
 Fruit flies
• Fruit flies lay their eggs inside fruits. Thus, they
are not a problem before fruit production.

• When the larvae hatches it feeds on the interior

of the fruit causing extensive damage.

• It pupates inside the fruit and eventually

emerges as an adult.

• Fruit flies feed in various fruits and other plant

species (polyphagous) and can cause severe
damage in the field and during storage when
they are larvae.

• The Mediterranean fruit fly is currently a

quarantine pest not present in the US.
 Insect pests as trojan horses
• Some insect pests are also vectors of
plant pathogens.

• They carry these plant pathogens

within them and transmit them to
plants.

• Once these plant pathogens are

delivered into the host plant, they
cause plant diseases.

• These plant pathogens can also cause

tremendous yield losses in vegetable
crops.
 Insect pests as trojan horses
(cont’d)
• Whiteflies transmit begomoviruses
such as Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
(TYLCV).

• This virus infects vegetables, many

weedy hosts, and has recently been
shown to infect papaya (Olufemi
Alabi, personal communication).

• Plants can be severely stunted, and

leaves curl up, and become bright
yellow and can eventually die.

• If fruits are produced they might have

necrotic spots and are unmarketable.
 Insect pests as trojan horses
(cont’d)
• Western flower thrips transmit
tospoviruses such as Tomato
spotted wilt virus (TSWV).

• This virus infects vegetables,

ornamentals, and many weedy
plants.

• Plants can be severely stunted,

become chlorotic, necrotic and
eventually die.

• If fruit are produced they might

have concentric rings and are
unmarketable.
 Insect pests as trojan horses
(cont’d)
• Onion thrips also transmit
tospoviruses such as Iris
yellow spot virus (IYSV).

• This virus infects onion, garlic,

leek and Iris plants.

• Plants develop oval-shaped or

diamond-shaped lesions.

• Ultimately plants can collapse

and die bearing small fruit or
none at all.
 Insect pests as trojan horses
(cont’d)
• Tomato/potato psyllid transmit the
Lso bacterium that causes vein-
clearing disease in tomato and Zebra
chip in potato.

• This bacterium infects potato,

tomato, pepper and several
solanaceous weeds.

• Potato plants can be stunted and

developed purple leaves that roll up
and eventually die.

• Infected tubers have dark strips that

intensified when fried.
 How to control these insects and
diseases?
• Chemical control – insecticides

• Cultural control – modifying planting date, rotating different

crops

• Physical control – using plastic mulches, growing plants

inside protected structures (e.g. greenhouses)

• Biological control – using insects (predators or parasitoids),

fungi and bacteria that kill the insect pests

• Genetic control – resistant varieties generated by plant

breeding
 Integrated Pest Management
(IPM)
• IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on
long-term prevention of insect pests/pathogens or
their damage through a combination of techniques
such as chemical control, modification of cultural
practices, biological control, and use of resistant
varieties.
 Chemical control - Insecticides
• In many cases insecticides are the most
effective and only method available for
controlling insect pests and insect-
transmitted pathogens to plants.

• It is important to use these insecticides

correctly and do not abuse them.

• Alternating insecticides with different

modes of action is important to avoid
insects developing insecticide resistance
to these chemicals.
 Cultural control Physical control
• Modifying the planting • Using plastic mulches
date could be an easy could help to confuse
strategy to escape the insect pests in locating
arrival of insect pests. their host plant by
reflective light.
• Rotating different crops • Protected structures such
could be used to break as greenhouses, net-
the insects life cycle with houses, and high tunnels
a crop that is not suitable exclude insect pests but
for them to live on. represent an additional
cost of production.
Biological control Genetic control
• Using insects (predators • Using resistant varieties
or parasitoids), fungi, naturally occurring or
bacteria, and nematodes generated by plant
that kill the insect pests breeding is the best
but do not harm the practice. However,
plants is an environmental resistant varieties are not
friendly strategy. always available.
Questions?