Pest Management Guidelines Citrus

UC IPM
Pest Management Guideline

CITRUS
Contents (Dates in parenthesis indicate when each topic was updated) September 2008
Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist (7/08)......................................................................................................................................iv
General Information
Cultural and Other Practices That Affect Pests (9/08) ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Timings for Key Cultural and Management Practices (9/08)................................................................................................................................... 3
When to Monitor Pests and Natural Enemies (9/08).................................................................................................................................................. 4
Mandatory Intervals Between Application, Reentry, and Harvest, and Hazards to Bees (9/08)..................................................................... 6
Selectivity of Insecticides and Miticides (9/08)............................................................................................................................................................ 8
Spray Coverage (9/08)..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Precautions for Using Petroleum Oil Sprays (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................. 13
General Properties of Fungicides Used in Citrus (9/08).......................................................................................................................................... 15
Insects, Mites, and Snails (section reviewed 9/08)

Amorbia (Western Avocado Leafroller) (9/08).......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Ants (9/08) ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Aphids (9/08) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Bean Thrips (9/08)............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Beet Armyworm (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Black Scale (9/08).............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27
Broad Mite (9/08) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Brown Garden Snail (9/08)............................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Brown Soft Scale (9/08)................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
California Orangedog (9/08).......................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
California Red Scale and Yellow Scale (9/08) ............................................................................................................................................................ 40
Citricola Scale (9/08)........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 47
Citrus Bud Mite (9/08) .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Citrus Cutworm (9/08).................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Citrus Flat Mite (9/08)..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Citrus Leafminer (9/08)................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Citrus Peelminer (9/08)................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Citrus Red Mite (9/08)..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
Citrus Rust Mite (Silver Mite) (9/08)............................................................................................................................................................................ 70
Citrus Thrips (9/08) ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
Cottony Cushion Scale (9/08) ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 78
European Earwig (9/08).................................................................................................................................................................................................. 81
Fruittree Leafroller (9/08)............................................................................................................................................................................................... 82
Fuller Rose Beetle (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 85
Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (9/08) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 87
Grasshoppers (9/08) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 91
Greenhouse Thrips (9/08)............................................................................................................................................................................................... 92
Katydids (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 94
Loopers (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 97
Mealybugs (9/08).............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 98
Omnivorous Leafroller (9/08)......................................................................................................................................................................................100
Orange Tortrix (9/08) ....................................................................................................................................................................................................102
Pink Scavenger Caterpillar (9/08)...............................................................................................................................................................................104
Continued on next page . . .
An illustrated version of this guideline is available online at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.citrus.html
Publication 3441
Universit y o f Cali fornia Agriculture and Natural Resources
UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program
UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines – CITRUS
Table of Contents, continued
Potato Leafhopper (9/08)..............................................................................................................................................................................................104

Purple Scale (9/08) .........................................................................................................................................................................................................105
Sixspotted Mite (9/08) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................108
Texas Citrus Mite (9/08) ...............................................................................................................................................................................................110
Twospotted Spider Mite (9/08) ...................................................................................................................................................................................113
Western Tussock Moth (9/08)......................................................................................................................................................................................117
Whiteflies (9/08) .............................................................................................................................................................................................................119
Yuma Spider Mite (9/08) ..............................................................................................................................................................................................121
Diseases (section reviewed 9/08)

Alternaria Rot (9/08)......................................................................................................................................................................................................124
Anthracnose (9/08) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................125
Armillaria Root Rot (9/08)............................................................................................................................................................................................126
Bacterial Blast (Citrus Blast) (9/08).............................................................................................................................................................................127
Botrytis Diseases And Disorders (9/08) ....................................................................................................................................................................128
Brown Rot (9/08) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................129
Dothiorella Gummosis (9/08)......................................................................................................................................................................................131
Dry Root Rot (9/08)........................................................................................................................................................................................................132
Exocortis (9/08)...............................................................................................................................................................................................................133
Lemon Sieve Tube Necrosis (9/08).............................................................................................................................................................................133
Phytophthora Gummosis (9/08) .................................................................................................................................................................................134
Phytophthora Root Rot (9/08) .....................................................................................................................................................................................136
Psorosis (9/08).................................................................................................................................................................................................................139
Septoria Spot (9/08) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................140
Stubborn Disease (9/08)................................................................................................................................................................................................142
Tristeza Disease Complex (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................................................143
Nematodes (9/08) (section reviewed 9/08)
Plant Growth Regulators (section reviewed 9/08)

General Information (9/08) ..........................................................................................................................................................................................147
Preharvest Fruit Drop Control with 2,4-D (9/08)....................................................................................................................................................150
Increasing Fruit Size with 2,4-D (9/08)......................................................................................................................................................................151
Leaf and Fruit Drop Control Following an Oil Spray (9/08) ................................................................................................................................152
Delaying Fruit Senescence with Gibberellic Acid (Ga3) (9/08).............................................................................................................................153
Fruit Set with Gibberellic Acid (Ga3) (9/08) .............................................................................................................................................................154
Fruit Thinning with Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) (9/08) ..............................................................................................................................155
Sucker Control with Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) (9/08)..............................................................................................................................156
Weeds (section reviewed 9/08)

Integrated Weed Management (9/08)........................................................................................................................................................................157
Special Weed Problems (9/08).....................................................................................................................................................................................159
Common and Scientific Names of Weeds (9/08).....................................................................................................................................................160
Susceptibility of Winter Weeds to Herbicide Control (9/08)................................................................................................................................161
Susceptibility of Spring/Summer Weeds to Herbicide Control (9/08) ..............................................................................................................162
Herbicide Treatment Table (9/08) ..............................................................................................................................................................................163
Vertebrates (section reviewed 9/08)

Managing Vertebrates in Citrus (9/08)......................................................................................................................................................................168
Coyotes (9/08) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................170
Deer (9/08) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................171
European Starlings (9/08).............................................................................................................................................................................................172
Ground Squirrels (9/08)................................................................................................................................................................................................173
Pocket Gophers (9/08)...................................................................................................................................................................................................176
Rabbits (9/08) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................178
Roof Rats (9/08) ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................180
Voles (Meadow Mice) (9/08)........................................................................................................................................................................................181
Wild Pigs (9/08) ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................183
Precautions for Using Pesticides (9/08) ......................................................................................................................................................................184
ii
UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines – CITRUS
Authors of Pest Management Guidelines and Year-Round Program

Insects and Mites: E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier; J. G. Morse, Entomology,
UC Riverside; N. V. O'Connell, UCCE Tulare Co.; P. A. Phillips, UC IPM Program, UCCE Ventura Co.;
C. E. Kallsen, UCCE Kern Co.; D. R. Haviland, UCCE Kern Co.
Diseases: J. E. Adaskaveg, Plant Pathology, UC Riverside
Nematodes: J. O. Becker, Nematology, UC Riverside; B. B. Westerdahl, Nematology, UC Davis
Plant Growth Regulators: C. J. Lovatt, Botany and Plant Sciences, UC Riverside
Weeds: A. Shrestha, UC IPM Program, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier; N. V. O'Connell, UCCE
Tulare Co.
Vertebrates: M. W. Freeman, UCCE Fresno Co.; R. E. Marsh (emeritus), Wildlife, Fish and Conservation
Biology, UC Davis; T. P. Salmon, UCCE, San Diego Co.
Year-Round IPM Program and Corresponding General Information sections: E. E. Grafton-Cardwell
(Crop Team Leader), Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier; B. A. Faber, UCCE Ventura Co.; D. R.
Haviland, UCCE Kern Co.; C. E. Kallsen, UCCE Kern Co.; J. G. Morse, Entomology, UC Riverside; N. V.
O'Connell, UCCE Tulare Co.; P. A. Phillips, UC IPM Program, UCCE Ventura Co.; A. Shrestha, UC IPM
Program, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier; S. H. Dreistadt, UC Statewide IPM Program, Davis
Acknowledgment for contributions to Insects, Mites, and Snails: J. Barcinas, E.S.I., Corona, CA; R. Dunn,
Badger Farming Co., Exeter, CA; J. Gorden, Pest Management Associates, Exeter, CA; H. Griffiths,
E.S.I., Corona, CA; D. Machlitt, Consulting Entomology Services, Moorpark, CA; C. Musgrove, retired
entomologist, Riverside, CA; K. Olsen, S & J Ranch, Pinedale, CA; T. Roberts, E.S.I., Corona, CA;
T. Shea, UCCE Riverside Co.; J. Stewart, Pest Management Associates, Exeter, CA; P. Washburn,
Washburn & Sons Citrus Pest Control, Riverside, CA
Acknowledgment for contributions to Diseases: J. A. Menge, Plant Pathology, UC Riverside; H. D. Ohr,
Plant Pathology, UC Riverside
Acknowledgment for contributions to Nematodes: P. B. Goodell, UC IPM Program, Kearney Agricultural
Center, Parlier; U. C. Kodira, Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Acknowledgment for contributions to Plant Growth Regulators: C. W. Coggins, Jr., Botany and Plant
Sciences, UC Riverside
Acknowledgment for contributions to Weeds: T. S. Prather, Dept. PSES, Univ. of Idaho; D. W. Cudney,
Botany and Plant Sciences, UC Riverside
Acknowledgment for contributions to Year-Round IPM Program: J. H. Connell, UCCE Butte Co.;
J. M. Ditomaso, Weed Science/Plant Sciences; R. F. Luck, Entomology, UC Riverside
About this publication

Produced and edited by:
UC Statewide IPM Program
University of California, Davis
Guidelines Coordinator: B. Ohlendorf
Production: M. J. O'Neill
This publication has been anonymously peer reviewed for technical accuracy by University of California
scientists and other qualified professionals. This review process was managed by the ANR Associate Editor
for Agricultural Pest Management.
The UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines are available from:

• Online: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
• UC Cooperative Extension County Offices
• University of California
ANR/Communication Services
6701 San Pablo Avenue, 2nd Floor
Oakland, CA 94608-1239
510-642-2431; 800-994-8849
Updates: These guidelines are updated regularly. Check with your University of California Cooperative Extension Office or the
UC IPM World Wide Web site for information on updates.
Note to readers: These guidelines represent the best information currently available to the authors and are intended to help you
in making the best choices for an IPM program. Not all formulations or registered materials are mentioned. Always check the
label and with local authorities for the most up-to-date information regarding registration and restrictions on pesticide use.
Check with your agricultural commissioner for latest restricted entry intervals.
To be used with UC ANR Publication 3303, Integrated Pest Management for Citrus, 2nd edition
iii
UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS
Citrus Year-Round IPM Program

Annual Checklist
Supplement to UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Citrus
www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
These practices are recommended for a monitoring-based IPM program that reduces water and air
quality problems related to pesticide use. Track your progress through the year using this form.
Water quality becomes impaired when pesticides move off-site and into water. Air quality becomes
impaired when volatile organic compounds move into the atmosphere. Each time a pesticide application
is considered, review the Pesticide Application Checklist at the bottom of this form for information on how
to minimize air and water quality problems. This year-round IPM program covers major pests of citrus
grown in California's Central Valley. Details on carrying out each practice, information on additional pests,
and additional copies of this form are available from the UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Citrus at
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG.
Done Prebloom activities (January through March)

Special issues of concern related to water quality: Drift and runoff.
Monitor California red scale males using pheromone-baited sticky traps (March through
October), plus additional methods depending on the situation.
 Keep records (sample form available online).
 Learn to distinguish male scales from scale parasites and other important insects
caught in sticky traps.
 Release Aphytis melinus if biological control is compatible with the overall
management program.
Look for spider mites and other mites.
 Monitor leaves for citrus red mite (February through June).
 Look for natural enemies, especially Euseius tularensis.
Manage if needed according to PMG.
Look for cottony cushion scale and predatory vedalia beetles (March through July).
 Collect and relocate vedalia to cottony cushion scale-infested orchards if vedalia
have not arrived by the end of March.
Look for other pests and their damage to fruit or damage to leaves and twigs, especially:
 European earwig (March through June)
 Forktailed bush katydid (March through June)
 Caterpillars, including amorbia, citrus cutworm, fruittree leafroller, omnivorous
leafroller and orange tortrix
Look for brown garden snail.
 Collect and relocate predatory decollate snails if they were not previously found
in the orchard, brown garden snail has been a problem, and decollate
introductions are permitted in your county.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ iv

Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist
Done Prebloom activities (continued)

Look for diseases that cause symptoms on fruit, leaves and twigs, and on limbs, trunks,
and roots, especially:
 Bacterial blast (Citrus blast)
 Brown rot and Septoria spot fruit decays
 Dry rot
 Phytophthora gummosis and Phytophthora root rot
Record the date and location of problem trees or sites. Manage if needed according to
PMG.
Survey winter weeds. Identify common winter broadleaves and grasses.
 Keep records (sample form available online), survey at least twice annually
(during late winter and in summer).
Manage vegetation if needed according to PMG.
Look for vertebrates, especially ground squirrels, pocket gophers, rabbits, and roof rats.
Manage if needed.
Provide proper cultural care and good growing conditions to improve tree health and fruit
yield, including:
 Fertilize if needed.
 Inspect irrigation systems by late winter and irrigate if rainfall has been
insufficient.
 Provide frost protection when cold threatens.
 Prune if needed, but only after frost is no longer a threat.
Harvest mature fruit in coordination with other management activities to ensure good
postharvest fruit quality and food safety.
 Educate and supervise workers regarding fruit-handling Best Management
Practices (BMPs)
 Inspect fruit quality before bins are moved from the picking site to identify grove
areas where management practices need improvement.
Done Bloom activities (April)

Special issues of concern related to water quality: Drift, runoff, and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs).
Monitor California red scale males (March through October) plus additional methods
depending on the situation.
 Distinguish male scales from scale parasites and other important insects caught
in sticky traps.
management program .
 Monitor leaves for citrus red mite (February through June).
 Look for natural enemies, especially Euseius tularensis and sixspotted thrips.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ v

Done Bloom activities (continued)

Look for cottony cushion scale and predatory vedalia beetles.
 Collect and relocate vedalia to cottony cushion scale-infested orchards if vedalia
have not arrived on their own during April.
 European earwig (March through Other pests:
June)  Ants, including fire ants and gray
 Forktailed bush katydid (March ants
through June)  Citricola scale honeydew and
 Caterpillars, including amorbia, females on twigs (be sure to
citrus cutworm, fruittree leafroller, distinguish citricola scale from
omnivorous leafroller, and orange brown soft scale)
tortrix
 Collect and relocate predatory decollate snails if they were not previously found in
the orchard, brown garden snail has been a problem, and decollate introductions
are permitted in your county.
 Dry rot
 Phytophthora gummosis and Phytophthora root rots
PMG.
yield, including:
 Irrigate and adjust scheduling to meet trees' varying water needs.
 Prune if needed.
Practices (BMPs)
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ vi

Done Petal fall activities (late April through May)

Special issues of concern related to water quality: Drift, runoff, and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs).
Monitor fruit for immature citrus thrips (late April through June, or through October on
lemon).
 Examine leaves for natural enemies, such as Euseius tularensis.
in sticky traps.
management program.
 Monitor leaves for citrus red mite.
 Look for natural enemies, especially Euseius tularensis and sixspotted thrips.
Monitor cottony cushion scale (May) to see if the vedalia beetle is providing biological
control; it is too late to relocate vedalia. If threshold is exceeded, manage later according
to PMG.
Examine twigs for citricola scale females to alert you whether management later may be
needed. Be sure to distinguish citricola scale from brown soft scale.
Look for other pests and their damage especially:
 European earwig (March through Other pests:
June)  Ants, including fire ants and gray
 Forktailed bush katydid (March ants
through June)
 Caterpillars, including amorbia, citrus
cutworm, fruittree leafroller,
omnivorous leafroller, and orange
tortrix
 Heading into warm weather, relocation of decollates is not advised.
Manage pesticides to avoid killing honey bees.
 Dry rot
PMG.
Survey weeds. Manage vegetation if needed according to PMG.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ vii

Done Petal fall activities (continued)

Manage if needed.
yield, including:
 Prune if needed, such as removing dead twigs and branches to reduce bacterial
blast (citrus blast) inoculum.
1
Determine whether application of plant growth regulator is warranted, such as in
mandarins.
Practices (BMPs).
Done Fruit development activities (June through September)

Special issues of concern related to water quality: Insecticide application, fungicide
application, drift, runoff due to irrigation.
Monitor California red scale males using pheromone-baited sticky traps, plus additional
methods depending on the situation.
in sticky traps.
 Begin checking fruit for scale infestation and percentage parasitism by Aphytis
melinus and Comperiella bifasciata (August though October).
o Keep records (sample form available online).
management program.
Monitor fruit for immature citrus thrips (late April through June).
 Examine leaves for natural enemies, such as Euseius tularensis.
Monitor leaves for citricola scale nymphs (August-September).
 Be sure to distinguish citricola scale from brown soft scale.
If monitoring for cottony cushion scale adult females in May showed that the threshold
was exceeded, manage according to PMG.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ viii

Done Fruit development period (continued)

Look for citrus peelminer and examine fruit for its damage.
 If susceptible variety of citrus, manage according to PMG.
Monitor (August through November) for bean thrips in navel oranges that may be
exported to Australia. Plan ahead by ordering monitoring traps.
 Check for revisions to regulatory export protocol, currently: adult trapping and
cutting fruit preharvest and at the packinghouse.
 If trapping, distinguish bean thrips from other thrips species caught in sticky traps.
 European earwig (March through June)
 Forktailed bush katydid (March through June)
 Yuma spider mite (July through September)
 Dry rot
PMG.
Survey summer weeds. Identify common summer broadleaves and grasses and sedges.
 Keep records (sample form available online), survey at least twice annually
(during late winter and in summer).
 Look for and rouge favored weed hosts of bean thrips if navels might be exported
to Australia.
Manage vegetation if needed according to PMG.
Manage if needed.
yield, including:
 Sample leaf nutrient levels at least once mid-August through October. Fertilize if
needed.
 Prune if needed.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ ix

Done Fall activities (October through December)

Special issues of concern related to environmental quality: Drift, runoff, and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs).
in sticky traps.
 Monitor fruit for scale infestation and percentage red scale parasitism by Aphytis
melinus and Comperiella bifasciata (August though October).
o Keep records (sample form available online).
management program.
Monitor (August through November) for bean thrips in navel oranges that may be
exported to Australia.
 Check for revisions to regulatory export protocol, currently: adult trapping and
cutting fruit preharvest and at the packinghouse.
 If trapping, distinguish bean thrips from other thrips species caught in sticky traps.
Look for citrus leafminer (June through November) and citrus peelminer. Manage if
needed according to PMG.
 Brown garden snail  Texas citrus mite (October
 Citricola scale through December)
 Potato leafhopper (September
through December)
 Armillaria root rot  Phytophthora gummosis and
 Bacterial blast (Citrus blast) Phytophthora root rots
 Brown rot and Septoria spot  Rind disorder (Mandarin rind
fruit decays disorder)
 Dry rot  Stubborn disease
PMG.
Survey weeds. Manage vegetation if needed according to PMG.
Determine whether preventive application of certain materials are warranted including:
 Fruit rot, rind disorder, and twig blight (bacterial blast) protectants for diseases
listed above.
 Plant growth regulator to reduce fruit drop.
 Whitewash to preserve fruit quality and to reduce fruit drop and sunburn.
1
Treat if warranted according to PMG.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ x

Done Fall activities (continued)

Provide proper cultural care and good growing conditions, including:
 Sample leaf nutrient levels at least once mid-August through October.
 Provide frost protection when cold threatens.
Practices (BMPs).
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ xi

Done
1
Pesticide application checklist
When planning for possible pesticide applications in an IPM program, review and
complete this checklist to consider practices that minimize environmental and efficacy
problems.
 Choose a pesticide from the UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines for the target pest
considering:
 Impact on natural enemies.
 Potential for water quality problems using the UC IPM WaterTox database. (For
more information, see http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/TOX/simplewatertox.html)
 Impact on aquatic invertebrates. (For more information, see Pesticide Choice, UC ANR
Publication 8161, http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8161.pdf)
 Chemical mode of action if pesticide resistance is an issue.
 Select an alternative chemical or nonchemical treatment when risk is high.
 Choose sprayers and application procedures that keep pesticides on target.
 Identify and take special care to protect sensitive areas (for example, waterways
or riparian areas) surrounding your application site.
 Review and follow label for pesticide handling, storage, and disposal guidelines.
 Check and follow restricted entry intervals (REI) and preharvest intervals (PHI).
 After an application is made, record application date, product used, rate, and
location of application. Follow up to confirm that treatment was effective.
 Consider water management practices that reduce pesticide movement off-site. (For
more information, see Orchard Floor Management Practices to Reduce Erosion and Protect
Water Quality, UC ANR Publication 8202, http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8202.pdf)
 Install an irrigation recirculation or storage and reuse system.
 Use drip rather than sprinkler or flood irrigation.
 Limit irrigation to amount required using soil moisture monitoring and
evapotranspiration (ET).
 Consider vegetative filter strips or ditches. (For more information, see Vegetative Filter
Strips, UC ANR Publication 8195, http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8195.pdf)
 Redesign inlets into tailwater ditches to reduce erosion. (For more information, see
Tailwater Return Systems, UC ANR Publication 8225,
http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8225.pdf)
 Consider management practices that reduce air quality problems.
 When possible, choose pesticides that are not in emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
form which release volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs react with sunlight
to form ozone, a major air pollutant.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ xii

General Information
CULTURAL AND OTHER PRACTICES THAT AFFECT PESTS (9/08)
Root crown excavate & dry

Avoiding mechanical injury
Pruning extent and timing

frequency, and method
Pathogen-free nursery
Planting site selection
Planting method (e.g.

Rootstock cultivar
vegetation control
Irrigation amount,
Weed and border
Minimizing dust
Lesion excision
Harvest timing
planting high)
Scion cultivar
Skirt pruning
Windbreaks
Fertilization
Cultivation
Sanitation
Drainage
stock
Diseases
Alternaria rot X X
Armillaria root rot X X X X X X
bacterial blast X X X X X
Botrytis rot X X X
brown rot X X
dry root rot X X X X X X X
Exocortis X X X X
lemon sieve tube X
necrosis
Phytophthora X X X X
gummosis
Phytophthora root rot X X X X
Psorosis X X X
Septoria spot X
stubborn disease X X
Tristeza disease X X X
complex
Disorders
frost tolerance X X X X X X
nutrient disorders X X X X X
salinity X X X X X X X
sunburn X X X X
Invertebrates
ants X X
aphids X
bean thrips X X X
brown garden snail X X
California red scale and X
yellow Scale
caterpillars
citricola scale X
citrus leafminer X X
citrus peelminer X X
citrus red mite X X X
citrus thrips X
cottony cushion scale X X
earwigs X X
glassy-winged X X
sharpshooter
greenhouse thrips X
Cultural and Other Practices that Affect Pests (9/08) 1

Illustrated version at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.citrus.html
Cultural and Other Management Practices, continued
Root crown excavate & dry

Avoiding mechanical injury
Pruning extent and timing

frequency, and method
Pathogen-free nursery
Planting site selection
Planting method (e.g.

Rootstock cultivar
vegetation control
Irrigation amount,
Weed and border
Minimizing dust
Lesion excision
Harvest timing
planting high)
Scion cultivar
Skirt pruning
Windbreaks
Fertilization
Cultivation
Sanitation
Drainage
stock
Invertebrates (cont.)
katydids
mealybugs X
potato leafhopper X
purple scale X
Texas citrus mite X X
twospotted spider mite X X X
whiteflies X
Yuma spider mite X X
Nematodes X X X X
Weeds X X X X X X X
Cultural and Other Practices that Affect Pests (9/08) 2

TIMINGS FOR KEY CULTURAL AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (9/08)

Approximate times for citrus growing practices in California's Central Valley. Actual times vary according
to location weather, crop history, and crop cultivar and development stage. Testing foliage and
whitewashing trees generally are done once during the indicated period. Practices such as frost protection,
irrigation, and pest monitoring are ongoing or are repeated at appropriate intervals.
TIME OF YEAR
CROP DEVELOPMENT PERIOD JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
prebloom X X X X X X
bloom period X
petal fall X X X
fruit development X X X X X X X X
fall X X X X X
PRACTICE JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
monitor pests regularly1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
harvest X X X X X X X X X X X X X
survey weeds2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
frost protection X X X X X X X X
monitor soil moisture, irrigate if it is dry X X X X X X
irrigate regularly based on monitoring trees'
varying need for water X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
manage ants3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
fertilize X X X X X X X X X X X X
prune X X X X X X X X X X X X X
sample leaves for nutrients X X X X X
protect fruit and manage fruit drop and size X X X X X X X X
whitewash trunks X X X X X X X
1
While pests should be monitored throughout the year, they do not need to be monitored as often during the cooler periods (Oct. to Jan.) as during the rest of
the year.
2
Survey weeds four times each year. The most important times are at least once each during late winter and again in summer.
3
When using sweet liquid ant baits, begin monitoring early (about February along the coast, somewhat later in the Central Valley) before any Homopteran
honeydew becomes abundant. Competition from abundant honeydew reduces ants' attraction to sweet baits.
Timings for Key Cultural and Management Practices (9/08) 3

WHEN TO MONITOR PESTS AND NATURAL ENEMIES (9/08)

Approximate monitoring times are for citrus growing in California's Central Valley. Actual times vary according to
location, weather, history of pest problems, and crop cultivar and development stage.
CROP DEVELOPMENT PERIOD JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
prebloom X X X X X X
bloom X
petal fall X X X
fruit development X X X X X X X X
fall X X X X X X
LOCATION PEST TIME OF YEAR
Central South
Valley Coast DISEASES JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT
NOV DEC
+ + Armillaria root rot mushrooms1 X X X X X X
+ + brown rot, Septoria spot X X X X X X X X X X X X
+ + dry rot X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
+ + Phytophthora gummosis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
+ + Phytophthora root rot X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
+ + stubborn disease X X X X X X X X
+ + Tristeza X X X X X X X X X X
INVERTEBRATES
+ + ants2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
+ + bean thrips3 X X X X X X X X
– + black scale X X X X X X X X X X X X X
– + broad mite X X X X X X X X
+ + brown garden snail X X X X X X X X X X
– + brown soft scale X X X X X X X X
+ + caterpillars X X X X X X X X X X X X
+ + California red scale X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
+ – citricola scale X X X X X X X X
+ + citrus peelminer X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
+ + citrus leafminer X X X X X X X X X X X X
+ – citrus red mite X X X X X X X X X X
+ + citrus thrips X X X X X
+ + cottony cushion scale X X X X X X X X X X
+ + earwigs X X X X X X X X
+ + glassy-winged sharpshooter X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
+ – grasshoppers X X X X X X X X
– + greenhouse thrips X X X X X X X X X
+ + katydids X X X X X X X X
– + mealybugs X X X X X X
+ + potato leafhopper X X X X X X X X
+ – Texas citrus mite X X X X X X
+ – twospotted mite X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
– + whiteflies X X X X X X X
+ – Yuma spider mite X X X X X X
+ + NEMATODES X X X X X X X X
+ + VERTEBRATES X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
+ + WEEDS X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
NATURAL ENEMIES
Aphytis melinus, Comperiella bifasciata red X X X X X X X X
scale parasitism
Euseius tularensis and other predatory mites 4 X X X X X X X X
decollate snail X X X X X X X X X X X X
Metaphycus spp. soft scale parasitism X X X X X X X X X X
sixspotted thrips X X X X
Stethorus spider mite destroyer beetle X X X X X X X X
vedalia beetle X X X X X X X X X X
When to Monitor for Pests and Natural Enemies (9/08) 4

When to Monitor Pests and Natural Enemies, continued
KEY:
+ Monitor routinely, commonly a pest
– Routine monitoring probably warranted only in special circumstances, such as in orchards that have a history of this problem.
1 Look for Armillaria root rot disease throughout the year; short-lived Armillaria mushrooms are apparent only after fall/winter rains.
2 When using sweet liquid ant baits, begin monitoring early (about February along the coast, somewhat later in the Central Valley) before any Homopteran
honeydew becomes abundant. Competition from abundant honeydew reduces ants attraction to sweet baits.
3 Monitor bean thrips only on navels that may be exported to Australia.
4 In South Coast and southern California growing areas, periodic monitoring for predatory thrips may be warranted through October.
When to Monitor for Pests and Natural Enemies (9/08) 5

MANDATORY INTERVALS BETWEEN APPLICATION,

REENTRY, AND HARVEST, AND HAZARDS TO BEES (9/08)
Restricted Preharvest
entry interval1 interval1 Mode of Action Hazards
Common name Trade name and formulation (hours) (days) Group Number2 to bees3
abamectin* Agri-Mek, etc. 12 7 6 II
Clinch bait 12 0 6 IV
acequinocyl Kanemite 12 7 20B IV
acetamiprid Assail 70WP 12 7 4A III
Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai# various 4 0 11.B1 IV
Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki# various 4 0 11.B2 IV
buprofezin Applaud 70W 12 60 16 IV
carbaryl* Sevin 80S 12 5 1A I
Sevin XLR Plus 12 5 1A III
chlorpyrifos* Lorsban 4EC 5 days 21, 28, or 35 4 1B I
cryolite Kryocide 96WP, Prokil Cryolite 96 12 15 9A IV
cyfluthrin* Baythroid 2E 12 0 3 I
dicofol Dicofol 4E, etc 12 7 unc IV
diflubenzuron Micromite 12 21 15 IV
dimethoate Dimethoate 400 and 2.67 48 15 or 45 1B I
fenpropathrin* Danitol 2.4EC 24 1 3 I
fenbutatin oxide* Vendex 50WP 48 7 12B IV
formetanate hydrochloride Carzol SP 10–16 days 5 30 1A III
fenpyroximate Fujimite 12 14 21 IV
imidacloprid (soil application) Admire Pro, Nuprid 12 0 4A I6
imidacloprid (foliar application) Provado 1.6F 12 0 4A I
iron phosphate Sluggo 0 0 — IV
malathion Malathion 8E 12 7 1B II
metaldehyde various 12 0 — IV
methidathion* Supracide 25WP 30 days 7 14 or 60 8 1B I
methomyl* Lannate LV 3 days 1 1A III
methoxyfenozide Intrepid 4 NA 18A IV
micronized sulfur Thiolux 24 0 — IV
naled Dibrom 8E 2–3 days 9 7 1B I
oil 415, 440 4 when dry 10 — III
phosmet Imidan 70W 3 days 7 1B I
propargite Omite CR 42 days 28 12C IV
pyrethrin/piperonyl butoxide Pyrenone Crop Spray 12 when dry 3/27A III
pyrethrin/rotenone Pyrellin E.C. 12 0 3/21 III
pyriproxyfen Esteem 0.86EC, Esteem Ant Bait 12 1 7C IV
pyridaben Nexter 12 7 21 III
sabadilla Veratran D 0.2% 24 when dry — IV
spinetoram Delegate WG 4 1 5 III 11
spinosad Success 2SC, Entrust 80WP# 4 1 5 III 11
spirodiclofen Envidor 2SC 12 7 23 I
spirotetramat Movento 24 1 23 —
wettable sulfur# various 24 0 — IV
Mandatory Intervals Between Application, Reentry, and Harvest, and Hazards to Bees (9/08) 6
Mandatory Intervals Between Application, Reentry, and Harvest, and Hazards to Bees, continued
— Information not available

* Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use.
#
Acceptable for use on organically grown produce.
NA Not applicable; for use on nonbearing trees only.
1
Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without
protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment until the orchard can be harvested. In some cases the R.E.I.
exceeds the P.H.I.; the longer of these two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest may take place.
2
Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than
twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B
Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC
(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
3
Ratings are as follows: I = Do not apply to blooming plants; II = Apply only during late evening; III = Apply only during late evening, night, or early
morning; and IV = Apply at any time with reasonable safety to bees. For more information, see How to Reduce Bee Poisoning From Pesticides,
Pacific Northwest Extension Publication PNW591.
4
Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre or 35 days for over 7 pt/acre and 28 days for ant control.
5
10 days for weeding and propping; 16 days for harvesting, thinning, topping, and pruning.
6
Do not apply during bloom because bees may be drawn to irrigation water.
7
Restricted entry interval is 40 days for low-volume sprays as authorized under a Special Local Needs permit.
8
Preharvest interval is 14 days when applied without oil and 60 days when applied with oil.
9
2 days for 1 pt or less; 3 days for more than 1 pt.
10
Special hazards are associated with oil treatments on green lemons; check label for preharvest interval.
11
Safe to bees 2 hrs after application has dried.
Acknowledgements: This table was compiled based on research data and experience of University of California scientists who work on a variety of
crops and contribute to the Pest Management Guideline database, and from Flint, M.L. and S.H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural Enemies Handbook: An
Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control, ANR Publication 3386.
Mandatory Intervals Between Application, Reentry, and Harvest, and Hazards to Bees (9/08) 7
SELECTIVITY OF INSECTICIDES AND MITICIDES (9/08)

Some pesticides are less toxic than others to natural enemies such as green lacewings, lady beetles,
parasitic wasps, beneficial mites, and predatory bugs. When an insecticide is less toxic to the natural
enemy than the pest it feeds on, it is a selective insecticide. Insecticides that are not selective, but may be
even more toxic to the natural enemy than to the pest or have an impact on a wide range of pests and
natural enemies, are called broad-spectrum. Examples of broad-spectrum pesticides include most
organophosphate (e.g., malathion, dimethoate), carbamate (e.g., carbaryl–Sevin, methomyl–Lannate),
pyrethroid (e.g., cyfluthrin–Baythroid, fenpropathrin–Danitol), and foliar-applied neonicotinoid
(imidacloprid–Provado, acetamiprid–Assail) insecticides. If broad-spectrum insecticides are used in a
selective manner, such as in baits, spot treatments, or applied systemically through irrigation water, some
of the detrimental effects on natural enemies can be avoided.
Within each of the major groups of pests in citrus, there are selective and broad-spectrum pesticides that
can be used to control them. For instance, citrus thrips can be controlled with the broad-spectrum
organophosphate dimethoate and the carbamate insecticide formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol) or with
selective insecticides such as sabadilla (Veratran), abamectin (Agri-Mek, etc.), or spinetoram (Delegate).
Lepidopterous pests, such as fruittree leafroller and citrus cutworm, can be controlled with broad-
spectrum organophosphate and carbamate insecticides (chlorpyrifos–Lorsban and methomyl–Lannate) or
with selective Bacillus thuringiensis microbial insecticides (Javelin, Dipel, etc.) or the stomach poison
cryolite (Prokil Cryolite and Kryocide). Finally, armored scale can be controlled with broad-spectrum
organophosphate and carbamate insecticides (chlorpyrifos–Lorsban, methidathion–Supracide, and
carbaryl–Sevin), by selective narrow range oil treatments, or by releases of Aphytis parasites. Botanical,
microbial, and oil insecticides are not disruptive to most natural enemies. Oil can reduce natural enemies
present at the time of treatment but is fairly selective because of its limited persistence. In addition, some
broad-spectrum pesticides can be relatively selective when used infrequently and at very low rates: for
example, 0.5 pint per acre of chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) for katydids, compared to high rates (6 to 12 pints per
acre) used for California red scale.
Some insecticides are selective or safe for one group of natural enemies but not another. For example,
lacewings are naturally tolerant of pyrethroids, but parasitic wasps, and predatory mites, and beetles are
very susceptible to this group of pesticides. Insect growth regulators such as pyriproxyfen (Esteem) and
buprofezin (Applaud) are safe for parasitic wasps but are very toxic to beetles such as the vedalia beetle
needed for cottony cushion scale control. The miticide dicofol (Kelthane) is safe for predatory and parasitic
insects but is quite toxic to predatory mites.
Both selective and broad-spectrum pesticides can be quite persistent or residues may degrade quickly. For
example, both sabadilla (Veratran D) and pyriproxyfen (Esteem) are relatively selective, but sabadilla
persists only for a short period of time (several days), whereas residues of pyriproxyfen are quite
persistent (2 to 3 months or more with detrimental impacts on beetles). If a persistent, broad-spectrum
pesticide has been applied, residues on the plant may be harmful to natural enemies for weeks or months.
For example, if adult Aphytis wasps are placed in a jar with leaves that were sprayed in the field with the
dilute rate needed to control California red scale, chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) residues are toxic to adult Aphytis
for 3 to 6 weeks, methidathion (Supracide) affects adults for 9 weeks, and carbaryl (Sevin) affects adults for
5 months after the treatment. In the case of the predatory mite Euseius tularensis, some San Joaquin Valley
populations have developed resistance to chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) and their populations are unaffected by
this pesticide, but they are easily killed for several months by the carbamate formetanate hydrochloride
(Carzol). Occasional, single treatments of broad-spectrum pesticides are much less harmful to natural
enemies than multiple selective treatments.
It is important to carefully consider the selectivity of a pesticide when making a treatment decision. This
includes the effect the pesticide has on nontarget species, its persistence in the environment, and whether
or not resistance to the pesticide has developed. These factors are listed in the table below and under each
recommendation in the guideline. Range of Activity is listed first and denotes the degree of selectivity
each pesticide recommendation has, along with the group of organisms primarily affected by the
treatment. For example, the range of activity for dimethoate is listed as "Broad (insects)." This means
dimethoate affects most groups of insects. It also has an impact on beneficial mites as noted in the next
column. On the other hand, Bacillus thuringiensis is listed as "Narrow (caterpillars)" because it only affects
caterpillars. Persistence, or the length of time a pesticide remains effective or toxic, is listed next and is
categorized as short (days), intermediate (up to 6 weeks), or long (months). And finally, in instances where
resistance has been observed in either the pest or natural enemy, this information is included.
Selectivity of Insecticides and Miticides (9/08) 8

Factors Affecting the Selectivity of Treatment Materials for Citrus Pest Management
Range of Activity
Persistence against Natural enemies Persistence against
Treatment material Pests targeted pest affected natural enemies Resistance
abamectin (Agri-Mek, etc.) intermediate (citrus thrips, intermediate predatory mites & thrips intermediate no
mites, leafminers)
(Clinch) narrow (fire ants) intermediate other ants intermediate no
acequinocyl (Kanemite) narrow (mites) intermediate predatory mites intermediate no
acetamiprid (Assail) broad (many insects) intermediate most natural enemies long no
Aphytis melinus narrow (armored scales) long, unless broad- none none no
spectrum pesticide used
azadirachtin (Neemix) narrow (whiteflies, aphids, short few short no
leafminers, caterpillars)
azinphosmethyl (Guthion) broad (many insects) intermediate most natural enemies long no
Bacillus thuringiensis narrow (caterpillars) short none none no
bifenazate (Acramite) narrow (mites) intermediate predatory mites intermediate no
buprofezin (Applaud) narrow (scales, whiteflies) intermediate predatory beetles intermediate no
carbaryl bait narrow (earwigs, intermediate none none no
grasshoppers, cutworms)
carbaryl (Sevin 80S, broad (many insects) long most natural enemies long aggravates mites;
Sevin XLR Plus) resistance in some
armored scale
populations; resistance in
some Euseius tularensis
populations
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) broad (many insects) low rates-short most natural enemies low rates-short resistance in some
high rates-intermediate high rates-intermediate armored scale and
citricola scale
populations; resistance in
some Euseius tularensis
populations and Aphytis
melinus populations
copper bands narrow (brown garden snail long none none no
only)
copper sulfate narrow (snails) long, unless washed off few, if any none to short no
cryolite (Kryocide, intermediate (foliage long, unless washed off few, if any none to short no
Prokil Cryolite) feeders such as worms, by rain
katydids, and Fuller rose
beetle)
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri narrow (mealybugs) intermediate, does not none none no
survive winters well
cyfluthrin (Baythroid) broad (many insects) intermediate most natural enemies low rates-intermediate resistance in some San
high rates-long Joaquin Valley citrus
thrips populations
dicofol (Kelthane) narrow (mites) intermediate predatory mites intermediate resistance in some citrus
red mite and twospotted
spider mite populations
diflubenzuron (Micromite) intermediate (katydids, intermediate predatory beetles intermediate no
peelminer, leafminer,
grasshoppers)
dimethoate (Dimethoate) broad (many insects) intermediate most natural enemies long resistance in some citrus
thrips populations
disodium tetraborate narrow (sugar-feeding ants) as long as the bait none none no
station is filled

Factors Affecting the Selectivity of Treatment Materials for Citrus Pest Management, continued
Range of Activity
etoxazole (Zeal) narrow (mites) intermediate predatory mites intermediate no
fenbutatin oxide (Vendex) narrow (mites) short predatory mites short no
fenpropathrin (Danitol) broad (many insects and intermediate most natural enemies long resistance in some
mites) San Joaquin Valley
citrus thrips
populations
fenproximate (Fujimite) narrow (mites) intermediate predatory mites intermediate no
formetanate hydrochloride broad (many insects) intermediate most natural enemies long, unless washed off resistance in some
(Carzol) citrus thrips
populations
hexythiazox (Onager) narrow (mites) intermediate predatory mites short to intermediate no
hydrated lime narrow (leafhoppers) long interferes with searching long no
ability of many natural
enemies
imidacloprid, foliar narrow (citricola scale, intermediate most natural enemies intermediate no
(Provado) aphids)
imidacloprid, systemic narrow (aphids, glassy- long predatory beetles and intermediate no
(Admire, Nuprid) winged sharpshooters) parasites
imidacloprid (Vitis Liquid narrow (sugar-feeding ants) as long as the bait station none none no
Ant Bait) is filled
iron phosphate (Sluggo) narrow (snails) intermediate beneficial snails intermediate no
malathion broad (many insects) intermediate most natural enemies intermediate no
metaldehyde (Deadline) narrow (snails) short beneficial snails short no
Metaphycus helvolus narrow (soft scales) long, unless broad- none none no
spectrum pesticides used
methidathion (Supracide) broad (many insects) long most natural enemies long resistance in some
armored scale and
vedalia beetle
populations
methomyl (Lannate) broad (many insects) short most natural enemies intermediate no
methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) narrow (caterpillars) intermediate few intermediate no
micronized sulfur broad (mites, citrus thrips) intermediate most natural enemies intermediate no
naled (Dibrom) broad (many insects) short most natural enemies intermediate no
oil (dilute application) broad (unprotected stages short most natural enemies short no
of insects/mites)
oil (low-volume) narrow (citrus red mite) short predatory mites short no
phosmet (Imidan) broad (many insects, mites) intermediate most natural enemies short no
propargite (Omite) narrow (mites) intermediate predatory mites intermediate resistance in some
twospotted mite
populations
pyrethrin/piperonyl butoxide broad (many insects) very short most natural enemies very short no
(Pyrenone Crop Spray,
etc.)
pyrethrin/rotenone broad (many insects) short most natural enemies short no
(Pyrellin E.C.)
pyriproxyfen (Esteem) narrow (armored scale long predatory beetles long no
insects)
(Esteem Ant Bait) narrow (fire ants) as long as the bait station none none no
is filled
pyridaben (Nexter) narrow (mites) intermediate predatory mites intermediate no, but stimulates
citrus thrips
Factors Affecting the Selectivity of Treatment Materials for Citrus Pest Management, continued
Range of Activity
Rumina decollata narrow (brown garden snail) long, unless snail bait none none no
used
sabadilla (Veratran-D) narrow (citrus thrips) very short predatory thrips very short no
s–methoprene (Tango) narrow (sugar-feeding ants) as long as the bait none none no
station is filled
spinetoram (Delegate) narrow (thrips, katydids) intermediate predatory thrips intermediate no
spinosad (Success, narrow (thrips, intermediate predatory thrips intermediate no
Entrust) orangeworms, katydids)
spirodiclofen (Envidor) narrow (mites) intermediate predatory mites intermediate no
spirotetramat (Movento) broad (mites, thrips, long predatory mites short no
leafminer, aphids, armored
scales)
sticky materials narrow (trunk climbers) long few, if any long no
vedalia beetle narrow (cottony cushion long none none no
scale)
wettable sulfur narrow (mites and citrus intermediate most natural enemies intermediate no
thrips)

SPRAY COVERAGE (9/08)

Obtaining the proper distribution of a spray on or within the tree—a concept known as coverage—is
essential for good management of citrus pests. Recommended coverage varies from pest to pest; for
instance, an outside coverage spray is best for pests such as citrus thrips that are found mostly on the
periphery of the tree, whereas pests such as armored scales, which are found deep in the interior of the
tree, will need more thorough coverage. Thorough coverage includes the exterior and the interior of the
tree, especially the most difficult to reach top center of the tree. Obtaining the proper coverage can be
difficult because of the dense canopy of a citrus tree and involves a balance of varying droplet size,
amount of spray, and ground speed (generally, use 1 to 1.5 mph for scale insects, 2 mph for mites, and 3
mph for orangeworms, citrus thrips, and katydids). Spray coverage recommendations are listed as
abbreviations in the Treatment Tables for each pest under the Amount Per Acre column. Brief
descriptions for each type of coverage are available in the footnotes on each page; the following
paragraphs give a more detailed description of the various types of coverage, starting with the lowest
gallonage applications.
Aircraft (A). Aircraft applications typically use 5 to 20 gallons of water per acre.
Low-Volume (LV). Low-volume applications generally use 100 gallons of water per acre, but not less
than 20 gallons per acre. To be effective and avoid phytotoxicity with oils and some chemicals, low-
volume applications must be delivered in small drops having a median volume diameter of less than 50
to 150 microns. This droplet size can be obtained by providing air velocities in excess of 175 miles per
hour (mph) at the discharge outlet if nonatomizing spray nozzles are used, or by utilizing spray pressure
in excess of 250 pounds per square inch (psi) if atomizing nozzles are used.
Low-volume applications use between 75 and 100% of the amount of pesticide active ingredient that
would be applied per acre as a dilute spray. An exception is narrow range oil for mite control: it may be
used at 10 to 15 gallons per acre plus water to make 50 to 100 gallons of spray per acre.
In order to achieve proper coverage, apply low-volume treatments only when it is relatively calm. Never
apply low-volume applications if wind speeds exceed 5 mph. In addition, extra precautions must be
taken to protect handlers and applicators because of the high concentrations of chemicals used in low-
volume applications.
Outside Coverage (OC). Outside coverage applications use 100 to 250 gallons of water per acre and ground
speeds of 2-3 mph to treat the outside parts of the tree only. Larger trees and/or high density plantings
require the higher water volume per acre. Outside coverage is used to control pests that prefer the exterior
leaves and fruit of the tree such as aphids, mites, citrus thrips, and several species of orangeworms.
Intermediate Coverage (IC). Intermediate coverage uses 250 to 600 gallons of water per acre.
Intermediate coverage is used for pests such as citricola scale that reside primarily on the leaves but infest
both interior and exterior leaves. Therefore, increased water volume and slower spray rig speed (1-1.5
mph) is needed to penetrate the first layer of leaves.
Thorough Coverage (TC). Thorough coverage uses 750 to 2,000 gallons of water per acre, depending on
tree size, to achieve a film wetting on all interior and exterior parts of the tree (leaves, twigs, and fruit).
Large trees may require spraying from a tower to obtain suitable coverage in the top part of the tree.
Ground speeds should be less than 1.5 mph, pressures in the range of 450 to 550 psi, nozzle adjustments
to provide a spray cone angle of less than 16 degrees. In addition, for oscillating boom sprayers the rate of
boom oscillation should be between 62 to 70 oscillations per minute. With air blast sprayers, faster
ground speeds will cause a sheeting action of the leaves that will actually reduce penetration and result in
poor coverage. Generally thorough coverage is used with all sprays targeted against armored scale
insects. No material requires more complete coverage than petroleum spray oils, because oils act to
smother the pest or render the surface of the plant unusable by pests.
Spray Coverage (9/08) 12

PRECAUTIONS FOR USING PETROLEUM OIL SPRAYS (9/08)

Oil sprays are an important component in citrus IPM programs for the control of armored and soft scales,
aphids, leafminers, and certain species of mites. When used alone, they may be applied using outside coverage
(OC) for aphids, leafminers or mites, intermediate coverage (IC) if used for soft scales, and thorough coverage
(TC) if used for armored scales at rates of 1-6% depending on the crop, time of year and the target pest. Oils are
frequently used at rates of 0.25-1% in combination with other insecticides. Because petroleum oils can cause
phytotoxicity, the following precautions are important:
1. Soil moisture should be maximum before application; spray as soon after an irrigation as the ground
will permit operation of the equipment. Be sure to maintain adequate soil moisture from spring
throughout the entire irrigation season.
2. Do not spray oils when temperatures exceed 95°F or relative humidity falls to 20% or below (in coastal
regions, do not spray if the temperature will exceed 85° to 90°F or the relative humidity goes below
30%); also do not use oil sprays immediately before, during, or following an unusually cold weather
period.
3. Problems of leaf drop and fruit drop can be minimized, in general, by adding 2,4-D to the oil spray
mixture. Be careful not to apply 2,4-D within 2 miles of sensitive crops such as tomatoes, cotton, olives,
and grapes and do not use 2,4-D during spring to avoid phytotoxicity problems.
4. If navel orange orchards are treated with oil sprays when oranges are approaching maturity, generally
from November until harvest, protection against water spot may be obtained by using gibberellic acid.
(Caution: fall oil treatments may increase the risk of damage caused by frost).
5. Complete coverage of the tree with an oil spray provides more effective control than increased dosage.
If spraying is done by ground, equip the rig with a tower capable of elevating a sprayer 4 feet above the
tallest trees.
6. Generally, narrow range oils with a 50% distillation range of 415, 440, or 455 are recommended for use
in citrus.
7. The heavier the oil is (e.g., NR 440 is heavier than NR 415), the better its insecticidal properties will be,
but also the greater the potential for phytotoxicity to the tree. The following minimum oils standards
were developed in the 1980s, to minimize phytotoxicity:
Minimum Oil Standards Developed by UC Researchers in the 1980s

Specification NR 415 NR 440
50% distillation point ( °F)1 415 ± 8 440 ± 8
10-90% distillation range ( °F) 2 60 80
Unsulfonated residue, percent3 92 92
API gravity4 32 31
Viscosity, sec.5 70 100
Pour point (°F) 6 20 20
1
The temperature at which half of the oil distills under a vacuum of 10mm of mercury (Hg), also
know as the boiling point or midpoint. The ±8°F refers to the sensitivity of the analytical method
used to calculate the midpoint, not the variability of the oil specimen.
2
The temperature range at which most of the oil distills (10mm Hg).
3
Minimum percent unsulfonated residue; the actual UR is often higher than 92%.
4
A measure of hydrocarbon composition usually ranging from 31 to 37.
5
Flowability of oil ranging from 60 to 200 seconds.
6
Oils with a minimum pour point of 20°F should not be used when temperatures fall below 20°F.
8. Recent reductions in the sulfonated residue portion of petroleum oils have allowed higher
distillation points to be used in citrus with less risk of phytotoxicity, as long as temperature and
moisture conditions are optimal. The higher the distillation point, the greater the control of the
insect pest achieved, especially for scale insects. The following table outlines the various
properties for oils registered for citrus in California:
Precautions for Using Petroleum Oil Sprays (9/08) 13

Precautions for Using Petroleum Oil Sprays, continued
Distillation Point Pour

(°F) Unsulfonated API Viscosity Point
Product Company 50% 10-90% Residue (%) Gravity (seconds) (°F)
Biocover
Loveland 435 72 99 35 76 5
MLT
Biocover
415 55 99 35 64 5
UL
Glacial
Spray 435 72 99 35 74 5
Fluid
Loveland
415 80 92 35 68 10
415 Oil
Spray Oil
415 80 92 35 68 10
415
Britz 415 Britz
Supreme Fertilizers 404-420 80 92.0 32.1 70 +20
Spray Oil (Sales Specs)
Britz 415
(typical
Supreme 415 73.3 93.8 37.0 58.8 -9
inspections)
Spray Oil
IAP 415 Independent
Summer Agribusiness 415 55 98 32.7 57 -15
Spray Oil Professionals
IAP 440
All
440 78 98 34.8 70 - 20
Purpose
Spray Oil
Omni Oil Helena
6E Chemical Co 407 55 99 32.8 60 -5
TN
Omni
Supreme 438.5 78 98 31.86 83.3 -5
Spray
PAR F 70
Soluble 438.5 78 98 31.86 83.3 -5
Oil
Purespray Petro
434 80 99 34 76.2 0
Green Candada
Purespray
Petro
Spray Oil 408 76 99 34.2 60 0
Candada
10E
439
Brandt 94.8 Avg
Saf-T-Side (432-433 71.8 35.8 68.1 -4
Consolidated (92.5-96)
spec)
Superior
60
415 Spray Wilbur-Ellis 415 55 99 32.8 -5
Oil
9. For more information on oils, see UC ANR Publication 3347, Managing Insects and Mites with
Spray Oils.
Precautions for Using Petroleum Oil Sprays (9/08) 14

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF FUNGICIDES USED IN CITRUS (9/08)
Common name Mode of Action Resistance

(trade name) Chemical class Activity (Group number)1 potential Comments
azoxystrobin Qol (strobilurin) local systemic single-site (11) high
bordeaux inorganic contact multi-site (M1) low copper and lime
based mixture that
often includes a
zinc adjuvant.
chloropicrin soil fumigant mostly contact multi-site (FRAC low soil fumigant
numbers not
applicable)
copper inorganic contact multi-site (M1) low fixed coppers (non-
copper sulfate
materials such as
copper hydroxide
and copper oxide)
fosetyl-al (Aliette) phosphorothiolate systemic multi-site (33) low
hydrated lime inorganic contact multi-site (M1) low
mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold) acylalanine systemic single-site (4) high
pyraclostrobin/boscalid Qol (strobilurin)/ local systemic single-site (7/11) high
carboxamide
1 Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (for more information, see
http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. For fungicides with mode of
action Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17, make no more than one application before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode of action Group number; for
fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode of action Group
number.
General Properties of Fungicides Used in Citrus (9/08) 15

Insects, Mites, and Snails

AMORBIA (Western Avocado Leafroller) (9/08)
Scientific Name: Amorbia cuneana
DESCRIPTION OF THE PEST

Amorbia is primarily a pest of avocado, but can also occasionally cause damage in citrus groves,
primarily in southern California and the San Joaquin Valley. The larva has two dark horizontal lines on
each side of its head and prothoracic shield that distinguish it from other caterpillars that occur in citrus.
There are two to three generations a year.
DAMAGE
Amorbia larvae may feed on young fruit at petal fall. They also feed on new growth flushes, often rolling
the leaves or tying leaves to fruit and feeding on the peel of young or maturing fruit and under the calyx.
Damaged fruit often decays at the feeding site. Infestations generally occur in groves planted near
avocado.
MANAGEMENT
Amorbia is generally managed by monitoring from petal fall through fall. Use selective (toxic to only a
narrow group of insects) insecticides to preserve populations of natural enemies.
Biological Control
A variety of natural enemies attack egg, larval, and pupal stages of amorbia. One of the most effective egg
parasites is the tiny wasp, Trichogramma platneri. Parasitized eggs are black. Mass releases of T. platneri are
used for control in avocado. A tachinid fly and several parasitic wasps attack the larvae stages. The
tachinid fly attaches its eggs near the head of the larva and the emerging maggots bore into the amorbia
larva to develop inside.
Organically Acceptable Methods

Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis and the Entrust formulation of spinosad are
acceptable for use in organically managed citrus orchards.
Monitoring and Treatment Decisions

When monitoring for citrus thrips at petal fall, especially in groves near avocados, check under the button
on the base of fruit for small amorbia larvae. Monitor larger larvae later in spring by looking for webbing
and leaf rolls in young foliage and feeding damage on young and mature fruit located on the outside
canopy.
Common name Amount to Use R.E.I.+ P.H.I.+

(trade name) (type of coverage)** (hours) (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact
on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental
impact.
A. BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. KURSTAKI#

(various) Label rates (OC) 4 0
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (caterpillars); Natural enemies: none
PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: none
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER 1: 11.B2
COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing is important because of short residual period. Apply only
during warm weather to control young, actively feeding worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph.
Amorbia (Western Avocado Leafroller) (9/08) 16


B. CRYOLITE
(Prokil Cryolite) 96 8–20 lb/acre (OC) 12 15
(Kryocide) 96 WP 8–20 lb/acre (OC) 12 15
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (foliage feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle);
Natural enemies: few, if any
PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless washed off by rain; Natural enemies: none to short
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER 1: 9A
COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may
take several days of warm weather to kill worms. Use reduced wind velocity and a speed of 3 mph. Do not
exceed 90 lb/acre/season.
C. SPINOSAD
(Entrust)# 1.25–3 oz/acre (OC) 4 1
(Success) 4–10 fl oz/acre (OC) 4 1
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (thrips, orangeworms, katydids); Natural enemies: predatory thrips
PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER 1: 5
COMMENTS: Do not apply more than 0.45 lb a.i./acre/crop.
D. CHLORPYRIFOS*
(Lorsban) 4E 0.5–2 qt/acre (OC or A) 5 days see comments
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most
PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates),
intermediate (high rates)
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER 1: 1B
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply more than twice/fruit year or make applications less than
30 days apart. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. P.H.I. is 21
days for up to 7 pt/acre or 35 days for over 7 pt/acre.
E. CARBARYL*
(Sevin XLR Plus) 4F 2 qt/acre (OC) 12 5
PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours
before sunrise. XLR Plus formulation is less toxic to honey bees than the 80S formulation when direct
application to bees is avoided, and the spray residues have dried. Check with your local county agricultural
commissioner regarding application restrictions during the bloom period.
F. NALED
(Dibrom) 8E 2 pt/acre (OC) see comments 7
PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate
COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not
apply during bloom. R.E.I. is 2 days for 1 pt or less/acre and 3 days for more than 1 pt.
G. METHOMYL*
(Lannate LV) 2.4 1.5–3 pt/acre (OC or A) 72 1
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects) Natural enemies: most
COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines, and tangelos. Apply as needed, except during
daylight hours of the bloom period. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom.


H. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 2.5 lb/acre (OC) 12 5
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom or apply
more than 25 lb per acre per crop.
** A - Aircraft applications 5-20 gal water/acre.

OC - Outside coverage uses 100–250 gal water/acre.
+ Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be
safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In
some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest.
# Acceptable for use on organically grown produce.
1
Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action
Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the
organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that
have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action
Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.

ANTS (9/08)
Scientific Names: Argentine ant: Linepithema humile
Native gray ant: Formica aerata
Red imported fire ant: Solenopsis invicta
Southern fire ant: Solenopsis xyloni
DESCRIPTION OF THE PESTS

The Argentine ant, is a small, uniformly deep brown ant. Worker ants travel in characteristic trails on
trees, the ground, or irrigation lines and build their nests underground. Ant populations peak in
midsummer through early fall. The southern fire ant is light reddish brown with a black abdomen. These
ants build nests of loose mounds or craters near bases of trees, do not aggregate in colonies as large as
those of the Argentine ant, and will sting and bite. Native gray ants are gray and considerably larger than
the other two species. They nest in topsoil or under rocks and debris and move in irregular patterns. In
contrast to Argentine and fire ants, the native gray ant is solitary and its importance in disrupting
biological control is often underestimated. Red imported fire ant is new to California and can make large,
dome-shaped mounds. They feed on almost any plant or animal material.
DAMAGE
Most pest ants feed on honeydew excreted by various soft scales, mealybugs, cottony cushion scales,
whiteflies, and aphids. As part of this relationship, they also protect these insects from their natural
enemies, thus interrupting biological control of the honeydew-producing pests. In the process of keeping
most natural enemies away, they also protect other pests, such as California red scales, that profit from
the lack of natural enemies. Argentine and native gray ants are the most common ant species that
aggressively protect pest insects. In addition, Argentine ants and red imported fire ants can plug up
irrigation sprinklers. Red imported fire ants directly damage plants by chewing twigs and tender bark of
newly planted trees; they also sting people working in the orchard and may cause allergic reactions.
MANAGEMENT
Ants can be extremely disruptive to an IPM program. The Argentine, native gray, and fire ants can be
prevented from climbing trees by skirt pruning and the use of sticky materials applied on top of a tree
wrap to the bark as well as with insecticide treatments.
Biological Control
No effective natural enemies of the ants are known.
Cultural Control
Skirt prune trees, i.e., remove branches within 12 to 30 inches of the ground, and apply sticky material to
the trunk to prevent access to the trees by ants. Use polybutenes; oil-based materials may cause
phytotoxicity and should not be used. Sticky material should last from 2 to 10 months and will also
prevent the access by Fuller rose beetles. If the sticky material contains tribasic copper sulfate, it will also
control brown garden snails. The persistence of sticky material can be increased by applying it higher
above the ground to reduce dust and dirt contamination and to decrease irrigation wash-off.
The application of sticky polybutene materials directly to the trunk of citrus trees can cause bark
cracking, especially if multiple applications are applied to the same area of the trunk and/or the area is
exposed to sunlight (topworked trees). The sticky material can be applied on top of a tree wrap but this is
both laborious and expensive. Young trees, which have a very thin cambium layer, are most susceptible
to damage.
To prevent bark damage by southern fire ants, plant trees with the bud union about 6 to 8 inches (14–19
cm) above the soil surface. Irrigate as needed, but avoid applying water to the trunk and do not allow
water to pond near the trunk. Periodically examine bark under trunk wraps of young trees. When trees
are large enough, remove the trunk wraps, which provide protection for ants. If gum is observed, inspect
and if necessary, treat for Phytophthora gummosis (see DISEASE section). Bordeaux whitewash helps
prevent gumming, which attracts ants.
Cultivation reduces ant populations but may create so much dust that it disrupts biological control of
other pests.
Ants (9/08) 19

Cultural controls, including the use of sticky materials, and Gourmet Ant Bait are acceptable for use in
organically managed citrus groves.

Monitor the orchard in spring when honeydew-producing insects, such as aphids, appear. Check the
abdomen of ants descending the tree trunks to see if they are swollen and translucent; this identifies them
as honeydew-collecting species. Periodically inspect for ants and bark damage under the trunk wraps of
several young trees.
Insecticides
Baits are the preferred chemical method for ant control whenever feasible. Effective bait insecticides have
slow-acting toxicants that worker ants collect and feed to other ants, including nest-building immatures
and queens. For the most effective and economical ant control, treat in early spring or summer when ant
populations are just beginning to increase and are becoming active on the ground surface. To determine
which bait to use, identify your primary ant species; fire ants are predominantly protein feeders whereas
most gray and black ants are sugar feeders.
Corncob grit and oil baits. Solid baits utilize treated corncob grits mixed with soybean oil as the food
attractant plus an insecticide. These are effective for the primarily protein-feeding fire ants. The toxicants
tend to degrade in light, so apply baits early in the morning or late in the day when ants are active and
will take the bait into the nest. Generally, corncob grit type baits are broadcast over the acreage that needs
to be treated. However, spot application of baits at the location of the ant nest is preferred over widely
spreading the bait because it concentrates the food where the ants are.
Sugar-water based baits. Liquid baits use a toxicant mixed in sugar water, which disguises the toxicant
as well as helps attract the ants. These baits are most useful for the liquid sugar-feeding Argentine and
native gray ants. Evaporation of the bait can cause the concentration of the toxicant to increase to a level
in the bait that becomes repellant to ants. All liquid baits must be used in an EPA-approved bait station.
Broad-spectrum insecticide sprays. The alternative to liquid sugar-bait stations or corncob grit baits is to
use a broad-spectrum chlorpyrifos insecticide sprayed at the trunk/soil interface or inside the wraps of
young trees. It is quicker acting than a bait, but not as long-lasting because the residue breaks down
quickly. In addition, chlorpyrifos sprays kill only the worker ants that contact it on the soil surface, while
baits are carried into the mound and fed to other ant stages.

(trade name) (type of coverage) (hours) (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on
natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental
impact.
A. STICKY POLYBUTENE MATERIALS# NA NA
(Tanglefoot)
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (trunk climbers); Natural enemies: few, if any
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Use polybutene-based products only. Do not apply sticky materials directly
on the trunk; use a 6- to 18-inch wrap under the sticky material to protect the tree from sunburn. Exercise caution
in applying multiple applications (more than 3 or 4); watch for symptoms of bark cracking. Apply the sticky band
high enough to avoid sprinklers, dust, and direct sunlight. Reactivate periodically by rubbing with a stick to
remove dust. Check to ensure that hanging branches, sticks, weeds, etc. are not allowing ants access to trees.
LIQUID BAITS (Must be used in approved bait station such as KM Ant Pro or constructed from an approved design
[available online]).
A. DISODIUM TETRABORATE#
(Gourmet Ant Bait Gel) 0 0
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (sugar-feeding ants): Natural enemies: none
PERSISTENCE: Pests: as long as the bait station is filled; Natural enemies: none
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER 1: UNC
COMMENTS: Approved for organic growers only. Add additional solution when bait station is empty.
Ants (9/08) 20

(trade name) (type of coverage) (hours) (days)
B. S-METHOPRENE
(Tango) 4 0
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (sugar-feeding ants); Natural enemies: none
C. IMIDACLOPRID
(Vitis Liquid Ant Bait) 0 0
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (sugar-feeding ants); Natural enemies: none
SOLID BAITS
A. ABAMECTIN
(Clinch bait) 0.011% 1 lb/acre 12 0
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (fire ants); Natural enemies: other ants
COMMENTS: A corncob grit and soy oil bait. For use on all citrus varieties. Effective only against fire ants because
they are attracted to the soy oil mixed with corncob grits bait. Apply when fire ants are most active during the
season (especially early summer and fall) and when they are most active during the day (early evening and early
morning when soil temperature is above 60°F). Treatments are most effective if applied 2 days after an irrigation,
when ant activity is at a maximum. Do not irrigate again until at least 24 hours after application. Do not apply if
rainfall is anticipated with 4–6 hours after application. While Clinch can be broadcast using properly calibrated
ground equipment to assure proper dosage and uniform distribution, spot applications at the location of the ant
nest are preferred. Retreatment may be desirable after 3–4 months.
B. PYRIPROXYFEN
(Esteem Ant Bait) 0.5% 1.5–2 lb/acre 12 1
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (fire ants); Natural enemies: other ants
PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: none
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER 1: 7C
COMMENTS: A corncob grit and soy oil bait. For use on all citrus varieties. Effective only against fire ants because
they are attracted to the soy oil mixed with corncob grits bait. Apply when fire ants are most active during the
season (especially early summer and fall) and when they are most active during the day (early evening and early
morning when soil temperature is above 60°F). Treatments are most effective if applied 2 days after an irrigation,
when ant activity is at a maximum. Do not irrigate again until at least 24 hours after application. Do not apply if
rainfall is anticipated with 4–6 hours after application. While this bait can be broadcast using properly calibrated
ground equipment to assure proper dosage and uniform distribution, spot applications at the location of the ant
nest are preferred. Retreatment may be desirable after 3–4 months.
INSECTICIDAL SPRAYS
A. CHLORPYRIFOS
(Lorsban) 4E* 1–3% solution (3–8 fl oz/gal water) 5 days see comments
PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate
(high rates)
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Registered for ant control under a supplemental (24c) label when
temperatures are warm and ants are most active. Apply by thoroughly spraying base of skirt-pruned tree trunks
and ant nests on the ground. Repeat applications are needed; do not exceed 4 applications/year or 2.5 gal
solution/acre. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre or 35 days for over 7 pt/acre and 28 days for ant
control.
. . . or . . .
(Lorsban) 15G 6.7 lb/acre 24 28
PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates); intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: intermediate (low rates), long
(high rates)
COMMENTS: Apply with ground equipment to control foraging ants and suppress mounds. Do not apply where
weed growth or other obstructions would impede uniform coverage of the orchard floor. Do not apply more than
20.1 lb/acre/crop season.
Ants (9/08) 21
safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some
cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest.
1
Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group
number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a
Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other
than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional
information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
NA Not applicable.
Ants (9/08) 22
APHIDS (9/08)
Scientific Names: Black citrus aphid: Toxoptera aurantii
Cotton or melon aphid: Aphis gossypii
Spirea aphid: Aphis spiraecola

The most common aphid on citrus in the coastal and intermediate districts of southern California is the
spirea aphid. In the San Joaquin Valley, the cotton or melon aphid is the most commonly found aphid on
citrus. The three species can be distinguished by color: spirea aphids are always green whereas the cotton
aphid can range in color from yellow, to green, to dull black. A colony of cotton aphids is usually
composed of several different color forms. Black citrus aphids are, as their name suggests, black.
DAMAGE
Aphids feed on buds and on the underside of leaves (mainly feather growth), causing leaves to curl
toward the stem. Spirea aphid, black aphid and cotton/melon aphid can all transmit citrus tristeza virus.
However, because the transmission rate is fairly low and insecticides are not very effective in preventing
transmission of the virus, insecticidal control of aphids is not recommended.
MANAGEMENT
Aphids are generally not a problem on citrus except on young trees because their populations decline
when the foliage hardens off. Natural enemies normally control aphid populations, and a spray is rarely
warranted. Treatment of aphids to prevent transmission of tristeza virus has not been shown to be
effective.
Biological Control
A number of coccinellid and syrphid predators, parasites, and fungal diseases usually keep aphid
populations below damaging levels. A moderate aphid population (about 40% of growth flushes
infested) can be considered beneficial on mature trees because aphids and their honeydew provide a
good food source for natural enemies of other pests early in the season when other hosts are not
available.

Biological control is acceptable on organically managed citrus.
Resistance
Populations of cotton aphids in the San Joaquin Valley have been shown to have resistance to
organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides.
Treatment Decisions
On newly established trees and on new growth flushes on mature trees, it is not uncommon for aphids to
cause curling of leaves and produce honeydew. Treatment is usually not warranted because citrus can
tolerate extensive leaf curling without yield effects.

The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and
impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to
environmental impact.
A. PYRETHRIN/ROTENONE
(Pyrellin E.C.) Label rates (OC) 12 12 hours
PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER 1: 3/21
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties.
Aphids (9/08) 23

B. PYRETHRIN/ROTENONE
(Pyrellin E.C.) Label rates (OC) 12 12 hours
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER 1: 3/21
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 1.2 qt/100 gal (OC) 4 when dry
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most
MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects.
COMMENTS: For use on oranges, lemons, and grapefruit. Slurry the pyrethrin/rotenone material with oil
before adding to spray tank.
** OC - Outside coverage uses 100–250 gal water/acre.
+ Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can
be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest.
In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest.
1
organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals
that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance
Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
Aphids (9/08) 24
BEAN THRIPS (9/08)

Scientific Name: Caliothrips fasciatus

Adult bean thrips have a uniformly dark, grayish black body. Their forewings have two dark and two
pale bands, and (visible under magnification) the legs and antennae are also banded light and dark.
DAMAGE
Bean thrips is a problem in the San Joaquin Valley and interior districts of southern California only
because it can be a contaminant of the navels of navel oranges shipped to Australia or New Zealand.
Bean thrips migrates into groves in fall, when its weed hosts die or field crops it infests are harvested.
Bean thrips enter the navel of oranges, where they overwinter and contaminate harvested fruit. This
quarantined pest causes infested fruit to be fumigated with methyl bromide by some foreign countries.
Bean thrips does not directly damage fruit or reproduce on citrus.
MANAGEMENT
Keep orchards and bordering areas free of weed hosts to reduce bean thrips movement to citrus fruit.
Where host crops (alfalfa, beans, cotton, grape, lettuce, and tomato) are grown nearby, navels are at
increased risk from contamination by bean thrips. Weed hosts include filaree, malva, prickly lettuce,
Russian thistle, sowthistle, tree tobacco, and grasses, especially perennial grasses.
<a name="MONITORING">Monitoring and Treatment Decisions</a>

Growers planning to ship navel oranges to Australia must follow the current ">9-Point Plan for Exporting
California Navel Oranges to Australia, which can be found at http://www.citrusent.uckac.edu/bean_thrips.htm.
Be sure to read over all of the conditions of the current protocol as it is revised yearly.
As part of the protocol, maps of grower fruit lot locations are to be kept at the packinghouse for inspection by
regulatory personnel. Within 30 days of harvest, 150 fruit per grower lot must be cut looking for bean thrips.
The sampling must be spread over the entire block. For fruit harvested before November 30, the fruit cutting
must occur within 15 days of harvest. Records must be kept at the packinghouse to show fruit cutting results.
If bean thrips are found during orchard fruit cutting, the lot is ineligible for certification to Australia.
Cutting Fruit. When monitoring fruit on trees, collect oranges from the lower canopy of outer rows. To
detect bean thrips, cut the fruit into thin slices, starting at the navel end of the fruit, until the fruit has
been sliced up to the bottom of the navel. It is easier to spot the bean thrips if the orange slices are placed
on a white or blue background. Examine the slices using magnification, such as a hand lens or a hands-
free magnifier. Bean thrips are about 0.04 inch long (1 mm) and to the naked eye they appear blackish
with banding. Be sure to differentiate the blackish bean thrips from small pieces of the fruit stamen,
which are also dark in color.
Citrus and western flower thrips may also occur in the navel, but they are usually yellowish except for
the dark phase of western flower thrips, which are larger and more hirsute (longer, darker hairs) than
bean thrips (see " Bean Thrips Identification - Sticky Cards").
Detecting adults. Green sticky traps have proven to be effective in detecting migrating adults. Hang the 3
x 4.5" traps in trees on one of the two outside rows of the block about 4 to 5 feet above ground (to
minimize splash from irrigation and rainwater) on the side of the tree facing the outside of the block. If
the outside row borders a dusty drive, use the second row from the outside of the block. Use 1 trap for
every 5 acres with a minimum of 4 traps per block, one each on the north, south, east, and west sides of
the block.
Bean Thrips (9/08) 25

BEET ARMYWORM (9/08)

Scientific Name: Spodoptera exigua

Larvae of the beet armyworm are dull green caterpillars with many fine, wavy, light-colored stripes
down the back and a broader stripe along each side. They usually, but not always, have a dark spot on
the side of the thorax above the second true leg. The adult is a small, mottled gray or dusky-winged
moth. Females lay pale greenish or pinkish striated eggs in masses that are covered with white, cottony
material.
DAMAGE
Beet armyworm is occasionally found on citrus feeding on foliage, but it rarely causes economic damage.
MANAGEMENT
As a minor pest of citrus, beet armyworm is rarely treated, in part because of natural enemies such as
Hyposoter exiguae.
Beet Armyworm (9/08) 26

BLACK SCALE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Saissetia oleae

Black scale is one of the soft scales. Female black scales reproduce without mating and lay 1,000 to 2,000
eggs over a period of 2 to 3 months, mainly during May and June and again from October through
November in areas with two broods per year (cooler coastal regions). Crawlers move about for some time
before settling on leaves. In the late second instar, a ridge develops on the scale's back and later expands
into an H shape. After the second molt, young scales migrate to twigs where they grow rapidly and
become nearly circular; their covers become dark mottled gray and leathery. Once egg laying starts, the
covers become harder and darker and the H-shaped ridge often disappears.
DAMAGE
Black scale is a major citrus pest in southern California but occurs only occasionally on citrus in the San
Joaquin Valley, mostly on grapefruit or on trees near olives. Feeding by black scale reduces tree vigor and
can cause leaf or fruit drop and twig dieback. Excreted honeydew supports the growth of sooty mold.
MANAGEMENT
The black scale tends to be a problem in coastal, intermediate, and interior districts, where it is a cyclical
pest that requires intervention every 5 to 10 years. If parasite activity is disrupted by ants, dust, or
pesticides, a treatment or two may be necessary. Be sure to check scale populations for parasite
emergence holes before treatment to prevent treating highly parasitized populations.
Biological Control
Several predators and parasites have been introduced against the black scale. Metaphycus helvolus is a
parasitic wasp that provides substantial control of black scale in southern California. In addition to laying
its eggs in the scale, the adult female parasite feeds on the body fluids of young scale. This parasite is
more effective in coastal areas where overlapping scale generations provide susceptible stages for a
longer time than in the interior regions. If available, M. helvolus can be released; this is best done in late
summer or early fall. Parasites can also be introduced from other groves with high parasite populations
by cutting branches with black scales (before emergence holes are present) and putting them in groves
where parasite activity is low. If ants are present, control them.

Biological control and the use of organically approved oils, such as 440 oil PureSpray Green, are
acceptable methods to use on an organically certified crop.

Watch for newly settled scales in late June or early July; an oil treatment is often sufficient for control.
Apply oil as soon as possible after completion of major hatch but before the H formation (rubber stage)
becomes apparent on young scale covers in September.

impact.
A. METAPHYCUS HELVOLUS# 1,000–2,000/acre/year NA NA

RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (soft scales); Natural enemies: none
PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless broad-spectrum pesticides used; Natural enemies: none
COMMENTS: Release a minimum of 1,000 adults/acre/year. Make releases of this parasitic wasp in late
summer or early fall; it parasitizes only smaller stages of the scale. Must also control ants.
Black Scale (9/08) 27


B. NARROW RANGE OIL (92%UR)

(415, 440) 1.2–1.4% (TC) 4 when dry
. . . or . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL (99%UR)
(415, 435, 440, 455) 1.2–1.4% (TC) 4 when dry
COMMENTS: To avoid phytotoxicity problems, see timings for California red scale. Apply higher rate of
narrow range oil in July or Aug. only. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray oil is preferable in the Central Valley
during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity increases unless using products
with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). The use of oil also speeds up the weathering and flaking off of honeydew
and sooty mold from leaves and fruit. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green
lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval.
C. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 1–1.2 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. Apply as soon as practical after
completion of major hatch.
D. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 0.4 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.5–1.4% 4 when dry
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Full or half rates of carbaryl or oil may be used. Reducing the rate of
carbaryl increases survival of natural enemies. Reducing the rate of the oil reduces the risk of phytotoxicity,
especially in warmer growing areas of the state. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May
increase citrus red mite populations. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green
E. METHIDATHION*
(Supracide) 25WP 0.5–1 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days 14
...or...
12–16 lb/acre (LV) 40 days 60
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 40 lb/acre/season or 2
applications/fruit year, 45 days apart for dilute (TC) sprays. Only 1 application allowed for low-volume (LV)
treatments. Low-volume application is available under a Special Local Needs permit and uses 100 gal/acre.
Preferred timing is immediately postbloom before fruit becomes infested. May increase citrus red mite
populations.
F. METHIDATHION*
(Supracide) 25WP 0.5 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days 60
. . . PLUS . . .


NARROW RANGE OIL

(415) 0.5–1.4% 4 when dry
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Reducing the rate of methidathion increases survival of natural enemies.
Reducing the rate of the oil reduces the risk of phytotoxicity, especially in warmer growing areas of the state.
Do not apply during bloom or exceed 40 lb methidathion/acre/season or 2 applications/fruit year, 45 days
apart. May increase citrus red mites. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green
lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. For lemons, do not exceed
10 lb/acre or apply more than once/season when tank mixed with oil.
G. MALATHION 8 Spray 1–2 pt/100 gal (TC) 24 7

H. MALATHION 8 Spray 1 pt/100 gal (TC) 24 7

. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.5–1.4% 4 when dry
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green
** LV - Low-volume uses 20–100 gal water/acre.

TC - Thorough coverage uses 750–2,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size.
1
NA Not applicable.

BROAD MITE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Polyphagotarsonemus latus

Broad mites are often found in depressions on fruit where the females lay their eggs, which are dimpled,
translucent, and covered in white speckles. These mites are so small you need a hand lens to see them. Broad
mites are yellowish in color and adult females have a white stripe on the back.
DAMAGE
Broad mites feed on fruit and leaves, preferring young fruit up to about 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter that are
located on the inside of the canopy or on the inward facing side of outer fruit. Feeding results in scarred tissue
that cracks as fruit grows, leaving a characteristic pattern of scars and new tissue. Although most feeding occurs
on fruit, broad mites may also feed on young expanding leaves causing them to curl. This cupping and curling
of leaves can appear similar to mild damage caused by glyphosate-Roundup applications.
MANAGEMENT
Broad mites are occasional pests of coastal lemons from late July through early October; infestations are
enhanced by the presence of Argentine ants. This mite often occurs in conjunction with CITRUS RUST MITE,
with the rust mite usually predominating in number. Populations of broad mite tend to be most severe in
warm, humid conditions such as found in greenhouses. No treatment thresholds have been developed for
broad mite in citrus. If high and increasing populations warrant treatment, use miticides with the least
toxicity to predaceous mites.

A. ABAMECTIN*
(Agri-Mek, etc.) 10 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (citrus thrips, mites, leafminers); Natural enemies: predatory mites
& thrips
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.25–1% 4 when dry
B. WETTABLE SULFUR# 3–4 lb/100 gal (OC or IC) 24 0

RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites and citrus thrips); Natural enemies: most
MODE OF ACTION: Not available
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply as mites appear; avoid applications during or preceding high
temperatures. Do not apply sulfur within 2 months of a previous oil spray or apply oil 60-90 days after a sulfur
treatment.
C. SPIRODICLOFEN
(Envidor) 2SC see comments 12 7
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites
COMMENTS: Make no more than 1 application/crop season. Application rate is 12-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC)
when horticultural spray oil is not used, and 18-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when it is. Treatments without oil are
more effective.
Broad Mite (9/08) 30


D. FENPROXIMATE
(Fujimite) 5EC 1–4 pt (OC or IC) 12 14
COMMENTS: Do not make more than 2 applications/season and allow 14 days between applications. Use
allowed under a Supplemental Label.
E. DICOFOL
(Kelthane MF) 4E 0.6–0.8 pt/100 gal (IC) 12 7
MODE OF ACTION: UNC
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties; do not apply during bloom. Can cause secondary outbreak of citrus red
mite. Closed application system required with this material. Do not exceed 6 pt/acre.
F. CHLORPYRIFOS*
(Lorsban) 4E 9–12 pt/acre (OC or IC) 5 days see comments
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom and no more than 2 applications/year at
least 30 days apart. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre. Rates
greater than 8 pt/acre allowed only in Fresno, Tulare, Kern, Kings, Stanislaus, and Madera counties.
** LV - Low-volume uses 20–100 gal/acre.

IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250-600 gal/acre.
1
Broad Mite (9/08) 31

BROWN GARDEN SNAIL (9/08)

Scientific Name: Cantareus aspersus (= Helix aspersa)

The brown garden snail is about 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter at maturity and has a distinct brown and
gray color pattern. It is most active during the night and early morning when it is damp. In southern
California, particularly along the coast, young snails are active throughout the year; in the San Joaquin
Valley brown garden snails are active primarily in late winter and spring. Mature snails hibernate in the
topsoil during winter.
Snails are bisexual (hermaphroditic); all snails of reproductive age lay eggs up to six times during a
season, depending on local climate and available moisture. After mating, they lay up to 80 eggs a month
in shallow depressions in the topsoil. Eggs are white, spherical, and about 0.1 inch (3 mm) in diameter.
DAMAGE
The brown garden snail can cause extensive damage in orchards by feeding on ripe and ripening fruit,
leaves of young trees, and in nurseries by feeding on young tree bark. Fruit damage appears as circular
chewed areas in the rind. Damaged leaves have large chewed areas along the margins. Snails can cause
severe problems in citrus orchards, where no-till weed control and sprinkler and low-volume irrigation
create an ideal environment for snail development.
MANAGEMENT
Management of the brown garden snail is a multi-step process that involves pruning tree skirts to make it
more difficult for snails to attack low-hanging fruit; banding tree trunks with copper foil or a basic copper
sulfate slurry to prevent snails from climbing trees, and putting out poison bait or spraying the foliage to
reduce their populations. Alternatively, growers can make releases of the predatory decollate snails, but
this option should not be employed in groves where poison baits are used because baits kill both the pest
and predator snails.
Biological Control
While not always consistently effective, the decollate snail, Rumina decollata, may reduce brown garden
snail populations to insignificant levels in 4 to 10 years. The most effective way to manage brown garden
snails while establishing the decollate snail is to combine skirt pruning and trunk banding with decollate
snail releases. Decollate snails do not climb trees, thus they will not be affected by pruning or trunk
banding.
To establish the decollate snail, distribute about 8 to 10 decollate snails to the shady northeast skirt zone
of every other tree in every other row. (If a shorter transition period is desired, release a larger number of
snails per tree.) If there are not enough snails to release at this rate, a second method is to reduce brown
garden snails by mechanical removal or with a poison bait program. Release the available decollate snails
in a cluster of untreated core trees. After the colony grows, some of the snails can be transferred to other
trees in the grove. Provide an unbaited buffer zone of at least two tree rows between the expanding
colony and the baited areas or the decollate snail will feed on poison bait and die. When establishing
decollate snails in a core area, provide supplemental food, such as rabbit pellets, and cover for them to
hide under, such as old fertilizer bags. The best time to introduce decollate snails is when it is warm and
damp (February through May); this snail will survive well in hot areas, but avoid introducing them
during the hot, dry season as they must have moist soil conditions to move about effectively and to
establish themselves.
The rate of decollate snail dispersal depends on the amount of moisture present. Low-volume and
sprinkler irrigation are most conducive to snail movement and development. Light supplemental
irrigations may be desirable during the establishment of a colony. It is more difficult to establish decollate
snails in groves that are irrigated by furrow.
In addition to moisture, factors that may affect the decollate snails ability to become established in an
orchard are the amount of canopy shading the soil (older trees have a larger canopy and thus provide
greater shading) and soil texture (coarse sandy soils not only tend to hold less water than loamy soils but
also are less preferred by the snails for burrowing).
Brown Garden Snail (9/08) 32

Cultural Control
Prune tree skirts 24 to 30 inches above the ground before the rainy season and apply a barrier trunk
treatment. Barrier trunk treatments can be made with a band of copper foil wrapped around the trunk,
which repel snails for several years; with an annual application of a Bordeaux slurry that is painted
around the trunk; or with an application of a sticky material that contains tribasic copper sulfate. The
sticky material also reduces tree access by ants and Fuller rose beetle.

Skirt pruning, trunk banding, releases of decollate snails, and the use of ducks.
Treatment Decisions
Apply bait only to reduce snail populations to low levels before introduction of the decollate snail. Bait
immediately following an irrigation or rainy period when the soil is wet and snails are active. The
waiting period before the decollate snail can be released following a baiting program depends on soil
moisture. Under sprinkler or low-volume irrigation, the toxins will break down faster than in drier soil,
and a decollate snail release program can start in about 2 months.
Bait is consumed most easily by snails if it is applied under trees, but unless snails are exposed to the sun
and dry conditions, the bait will not be as effective. Snails move around a lot more under humid, moist
conditions than under dry conditions. When it is humid and moist, place bait in a narrow strip in the
middle between rows; under drier conditions, place bait closer to the ground that is moistened by
irrigation.
When snails are present in the trees, a foliar treatment may be necessary.

impact.
A. RUMINA DECOLLATA# NA NA
(Decollate Snail)
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (brown garden snail); Natural enemies: none
PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless snail bait used; Natural enemies: none
COMMENTS: May take several seasons to obtain control. These snails may be released only in the following
California counties: Fresno, Kern, Imperial, Los Angeles, Madera, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San
Diego, Santa Barbara, Tulare, and Ventura.
B. COPPER BANDS# NA NA
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (brown garden snail only); Natural enemies: none
PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: none
COMMENTS: Use with skirt pruning. Affix a copper foil band around the tree trunk at a height of 1–2 feet
above the ground. It is essential that the copper foil be affixed to the tree trunk with about an 8-inch overlap so
it will slip and allow for trunk growth. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production;
be sure to check individual products.
C. COPPER SULFATE# Label rates 24 when dry

PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: none to short
COMMENTS: Tree trunks can be banded with a slurry of basic copper sulfate with a small quantity of boiled
linseed oil added as a sticker. Paint or spray it on the tree trunks in about a 4-inch-wide band. Not all copper
compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products.
D. METALDEHYDE
(Deadline) Pellet 20–40 lb/acre 12 0
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (snails); Natural enemies: beneficial snails
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Use higher rate for heavy infestation.


E. IRON PHOSPHATE
(Sluggo) G Label rates 0 0
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (snails); Natural enemies: beneficial snails
COMMENTS: Apply using standard fertilizer granular spreader. If ground is dry, wet it before applying bait.
Reapply as bait is consumed or at least every 2 weeks. Check with CCOF to determine if this product is acceptable
for use on organically certified produce.
FOLIAR APPLICATION
A. PHOSMET
(Imidan) 70W 1-3 lb/acre (TC) 3 days 7
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects, mites); Natural enemies: most
PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: short
COMMENTS: Use allowed under a 24(c) registration. Do not make more than two applications per season or use
in combination with oils.
** TC - Thorough coverage uses 750–2,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size.
1
NA Not applicable.

BROWN SOFT SCALE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Coccus hesperidum

Female brown soft scales lay a few eggs at a time during summer. Eggs hatch almost immediately and crawlers
start to feed. Young scales move around until they are about half grown. They have mottled, yellowish, rounded
shells. The young molt twice and reach maturity on leaves or twigs; they rarely move onto fruit. There are three to
five overlapping generations a year. Populations are usually highest from midsummer to early fall.
Citricola scale, another soft scale that is similar to brown soft scale, may be found infesting the same trees, but
because brown soft scales have multiple overlapping generations, colonies of this pest contain multiple life stages.
DAMAGE
Heavy feeding by the soft brown scale reduces tree vigor, kills twigs, and reduces yields. Sooty mold grows on
excreted honeydew and may affect fruit grade. The honeydew also attracts ants, which interfere with the biological
control of a number of pests.
MANAGEMENT
Management of brown soft scale focuses on preserving its natural enemies and controlling ants. Avoid the
repeated use of organophosphates and carbamates, especially formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol), for the control
of other pests; instead use sabadilla (Veratran), abamectin, or spinetoram (Delegate) to control citrus thrips and
Bacillus thuringiensis or cryolite for orangeworms in spring. Individual treatment of this scale is rarely necessary. If
natural enemies do not control the scales, a spot treatment with an oil spray is usually sufficient. In areas with
citricola scale or black scale, populations of brown soft scale may be beneficial if they are not too large because
their generations overlap and provide parasites with susceptible life stages to attack throughout the year, thus
allowing parasite populations to build to larger levels.
Biological Control
A complex of Metaphycus spp. parasites attack brown soft scale. The most common of these is M. angustifrons in
southern California. In addition, the lady beetles Rhyzobius (Lindorus) lophanthae, Chilocorus orbus, and C. cacti prey
on brown soft scales. Ants will protect brown soft scale from parasitism and predation because they feed on the
honeydew that soft scales produce. Maximizing parasitism by controlling and reducing ants is critical for brown
soft scale control because pesticides are not very effective against this scale species.

Biological control and organically approved oils, such PureSpray Green (NR 440), are acceptable for use on an
organically certified crop.

Monitor brown soft scale from June through October when disruption of biological control may be a problem.
Check the level of parasitism by looking for parasite exit holes and for developing parasites within the scale body.
Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are not very effective in controlling this pest. Usually, reduction of
these insecticides in combinations with ant control will resolve the brown soft scale problem.
A. NARROW RANGE OIL (UR92%)
(415, 440) 1.2–1.4% (TC) 4 when dry
. . . or . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL (UR99%)
(415, 435, 440, 455) 1.2–1.4% (TC) 4 when dry
COMMENTS: To avoid phytotoxicity problems, see timings for California red scale. Apply higher rate of
narrow range oil in July or August only. Narrow range 440 spray oil (or higher) is preferable in the Central
Valley during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity increases unless using
products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to
green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval.
Brown Soft Scale (9/08) 35


B. CHLORPYRIFOS*
(Lorsban) 4EC 0.5–0.75 pt/100 gal (TC) 5 days see comments
...or...
6–12 pt/acre (LV)
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties; however it may cause ridging on lemons. Apply thorough coverage
spray in 1,200–1,600 gal/acre; do not apply during daylight hours of bloom period or exceed 12
pt/acre/application or 15 pt/acre/year of chlorpyrifos; no more than 2 applications/fruit year, and no closer
than 30 days apart. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre. Do not
apply during Dec., Jan., or Feb. See label for additional restrictions. Rates greater than 8 pt/acre are allowed
only in Fresno, Tulare, Kern, Kings, Stanislaus, and Madera counties.
C. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 0.6 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May cause outbreaks of citrus red mite
and citrus thrips.
D. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 0.4 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not exceed 25 lb/acre/application. May cause outbreaks of citrus red
mite and citrus thrips.
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.5–1.4% 4 when dry
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Reducing the rate of carbaryl increases survival of natural enemies.
Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May increase citrus red mite populations. Caution:
Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating;
check label for preharvest interval. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the
most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing
products that contain the same a.i.
E. METHIDATHION*
(Supracide) 25WP 0.5–1 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days 14
...or...
applications/fruit year, 45 days apart for dilute (TC) sprays. Only 1 application allowed for LV treatments.
Low-volume application is available under a Special Local Needs permit. Preferred timing is immediately
postbloom before fruit becomes infested. May increase citrus red mite populations.


F. METHIDATHION*
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.5–1.4% 4 when dry
G. MALATHION 8 Spray 1–2 pt/100 gal (TC) 24 7


1

CALIFORNIA ORANGEDOG (9/08)

Scientific Name: Papilio zelicaon

The California orangedog, or black anise swallowtail, is a native butterfly that feeds on both perennial
anise (sweet fennel) and citrus. During its development, the caterpillar changes from a mottled brown to
a whitish green and bright green with yellow and black spots on each segment. Mature larvae are about
1.5 inch (3.7 cm) long. When disturbed, all larval stages stick out orange-colored scent glands and give off
a strong odor.
DAMAGE
Orangedog caterpillars feed on tender citrus leaves, occasionally defoliating young trees but rarely
causing economic damage in mature orchards.
MANAGEMENT
Management of California orangedog may occasionally be necessary in young orchards. Use selective
(i.e., those that are toxic only to a narrow group of insects) insecticides to conserve populations of natural
enemies.
Biological Control
Parasites are often highly effective in controlling California orangedog, especially the wasp Hyposoter sp.
Cultural Control
California orangedog prefers sweet fennel, which may be interplanted as a trap crop in strips with citrus
and mowed regularly after the egg-laying peak in each generation.

Biological and cultural controls and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis are organically acceptable methods.

If treatment is needed for infestations of California orangedog on immature trees, Bacillus thuringiensis
generally provides sufficient control.

impact.

COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing is important because of short residual period. Use lower rates
for younger worms or smaller trees. Apply only during warm dry weather to control young, actively feeding
worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph.
B. CRYOLITE
COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may take
several days of warm weather to kill worms. Use reduced wind velocity and a speed of 3 mph. Do not exceed 90
lb/acre/season.
California Orangedog (9/08) 38


1
Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates
have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group
number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For
additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
California Orangedog (9/08) 39

CALIFORNIA RED SCALE and YELLOW SCALE (9/08)

Scientific Names: California red scale: Aonidiella aurantii
Yellow scale: Aonidiella citrina

California red scale and yellow scale are armored scales that are distributed throughout the citrus-growing
regions of the state except in parts of the Coachella Valley where they are under an eradication program.
The two species are difficult to distinguish by appearance. Yellow scale, however, is rarely found on mature
wood of the tree whereas California red scale can be found on the wood as well as on fruit and leaves.
Biologies and management tactics for California red scale and yellow scale are similar, but yellow scale is
more easily controlled by natural enemies and, thus, less commonly found.
Female scales have a roundish cover, about the size of the blunt end of a nail. The cover is firmly attached
to the leaf, wood, or fruit substrate when the scales are molting or reproducing; they remain under this
cover throughout their life. When mature, they produce 100 to 150 crawlers. Crawlers hatch and emerge
from under the female cover at a rate of two to three per day. Crawlers move around to find a suitable
place to settle and can be spread about by wind, birds, or picking crews. They settle in small depressions on
twigs, fruits, or leaves and start feeding; soon after, a circular, waxy cover forms over their body. Midway
through the second instar, females and males begin to develop differently. Males form an elongated cover
while the female cover remains circular. The female molts twice, developing a concentric ring in the center
of the waxy covering each time.
Adult male scales are small, two-winged insects that emerge from the elongated scale covers after four
molts. They live about 6 hours and their sole purpose is to mate. The number of male flights, along with the
number of generations per year for this insect varies according to the growing region in the state and the
weather but is generally about 4 flights per year.
DAMAGE
California red scale attacks all aerial parts of the tree including twigs, leaves, branches, and California red
scale attacks all aerial parts of the tree including twigs, leaves, branches, and fruit by sucking on the plant
tissue with their long, filamentous mouthparts. Heavily infested fruit may be downgraded in the
packinghouse and, if population levels are high, serious damage can occur to trees. Severe infestations
cause leaf yellowing and drop, dieback of twigs and limbs, and occasionally death of the tree. Tree damage
is most likely to occur in late summer and early fall when scale populations are highest and moisture stress
on the tree is greatest.
MANAGEMENT
Management of California red scale and yellow scale varies according to location in the state and the other
pests present in the orchard. Natural enemies can provide good control of California red scale in all regions
of California except the Coachella Valley where it is under pesticide eradication. However, biological
control tends to be easiest in the coastal areas and some inland districts of southern California because
milder weather in these regions allows the overlap of generations, which provides susceptible host stages
for parasitism year round.
In the San Joaquin Valley, many red scale and yellow scale populations developed high levels of resistance
to organophosphates and carbamates during the 1990s. Growers shifted to using Aphytis releases, oil
treatments, or insect growth regulators for scale control. Where biologically based IPM is practiced, yellow
scale is easily controlled by parasites and is not currently a problem, whereas California red scale continues
to be a key pest. Augmentative releases of Aphytis melinus have been shown to be effective in controlling
red scale, but this approach requires that broad-spectrum pesticide use (e.g., acetamiprid-Assail, Danitol-
fenpropathrin, or cyfluthrin-Baythroid for the control of pests such as citrus thrips and katydids in spring
or citricola scale in summer) be minimized. Avoid multiple applications of these broad-spectrum
insecticides using the information in these Guidelines to choose the most selective tactic available. Careful
management of these two scales in the San Joaquin Valley may allow them to be managed by resident and
augmented natural enemy populations.
Biological Control
The parasitic wasps, Aphytis melinus and A. lingnanensis (coastal areas) and Comperiella bifasciata (San
Joaquin Valley), play an important role in controlling California red scale but their effectiveness depends on
California Red Scale and Yellow Scale (9/08) 40
careful monitoring and use of selective insecticides for other pests. Several insect predators also feed on
California red scale including the lady beetles Rhyzobius (Lindorus) lophanthae, Chilocorus orbus, and C. cacti.
To enhance the effectiveness of all natural enemies, use pesticides only when their need is indicated by
careful monitoring, use the most selective insecticides available, and treat only portions of the orchard
where red or yellow scale populations exceed the threshold.
Parasite Releases. Releases of mass-reared Aphytis melinus parasites can be useful in groves with
insufficient biological control. Keep in mind that pesticide residues on leaves may have a detrimental effect
on released Aphytis parasites. Test for possible toxicity by putting ten to twelve 1-year-old twigs with leaves
in a gallon jar with Aphytis parasites for 24 hours and checking their mortality. If more than 35% have died,
residues are too high for Aphytis releases. Also, prepare a control jar filled with untreated leaves for
comparison of Aphytis vigor.
• In the San Joaquin Valley, recommended release rates are 100,000 parasites per acre per year for
orchards undergoing the transition to an integrated pest management program. Begin releases about
March 1, making releases of 5,000 to 10,000 parasites per acre every 2 weeks with the objective of
releasing 50% of the parasites during the critical spring period, 25% more in summer, and 25% more in
fall. Suspend releases when second and third instar scale are not available (normally mid-June to mid-
July). Continue releases through mid-November. Concentrate later releases in areas in the block known
to have higher red scale densities. Once a grove has moved through the transition period (2 to 4 years),
the total number of parasites released per acre may be reduced to 50,000 to 70,000. A suggested release
method is to hold the release cup upright and tap it to release a few Aphytis at every sixth tree in every
sixth row.
• In southern California where natural Aphytis populations are generally higher, releases are often not
necessary or need to be made only infrequently; one to four releases of about 10,000 per acre at 2-week
intervals in April and May should be sufficient in these areas. Annual Aphytis releases in southern
California are needed in particular on young trees, on grapefruit and lemon trees, and in fall if biological
control is not working effectively.
Control ants, particularly the Argentine ant in southern California and the native gray ant in the San
Joaquin Valley, because they disrupt red scale parasites. Excessive dust that coats the leaves and fruit,
including dust from manure mulches as well as whitewash and kaolin clays interferes with parasitism and
should be minimized or delayed until the end of the season when Aphytis has completed its work. In
addition, fine, talc-sized particles of ash from nearby brush fires can also disrupt biological control.
Watering roads and washing trees can help solve these problems. Heavy fogs, drizzle, or rain can also help
by either removing dust and ash particles or causing them to adhere to the leaf surface.

Biological control and organically approved petroleum oil sprays (e.g. PureSpray Green [NR 440]), Aphytis
releases, as well as postharvest high pressure washing in the packinghouse are acceptable for use on
organically certified citrus.
Resistance
In the San Joaquin Valley, a number of populations of armored scale have been found to be resistant to the
organophosphates chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) and methidathion (Supracide) and to the carbamate carbaryl
(Sevin). Scales have not developed resistance to oil sprays or insect growth regulators (buprofezin -
Applaud), but observations indicate that resistance to pyriproxyfen (Esteem) may be developing. In
orchards where resistance is a severe problem, avoid using organophosphates and carbamates, and instead
release Aphytis melinus wasps or treat the orchard with buprofezin (Applaud), oil, pyriproxyfen (Esteem),
or spirotetramat (Movento).
Selectivity
Oil is the most selective pesticide available for control of armored scale insects. Oil only kills natural
enemies that it contacts and slightly suppresses beneficial mite populations. However, the residues do not
persist and Aphytis wasps can be released soon after treatments. As with all insecticides, use oil only when
needed because oil treatments will eliminate the younger scale instars and thus synchronize development
of the scale population. This makes parasitism by Aphytis more difficult, because they prefer to deposit their
eggs in third instar scale and after an oil treatment this stage may be absent for a period of time because
their life cycle is about twice as fast as that of the red scale.

The insect growth regulators pyriproxyfen (Esteem) and buprofezin (Applaud) are safe for parasitic wasps,
predatory mites, spiders, and lacewings but are quite toxic to vedalia beetles, which are needed for cottony
cushion scale control. Spirotetramat (Movento) is very safe for parasitic wasps and vedalia beetles but is
toxic to predatory mites.
The organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are the least selective insecticides. If adult Aphytis wasps
are placed in a jar with leaves that were sprayed in the field with the dilute rate needed for California red
scale control, chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) residues are toxic to adult Aphytis for 3 to 6 weeks, methidathion
(Supracide) affects adults for 9 weeks, and carbaryl (Sevin) affects adults for 5 months after the treatment.

In the San Joaquin Valley, citrus growers use pheromone traps to monitor male scale during the first (May),
second (June-July), and fourth (Sept.-Oct.) flights of male scale. Degree-days are used to estimate when
these flights are occurring. Generally, when an average of more than 1,000 scale are trapped during the
fourth flight and fruit is infested with scale at harvest, treatment is planned for the next season. The goal is
to maintain California red scale populations at levels that do not result in more than 10 scale per fruit at
harvest.
Pheromone cards are not reliable predictors of scale populations in Aphytis-release orchards, because
Aphytis prefers to parasitize female scales and the male scale numbers can be very high when the female
population is low. Pheromone cards are also not reliable predictors of red scale populations when insect
growth regulators are used because the males are more sensitive to these insecticides than the females, and
so the cards underestimate the scale population.
Weekly pheromone trap monitoring. Select 5 to 6 orchards that have a known population of red scales to
monitor every week so that you can determine when flights are occurring and time your sprays.
Put out pheromone traps beginning in March before the 1st flight. Change the sticky cards weekly and the
pheromone caps monthly through October. Use two to four pheromone traps per 10-acre block; add two
traps for each additional 10 acres.
Pheromone trap monitoring by flight. In the remaining orchards, use pheromone traps to determine areas
of heavy scale infestation.
• Hang the traps with a fresh lure just before the predicted 1st, 2nd, and 4th flights: for the first flight this
is March 1, for the second flight it is at 1,100 degree-days after the biofix of the first male flight, and the
fourth flight at 3,300 degree-days from biofix.
• Use two to four pheromone traps per 10-acre block; add two traps for each additional 10 acres.
• Remove traps at the end of each flight and count scales (or estimate based on counting the scales inside
the squares [20%] and multiplying by 5).
• Record results (example formavailable online). These traps will tell you which areas of the block have
heavy infestations. If the 4th flight is heavy (more than 1,000 scales per card), and fruit is infested with
scale at harvest, plan to treat during the next season.
Examining fruit. In all orchards, whether Aphytis wasps are released or not, conduct visual inspections of
citrus fruit once a month during August, September, and October. Walk around 20 trees in each quadrant of
the block, and record the number of fruit examined along with the numberof fruit with noticeable patches
(10 or more) of scales (example form available online). Calculate the percentage of fruit with more than 10
scale.
Bin counts. At harvest, look at the fruit on the surface of at least 10 bins from areas throughout the block,
and count the number of uninfested and scale-infested fruit. Calculate the percentage of fruit with scale. At
the same time you can estimate the percentage of citrus thrips, katydid, cutworm, and peelminer-damaged
fruit.
Detailed evaluations of parasitism in Aphytis-release blocks. In orchards where biological control agents
such as Aphytis and Comperiella wasps are used to control scale, visually monitor all stages of scales on
twigs, fruit, and leaves in August, September, and October.
• Collect 10 scale-infested fruit (preferably from different areas of the block). Do not take more than one
to two fruit per tree, avoiding trees in the outside rows.

Record the number of second- and third-instar red scales and the number of these that are parasitized
(example form available online). To determine if a scale is parasitized, flip the cover over and search for
Aphytis eggs, larvae, and pupae or Comperiella larvae and pupae.
• Calculate the percentage parasitism by dividing the number parasitized by the total number of 2nd and
3rd instar scales examined. If biological control is functioning properly, you should see percent
parasitism increase from just a few percent in August to a high percentage in October.
Guidelines for determining when parasitism is at sufficient levels vary growing region, cultivar, and
whether or not fruit are sent to a packinghouse that employs high pressure washers to remove scale.
• In the San Joaquin Valley, effective biological control of California red scale and yellow scale is
achieved if by mid- to late October more than 70% of the third-instar female scale are parasitized either
by Aphytis or Comperiella. A good proportion (50%) of large second-instar females and second-instar
males should also be parasitized.
• In interior southern California, if parasitization with Aphytis melinus is poor (e.g., by the end of
September, monitoring reveals more than 15 to 20% healthy, unparasitized third-instar female scale),
treatment is recommended. If parasitization is good (e.g., by late September to early October there is
almost no survivorship of third-instar female scale and parasitism of second-instar male and female
scale is greater than 50%), treatment is not required unless infestations by live scale reach 25 to 40% of
the fruit. These thresholds can be increased as high pressure washers are used more frequently in citrus
packinghouses to remove scale from fruit.
• In coastal areas, biological control of California red scale on oranges is complete and treatments are
generally not required. Biological control of California red scale on lemons is substantial, but
occasionally a treatment is required to reduce population levels. Maintain a few pheromone traps all
year in key areas to determine when red scale flights are occurring and when to apply treatments. In
orchards with California red scale populations on scaffold limbs, visually inspect fruit to determine if
treatments are necessary, paying special attention to the presence of mature females (which indicates
they have escaped parasitism). Generally, if parasitization is adequate, treat only if more than 15% of
the fruit is infested. If parasitization is low, reduce the threshold to 10%.
Insecticide treatments. Organophosphates and carbamates. Time organophosphate and carbamate insecticide
sprays to treat the crawler stage, which peaks about 555 degree-days (accumulated above a 53°F threshold)
or about 1 to 3 weeks after the peak in the male flight. (For assistance in calculating degree-days, see
"Degree-days" on the UC IPM Web site at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.) Optimal treatment timing varies from
year to year because of temperature, but usually occurs in May (first generation) or July (second
generation).
An even more reliable method of timing organophosphate or carbamate treatments is to monitor for
crawlers by wrapping sticky tape around 1-year-old branches (about 0.5 inch diameter) that have both gray
and green wood and are infested with live female scales. Always back up pheromone trap count decisions
with inspection of twigs, leaves, and fruit for female and immature scale.
Insect growth regulators. Apply pyriproxyfen and buprofezin sprays after crawlers have completely emerged
and become white caps because these insect growth regulators will kill the scale when it tries to molt to the
next stage. Optimal timing for insect growth regulators is the second generation of scale (June–July) in
order to protect vedalia beetle during the time it is controlling cottony cushion scale (Feb.–May).
Lipid synthesis inhibitors. Make a foliar application of the systemic spirotetramat (Movento) between the
second male flight (1100 DD after the first male flight) and the third male flight (2200 DD). The systemic
action of Movento takes some time, but it is active against all scale stages so precision of treatment timing is
not as important as application technique.

Oils. Oils can be effective against California red scale if coverage is thorough. They also have the advantage
of being relatively less damaging to natural enemy populations than other insecticides. However, special
care must be taken to avoid applying dilute applications of oil at times when it can damage fruit and leaves
or reduce populations of natural enemies. Treatments after October 1 carry some risk of increasing frost
damage. To avoid phytotoxicity and impact on yield, time oil sprays according to the following guideline:
Type of narrow Application times to avoid tree injury
1
Varieties range oil Central areas Southern areas
Grapefruit 415 or 440 July - Sept. Aug. - Oct.
Lemons 415 or 440 Aug. - Sept. Apr. - May or Sept. - Nov.
2 2
Navels 415 July - Sept. Aug. - Sept.
2 2
440 or 455 July - Aug. Aug.
2 2
Valencias 415 July - Sept. July 15 - Sept.
2 2
440 or 455 July - Aug. Aug.
1
See labels for citrus varieties not listed.
2
Treatment can also be made from Feb. 15 - 50% bloom, but to avoid tree injury at this time, use only the low
concentration (1.2%).
impact.
A. APHYTIS MELINUS# 5,000–10,000/release/acre — —
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (armored scales); Natural enemies: none
PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless broad-spectrum pesticide used; Natural enemies: none
COMMENTS: In San Joaquin Valley, release a total of 50,000 to 100,000 parasites/acre/year for orchards in
transition; 60,000–70,000/year thereafter. In southern California and coastal areas, release a total of 10,000–
40,000/year. If possible, make parasite releases at or just before a male flight so that the parasites can attack
unmated female scales.
B. NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 92%)
(415, 440) 1.2–1.4% (TC) 4 when dry
. . . or . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 99%)
(415, 435, 440, 455) 1.2–1.4% (TC) 4 when dry
COMMENTS: Apply higher rate of narrow range oil in July or Aug. only. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray
oil is preferable in the Central Valley during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of
phytotoxicity increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Caution: Serious hazards
are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for
preharvest interval.
C. BUPROFEZIN
(Applaud) 70DF 35-46 oz/acre (TC) 12 3
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (scales, whiteflies); Natural enemies: predatory beetles
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Toxic to vedalia beetles. Most effective if applied after peak emergence of
the first generation of crawlers. Apply after the crawlers have settled down and formed white caps. Slow-
acting; this product does not kill the scale until they molt, so decline of the population is usually not observed
until the next generation. No more than 2 applications/season and allow 60 days between applications.
D. PYRIPROXYFEN
(Esteem) 0.86 EC 16 oz/acre (TC or LV) 12 1
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (armored scale insects); Natural enemies: predatory beetles
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Toxic to vedalia beetles. Do not apply until the second generation of scale
crawler activity (1800 DD after the biofix of first male flight). This is to allow the vedalia beetle time between
March-June to eliminate cottony cushion scale populations. This application timing may not prevent scale from
infesting fruit. Apply after the crawlers have settled down and formed whitecaps. This product does not kill the
scale until they molt, so decline of the populations is usually not observed until the next generation. No more
than 1 application/season.

E. SPIROTETRAMAT
(Movento) 10 oz/acre (see comments) 24 1
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (mites, thrips, leafminers, aphids, armored scales); Natural enemies:
predatory mites
PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: short
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply until just before the second generation of scale crawler
activity. Apply in 500 gallons/acre for best activity. Allow 1-2 weeks for systemic movement through the plant.
No more than 2 applications/season applied at least 21 days apart. Must be applied with an adjuvant to
improve penetration. Do not apply before bloom, during bloom, or 10 days after petal fall. Toxic to predatory
mites but nontoxic to Aphytis or vedalia beetles.
F. CHLORPYRIFOS*
...or...
6–12 pt/acre (LV)
PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: intermediate (low rates),
long (high rates)
RESISTANCE: Some California red scale and yellow scale and some Euseius tularensis populations in the San
Joaquin Valley.
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties; however, it may cause ridging in lemons. Apply thorough coverage
spray in 1,200–1,600 gal/acre; do not apply during daylight hours of bloom period or exceed 12
pt/acre/application or 15 pt/acre/year of chlorpyrifos; no more than 2 applications/fruit year, and no closer
than 30 days apart. P.H.I. is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre. Do not apply during Dec.,
Jan., or Feb. See label for additional restrictions. Rates greater than 8 pt/acre are allowed only in Fresno, Tulare,
Kern, Kings, Stanislaus, and Madera counties.
G. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 1–1.2 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5
RESISTANCE: Some California red scale and some Euseius tularensis populations in the San Joaquin Valley.
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply when crawlers are present. Do not apply during bloom or exceed
25 lb/acre/crop. Do not make more than one application/season. May increase citrus red mite populations.
H. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 0.4 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.5–1.4% 4 when dry
RESISTANCE: In some California red scale and yellow scale populations in the San Joaquin Valley to carbaryl.
Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May increase citrus red mite populations. Caution:
check label for preharvest interval.


I. METHIDATHION*
(Supracide) 25WP 1 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days 14
...or...
RESISTANCE: Some California red scale and yellow scale populations in the San Joaquin Valley.
applications/fruit year, 45 days apart for dilute (TC); only 1 application allowed for low-volume (LV) sprays.
Low-volume application is available under a Special Local Needs permit. May increase citrus red mite
populations.
J. METHIDATHION*
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.5–1.4% 4 when dry
RESISTANCE: Some California red scale and yellow scale populations in the San Joaquin Valley to
methidathion.
Some California red scale population resistance in San Joaquin Valley. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 40
lb methidathion/acre/season or 2 applications/fruit year, 45 days apart. May increase citrus red mites.
Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after
sweating; check label for preharvest interval. For lemons, do not exceed 10 lb/acre or apply more than
once/season when tank-mixed with oil.

1

CITRICOLA SCALE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Coccus pseudomagnoliarum

Citricola scale is a soft scale. Crawlers of the citricola scale appear from June through August. They settle
primarily on the underside of leaves, but in severe infestations they also settle on the upper leaf surface
and on twigs, rarely on fruit. Young scales are flat and almost translucent; they grow slowly over the
course of the summer and fall, molting only once during that period. By November, immature scales turn a
mottled dark brown color and begin migrating to twigs; this migration peaks in February and March. Once
on twigs, they develop faster than they did on leaves and they turn a gray color. By late April, citricola
scales molt and mature into the adult female stage. Females lay 1,000 to 1,500 eggs during the time from
early May to early August. Eggs hatch after 2 to 3 days and crawlers move to leaves. There is only one
generation a year, and there are no males.
Brown soft scale, another soft scale that is similar to citricola scale, may be found in the same areas as
citricola scale but it has multiple generations and its colonies are composed of mixed instars and adults.
DAMAGE
Citricola scale can be a serious pest of citrus in the San Joaquin Valley. A severe infestation may reduce tree
vigor, kill twigs, and reduce flowering and fruit set. As they feed, citricola scale excrete honeydew, which
accumulates on leaves and fruit. Sooty mold grows on honeydew and interferes with photosynthesis in
leaves and causes fruit to be downgraded in quality during packing.
MANAGEMENT
Citricola scale is completely controlled by Metaphycus and Coccophagus parasites in southern California and
is almost never seen. Even though these parasites are established in the San Joaquin Valley, biological
control is not effective there, and treatments may be necessary in groves where broad-spectrum pesticides
are not regularly used to control other pests. In groves practicing biologically based pest management (e.g.,
releasing Aphytis melinus for California red scale control), growers may consider withholding broad-
spectrum citricola sprays until Aphytis activity is over in the fall (e.g., late October or November).
Biological Control
Introduced and indigenous parasitic wasps, Metaphycus angustifrons, M. luteolus, M. stanleyi, M. nietneri, M.
helvolus, and Coccophagus spp., control citricola scale in southern California. Several of these parasites occur
in the San Joaquin Valley but are unable to control citricola scale except in groves near urban areas or in
those with high populations of brown soft scale, which serves as an alternate host for the parasites when
citricola scales are not in the stage that the parasite attacks. Controlling ants will help improve biological
control.

Biological control and organically approved petroleum oil sprays, such as 440 oil PureSpray Green, are
acceptable for use in organically managed orchards.
Selectivity
Oil is the most selective pesticide available for control of citricola scale. However, oil simply reduces the
scales' overall numbers and in many cases must be applied 1-2 times every year. The organophosphates
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) and methidathion (Supracide) and the carbamate carbaryl (Sevin) are broad
spectrum and toxic to most natural enemies. Chlorpyrifos can be selective if used at a low rate (2 pt/acre)
and can more effectively reduce citricola scale than oil. A full rate of Lorsban (6–12 pt/acre) is not selective,
but it can suppress densities so effectively that another spray is not needed for 2 to 3 years. The
neonicotinoids imidacloprid (Admire, Nuprid) and acetamiprid (Assail) are fairly broad spectrum (i.e.,
toxic to most natural enemies) and will suppress citricola scale for one year. The insect growth regulator
buprofezin (Applaud) is fairly selective, but toxic to vedalia beetles, and will suppress citricola scale for
one year. The neonicotinoids should not be used in cottony cushion scale-infested orchards because they
have no effect on cottony cushion scale, but they are highly toxic to the predatory vedalia beetle and can
disrupt biological control of cottony cushion scale populations.
Resistance
In the San Joaquin Valley, a number of populations of citricola scale have been found to be resistant to the
organophosphate chlorpyrifos (Lorsban). Thus, low rates of this insecticide would be ineffective and high
rates only suppress citricola scale for a single year. Growers experiencing chlorpyrifos-resistant scale
should use the other chemicals.
Citricola Scale (9/08) 47


Citricola scale is very sensitive to organophosphates and carbamates (if not resistant) and generally does
not become a problem until growers stop using these insecticides for control of other pests. Check for
citricola scale at all times of the year when monitoring for other scales, but look especially closely at the
twigs in April and at the underside of leaves in mid- to late August.
Be sure to distinguish the citricola scale from brown soft scale. Brown soft scale has multiple generations
and all stages will be present on leaves and twigs year round, whereas citricola scale has only one
generation and is found on leaves only in the summer and fall, and the nymphs will be uniform in size.
April-May sampling. Examine one 24-inch twig on the northeast side of 10 trees in each of four rows (for a
total of 40 twigs) distributed throughout the orchard. On each twig count the number of scales and
determine the average number of scales by dividing the total number in the sample by 40. If there is more
than an average of one scale per twig and heavy production of sooty mold is occurring, the orchard may
require an immediate treatment. If the population on twigs or leaves is observable but sooty mold is not a
problem, then it is best to postpone treatments until fall when scales are small, positioned on leaves on the
outside of the tree, and generally easier to control.
August-September sampling. To sample for citricola scale in late summer, walk down four evenly spaced
rows of the block. In each row, pick one leaf from the northeast corner of 25 trees. Examine the scale on the
underside of the leaf to determine if they are alive or dead. Count the number of leaves in the 25-leaf
sample that are infested with live scale (presence-absence sampling). Record results (example form available
online). A treatment is warranted if one or more of the four rows has 13 or more leaves infested with live
citricola scale in a 25-leaf sample. If 5 to 12 leaves are infested, the population is building and should be
watched very closely. If four or fewer leaves are infested, then a treatment is not needed this season.
Alternatively, count the number of nymphs on those 100 leaves (4 rows x 25 leaves) and if there are more
than 0.5 nymphs per leaf then treatment is needed.
Treatment Timing and Relative Efficacy. If resistance is not a problem, chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) is the most
effective insecticide for citricola scale control, followed by acetamiprid (Assail), buprofezin (Applaud),
imidacloprid (Admire), and lastly oil.
Spring treatments. Assail is the only insecticide effective against adult scales in spring before petal fall.
However, it is fairly broad spectrum and at this time of year only suppresses the females. Thus, it should
not be used unless there is a severe problem that cannot wait until a summer treatment.
Summer-fall treatments. Most foliar treatments are applied during August-September because at that time of
year the female scales have died, the nymphs are small and located on the outside leaves of the tree, and
temperatures are warm, which makes the insecticides more effective. Because citricola scale are very
sensitive to organophosphates and carbamates, rates lower than those recommended for armored scale can
be effective.
Lower rates (2-3 pt chlorpyrifos [Lorsban]/acre) and delays in treatment until late October are suggested
when parasites of California red scale need to be preserved. However, lower rates may result in a shorter
period of control (1 year). Higher rates (6-12 pt chlorpyrifos [Lorsban]/acre) or application earlier in the
season (August through September) are recommended if the population of citricola scale is very high or if
California red scale must be controlled simultaneously.
Recently, some populations of citricola scale have been determined to have resistance to the
organophosphate chlorpyrifos (cross-resistance to methidathion and carbaryl is likely a problem as well).
These populations are not controlled by low rates of chlorpyrifos and high rates only suppress the
population for one year. In these situations, avoid using organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. The
insect growth regulator buprofezin (Applaud) is fairly selective (toxic only to vedalia beetles) and will
suppress citricola scale during the season that it is applied. The neonicotinoids imidacloprid (Admire,
Nuprid) and acetamiprid (Assail) are fairly broad spectrum and will suppress citricola scale for one year.
Admire and Nuprid are applied systemically in spring and the best use of Assail is in fall (September-
October) after natural enemies have completed their activities. Citricola scale populations grow more
rapidly and survive the summer better when the San Joaquin Valley experiences a cool, wet spring. When
these conditions occur, the higher rates and earlier applications (August) are more effective.


impact.
LIGHT-TO-MODERATE INFESTATION ONLY

A. NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 92%)
(415, 440) 1.2–1.4% (IC or TC) 4 when dry
. . . or . . .
(415, 435, 440, 455) 1.2–1.4% (IC or TC) 4 when dry
COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, navels, Valencias. Use higher rate for July or August applications
only. To avoid phytotoxicity, use same treatment timings as given for oil sprays for California red scale in
central California. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray oil is preferable in the Central Valley during warmer
months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity increases unless using products with 99%
unsulfonated residues (UR). Do not apply oil until hatch is complete (late July to early August). Caution:
B. BUPROFEZIN
(Applaud) 70DF 35–46 oz/acre (IC or TC) 12 3
acting; This product does not kill the scale until they molt, so decline of the population is usually not observed
MODERATE-TO-HEAVY INFESTATIONS
A. CHLORPYRIFOS*
(Lorsban) 4EC Prebloom: 1 pt/100 gal (IC or TC) 5 days see comments
Prebloom: 5–7 pt/acre (LV)
Late summer: 2–6 pt/acre (LV)
RESISTANCE: Some San Joaquin populations
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. In the prebloom period, use 1 pt/100 gal in 500 to 1,000 gal/acre; when
using the low-volume treatment at this time, thorough coverage is essential. During late summer use 1.5 pt in
100 gal/acre (LV). Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre. Do not apply
during Dec., Jan., or Feb. See label for additional restrictions.


B. IMIDACLOPRID
(Admire Pro) 7–14 fl oz/acre 12 0
(Nuprid) 1.6F 10–20 fl oz/acre 12 0
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (aphids, glassy-winged sharpshooters); Natural enemies: predatory
beetles and parasites
PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: intermediate
RESISTANCE: None
COMMENTS: Apply to soil; remains effective 4–5 months. Moderately effective against nymphs and adults.
Pre-wet soil before treatment is applied. Very toxic to bees; do not apply during bloom because bees may be
drawn to irrigation water. For optimum uptake, apply to newly planted trees or trees irrigated by drip/
microsprinkler/low-pressure irrigation systems. Emitters must provide even, uniform distribution of water.
Lightly pre-wet soil for several hours before application to break soil surface tension. Once the irrigation
system reaches operating pressure, inject the treatment into the system over a calculated time interval
(generally 2 hours) to allow uniform distribution throughout the system. The use of a dye marker in the
treatment solution is recommended to determine when lines are clear of the treatment. Once the solution has
cleared all irrigation lines and emitters, continue irrigation to move the insecticide into the active root zone but
do not overirrigate or cause runoff. Wait 24 hours before subsequent irrigations. Apply in citrus orchards May–
July. Toxic to vedalia beetle and should not be used in cottony cushion scale-infested orchards.
C. ACETAMIPRID
(Assail) 70 WP 3.4–5.7 oz/acre (IC or TC) 12 7
PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long
RESISTANCE: None
COMMENTS: Residues last for 4–6 weeks. Apply in 300-1000 gal water/acre; use higher volume if insects are
inside the canopy on the wood. Do not exceed 12.5 oz product/acre/season. Toxic to bees exposed to direct
treatment; apply only during late evening, night, or early morning. Toxic to vedalia beetle and should not be
used in cottony cushion scale-infested orchards.
D. METHIDATHION*
(Supracide) 25WP 1 lb/100 gal (IC or TC) 30 days 14
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply after bloom or at least 14 days before harvest. No more than 2
applications/year at least 45 days apart.
E. MALATHION 8 Spray 1–2 pt/100 gal (IC or TC) 24 7

COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom.
F. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 0.4 lb/100 gal (IC or TC) 12 5
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.5–1.4% 4 when dry
MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects; also improves translaminar movement
and insecticide persistence.


IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250 to 600 gal water per acre.
TC - Thorough coverage uses 750-2,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size.
1

CITRUS BUD MITE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Eriophyes sheldoni

Citrus bud mite is very small, elongated and somewhat tapered at the posterior end, and has four legs at
the front end near the mouth. Adult females lay about 50 eggs mostly in the bud scales of recent growth.
Populations peak in summer, and summer and fall blooms are most likely to suffer damage.
DAMAGE
Citrus bud mite is primarily a pest of coastal lemons but in recent years has also been found in interior
regions of southern California. The mites feed inside the buds, killing them or causing a rosettelike
growth of the subsequent foliage and distortion of flowers and fruit, which may or may not reduce yield
and/or fruit quality.
MANAGEMENT
Recent research has failed to show any consistent impact from bud mite feeding under current oil
treatment regimes, especially in Lisbon lemons and is thought to be offset by the negative phytotoxic
effects of oil. Research has also yet to be done to determine if abamectin plus oil treatments of bud mite
are economically justified. To detect bud mites before damage occurs, check buds on green angular twigs
from mid-spring to autumn. Collect one bud from each of 50 randomly chosen trees throughout the
orchard. Dissect the buds under a microscope or use a 20X hand lens to determine the percent of buds
infested with one or more live mites. As an alternative to dissecting buds, bud infestation can be
estimated from infested fruit buttons. Collect one green fruit, about 1.25 to 2 inches in diameter, from 50
trees scattered throughout the orchard. Remove the button and record whether the button or the fruit
beneath the button is infested with live bud mites. The relationship between fruit and bud infestations is
not linear, but a fruit infestation of 15 to 20% indicates a bud infestation of about 45 to 50%.
No bud mite threshold had been established; levels as high as 80% bud infestation have failed to cause
consistent or predictable economic losses. If a reduction in bud mite populations is desired, apply
treatments 2 to 3 months before the bloom that is to be protected.

impact.
A. FENBUTATIN OXIDE*
(Vendex) 50W 1–2 lb/acre (LV) 48 7
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415, 440) 10 gal/acre (LV) 4 when dry
COMMENTS: Do not apply during bloom. To help prevent development of resistance, alternate with dilute oil
sprays. Potential of phytotoxicity to leaves, especially if applied during hot weather. Caution: Serious hazards
are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for
preharvest interval.
Citrus Bud Mite (9/08) 52


B. ABAMECTIN*
and thrips
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.25–1% 4 when dry
MODE OF ACTION: Improves translaminar movement and persistence of insecticide.
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply in 500–1,000 gal/acre.
C. NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 92%)

(415, 440) 1.2–1.4% (TC) 4 when dry
. . . or . . .
(415, 435, 440, 455) 1.2–1.4% (TC) 4 when dry
COMMENTS: Can apply anytime between March and Nov. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil
treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval.
D. CHLORPYRIFOS*
(Lorsban) 4E 0.5 pt/100 gal (OC or IC) 5 days see comments
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.5–1.4% 4 when dry
COMMENTS: Addition of chlorpyrifos to dilute oil gives faster control than oil alone, but rate of control for
subsequent applications will diminish as resistance develops. It also causes thrips outbreaks, especially if used
early season, and may lead to ridging of fruit. Apply this material in Sept.-Oct. only if several pests, such as
citrus rust mite, citrus thrips, and ants, need to be controlled in addition to citrus bud mite. Do not apply
chlorpyrifos in combination with spray oil when temperatures are expected to exceed 95°F (85–90°F in coastal
areas). P.H.I. is 21 days for up to 7 pt of chlorpyrifos/acre or 35 days for rates above 7 pt/acre. Caution: Serious
hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label
for preharvest interval.
** LV - Low-volume uses 20–100 gal/acre.

IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250–600 gal/acre.
1
Citrus Bud Mite (9/08) 53

CITRUS CUTWORM (9/08)

Scientific Name: Egira (Xylomyges) curialis

Of the cutworms, generally only citrus cutworm is an economic pest. Other species, most notably the
variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia, are occasionally found on citrus but rarely cause economic
damage.
Citrus cutworm has only one generation a year. The grayish citrus cutworm moths emerge from early
January to the end of April, with peak emergence during March. After mating, female moths lay their
round, milky-white eggs mainly on the upper side of new leaves in clusters of 40 to 225. In a few days
eggs turn dark in color as larvae develop inside; they hatch in 5 to 10 days. Young larvae are usually light
green in the first three instars and pinkish or brown in the fourth and fifth. All but the youngest larvae
have a whitish stripe along each side of the body. The skin appears smooth to the naked eye; it does not
have conspicuous hairs or tubercles. When disturbed, older larvae curl up and drop to the ground.
Larvae mature in 3 to 6 weeks; the greatest number of larvae is usually found from mid-March to the first
of May, but sometimes even later. Mature larvae drop to the ground and pupate in soil. Pupae remain
dormant until the following spring.
DAMAGE
Damage by citrus cutworm can be substantial because they feed on young fruit. In addition, larvae of the
citrus cutworm move around while feeding, usually taking a few bites from numerous leaves, blossoms,
or fruit. Young larvae feed mostly on the edges of tender leaves; older larvae eat holes through leaves and
blossoms and into fruit. A smaller number of citrus cutworms cause more damage than larger numbers of
other caterpillars because they are larger and move throughout the tree during feeding. After petal fall,
young fruit often have feeding scars; maturing fruit are rarely attacked.
MANAGEMENT
Citrus cutworm is not a pest in all orchards or every year, and populations have declined in the San
Joaquin Valley with the shift from organophosphate insecticides to insect growth regulators for scale
control and spinosad (Entrust, Success) for citrus thrips control. Natural enemies play a significant role in
reducing cutworm numbers and their presence should be preserved by selecting the most specific (those
that are only toxic to a narrow range of insects and mites) treatment materials. Treatments may be
necessary during bloom and when fruit are young if monitoring indicates a need.
Biological Control
Two parasites attack citrus cutworm larvae and are highly effective in reducing the next year's
population. Ophion sp., a parasitic wasp, attacks cutworms just before they are ready to mature.
Parasitized larvae pupate in the soil where they are consumed by the parasite larvae.
Another parasitic wasp, Banchus sp., also attacks cutworm larvae. In some groves, a fungal pathogen has
been found to infect and kill up to 25% of the pupae.

Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis are acceptable for use on organically certified citrus.
Selectivity
The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticides, both the aizawai and kurstaki strains, are toxic only to caterpillar
pests. The stomach poison cryolite is specific to foliage-feeding pests. These insecticides are relatively
nontoxic to parasites that attack the caterpillars and to beneficial insects and mites that feed on other
citrus pests. Broad-spectrum organophosphates (chlorpyrifos-Lorsban) and carbamates (methomyl-
Lannate) are disruptive to many of the beneficial insects and mites. Some populations of the beneficial
mite, Euseius tularensis, show resistance to chlorpyrifos, so this is the least toxic of the broad-spectrum
pesticides.

Male moths of citrus cutworm can be monitored using a synthetic female pheromone-treated lure in a
bucket trap with a no-pest strip inside to kill the moths. One trap per 10-acre orchard is sufficient. Place
Citrus Cutworm (9/08) 54
the trap in the orchard on January 15 and check the bucket for moths each week. This trap can be used to
predict when the larvae will emerge so that larval sampling begins at the right time and selective
insecticide treatments can be applied when larvae are young. Using a lower developmental threshold of
46°F and a biofix of the second week of consecutive moth flight in January, begin sampling for larvae at
250 degree days. You will see larvae emerging at about 350-400 degree-days after the biofix.
Monitor larvae using a time search method (number of larvae per hour search) or by shaking the foliage
into a sweep net. Before petal fall, the thresholds are 40 larvae per hour search and 10 to 15 larvae per 25
net shakes. During or after petal fall, the cutworm can cause more damage and the thresholds drop to 10
to 15 larvae per hour search and 3 to 5 larvae per 25 net shakes.
Monitor orchards weekly from early to mid-April through post petal fall. The most critical period is late
bloom until the end of petal fall when cutworm larvae are attracted to the small developing fruit. If
populations begin to approach the threshold during this period, monitor twice weekly until the
population pupates.
Selective insecticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis or cryolite are slow acting because they are stomach
poisons and require warm weather so that the larvae are actively feeding. These pesticides are most
effective when applied about 400-500 degrees after moths begin flying, when the population consists
primarily of 1st and 2nd instar larvae.

impact.
A. BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. AIZAWAI#

(various products) Label rate (OC) 4 0
. . . or . . .
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. KURSTAKI#
(various products) Label rate (OC) 4 0
B. CRYOLITE
(Kryocide) 96 WP 8–20 lb/acre (OC)
COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger worms and larger trees. Slow-acting stomach
poison that may take several days of warm weather to kill worms. Use reduced wind velocity and a speed of 3
mph. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season.
C. CHLORPYRIFOS*
(Lorsban) 4E 1–2 qt/acre (OC or A) 5 days 21
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply more than twice/fruit year or make applications less than 30
days apart. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise.


D. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) XLR Plus 2 qt/acre (OC) 12 5
before sunrise. XLR Plus formulation is less toxic to honey bees than the 80S formulation when direct application
to bees is avoided, and the spray residues have dried. Check with your local county agricultural commissioner
regarding application restrictions during the bloom period.
E. NALED
apply during bloom. R.E.I. is 2 days for 1 pt or less/acre; 3 days for more than 1 pt.
F. METHOMYL*
(Lannate LV) 2.4 1.5–3 pt/acre (OC or A) 3 days 1
G. CARBARYL*
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom.

1

CITRUS FLAT MITE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Brevipalpus lewisi

The flat mite is a minor pest of citrus in the desert regions and interior valleys. The adult is much smaller
than the citrus red mite, is flat, and often appears salmon colored but varies in color. The flat mite is
usually a secondary invader, feeding on rind tissue damaged by leafhopper feeding, thrips feeding or
oviposition, or wind.
DAMAGE
Citrus flat mite feeding results in a scabbing of the injury caused by thrips and leafhoppers, which would
otherwise disappear as the fruit change color. The flat mite is fairly heat tolerant, so populations persist
during the hot summer.
MANAGEMENT
No treatment thresholds have been established. Treat when high mite levels appear and monitoring for
fruit scarring indicates a need.

impact.
A. WETTABLE SULFUR# 60 lb/acre (OC or IC) 24 0

COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply from Oct. thru May when monitoring indicates a need. Do not
apply more than 6 lb/100 gal water. Do not apply during or preceding high temperatures. Do not apply sulfur
within 2 months of a previous oil spray, and do not apply oil 60–90 days after a sulfur treatment. Not
recommended for use in the San Joaquin Valley.
B. SPIRODICLOFEN
when horticultural spray oil is not used, and 18-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when it is. Treatments without oil are
most effective.
C. DICOFOL
(Kelthane MF) 4EC 0.4 pt/100 gal (OC or IC) 12 7
MODE OF ACTION: UNC
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Closed application system required with this material. Can cause
secondary outbreaks of citrus red mites. Do not exceed 6 pt/acre.
** OC - Outside coverage uses 100-250 gal water/acre.

1
Citrus Flat Mite (9/08) 57

CITRUS LEAFMINER (9/08)

Scientific Name: Phyllocnistis citrella

Citrus leafminer is a very small, light colored moth that arrived in southern California from Mexico in
2000. Citrus leafminer has been moving northward in backyard and commercial citrus since that time and
now infests citrus in southern and central California.
Adult citrus leafminers are tiny moths about 2 mm long (less than 0.12 inch) with a wingspan of about 4
mm (or about 0.25 inch). They have silvery and white iridescent forewings with brown and white
markings and a distinct black spot on each wing tip. Moths are most active from dusk to early morning
and spend the day resting on the undersides of leaves, but are rarely observed. Soon after emerging from
the pupal case, the female emits a sex pheromone that attracts males. Females lay eggs singly on the
underside of leaves. Newly emerged leaflets (flush), particularly along the midvein, are the preferred
oviposition site.
Eggs hatch about 4-5 days after being laid and newly hatched larvae begin feeding immediately in
shallow, meandering mines in the leaves. As a larva increases in size, the mine becomes more visible and
larval excrement forms a thin, central frass trail within the mine. Larvae molt 4 times over a 1 to 3 week
period. Mature larvae pupate within the mine, rolling the edge of the leaf and protecting the pupa with
silk. The entire life cycle of the insect takes 2 to 7 weeks to complete, depending on temperature and
weather conditions. The activities of citrus leafminer vary somewhat with location in the state because of
differences in climatic conditions and flushing of citrus trees. In general, citrus leafminer is active from
mid-summer through fall and early winter.
The citrus peelminer, a small moth that attacks citrus, differs from citrus leafminer because its larval
stages do not leave a frass trail in the mine, and it attacks stems and fruit rather than new flush leaves.
Also, the peelminer pupa has decorative balls on its cocoon whereas leafminer pupae are found in the
curled edge of a leaf and lack decorative balls.
DAMAGE
Citrus leafminer larvae feed by creating shallow tunnels, referred to as mines, in young leaves. It is most
commonly found on citrus (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes, grapefruit and other varieties) and closely
related plants (kumquat and calamondin). The larvae mine the lower or upper surface of the leaves
causing them to curl and look distorted. Mature citrus trees (more than 4 years old) generally tolerate leaf
damage without any effect on tree growth or fruit yield. Citrus leafminer is likely to cause damage in
nurseries and new plantings because the growth of young trees is retarded by leafminer infestations.
However, even when infestations of citrus leafminer are heavy on young trees, trees are unlikely to die.
In Florida, citrus leafminer creates openings that allow for entry of citrus bacterial canker into the tree
resulting in infection. Citrus bacterial canker is not found in California. Annual surveys for citrus
bacterial canker are conducted by the State of California, and other regulations are in place to exclude its
introduction.
MANAGEMENT
Mature Citrus Orchards (more than 4 years old). While the new flush of mature trees may be heavily
damaged by citrus leafminer and look unsightly, yield and tree growth of most varieties will be
unaffected. Therefore, insecticide treatments are generally not needed for mature citrus orchards. The
exception to this is coastal lemons, which have multiple growth flushes. Citrus leafminer damage
weakens leaves, making them more susceptible to wind damage and other pests; studies are underway to
determine if yield is also affected. Worldwide, citrus leafminer populations are fairly well controlled by
parasitic wasps. However, citrus leafminer has only recently entered the state of California and parasites
are not uniformly present or active in all regions where citrus leafminer has recently established.
Whenever possible, do not spray citrus with broad-spectrum insecticides and avoid other practices that
disrupt natural enemies whenever possible to encourage natural enemies. Citrus peelminer and leafminer
share many of the same parasites including Cirrospilus and Pnigalio species.
Young Citrus Orchards (less than 4 years old). Because citrus leafminer can retard the growth of young
trees, apply insecticides to nursery citrus trees and new plantings of citrus. Imidacloprid (Admire or
Citrus Leafminer (9/08) 58
Nuprid) applied through the irrigation for young trees or to the soil of potted citrus provides the longest
period of control (1 to 3 months). The length of control depends on tree spacing and soil and irrigation
conditions. Time applications of Admire or Nuprid to protect periods of flushing.
Foliar insecticides suppress citrus leafminer for shorter periods of time (several weeks) compared to
Admire or Nuprid. Foliar treatments are effective for only 2 to 3 weeks because citrus leafminer adults
lay eggs on new flush growth that was not present at the time of treatment. Oil has been shown to work
as a temporary oviposition deterrent in nursery settings but should be used with care to avoid
phytotoxicity. Diflubenzuron (Micromite) is effective primarily against eggs and larval stages.
Cultural Control
Citrus leafminer moths are attracted to new flush of citrus trees. Avoid pruning live branches more than
once a year, so that the cycles of flushing are uniform and short. Once the leaves harden, the pest will not
be able to mine the leaves. Do not prune off leaves damaged by citrus leafminer because undamaged
areas of the leaves continue to produce food for the tree. Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer at times of the
year when leafminer populations are high and flush growth will be severely damaged.
Vigorous shoots known as water sprouts often develop on branches and above the graft union on the
trunk of mature trees. These shoots grow rapidly and produce new leaves for a prolonged period of time.
Where citrus leafminer is a problem, remove water sprouts that might act as a site for the moths to lay
eggs (oviposition). Always remove suckers, the vigorous shoots that grow from the trunk below the graft
union, because they originate from the rootstock and do not produce desirable fruit.
Monitoring
Traps baited with a pheromone (insect sex attractant) are available for citrus leafminer and are a useful
tool for determining when moths are flying and depositing eggs. Hang a trap containing the pheromone
inside a citrus tree at about chest height during March through November. Follow the manufacturer's
recommendations for maintaining the trap, such as the frequency with which pheromones should be
replaced. Use one pheromone trap per 5 acres. Check the traps weekly for moths. Citrus leafminer moths
may be captured in traps almost any time during the growing season. However, this species is most
abundant when citrus is flushing in the summer and fall months. These traps will help you determine
when male flights are occurring and when to time insecticide applications if they are needed. Ovicides
such as oil or diflubenzuron (Micromite) should be applied during peak flights of moths.

impact.
A. IMIDACLOPRID
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (aphids, glassy-winged sharpshooters); Natural enemies: predatory beetles
and parasites
COMMENTS: An important treatment for nurseries and the first two years after citrus is planted. Apply to soil;
remains effective 1 to 3 months. Moderately effective against mining larvae. Requires 3 to 4 weeks for uptake into
mature citrus and less in smaller trees. Pre-wet soil before treatment is applied. Very toxic to bees; do not apply
during bloom because bees may be drawn to irrigation water. For optimum uptake, apply to newly planted trees
or trees irrigated by drip/microsprinkler/low-pressure irrigation systems. Emitters must provide even, uniform
distribution of water. Lightly pre-wet soil for several hours before application to break soil surface tension. Once
the irrigation system reaches operating pressure, inject the treatment into the system over a calculated time interval
(generally 2 hours) to allow uniform distribution throughout the system. The use of a dye marker in the treatment
solution is recommended to determine when lines are clear of the treatment. Once the solution has cleared all
irrigation lines and emitters, continue irrigation to move the insecticide into the active root zone but do not
overirrigate or cause runoff. Wait 24 hours before subsequent irrigations. Apply in citrus orchards 1 month before
trees begin to flush. Allows most natural enemies to survive, except vedalia beetles. Do not use where cottony
cushion scale is a problem.


B. METHOXYFENOZIDE
(Intrepid) 2F 6–12 fl oz/acre 4 NA
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (caterpillars); Natural enemies: few
COMMENTS: For use on nonbearing trees only (including nurseries). Use allowed under a Supplemental Label.
C. ABAMECTIN*
(Agri-Mek, etc.) 10 fl oz/acre (OC) 12 7
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (citrus thrips, mites, leafminers); Natural enemies: predatory mites &
thrips
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE 415 OIL 1% 4 when dry
MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects; also improves translaminar movement and
insecticide persistence.
Comments: Apply in 50–200 gal water/acre. Do not apply prebloom, during bloom, in nurseries, or on nonbearing
trees. To avoid potential phytotoxicity of oil to the fruit, do not apply 30 days before or after a sulfur application
and do not apply to small fruit (less than 1 inch in diameter) on a day when the ambient temperature has or is
expected to exceed 95°F or when the relative humidity has or is expected to drop below 20%. Use ground
application at 3 mph with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage. Apply no more than 1
application of abamectin plus oil/season.
D. ACETAMIPRID
(Assail) 70WP 1.7–2.9 oz/acre (OC) 12 7
COMMENTS: Can be used on nursery stock for commercial plantings. Repeat applications of any neonicotinoid
insecticides (acetamiprid-Assail: imidacloprid-Admire, Provado) can lead to resistance to all neonicotinoids.
Alternate neonicotinoids with an insecticide that has a different mode of action Group number to help delay the
development of resistance.
E. NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 92%)

(415, 440) 1% (OC) 4 when dry
. . . or . . .
(415, 435, 440, 455) 1% (OC) 4 when dry
COMMENTS: Oils will kill eggs laid on leaves, but have only a mildly suppressive effect on larvae.
F. DIFLUBENZURON*
(Micromite) 80 WSG 3.125–6.25 oz/acre (OC) 12 21
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (katydids, peelminer, leafminer, grasshoppers); Natural enemies:
predatory beetles
COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing treatments for peaks in moth flights is important because
Micromite is effective primarily against the egg stage of the leafminer. There is a limit of 6.25 oz per 90 day period
or 18.75 oz per year. Do not apply within 25 feet of bodies of water. Suppresses citrus leafminer for several weeks.
. . . PLUS . . .


NARROW RANGE 415 OIL 0.5–1.4% 4 when dry

COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing treatments for peaks in moth flights is important because
Micromite is effective primarily against the egg stage of the leafminer. There is a limit of 6.25 oz per 90 day period
or 18.75 oz per year. Do not apply within 25 feet of bodies of water. Suppresses citrus leafminer for several weeks.
G. AZADIRACHTIN
(Neemix 4.5) 4–7 oz/acre (OC) 12 0
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (whiteflies, aphids, leafminers, caterpillars); Natural enemies: few
COMMENTS: Short residual, requires repeated applications every 14-21 days.

1
NA Not applicable; registered for nonbearing trees only.

CITRUS PEELMINER (9/08)

Scientific Name: Marmara gulosa

Citrus peelminer is a pest of susceptible citrus varieties in the Coachella and San Joaquin valleys. The San
Joaquin Valley strain is genetically related to a strain from Mexico and probably arrived on infested fruit
during 1998-99. Adult moths deposit eggs on stems and fruit of citrus and neighboring crops. A small larva
hatches from the egg and begins feeding on the rind of the fruit just below the egg shell. As the larva grows,
it molts four to seven times and mines the stem or fruit creating a winding tunnel that grows wider as the
larva gets larger. Just before pupation, the larva changes to a pink form with spinning mouthparts. The
pink stage larva leaves the mine and spins a flat cocoon on a twig, leaf, or fruit. It decorates the cocoon with
silk balls and then pupates. There is no overwintering stage; the insect continues development throughout
the year, but the length of a generation is shorter during warm temperatures. There are 6-8 generations a
year occurring at about monthly intervals from May to November.
The citrus leafminer, a small moth that attacks citrus, differs from citrus peelminer because its larval
stages leave a frass trail in the mine and it attacks only new flush leaves rather than stems and fruit. The
leafminer pupa is found in the curled edge of a leaf and lacks the decorative balls that the peelminer
creates.
DAMAGE
Larvae form mines on the surface of the fruit. Grapefruit, pummelo, and certain smooth-skinned navel
varieties (Fukumoto, Atwood, TI) are most susceptible to damage, but the peelminer can attack any
variety. Susceptible varieties can suffer 5-80% fruit damage, while nonsusceptible varieties rarely
experience more than 3% damaged fruit. Under heavy infestations, peelminers will mine the leaves, but
this is rare. Damage to fruit is cosmetic but one mine can render it unacceptable for fresh market. This
pest can attack many different crops: grapes, cotton, beans, stone fruits, nuts, ornamentals (willows and
oleander), various vegetables, and weeds. Susceptible varieties of citrus are at higher risk for damage if
located next to crops where peelminer populations build up (cotton and beans). Because citrus peelminer
is usually not an economic problem in the neighboring crops, it is rarely controlled in those crops. When
those crops reach maturity and begin to dry, the moths emerge and move into neighboring citrus.
MANAGEMENT
Future management of this pest will likely rely primarily on biological control and cultural practices
unless an effective pesticide can be found. Pesticides are only somewhat effective against peelminer
because of the difficulty in obtaining good spray coverage of the fruit and penetration of the pesticides
into the mines. The moths prefer to lay eggs on fruit that is low and on the inside of the tree, which is the
hardest fruit to reach with sprays.
Biological Control
There are many native parasites that attack peelminer to a limited extent. One native eulophid wasp,
Cirrospilus coachellae, can control peelminer populations in the Coachella Valley and research is currently
in progress to determine if it can overwinter and provide control in the San Joaquin Valley. Parasites
pupate in the mine and can be seen through the epidermis as small, black pupae surrounded by black
dots (fecal material). Evidence of past parasite activity are exit holes near the remains of pupae. Long-
term control of this pest will likely be biological. The recent arrival of citrus leafminer to California may
assist with biological control of peelminer because they share many of the same natural enemies.
Cultural Control
Avoid planting susceptible citrus varieties such as Fukumoto oranges, grapefruit, and pummelos. Locate
plantings of these susceptible varieties away from neighboring crops such as cotton and grapes that could be
a source of peelminer. If cotton is grown next to a susceptible citrus variety, then Bt cotton should be used or
an insecticide can be mixed with the defoliant to reduce the number of moths emerging from the cotton.
Treatment Decisions
While citrus peelminer is sensitive to a number of different insecticides, it is difficult to control with
insecticides because it attacks the inside low fruit (difficult to reach with sprays), the larval stage is
protected by the mine, and it has 6 to 8 generations. Development of a pheromone trap is underway to
improve treatment timing.
Citrus Peelminer (9/08) 62

Studies have shown that the lower developmental threshold of citrus peelminer is 55°F. The biofix of first
flight in noncitrus host crops usually occurs between the 3rd week of March and early April. From that
point on, every 580 degree-days, the peelminer completes a generation. There are 7 potential flights in the
San Joaquin Valley and 9 potential flights in the Coachella Valley. Hot summer temperatures tend to stop
development of the peelminer. The first two flights of citrus peelminer attack noncitrus hosts such as the
stems of walnuts, willows, oleander, and various weeds. The third flight of moths finds the pummelo and
grapefruit varieties suitable for attack and the 4th or 5th flight begins to attack susceptible navel orange
varieties. A treatment strategy is to use degree-days to estimate the timing of the flights that will attack a
citrus variety and apply three treatments of insecticides at monthly intervals to control the first three
flights that could potentially deposit eggs on citrus fruit. For example, pummelo and grapefruit growers
would treat flights 3, 4, and 5, while navel growers would treat flights 5, 6, and 7.
Diflubenzuron (Micromite) is effective primarily against the egg stage; time sprays of this insecticide to
peaks in moth flights. Multiple applications of one-third or one-half rates of diflubenzuron are more
effective than a single high rate. Addition of an adulticide such as chlorpyrifos or a pyrethroid
(fenpropathrin-Danitol or cyfluthrin-Baythroid) to the diflubenzuron treatment helps somewhat.
However, these insecticides are fairly broad spectrum and may cause flare ups of other citrus pests
because they destroy natural enemies.

impact.
A. DIFLUBENZURON*
(Micromite) 80 WGS 2–6.25 oz/acre (OC) 12 21
predatory beetles
COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing treatments for peaks in moth flights is important because it
only kills the egg stage of the peelminer. There is a limit of 6.4 oz per 90-day period or 18.75 oz per year. Do not
apply within 25 feet of bodies of water. Use allowed under a FIFRA 2(ee) recommendation.
B. DIFLUBENZURON*
(Micromite 80 WG) 2–6.25 oz/acre (OC) 12 21
predatory beetles
only kills the egg stage of the peelminer. There is a limit of 6.4 oz per 90 day period or 18.75 oz per year. Do not
apply within 25 feet of bodies of water. Use allowed under a FIFRA 2(ee) recommendation.
. . . PLUS . . .
CHLORPYRIFOS*
(Lorsban) 4E 2 pt/acre (OC) 5 days 21
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply more than twice/fruit year or make applications less than
30 days apart. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise.
. . . or . . .
FENPROPATHRIN*
(Danitol) 2.4 EC 21.33 fl oz/acre (OC) 24 1
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects and mites); Natural enemies: most
COMMENTS: Apply in 50–200 gal water/acre. Use only on citrus trees 3 years or older. To reduce the potential
for resistance, make a total of only one pyrethroid application (for all pest species) per year or if feasible, only
every 2 to 3 years. Do not apply in the vicinity of aquatic areas and do not apply more than 21.33 fl
oz/acre/year.
. . . or . . .


CYFLUTHRIN*
(Baythroid) 2 6.4 fl oz/acre (OC) 12 0
PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate (low rates), long (high rates)
RESISTANCE: In some citrus thrips populations in the San Joaquin Valley
COMMENTS: Only a single application may be made per crop season. To reduce the potential for resistance,
make a total of only one pyrethroid application (for all pest species) per year or, if feasible, only every 2 to 3
years. Do not apply within 25 feet of lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, marshes, or natural ponds,
estuaries, and commercial fish farm ponds.
** OC - Outside coverage uses 100-250 gal water/acre.

1

CITRUS RED MITE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Panonychus citri

Adult female citrus red mites are oval and globular; the male is smaller and has a tapered abdomen. Each
female lays 20 to 50 eggs at a rate of 2 to 3 a day, depositing them on both sides of leaves. The life cycle
from egg to egg may be as short as 12 days during warm weather.
Populations increase in spring, late summer, and early fall in response to new growth; citrus red mites
prefer to feed on fully expanded young leaves but will also infest fruit.
DAMAGE
On leaves, citrus red mite feeding results in a pale stippling visible primarily on the upper surface of the
leaf. In severe infestations, the stippling enlarges to dry necrotic areas (commonly called mesophyll
collapse). Eventually, leaves may drop and twigs dieback. Stippling or silvering also occurs on green fruit
but usually disappears when fruit change color. If large populations feed on nearly mature fruit, the
silvering may persist. High populations can also cause fruit sunburn if hot weather is occurring. During
fall Santa Ana winds, low levels of citrus red mite can cause a blasting or burning of foliage and leaf drop
in coastal and southern California growing areas.
MANAGEMENT
Citrus red mite is more of a problem when trees are water stressed and conditions are hot and dry.
Research on San Joaquin Valley navels and coastal lemons showed citrus can tolerate much higher
populations than previously thought and treatment is not normally required in healthy orchards under a
biologically based IPM program. Populations tend to be heavier in spring and fall, especially in orchards
where natural enemies are destroyed by the use of broad-spectrum insecticides such as formetanate
hydrochloride (Carzol) or methidathion (Supracide). Monitor orchards and use narrow range selective
miticides whenever possible.
Biological Control
Predaceous mites, predaceous insects, and a virus are important in regulating citrus red mite populations.
The most important natural enemy is the predaceous mite (Euseius tularensis). These beneficial mites can
establish their populations before citrus red mites are numerous because they have alternate food sources
(pollen, citrus thrips larvae, leaf sap, nectar, and honeydew). They mainly attack immature stages of the
citrus red mite. The female of both species is about the same size as the female citrus red mite but is pear-
shaped, shiny, and translucent. Predator eggs are clear, oval, and about twice the size of citrus red mite
eggs. Eggs hatch and develop into adults in about 8 days.
Other predators of the citrus red mite include a small black lady beetle (Stethorus picipes), a predaceous
dustywing (Conwentzia barretti), and the sixspotted thrips (Scolothrips sexmaculatus). In addition, a disease
caused by a virus specific to citrus red mite is widespread in citrus-growing areas. The disease becomes
epidemic under warm, moderately dry conditions when mite populations are high and can rapidly
reduce the mite population. Symptoms of virus-infected mites include stiff movements, legs curled under
the body, and subsequent disintegration of the body. If diseased mites are mounted on a slide and
examined under a polarizing microscope, internal crystals that shine in the polarized light are evident.
Besides predators and the virus, hot temperatures (above 90°F) and low humidity also reduce citrus red
mite populations.
Cultural Control
Mites increase their reproduction on water-stressed trees. Good irrigation reduces red mite outbreaks.
Water roads to limit dust buildup, which also promotes mites.

Cultural and biological controls and petroleum oil sprays are acceptable on organically managed citrus.
Miticides available for controlling citrus red mite (bearing orchards only) include acequinocyl
(Kanemite), dicofol (Kelthane), fenbutatin oxide (Vendex), hexythiazox (Onager), oil, propargite (Omite),
Citrus Red Mite (9/08) 65

pyridaben (Nexter), and spirodiclofen (Envidor). For nonbearing orchards only, bifenazate (Acramite)
and etoxazole (Zeal) can be used.
Of these miticides, some are more selective than others. Acequinocyl, bifenazate, fenbutatin oxide, and oil
have the least effect of all on natural enemies, including predatory mites, but they also provide a shorter
period of control of pest mites. Dicofol, etoxazole, hexythiazox, propargite, pyridaben, and spirodiclofen
are of intermediate selectivity because they impact both pest mites and predatory mites for up to 6 weeks
but have minimal impact on beneficial insects such as lacewings, lady beetles, and Aphytis melinus, which
help control caterpillars, scale, thrips, and other pests.

In February in the San Joaquin Valley, survey each orchard to determine if mites are present. Scan several
leaves per tree at various sites, and use a hand lens to check a few leaves for eggs and immatures. In
southern California and coastal areas, depending on the local situation, consider monitoring beginning in
late summer.
Monitoring in the San Joaquin Valley. In March, or as soon as mites are detectible, begin monitoring by
collecting a total of 100 fully expanded leaves from throughout the orchard. Select leaves from just inside
the shady region of the tree. Using this sample:
• Determine the average number of pest mites per leaf by dividing the total number of mites found by
100.
• Count the number of active stages of predatory mites and calculate the average number of predatory
mites by dividing the total number of predatory mites by 100.
• Note the presence of virus-infected citrus red mites.
Repeat this sampling about every 2 weeks until red mite numbers decline below 1 per leaf and petal fall
has occurred. Keep records of your monitoring results (example form available online).
In San Joaquin Valley navel oranges, economic loss will not occur if citrus red mite densities do not
exceed eight mature females/leaf by 2 to 4 weeks after petal fall. Vigorous, well-irrigated trees can
tolerate more. Low-to-moderate populations are considered to be beneficial as they provide food for
natural enemies. High temperatures and virus reduce mite populations in June and July and no treatment
is generally required during summer.
In orchards where nonselective pesticides have destroyed natural enemies, treatments may be required in
spring to prevent excessive mite populations at petal fall. Use the application times listed in the following
table when applying oil sprays.
Monitoring in southern California and coastal areas. Spring and summer populations of citrus red mite
generally do not require regular monitoring or treatment. Fall populations can be very damaging in
conjunction with the Santa Ana winds if naturally occurring control is upset by nonselective pesticides or
dust. About every 2 weeks in late summer, monitor orchards as described above for the San Joaquin
Valley. Consider applying a treatment before Santa Ana conditions if there are more than eight to ten
citrus red mites per leaf.
In southern California and coastal areas, spring and summer populations of citrus red mite do not require
treatment, but fall populations can be very damaging in conjunction with the Santa Ana winds if
naturally occurring control is upset by nonselective pesticides or dust. Begin monitoring orchards in late
summer, and consider applying a treatment before Santa Ana conditions if there are more than eight to
ten citrus red mites per leaf.
Use of Oils
Extensive research on the use of oil sprays against various mite and scale insects has resulted in the
development of recommendations that use specific rates and timing of treatments on different varieties of
citrus in different regions of California in order to achieve expected pest control and limit the potential
for leaf or fruit drop or fruit damage as a result of phytotoxicity. The narrow range 415, 440, and 455 oils
were specifically developed for use in California to limit these concerns. Precautions for using petroleum
spray oils are listed at the beginning of this guideline. Because mites are on the outside of the tree and
sprayed with outside coverage, risks of phytotoxicity from oil are less than with a scale application. For
additional information, see Managing Insects and Mites with Spray Oils, UC ANR Publication 3347.

Type of oil Application times to avoid tree injury

(coverage)** Varieties Central areas Southern areas
NR 415 (IC, OC) Grapefruit July - Sept. Aug. - Oct.
Lemons Aug. - Sept. Coastal: Apr. - Jun and/or Sept. - Dec.
Interior: Apr. - May and/or Sept. - Nov.
1 1
Navels July - Sept. Aug. - Sep.
1 1
Valencias July - Sept. Aug. - Oct.
2 2
NR 415 (LV) Grapefruit Mar. - Nov. Mar. - Nov
2
Lemons Mar. - Nov. or 21 days Mar. - Nov.
2
before picking
1
Navels Aug. 15 - Sept. and as Sept. - Oct.
1
needed during prebloom
1,2 1,2
Valencias Mar. - Nov. Mar. - Nov.
NR 440 and 455 Grapefruit Aug. - Sept. Aug. - Oct.
(IC, OC)
Lemons Aug. - Sept. Coastal: May - June and/or Sept. - Dec.
Interior: Apr. - May and/or Sept. - Nov.
1 1
Navels July - Aug. Aug.
1 1
Valencia July - Aug. Aug.
** LV – Low volume uses 20 to 100 gal water per acre. Do not use when temperatures will exceed 95°F (85° to 90°F on coast).
OC – Thorough coverage uses 100 to 250 gal water per acre, depending on tree size.
IC – Intermediate coverage uses 250 to 600 gal water per acre.
1
Treatment can also be made from Feb. 15 - 50% bloom, but to avoid tree injury at this time, use only the low concentration (1.2%).
2
Do not apply Dec.-Feb. following subfreezing temperatures during the previous week or when subfreezing temperatures are anticipated during the
following 2 weeks.

impact.
NONBEARING TREES ONLY

A. BIFENAZATE
(Acramite) 50WS 0.75–1 lb/acre (OC) 12 1 year
COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing orchards only. Do not apply more than once per year.
B. ETOXAZOLE
(Zeal) 2–3 oz/acre (OC) 12 1 year


BEARING TREES
(415, 440) 1.2–1.4% (OC or IC) 4 when dry
. . . or . . .
(415, 435, 440, 455) 1.2–1.4% (OC or IC) 4 when dry
COMMENTS: Use highest rate for July or August applications. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray oil is
preferable in the Central Valley during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity
increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Low-volume may be preferable. Caution:
. . . or . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL (92 or 99% UR)
(415) 6–20 gal/acre (LV) 4 when dry
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (citrus red mite) Natural enemies: predatory mites
COMMENTS: Use highest rate for July or August applications. Low-volume may be preferable. Caution:
B. ACEQUINOCYL
(Kanemite) 15SC 21–31 oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7
COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, and lemons only. Apply by ground using 100-250 gal water/acre.
Do not use less than 100 gal water/acre. Do not apply more than 62 oz/acre/season. Allow a minimum of 21
days between applications.
C. HEXYTHIAZOX
(Onager) 12–24 oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 28
PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: short to intermediate
COMMENTS: Do not apply more than once per year.
D. PYRIDABEN
(Nexter) WSB Label rates (OC or IC) 12 7
COMMENTS: When this material was used during April and May in the San Joaquin Valley and thrips were
abundant, there was an increase in scarring damage caused by thrips. Do not apply more than twice/year.
E. FENPROXIMATE


F. PROPARGITE
(Omite) CR 7.5–10 lb/acre (OC or IC) 42 days 28
COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, lemons. Do not apply within 40 days of an oil application, but oil
may be applied 30 days or more after propargite. This material does not work well in cool weather.
. . . or . . .
(Omite)* 30W
COMMENTS: For oranges and grapefruit. Check with county ag. commissioner to determine if there is a current
Special Local Needs permit for southern California areas. Apply from Oct. 1 to petal fall. Ground application
only. Be sure temperatures are below 95°F. No more than 2 applications/fruit year at least 21 days apart. Do not
apply within 40 days of an oil application, but oil may be applied 30 days or more after propargite. This material
does not work well in cool weather.
G. FENBUTATIN OXIDE*
(Vendex) 50WP 0.24–0.5 lb/100 gal (OC or IC) 48 7
...or...
3 lb/acre (LV)
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material does not work well in cool weather and requires higher
rates during these periods. Do not apply more than 1,600 gal dilute spray/acre or use more than 4
lb/acre/season.
H. SPIRODICLOFEN
when horticultural spray oil is not used, and 18-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when it is.
I. DICOFOL
(Kelthane MF) 4E 0.8 pt/100 gal (OC or IC) 12 7
RESISTANCE: In some citrus red mite populations.
MODE OF ACTION: UNC
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Use on nonresistant mites only; resistance has been reported in the San
Joaquin Valley. Closed application system required with this material. Do not exceed 6 pt/acre.

1

CITRUS RUST MITE (Silver Mite) (9/08)

Scientific Name: Phyllocoptruta oleivora

This pest is known as the rust mite on oranges and the silver mite on lemons. It is an occasional pest in
coastal areas of southern California and is a problem in some years in inland southern California growing
areas. Citrus rust mite is about the same size as a bud mite and requires a hand lens to view; it is deeper
yellow in color than the bud mite and wedge shaped. A generation may be completed in 1 to 2 weeks in
summer, but development slows or stops in winter, depending on temperature.
DAMAGE
The rust mite feeds on the outside exposed surface of fruit that is 0.5 inch (1.3 cm) or larger. Feeding
destroys rind cells and the surface becomes silvery on lemons, rust brown on mature oranges, or black on
green oranges. Rust mite damage is similar to broad mite damage, except that somewhat larger fruit are
affected. Most rust mite damage occurs from late spring to late summer.
MANAGEMENT
Citrus rust mite tends to occur together with BROAD MITE but usually in greater numbers. Both species
thrive in warm, humid conditions. Monitor rust mite from early spring through summer. On orange
trees, look for rust mites on young foliage in early spring; by late spring, most of the population will be
on fruit. On lemon, rust mites are mostly on fruit throughout the season. To identify previous
infestations, check outside fruit for scarred rind tissue. To assess current season levels, examine small
green fruit on the inside of the canopy. A 10X to 15X hand lens is necessary to identify these minute
mites. They usually feed in protected places, such as the stylar end of the fruit. When populations are
high, the mites move over the entire fruit. No effective natural enemies are known, but general mite
predators feed on rust mites at times.
Once you find one or more infested fruit and if rust mites were a problem the previous year, watch the
orchard closely. Threshold levels depend on last year's rust mite problems and current market conditions.
If the population increases quickly or if scarring appears, a treatment is generally required. In some cases,
the infestation is localized and a spot treatment may be sufficient for control.

impact.
A. SPIRODICLOFEN
(Envidor) 2SC 13 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7
COMMENTS: Works by contact with the mite so thorough coverage is important. Only one application per
season allowed.
B. DIFLUBENZURON*
(Micromite) 80WGS 6.25 oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 21
predatory beetles
COMMENTS: Not registered for use on lemons.
C. ABAMECTIN*
and thrips
. . . PLUS . . .
Citrus Rust Mite (Silver Mite) (9/08) 70

NARROW RANGE OIL

(415) 0.25% 4 when dry
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply in 50–200 gal water/acre. To avoid potential phytotoxicity of oil to
the fruit, do not apply 30 days before or after a sulfur application and do not apply to small fruit (less than 1
inch in diameter) on a day when the ambient temperature has or is expected to exceed 95°F or when the relative
humidity has or is expected to drop below 20%.
D. MICRONIZED SULFUR#
(Thiolux 80%) 20 lb/acre (OC or IC) 24 0
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (mites, citrus thrips); Natural enemies: most
MODE OF ACTION: Not available.
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during or preceding high temperatures. Do not apply in
any spray containing oil or within 21 days of a previous oil spray. May lead to citrus red mite or mealybug
flareups.
E. WETTABLE SULFUR# 45–60 lb/acre (OC or IC) 24 0

COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply from Nov. thru May when monitoring indicates a need. Do not
apply more than 6 lb/100 gal water. Do not apply during or preceding high temperatures or within 2 months of
a previous oil spray. Do not apply oil 60–90 days after a sulfur treatment. Not recommended for use in the San
Joaquin Valley.
F. FENPROXIMATE
G. CHLORPYRIFOS*
(Lorsban) 4E 9-12 pt/acre (OC to IC) 5 days see comments
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.25% 4 when dry
COMMENTS: Addition of chlorpyrifos to dilute oil gives faster control than oil alone, but rate of control for
subsequent applications will diminish as resistance develops. It also causes thrips outbreaks, especially if used
early season, and may lead to ridging of fruit. Apply this material in Sept.-Oct. only if several pests, such as
citrus bud mite, citrus thrips, and ants, need to be controlled in addition to citrus bud mite. Do not apply
chlorpyrifos in combination with spray oil when temperatures are expected to exceed 95°F (85–90°F in coastal
areas). Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt of chlorpyrifos/acre or 35 days for rates above 7 pt/acre.
sweating; check label for preharvest interval.



1

CITRUS THRIPS (9/08)

Scientific Name: Scirtothrips citri

Adult citrus thrips are small, orange-yellow insects with fringed wings. During spring and summer, females
lay about 25 eggs in new leaf tissue, young fruit, or green twigs; in fall, overwintering eggs are laid mostly in
the last growth flush of the season. Overwintered eggs hatch in March about the time of the new spring
growth. First-instar larvae are very small, whereas second-instar larvae are about the size of adults, spindle-
shaped, and wingless. They feed actively on tender leaves and fruit, especially under the sepals of young
fruit. Third- and fourth-instar (propupa and pupa) thrips do not feed and complete development on the
ground or in the crevices of trees. When adults emerge, they move actively around the tree foliage.
Citrus thrips do not develop below 58°F (14°C). They can produce up to eight generations during the year
if the weather is favorable.
When monitoring citrus thrips, you must be able to distinguish them from flower thrips, which feed on
flower parts but do not damage citrus. Shortly after petal fall, immature flower thrips can be seen moving
around young fruit, but they soon pupate and adults disperse to other plants, consequently they are only
concentrated in citrus orchards for a short period in spring. For more information on distinguishing citrus
thrips from other thrips, see UC ANR Publication 3303, Integrated Pest Management for Citrus, 2nd edition.
DAMAGE
Citrus thrips is of greatest economic importance on San Joaquin navel oranges, desert citrus, and coastal
lemons. On fruit, the citrus thrips punctures epidermal cells, leaving scabby, grayish or silvery scars on
the rind. Second-instar larvae do the most damage because they feed mainly under the sepals of young
fruit and are larger than first instars. As fruit grow, damaged rind tissue moves outward from beneath
the sepals as a conspicuous ring of scarred tissue. Fruit are most susceptible to scarring from shortly after
petal fall until they are about 1.5 inch (3.7 cm) in diameter. Thrips damage is higher on fruit located on
the outside canopy where fruit is also susceptible to wind damage and sunburn.
MANAGEMENT
Citrus thrips populations can vary greatly from year to year. Monitor to determine if treatments are
needed in a particular year. Navel oranges are more susceptible to damage than are Valencia oranges,
which often do not require treatment.
Treatment of young, nonbearing trees in a grove is not recommended except in severe cases. Although
the citrus foliage is often heavily damaged by citrus thrips, healthy trees can withstand the damage and
frequent treatments can lead to the development of insecticide resistance, making control of thrips on
fruit more difficult in later years.
Citrus thrips is less of a problem in orchards that receive minimal broad-spectrum pesticide treatments
than in orchards that are heavily treated. Because of pesticide-induced hormoligosis (i.e. stimulation of
thrips reproduction), thrips populations tend to increase after treatments with organophosphates,
carbamates, pyrethroids, foliar neonicotinoids, and the miticide pyridaben (Nexter).
Biological Control
A number of natural enemies attack citrus thrips, including the predaceous mite Euseius tularensis,
spiders, lacewings, dustywings, and minute pirate bugs. Some controversy exists regarding the degree of
citrus thrips control afforded by E. tularensis populations; they provide some control but are also a very
good "indicator" species, giving an indication of the level of general natural enemies present in an
orchard. Citrus thrips population levels are aggravated when broad-spectrum pesticides are used,
probably because of both a reduction in natural enemy levels and pesticide-induced hormoligosis.
In some years, when citrus thrips densities are excessively high, no amount of E. tularensis or other
natural enemies in combination with selective pesticides can keep citrus thrips below an economic
threshold.

Biological control is acceptable for use in organically managed orchards as well as sprays of the Entrust
formulation of spinosad with an organically approved oil.
Citrus Thrips (9/08) 73
Resistance
Citrus thrips has a history of rapidly developing resistance to chemicals that are used repeatedly and
frequently for its control. For example, resistance to dimethoate and formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol) has
developed in a number of citrus thrips populations in the San Joaquin and Coachella valleys; cyfluthrin
(Baythroid) and fenpropathrin (Danifol) resistance has appeared in several groves in Kern County. With the
limited number of pesticides available for control of citrus thrips now and in the foreseeable future, it is wise
to monitor citrus thrips levels carefully, to limit treatments only to populations that are causing or are
expected to cause significant levels of fruit scarring (treatments to prevent foliar damage are not
recommended), and to time and apply treatments optimally so that reapplications are not required. Although
citrus thrips disperse a good deal, citrus thrips resistance problems are often localized. Thus, growers using
repeated applications for citrus thrips control are most likely to experience resistance problems at a later date.
Selectivity
The botanical insecticide sabadilla (Veratran) and spinetoram (Delegate), spinosad (Success or Entrust)
and abamectin (Agri-Mek, etc.) are relatively nontoxic to beneficial insects and mites. The broad-
spectrum organophosphate (dimethoate), carbamate (formetanate hydrochloride–Carzol), and
pyrethroids (cyfluthrin–Baythroid, fenpropathrin-Danitol) insecticides are toxic and fairly persistent
against both beneficial mites and beneficial insects and disrupt biological control.
Monitoring
Check young fruit for immature thrips and monitor the undersurface of inside foliage for predaceous
mites. Monitor from petal fall until fruit is greater than 1.5 inches in diameter. For oranges, the
monitoring time is about 6 to 8 weeks in spring. For lemons, monitor June through October.
Monitoring fruit for citrus thrips. Select trees that are three to four rows in from the outside edge of the
block. Sample 25 young fruit from each corner of the block for a total of 100 fruit. Take only one to two
healthy, dark green fruit from outside, sunny branches of each tree. Look for thrips on the stem end of the
fruit under the calyx. Count fruit as infested only if it has one or more wingless first-or second-instar
nymphs (ignore pupae and adults). Record the total fruit infested with immature citrus thrips and
calculate the percentage of infested fruit (example form available online). On very susceptible varieties, such
as San Joaquin Valley navels, monitor fruit at least twice a week after petal fall, and continue monitoring
as long as susceptible fruit is on the tree.
Monitoring predatory mites. Examine the underside of twenty 5-leaf terminals with fully expanded
leaves from shady areas of the canopy (a total of 100 leaves), and count the number of adult predatory
mites. Calculate and record the average number of predatory mites per leaf (example form available online).
A minimum of 0.5 predatory mites per leaf is needed to assist with biological control of citrus thrips.
Treatment Decisions
Treatment thresholds vary by growing region, cultivar, beneficial mite populations, and the type of
miticide that will be applied. A significant factor affecting threshold levels is whether the orchard is
sheltered from wind damage (lower threshold) or has a history of outside fruit scarring from seasonal
winds (higher threshold). As fruit get larger, treatment thresholds go up. Less susceptible varieties, such
as Valencia oranges, may not require monitoring or treatment.
Sabadilla (Veratran), spinetoram (Delegate), spinosad (Entrust, Success), or abamectin (Agri-Mek, etc.)
are recommended to avoid severe mortality of natural enemies. Sabadilla is a stomach poison that
contains sugar or molasses as a bait and must be consumed by the thrips in order to be effective. When a
treatment of sabadilla, spinetoram, spinosad, or abamectin is planned, beneficial mite populations are
considered significant if you have more than 0.5 predators per leaf. Just after petal fall, treatment
thresholds are as follows: Valencia oranges—10% of fruit sampled with one or more immature citrus
thrips and few predators present, or 20% infested in the presence of significant levels of beneficial mites;
navel oranges—5% of fruit sample infested and few predators present, or 10% infested with significant
levels of beneficial mites. Raise these thresholds as fruit grow.
Dimethoate, formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol), cyfluthrin (Baythroid), and fenpropathrin (Danitol) are
contact poisons and are most effective when applied shortly before the majority of citrus thrips hatch
(when 5% or less of the fruit are infested with first instar citrus thrips). On very susceptible varieties, such
as San Joaquin Valley navel oranges, monitor fruit at least twice a week after petal fall. Less susceptible

varieties such as Valencia oranges may not require treatment. Optimal timing of these contact materials is
usually shortly after petal fall but can be delayed depending on weather and on thrips development. If an
application of dimethoate, formetanate hydrochloride, cyfluthrin, or fenpropathrin is planned, the
threshold is 1 to 5% infested fruit on navel oranges. Do not treat citrus thrips prebloom or after fruit
exceed 1.5 inches in diameter, unless severe populations are present.
Because of the continuous fruiting nature of coastal lemons, a treatment threshold of between 10 to 20%
infested fruit is used, depending on whether the orchard is sheltered from wind damage (lower
threshold) or has a history of outside fruit scarring from seasonal winds (higher threshold).
When monitoring indicates a treatment may be needed, it is essential to properly time and apply a
treatment in order to reduce the likelihood of a second treatment being needed, and thus reduce the long-
term development of resistance. Apply the treatment using outside coverage (OC) by reducing spray
blower wind velocity. Ground application is more effective than air application and 200 gallons per acre
is more effective than lower or higher gallonage, except with the sugar or molasses bait treatments using
sabadilla. Because of their smaller size, coastal lemon trees receive adequate control with an aerial
application. Firm data on optimal gallonage with sugar baits are not available, but some growers believe
that lower gallonage is more effective because the sugar concentration is increased. Don't apply sabadilla
and a sugar bait just before or during periods of heavy dew, fog, or drizzle. Such weather conditions
cause the sugar bait to separate from the toxin, rendering the treatment ineffective.

A. SABADILLA
(Veratran D) 10–20 lb/acre PLUS up to 24 when dry
10 lb sugar in 50–200 gal (OC)
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (citrus thrips); Natural enemies: predatory thrips
PERSISTENCE: Pests: very short; Natural enemies: very short
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Acidify water in the spray tank to a pH of 4.5 before adding sabadilla;
use citric acid or other approved acidifying agents. Most effective if substantial numbers of predators such as
the predaceous mite Euseius tularensis are present. Sabadilla is a short residual stomach poison; time
application of this material to coincide with mid-hatch. Most effective during warm weather; in cool weather
thrips don't feed well on bait and it degrades with time. Use higher rates with more dilute applications. Do
not combine with fertilizers because this reduces feeding by the thrips on the bait. Ground application at 3
mph with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage. Don't apply during periods of heavy dew,
fog, or drizzle.
B. SPINETORAM
(Delegate) WG 3-6 oz/acre (OC) 4 1
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL#
(415) 0.25-1% 4 when dry
MODE OF ACTION: Improves translaminar movement and insecticide persistence.
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply to citrus nurseries or to citrus in greenhouses. Most
effective if substantial numbers of predators such as the predaceous mite Euseius tularensis are present. Time
application to coincide with early to mid-hatch (see the thresholds listed above). To avoid potential
phytotoxicity of oil to the fruit, do not apply 30 days before or after a sulfur application, and do not apply to
small fruit (less than 1 inch in diameter) on a day when the ambient temperature has or is expected to exceed
95°F or when the relative humidity has or is expected to drop below 20%. Use ground application at 3 mph
with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage. Repeated applications will result in citrus
thrips resistance. For resistance management purposes, do not apply Mode of Action Group 5 insecticides
(spinetoram and spinosad) more than twice a year. Do not apply more than a total of 12 oz/acre/crop.


C. SPINOSAD
(Entrust) 80WP# 3 oz/acre (OC) 4 1
(Success) 2SC 4-6 fl oz/acre (OC) 4 1
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL#
(415) 0.25-1% 4 when dry
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Most effective if substantial numbers of predators such as the
predaceous mite Euseius tularensis are present. Time application to coincide with early to mid-hatch (see the
thresholds listed above). To avoid potential phytotoxicity of oil to the fruit, do not apply 30 days before or
after a sulfur application, and do not apply to small fruit (less than 1 inch in diameter) on a day when the
ambient temperature has or is expected to exceed 95°F or when the relative humidity has or is expected to
drop below 20%. Use ground application at 3 mph with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside
coverage. Repeated applications will result in citrus thrips resistance. For resistance management purposes,
do not apply Mode of Action Group 5 insecticides (spinetoram and spinosad) more than twice a year. Do not
apply more than a total of 29 fl oz of Success/acre/crop or 9 oz of Entrust, and do not apply to citrus nurseries
or to citrus in greenhouses.
D. ABAMECTIN*
(Agri-Mek, etc.) 10 fl oz/acre (OC) 12 7
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (citrus thrips, mites, leafminers); Natural enemies: predatory
mites and thrips
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.25-1% 4 when dry
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply in 50–250 gal water/acre. Do not apply in citrus nurseries. To
avoid potential phytotoxicity of oil to the fruit, do not apply 30 days before or after a sulfur application and
do not apply to small fruit (less than 1 inch in diameter) on a day when the ambient temperature has or is
expected to exceed 95°F or when the relative humidity has or is expected to drop below 20%. Most effective if
substantial numbers of predators such as the predaceous mite, Euseius tularensis, are present. Time application
to coincide with early to mid-hatch (see the thresholds listed above). Use ground application at 3 mph with
reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage. Repeated applications will result in citrus thrips
resistance. Apply no more than 1 application of abamectin plus oil/season.
E. CYFLUTHRIN*
(Baythroid) 2E 6.4 fl oz/acre (OC) 12 0
make a total of only one pyrethroid application (for all pest species) per year or, if feasible, only one
application every 2 to 3 years. Do not apply within 25 feet of lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams,
marshes, or natural ponds, estuaries, and commercial fish farm ponds.


F. FENPROPATHRIN*
(Danitol) 2.4 EC 21.33 fl oz/acre (OC) 24 1
COMMENTS: Apply in 50–200 gal water/acre. Use only on citrus trees 3 years or older. To reduce the
potential for resistance, make a total of only one pyrethroid application (for all pest species) per year or, if
feasible, only one application every 2 to 3 years. Do not apply in the vicinity of aquatic areas and do not apply
more than 21.33 fl oz/acre/year.
G. FORMETANATE HYDROCHLORIDE
(Carzol) 92SP 1–1.25 lb/acre (OC) see comments see comments
PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long, unless washed off
RESISTANCE: In some citrus thrips populations
COMMENTS: For use on oranges, lemons, limes, tangerines, tangelos, and grapefruit. No more than one
application can be made/season. Apply at the beginning of hatch; less effective if resistance has developed.
Do not apply after fruit reach a diameter of one inch. If unharvested grapefruit and Valencia oranges are
present from the previous crop, an application may be made to the new crop. However, a preharvest interval
of 30 days must be observed for the unharvested crop. R.E.I. is 10 days for weeding and propping; 16 days for
harvesting, thinning, topping, and pruning. Ground application at 3 mph with reduced wind velocity so as to
achieve outside coverage.
H. DIMETHOATE
(Dimethoate 400) 4EC 1–2 qt/acre in 100–200 gal (OC) 48 15
...or...
in 20 gal (A)
RESISTANCE: In some citrus thrips populations
COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, lemons, tangerines. No more than 2 applications on mature
fruit. Apply at the beginning of hatch. Less effective if resistance has developed. Ground application at 3 mph
with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage.
. . . or . . .
(Dimethoate 2.67) 4–6 pt/acre in 100–200 gal (OC) 48 15
...or...
in 20 gal (A)
COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, lemons, tangerines. No more than 2 applications on mature
fruit. Apply at the beginning of hatch. Less effective if resistance has developed. Ground application at 3 mph
with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage.
** A - Aircraft applications 5-20 gal/acre

1

COTTONY CUSHION SCALE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Icerya purchasi

The most distinguishing feature of the cottony cushion scale female is the fluted cottony egg sac that she
secretes. About 600 to 800 eggs are laid in the sac. Hatching occurs within a few days in summer, but can
take up to 2 months in winter. Newly hatched nymphs are red with dark legs and antennae. First and second
instar feed on twigs and leaves, usually along the veins. Third instars and adults are found mainly on
branches and the trunk, rarely the fruit. Third instars are covered with a thick, cottony secretion that
disappears after they molt. Adult females settle and begin to form the white, elongated egg sac. Males are
rare and females can reproduce without mating. There are three generations a year.
DAMAGE
Cottony cushion scales extract plant sap from leaves, twigs, and branches, thus reducing tree vigor. If
infestations are heavy, leaf and fruit drop can occur along with twig dieback. The scale secretes honeydew,
which promotes the growth of sooty mold.
MANAGEMENT
The cottony cushion scale was a major pest of citrus in the 1880s. Efforts at controlling this pest resulted
in one of the earliest and most impressive examples of classical biological control (where natural enemies
are imported from the pest's native country and introduced in areas to which it has spread). Today,
infestations occur in the San Joaquin Valley because of the temporary destruction of the natural enemies
by insecticide treatments such as pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and insect growth regulators. If you
encounter cottony cushion scale, look for its natural enemies. Insecticide treatments are usually not
necessary unless the use of broad-spectrum insecticides has decimated vedalia beetle populations.
Biological Control
Two natural enemies effectively control cottony cushion scale. The vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis, was
introduced from Australia in the early 1890s. The adult and larva feed on all stages of the scale. Female
beetles lay eggs underneath the scale or attached to the egg sac. Young larvae move into the egg mass and
feed on eggs. Older stage larvae feed on all scale stages. For more information about the life cycle of the
cottony cushion scale and the vedalia beetle, see UC ANR Publication 8051, Stages of Cottony Cushion Scale
and its Natural Enemy, the Vedalia Beetle.
The parasitic fly, Cryptochaetum iceryae, was also introduced from Australia and is a very effective parasite of
this scale in coastal areas. The fly deposits its eggs inside the scale body. Upon hatching, parasite larvae feed
on the scale body and pupate within the remains of the scale. Control ants if they are tending cottony
cushion scale because they can significantly disrupt natural enemy activity.
Cultural Control
Cottony cushion scale like moist, cool conditions and do well in citrus trees with dense canopies. Open the
tree by pruning the interior of the canopy to remove suckers, dead branches, and crossing limbs, especially
in mandarin and grapefruit varieties. Also in young trees, pruning the lower scaffold area can help.

Biological and cultural control are acceptable for use on an organically certified crop.

Early spring monitoring. Monitor cottony cushion scale by examining 25 trees in the orchard. Spread the
branches apart and look into the interior of the tree for adult female cottony cushion scale during March-
April. If you find an infestation, also look for vedalia beetle stages (red eggs or larvae of the vedalia beetle)
on the white egg sac of the adult scales or vedalia pupal cases attached to leaves. The vedalia beetle is the
best method of controlling cottony cushion scale. Vedalia beetles grow very rapidly (they can complete four
generations in the time it takes cottony cushion scale to complete one generation) and consume large
numbers of cottony cushion scale eggs and nymphs in a very short amount of time. When vedalia beetles
arrive in an orchard, they can control a serious cottony cushion scale problem in 4 to 6 weeks.
Insecticides are often not as effective as vedalia beetle and are disruptive to the natural enemies needed for
other pests. If you have vedalia beetle stages present, then it will most likely control cottony cushion scale, as
Cottony Cushion Scale (9/08) 78
long as you do not disrupt it with pesticides (pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and insect growth regulators are
toxic to vedalia). If vedalia does not arrive naturally in an infested orchard by the end of March, it is critical
to find stages of this beetle from another source and release them in April in order to give them enough time
(6 weeks) to build their numbers and control cottony cushion scale. As few as 20 vedalia adults or larvae can
be used to establish a population in an orchard. Vedalia beetles are very sensitive to heat and halt egg
production and larval development when San Joaquin Valley daily temperatures exceed 90°F (usually in
June). Thus, if the release is made after April, there is often not enough time for the vedalia beetle population
to exert full control of the scales before hot weather and pesticide applications reduce their effectiveness.
June monitoring. If vedalia beetles do not arrive early enough or establish well enough, or an insecticide
treatment for another pest eliminates the vedalia beetle, a treatment using buprofezin (Applaud), an
organophosphate (malathion, methidathion), or a carbamate (carbaryl) may be warranted. Monitor cottony
cushion scale by examining 25 trees in the orchard, spreading branches apart and looking into the interior of
the tree. Count the number of live adult female scales (make sure they are alive by pulling apart the scale
bodies - they should have liquid inside) per 2 foot branch. If the number of live adult female scale exceeds 4
per branch, a treatment is warranted.
In the San Joaquin Valley, cottony cushion scale can become a serious problem in spring after use of broad-
spectrum insecticides such as organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids for citrus thrips and worm
control. This is because these pesticides kill the vedalia beetle during the period when it is most actively
feeding and reproducing on cottony cushion scale (March–June). The vedalia beetle will often recover from
these sprays and control cottony cushion scale infestations by early summer. Of greater concern is the effect
of insect growth regulators (IGRs) such as pyriproxyfen (Esteem) and buprofezin (Applaud) for California
red scale control and neonicotinoids (imidacloprid-Provado and Admire and acetamiprid-Assail) for
citricola scale and glassy-winged sharpshooter control. Insect growth regulators prevent vedalia beetle from
completing pupation and emerging as adults; pyriproxyfen also prevents the beetle eggs from hatching.
Neonicotinoids kill vedalia beetles when they contact the residues or feed on cottony cushion scale that have
taken up the insecticide systemically. The residues from pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, and imidacloprid can last
more than 5 months. A sign that IGRs are killing vedalia beetles is the presence of dead vedalia beetle pupae
on the outside leaves of trees. IGRs will also kill the cottony cushion scale pest, but they kill it very slowly.
The orchards that experience the worst cottony cushion problems are not the orchards that are sprayed with
IGRs, because the IGRs kill the cottony cushion scale as well as the California red scale. The worst cottony
cushion scale outbreaks are in neighboring orchards because the spray drift from the treated orchard kills
the vedalia beetle but not the cottony cushion scale. The neonicotinoids do not have any effect on cottony
cushion scale.
In coastal areas, the parasitic fly can usually be observed parasitizing cottony cushion scales. The emerging
parasite leaves an exit hole in the mummified scales. Ants are attracted to the honeydew excreted by this
scale but do not interfere greatly with its biological control.

impact.
A. VEDALIA BEETLES# NA NA
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (cottony cushion scale); Natural enemies: none
COMMENTS: No commercial insectaries are currently rearing vedalia beetles; finding them in one orchard and
moving them to another is the best method of establishing vedalia in an orchard. During Feb.-April, simply
collect vedalia adults, pupae, or any stages that you can find, and move them into the problem orchard. Place
the vedalia on top of a cottony cushion scale infestation in the branches of a tree in several trees in the orchard;
they should spread on their own from there. If the conditions are right, one early release of 25 vedalia
individuals/10 acre block should be sufficient, but more is always better. They can be moved into a cottony
cushion-infested orchard any time of the year, but they seem to do their best in early spring, especially when
the population of cottony cushion scale consists mostly of very large female scale, which is the preferred stage
for feeding and egg-laying. When the vedalia beetle consumes all of the cottony cushion scale, it will fly away
in search of more food.


B. BUPROFEZIN
(Applaud) 70DF 2.14–2.86 lb/acre (TC) 12 3
(Applaud) 70W 2.1–2.84 lb/acre (TC) 12 60
COMMENTS: Insect growth regulator; works best for low-to-moderate populations. For use on all varieties.
Toxic to vedalia beetles. Most effective if applied after peak emergence of the first generation of crawlers.
Apply after the crawlers have settled down and formed white caps. Slow-acting; This product does not kill the
scale until they molt, so decline of the population is usually not observed until the next generation. No more
than 2 applications/season and allow 60 days between applications.
C. MALATHION 8 Spray 1–2 pt/100 gal (TC) 24 7

COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom period.
D. METHIDATHION*
MODE OF ACTION: An organophosphate (Group 1B)1 insecticide.
applications/fruit year, 45 days apart for dilute (TC). May increase citrus red mite populations.
E. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 1–1.2 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May increase
citrus red mite populations.
** TC - Thorough coverage uses 750–2,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size.
1
NA Not applicable.

EUROPEAN EARWIG (9/08)

Scientific Name: Forficula auricularia

The introduced European earwig (family Forficulidae) is the most common of several earwig species that
can occur in citrus. Adults are about 0.75 inch long, reddish brown, and have a pair of prominent tail
appendages that resemble forceps. Most species have wings under short, hard wing covers, but earwigs
seldom fly. Immature earwigs resemble small, wingless adults.
Earwigs feed mostly at night and hide during the day. Common hiding places include bark crevices,
mulch, topsoil, protected (touching) plant parts, and under trunk wraps. Females lay masses of 30 or
more eggs in soil. Nymphs are whitish and remain in soil until their first molt, after which they darken
and begin searching for food. Earwigs generally have one or two generations a year. They can be active
year round.
DAMAGE
Earwigs feed on dead and living insects and insect eggs, other organisms, and on succulent plant parts.
Earwigs occasionally damage buds and leaves on young or newly grafted trees. They can be especially
problematic on trees with trunk wrappers or cardboard guards. The cause of damage can be difficult to
distinguish from that of other chewing pests that hide during day and feed at night, including brown
garden snail, Fuller rose beetle, and June beetles.
MANAGEMENT
If you suspect that earwigs are causing damage, lift and shake or sharply tap any trunk wrappers and
look for earwigs dropping to the ground, where they quickly scurry for cover. Alternatively, place a
folded newspaper or burlap bag near the base of several trees with chewed foliage. Check these traps or
earwig hiding places the next morning. Remove trunk wrappers where pests hide when wraps are no
longer needed, thereby reducing earwig populations.
Earwigs rarely are abundant enough to warrant chemical treatment, except on young trees bordering
uncultivated areas. If trunk wrappers cannot be removed and treatments are needed, the preferred
method is to apply an insecticidal bait or broad-spectrum insecticide (such as a pyrethroid or
organophosphate) directly into the trunk wrapper. This can be done with a measuring scoop for bait
products or with a handgun for liquid products. Foliar applications of insecticides, such as with an air
blast sprayer, are not highly effective against earwigs, although some mortality will occur if the
applications are made at night while some earwigs are feeding on the tree canopy.
European Earwig (9/08) 81

FRUITTREE LEAFROLLER (9/08)

Scientific Name: Archips argyrospila

Larvae of the fruittree leafroller are green caterpillars that are somewhat flattened and have shiny black
heads. The caterpillars tie or roll leaves or blossoms together with silken threads and feed inside these
nests. Older caterpillars construct a new nest frequently, often daily. Mature caterpillars pupate inside
nests or in thin cocoons on branches or the trunk. Moths emerge about 8 to 12 days later; after mating,
females lay egg masses on twigs in the upper part of trees. Eggs overwinter and start hatching in the
middle of March; there is only one generation a year.
DAMAGE
Fruittree leafrollers can occasionally cause damage in spring by feeding on newly set fruit or on ripening
Valencias, navels, or grapefruit. Early in spring, young larvae feed mostly on new growth flushes, often
resulting in curled leaf terminals. In situations where most of the new flush is consumed (e.g., weak or
drought stressed trees with little flush), larvae will tie leaves to fruit and bore inside; this injury provides
entry sites for secondary decay organisms, and fruit will drop within 1 to 2 weeks.
MANAGEMENT
Fruittree leafroller is a minor pest. Monitor for fruittree leafroller in spring at the same time as citrus
cutworm, but count the two species separately. Natural enemies generally are helpful in reducing this
pest, and treatments are rarely necessary.
Biological Control
Natural enemies include general predators that prey on small larvae, and Trichogramma spp. that
parasitize the eggs.

Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis are acceptable for use in organically certified crops.
Selectivity
The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticides (Dipel, Javelin, Cutlass, and MVPII) are toxic only to caterpillar
pests. The stomach poison cryolite is specific to foliage-feeding pests. These insecticides are relatively
nontoxic to parasites that attack the caterpillars and beneficial insects and mites that feed on other citrus
pests. The broad-spectrum organophosphates (Lorsban) and carbamates (Lannate) kill many of the
beneficial insects and mites in citrus groves. Some populations of the beneficial mite, Euseius tularensis,
show resistance to chlorpyrifos (Lorsban), so this is the least toxic of the broad-spectrum pesticides.

To monitor fruittree leafroller eggs, establish one or two permanent observation trees per site at five
locations per block. Before the middle of March, check twigs and small branches thoroughly in the upper
one-third of the tree for gray to brown, flat egg masses.
To monitor caterpillars, search the outer canopy of the south and east side of four trees at each sampling
site. Spend about 2 to 5 minutes per tree and count all the live leafroller caterpillars. Carry out this
procedure in five locations per block. Record the number of worms per unit time and calculate the
average number of larvae per hour search. Caterpillars can also be monitored with an L-shaped 1/4
square meter (20 x 20 inches) PVC pipe counting frame to count the number of infested vs. noninfested
terminals. Be sure to open nests and count only nests that contain a live worm. Begin counts once a week
when the spring feather-leaf flush appears or the first fruittree leafroller caterpillar is seen. Take one sam-
ple from the NE corner of 20 randomly selected trees in a diagonal through the block.
When mature fruit are present and 20% or more of the new flush terminals are infested with a live worm,
watch carefully for leaves being attached to mature fruit. The potential for damage to mature fruit is
greatest at this point. The 20% threshold corresponds to a time search number of about 400 worms per
hour. If worms are close to pupating, increase the threshold, especially if fruit is not present. Most larvae
pupate before petal fall and treatments are usually not needed.
Fruittree Leafroller (9/08) 82


impact.

(various) Label rate (OC) 4 0
during warm weather to control young, actively feeding worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph
B. CRYOLITE
lb/acre/season.
C. CHLORPYRIFOS*
(Lorsban) 4E 1–2 qt/acre (OC or A) 5 days see comments
(high rates)
days apart. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. Preharvest
interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days for over 7 pt/acre.
D. CARBARYL*
E. NALED
COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines. This material is hazardous to honey bees; do not
use during bloom. Restricted entry interval is 2 days for 1 pt or less; 3 days for more than 1 pt.
F. METHOMYL*
(Lannate LV) 2.4 1.5–3 pt/acre (OC) 3 days 1
daylight hours of the bloom period. This material is hazardous to honey bees; do not use during bloom.


G. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 2 lb/acre (OC) 12 5
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material is hazardous to honey bees; do not use during bloom.

1

FULLER ROSE BEETLE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Asynonychus godmani

Adult Fuller rose beetles are brown, flightless snout beetles and are all females that reproduce without
mating. They can be distinguished from two other snout beetles that occur in California citrus groves but
do not cause damage: viewed from the top the Fuller rose beetle head and bulging eyes are different than
the cribrate weevil, which has a teardrop-shaped head with closely spaced eyes, and viewed from the
side the Fuller rose beetle's snout is less sharply pointed to the ground than that of the vegetable weevil.
The Fuller rose beetle has one generation a year. Eggs are laid in a mass of several dozen on fruit,
especially underneath the button or in cracks and crevices in the tree. When eggs hatch, larvae drop to the
ground and live in the soil where they feed on roots of citrus for 6 to 10 months. They pupate in the soil
and the adults emerge 1.5 to 2 months later. Adults are flightless and reach the canopy by climbing up the
trunk or branches that touch the ground or vegetation.
DAMAGE
The beetle itself does not generally cause economic damage in citrus but the presence of eggs on fruit
exported to Japan used to be a quarantine concern. Since Fuller rose beetle has been found in Japanese
citrus groves, this is no longer a concern. Fuller rose beetle adults feed along the margins of citrus leaves,
creating notches and leaving a characteristic sharp, ragged appearance. Normally, they are not a concern
except on topworked trees where the beetles will feed on new buds or if a young tree is planted in a
mature grove and beetles concentrate their feeding on the new growth of that tree.
MANAGEMENT
If management of Fuller rose beetles is necessary (i.e., should it become a quarantine concern in other
countries), there are three primary strategies: (1) skirt pruning with trunk treatment; (2) preharvest foliar
sprays, or (3) season-long suppression with foliar sprays for 1.5 to 2 years. Use skirt pruning and trunk
treatment in orchards with a history of Fuller rose beetle. As an alternative, one or two preharvest foliar
sprays may be applied to prevent exported fruit from being infested with viable eggs.
Biological Control
The egg parasite, Fidiobia citri, can parasitize up to 50% of each egg mass. Parasitized eggs are a dark gold
color and they may persist long after unparasitized eggs have hatched.
Cultural Control
If Fuller rose beetle has been a problem in your orchard in the past, the best strategy is to prevent the
flightless adults from reaching the canopy by using skirt pruning and trunk treatments. Skirt prune trees
24 to 30 inches above the ground to prevent adults from reaching the canopy and apply sticky material to
the trunk. Sticky material can be expected to last 2 to 10 months, depending on wash-off by sprinklers
and the amount of dirt and leaf contamination. Sticky material will also control ants, and if it contains
tribasic copper sulfate, it is effective against brown garden snail as well.
Some concern has been expressed regarding the application of sticky polybutene materials directly to the
trunk of citrus trees, especially if multiple applications are applied to the same area of the trunk. The
sticky material can be applied on top of a tree wrap but this is both laborious and expensive. Trials to
date have failed to show serious phytotoxicity (minor bark cracking has been seen in a very small number
of cases) except in situations where damage is associated with sunburn—i.e., where the banded area is
exposed to direct sunlight (especially a concern on topworked trees or on young trees which have a very
thin cambium layer and are more susceptible to damage). On young or topworked trees, apply sticky
materials only on top of a tree wrap to protect the tree from sunburn.

Biological and cultural controls, including the application of sticky materials are acceptable organic
methods.
Fuller Rose Beetle (9/08) 85


If Fuller rose beetle damage occurs in an orchard, sample for adults from July to November by shaking or
beating branches onto a sheet or tray. If beetles are found, sample fruit for egg masses, especially in the
areas where adult feeding damage has been found. Sample a minimum of 500 fruit in a 10 acre block (5
fruit per tree from 10 trees per acre). Select fruit from chest height from a different quadrant of the
canopy. Clip the stem 2 inches from fruit, then hold the stem and twist off the button. Look for egg
masses on the underside of the button end and on the fruit where it was covered by the button. If the fruit
is to be shipped to Japan, infestation levels should be less than one fruit infested with a viable, unhatched
egg per 1,000 fruit sampled at harvest.
Treat 600 degree-days (accumulated above 51°F lower threshold) before harvest. (For assistance in
calculating degree-days, see Degree-days on the UC IPM Web site at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.) This can
range from 1 to 4 months, depending on the weather. During cool weather, retreatment may be
necessary.

A. STICKY POLYBUTENE MATERIALS# 2- to 4-inch band — —

COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Use polybutene-based products only. Do not apply sticky materials
directly on the trunk of young or topworked trees where the treated area is exposed to the sun—in these cases,
use a 6- to 18-inch wrap under the sticky material to protect the tree from sunburn. Exercise caution in
applying multiple applications (more than 3 or 4)—watch for symptoms of bark cracking. Apply the sticky
band high enough to avoid sprinklers, dust, and direct sunlight. Reactivate periodically by rubbing with a
stick to remove dust. Check to ensure that hanging branches, sticks, weeds, etc. are not allowing Fuller rose
beetles access to trees.
B. CRYOLITE
(Prokil Cryolite) 96 20 lb/acre (IC) 12 15
(Kryocide) 96WP 20 lb/acre (IC)
take several days of warm weather to kill Fuller rose beetles. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season.
C. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 1.2 lb/100 gal in 250-750 gal 12 5
(Sevin) XLR Plus 1 qt/100 gal in 250-750 gal 12 5
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not exceed 25 lb/acre/application of Sevin 80S or
20 qt/acre/application of Sevin XLR Plus.
** IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250–600 gal/acre.

1
Fuller Rose Beetle (9/08) 86

GLASSY-WINGED SHARPSHOOTER (9/08)

Scientific Name: Homalodisca vitripennis (= H. coagulata)

Glassy-winged sharpshooter is in the same insect family as leafhoppers (Cicadellidae). The glassy-winged
sharpshooter feeds, reproduces, and is often abundant on a variety of host plants including agricultural
crops (citrus and grapes) and a large number of ornamental plants. Glassy-winged sharpshooter was
introduced into southern California in the late 1980s. Its current distribution in agricultural areas is
southern California and Kern and Tulare counties. The glassy-winged sharpshooter continues to spread
slowly northward in the Central Valley. Infestations that have appeared in various other counties in
central and northern California have been eradicated or suppressed.
The glassy-winged sharpshooter is a large insect compared to other leafhoppers. Adults are about 0.5
inch long and are generally dark brown to black when viewed from the top or side. The abdomen is
whitish or yellow. The head is brown to black and covered with numerous ivory to yellowish spots.
These spots are helpful in distinguishing glassy-winged sharpshooters from smoke-tree sharpshooters,
which have light-colored wavy lines on the head.
Females lay their eggs in masses of about 5 to 15 in the lower leaf surface of young, fully developed
leaves. When it is first laid, the egg mass appears as a greenish blister on the leaf. The female covers the
leaf blister with a secretion that resembles white chalk and is more visible than the leaf blister. Nymphs
hatch in 10 to 14 days and proceed to feed on the leaf petioles or small stems.
The glassy-winged sharpshooter has two generations per year in California. In late winter and early
spring, adults become active. Citrus is an especially attractive egg-laying host during late March through
April and again in late June through August. The first generation of glassy-winged sharpshooter become
adults by mid-June, and the number of young adults continues to increase through July and August.
Glassy-winged sharpshooter will overwinter in citrus as well as weeds, ornamentals, and various trees.
DAMAGE
Glassy-winged sharpshooter feeds on the nutrient-poor xylem of the plant and must consume copious
amounts of fluid in order to gain enough nutrition to grow and reproduce. Consequently, the adults and
nymphs excrete large amounts of liquid while feeding, which gives the fruit and foliage a whitewashed
appearance.
Extremely high populations of glassy-winged sharpshooter have been shown to reduce fruit quality and
yield of coastal lemons and Valencias in southern California. In recent years, however, very high
populations are rarely seen—likely because of increased parasite activity. Currently, treatments are
applied primarily to reduce sharpshooter populations that might move to grapes or to disinfest citrus
trees before harvest.
The glassy-winged sharpshooter is a serious pest of grapes because it acts as a vector of the strain of
Xylella fastidiosa that causes Pierce's disease in vineyards. It also vectors the strain that causes oleander
leaf scorch in oleander. The bacteria multiply and block the water-conducting system of the plant causing
water stress and eventual plant death. There is no known cure for the disease. Because many glassy-
winged sharpshooters overwinter in citrus, citrus acts as a source of sharpshooters for neighboring
vineyards. Glassy-winged sharpshooter has been reported as a vector of the Xylella fastidiosa strain of
bacteria that causes citrus variegated chlorosis; however, this disease has not yet been found in the U.S.
MANAGEMENT
To protect vineyards in uninfested areas of the state, quarantine regulations are in effect to slow the
spread of glassy-winged sharpshooter from southern California and parts of Tulare and Kern counties
northward. Kern County and Tulare citrus orchards in the glassy-winged sharpshooter-infested areas
must be disinfested of glassy-winged sharpshooter before citrus fruit can be harvested and shipped to
uninfested regions such as northern Tulare County packinghouses. Nursery citrus trees must be treated
before they can be shipped to uninfested areas. In infested areas of the state, citrus orchards with
significant yellow sticky card trap catches of glassy-winged sharpshooters are treated to bring the overall
population levels down and reduce the threat of sharpshooters in nearby vineyards. Although biological
Glassy-winged Sharpshooter (9/08) 87

control agents are being released in urban areas, current management primarily involves treatment with
insecticides because of the threat of Xylella to the grape industry.
Biological Control
Biological control is an organically acceptable method of reducing populations of this pest. However, at
this time, it may not provide sufficient reduction of glassy-winged sharpshooter populations for areawide
suppression programs. The egg parasitic wasp, Gonatocerus ashmeadi, is commonly found wherever
glassy-winged sharpshooter occurs in California. In the southern and coastal areas of California a closely
related species, Gonatocerus walkerjonesi, can be a very effective parasite in the late summer, when the
second generation of eggs are deposited. Parasitized glassy-winged sharpshooter eggs are easily
recognized by a tiny, round hole at one end of the egg through which the adult parasite emerged. Neither
G. ashmeadi nor G. walkerjonesi, however, are normally present at high levels during the first generation of
glassy-winged sharpshooter egg laying.

Biological control is an organically acceptable method of reducing populations of this pest.
Selectivity
Pyrethrins are selective because they are extremely short-lived but they are limited in their efficacy.
Systemic imidacloprid (Admire) is the next most selective insecticide because it only affects vedalia and
other predatory beetles. The foliar neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, and methomyl are highly toxic to most
natural enemies.

Glassy-winged sharpshooter insecticide treatments are only recommended in citrus for one of two
reasons: to suppress glassy-winged sharpshooters in the orchard in order to reduce the risk to
neighboring grape vineyards or to disinfest fruit just before harvest. Different insecticides are
recommended for each purpose. Insecticide treatments should be avoided where possible because of their
potential for disrupting biological control of citrus pests.
Glassy-winged sharpshooter suppression. An insecticide treatment in citrus may be needed to reduce

overall numbers so that there are fewer glassy-winged sharpshooters to vector Xylella in neighboring
grapes. When the weather is cool (winter, early spring), glassy-winged sharpshooter is best monitored in
citrus by beating branches of 20 citrus trees per 10-acre block and counting the number of glassy-winged
sharpshooter adults and nymphs that fall onto the sheet. An average of more than one per tree is
considered a potential threat to neighboring vineyards. During the warmer weather, especially when egg
masses are present during April and June–August, it is easier to conduct a timed search. During a 3 to 5
minute examination of each of 20 trees per 10-acre block, count the number of nymphs, adults, and live
egg masses observed. Infestations of more than one mobile stage (nymph or adult) and more than one
egg mass per tree are considered significant.
Disinfestation of trees just before harvest. The other reason for insecticide control of glassy-winged
sharpshooters in citrus is to disinfest trees immediately before harvest so that fruit can be shipped from a
generally infested region (such as southern California or Kern County) to an uninfested area (such as
northern Tulare County) for packing. To detect mobile stages of glassy-winged sharpshooter, stuff citrus
foliage into a sweep net, shake vigorously, and inspect the contents of the net. If any live, mobile glassy-
winged sharpshooter stages are found, a treatment is needed. Treatment should be as close to harvest as
the preharvest interval and restricted entry interval allow (this interval is noted in the treatment table as
the minimum days before harvest). Glassy-winged sharpshooter is a very mobile pest and can rapidly
move into the treated orchard from untreated areas as soon as insecticide residues begin to break down.


PESTICIDES FOR SUPPRESSION

A. IMIDACLOPRID
Requires 3–4 weeks for uptake into mature citrus to begin to kill the sharpshooter nymphs and adults; does
not kill eggs. Pre-wet soil before treatment is applied. Very toxic to bees; do not apply during bloom because
bees may be drawn to irrigation water. For optimum uptake, apply to newly planted trees or trees irrigated by
drip/microsprinkler/low-pressure irrigation systems. Emitters must provide even, uniform distribution of
water. Lightly pre-wet soil for several hours before application to break soil surface tension. Once the
irrigation system reaches operating pressure, inject the treatment into the system over a calculated time
interval (generally 2 hours) to allow uniform distribution throughout the system. The use of a dye marker in
the treatment solution is recommended to determine when lines are clear of the treatment. Once the solution
has cleared all irrigation lines and emitters, continue irrigation to move the insecticide into the active root
zone but do not overirrigate or cause runoff. Wait 24 hours before subsequent irrigations. Apply in citrus
orchards just before bloom (March) or after petal fall (May–July). Repeat applications of any neonicotinoid
insecticide (acetamiprid-Assail; imidacloprid-Admire, Provado) can lead to resistance to all neonicotinoids.
Alternate neonicotinoids with an insecticide that has a different mode of action to help delay the development
of resistance.
B. PYRETHRIN/PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE
(Pyrenone Crop Spray) 10–12 oz/acre in 100–200 gal (OC) 12 when dry
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER 1: 3/27A
COMMENTS: Very short residual insecticide. Will kill nymphs and adults. Fairly compatible with natural
enemies because of its short residual. Do not apply through any type of irrigation system.
C. CYFLUTHRIN*
(Baythroid) 2E 1.6–3.2 oz/acre in 100–200 gal (OC) 12 0
COMMENTS: No more than 6.4 oz/acre can be applied/year. Treatments applied for citrus thrips will help to
reduce glassy-winged sharpshooter nymphs and adults. If pyrethroids (e.g., cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin) are
used to treat glassy-winged sharpshooters during the months when citrus thrips are present (generally March
to October), they can select for citrus thrips resistance. Therefore, it is recommended that the total number of
applications of any pyrethroid on citrus (for all pest species) be limited to a single application per season.
D. FENPROPATHRIN*
(Danitol) 2.4 EC 21.33 fl oz/acre in 100–200 gal (OC) 24 1
COMMENTS: Apply in 50–200 gal water/acre. Use only on citrus trees 3 years or older. Effective in killing
nymphs and adults, but residues last for only 2–4 weeks. If pyrethroids (e.g., cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin) are
used to treat glassy-winged sharpshooters during the months when citrus thrips are present (generally March
to October), they can select for citrus thrips resistance. Therefore, it is recommended that the total number of
applications of any pyrethroid on citrus (for all pest species) be limited to a single application per season. Do
not apply in the vicinity of aquatic areas. Do not apply more than 21.33 oz of product/acre/year.


E. ACETAMIPRID
(Assail) 70WP 1.7-2.9 oz/acre in 100–200 gal (OC) 12 7
COMMENTS: Effective in killing nymphs and adults as well as preventing nymphs from emerging from egg
masses. Residues last for 4-6 weeks. Do not exceed 12.5 oz product/acre/season. Toxic to bees exposed to
direct treatment; apply only during late evening, night, or early morning. Apply in a minimum flushed spray
of 100 gal/acre by ground. Repeat applications of any neonicotinoid insecticide (acetamiprid-Assail;
imidacloprid-Admire, Provado) can lead to resistance to all neonicotinoids. Alternate neonicotinoids with an
insecticide that has a different mode of action to help delay the development of resistance.
PESTICIDES FOR DISINFESTATION OF TREES JUST BEFORE HARVEST

A. METHOMYL*
(Lannate) LV 1.5–3 pt/acre in 100–200 gal (OC) 3 days 1
COMMENTS: Will kill nymphs and adults but not eggs. Short residual. Effectiveness of treatment is reduced
if neighboring blocks are untreated and adults fly in. International maximum residue limits of 1 ppm have
been established for citrus fruit. Do not make more than 4 applications/crop.
B. CYFLUTHRIN*
(Baythroid) 2E 1.6–3.2 oz/acre in 100–200 gal (OC) 12 0
COMMENTS: No more than 6.4 oz/acre can be applied/year. International maximum residue limits have not
been established for Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, Malaysia, and Australia. If pyrethroids (e.g., cyfluthrin,
fenpropathrin) are used to treat glassy-winged sharpshooters during the months when citrus thrips are
present (generally March to October), they can select for citrus thrips resistance. Therefore, it is recommended
that the total number of applications of any pyrethroid on citrus (for all pest species) be limited to a single
application per season.

1

GRASSHOPPERS (9/08)
Scientific Names: Devastating grasshopper: Melanoplus devastator
Valley grasshopper: Oedaleonotus enigma

Grasshoppers (order Orthoptera) are robust, elongate insects with winged adults that are good flyers.
Commonly they are brown, gray, green, or yellowish insects with greatly enlarged hind-leg femurs
adapted for jumping. Grasshoppers have relatively short antennae, which distinguishes them from
crickets, katydids, and other Orthoptera, which have long antennae.
Most species of grasshopper overwinter as eggs and have only one generation a year. Adults live and
feed for 2 to 3 months, during which females typically deposit elongate pods of about 20 to 100 eggs in
the topsoil of undisturbed areas. Eggs hatch when soil warms in spring. The nymphs feed on most any
species of nearby green plant, molting five or six times before becoming adults.
Nymphs and adults readily move. Each individual typically feeds on several different plants. As
vegetation is consumed or dries when the rainy season ends, grasshoppers migrate to succulent plants.
Adults, sometimes in a large swarm, can fly several miles a day. Nymphs readily jump, walk, or are
carried by wind.
Grasshopper populations vary from year to year. Grasshoppers become more numerous after warm,
moist springs produce abundant vegetation in uncultivated areas, favoring grasshopper survival.
Conversely, parasites and bacterial, fungal, and protozoan diseases can cause grasshopper populations to
crash. Many grasshoppers are eaten by arboreal predators such as birds and robber flies (family Asilidae)
and soil-dwelling egg predators such as blister beetles (Meloidae).
DAMAGE
Grasshoppers become economic pests when young tree foliage is extensively chewed by large numbers of
insects migrating from unmanaged vegetation. Mature trees are not harmed by grasshopper feeding.
MANAGEMENT
Do not take control action based solely on damage. Caterpillars, earwigs, Fuller rose beetle, June beetles,
and snails also chew leaves. Some management methods vary depending on the cause. Where abundant,
grasshoppers can be observed during the day feeding openly and flying or jumping among plants.
Grasshoppers can be difficult to manage once large numbers move onto young trees. If you believe
grasshoppers may become a problem, monitor for them in uncultivated areas near young trees. Before
adjacent vegetation dries or is cut, consider applying insecticide combined with bait or spraying border
areas to kill grasshoppers before they migrate and start to damage crops.
Common name Amount to use R.E.I.+ P.H.I.+

When choosing a pesticide, consider information relating to the impact on natural enemies and honey bees and
A. MALATHION 8 4–9 pt/acre (OC) 24 7

MODE OF ACTION: An organophosphate (Group 1B)1 insecticide.
COMMENTS: Only treat infested trees to avoid destroying natural enemies of mites, loopers, scales, and
other potential secondary pests.
be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment until
harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of these two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse
before harvest.
1
Modes of action are important in preventing the development of resistance to pesticides. Rotate chemicals with a different
mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice
per season. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be
alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action is assigned by IRAC (Insecticide
Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
Grasshoppers (9/08) 91
GREENHOUSE THRIPS (9/08)

Scientific Name: Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis

Adult greenhouse thrips are tiny, black insects with whitish to translucent wings folded back over their
thorax and abdomen. Legs are also a whitish color.
This species is parthenogenic (i.e., reproduces without mating), and males are rarely found. Adult
females insert eggs into the leaf or fruit surface. Just before hatching, egg blisters, which denote where the
eggs are, develop and can be seen with a hand lens.
Nymphs are whitish to slightly yellowish in color and produce a globule of fecal fluid at the tip of their
abdomen. These globules of fluid increase in size until they fall off and another one begins to form,
resulting in a characteristic spotting of the infestation area with black specks of fecal material. The
globules serve as deterrents to predators.
The propupa and pupa are also whitish to slightly yellow. Neither pupal stage feeds, but remains among
the feeding congregation of thrips. All stages of this thrips are sluggish and the adults rarely fly. There
are generally from five to six generations per year along coastal southern California.
Greenhouse thrips prefer moderate coastal temperatures and humidity. In general, periods of stressful
temperatures such as very cold winters or hot dry Santa Ana wind conditions will result in high mortality
of all active stages. Temperatures below freezing or above 100°F cause significant mortality, particularly
if they occur over several days.
DAMAGE
Greenhouse thrips has historically been of greatest economic importance on coastal avocados. However,
it is not unusual for coastal Valencia oranges to sustain significant damage from this pest when a mild
winter is followed by mild spring and summer conditions. Lemons are also occasionally attacked. Navel
oranges are generally not attacked because they are grown too far inland from the moderating effects of
the ocean.
Greenhouse thrips suck out the contents of epidermal cells on leaves and fruit, including the chlorophyll
or pigment, causing cells to turn pale in color. The injury is most likely to be found where two or more
fruits are in contact, for this is where the thrips tend to congregate. Consequently, heavier than normal
crops may exacerbate greenhouse thrips damage by providing the thrips with more places to congregate.
Affected areas on fruit and leaves take on a dirty, spotted appearance as thrips continue to deposit
darkened droplets of liquid excrement while feeding. Congregations of greenhouse thrips expand their
feeding area out from the initial feeding point, leaving an ever increasing area of tissue devoid of
pigment. Although no actual scars or leaf deformities develop, as is the case with citrus thrips feeding,
greenhouse thrips feeding injury can result in a degrading of fruit.
MANAGEMENT
Greenhouse thrips is best managed by occasional inoculative releases of parasitic wasps, early harvest,
and the selection of insecticides that do not destroy natural enemies.
Biological Control
Only one effective natural enemy is known to attack greenhouse thrips. The minute larval parasite
Thripobius semiluteus, which was introduced from Brazil and Australia in the mid-1980s, has been
successfully established on greenhouse thrips in many coastal avocado orchards. Parasitized thrips larvae
appear swollen and the sides of their body are more parallel than tapered as in the case of healthy thrips
larvae. The immobile parasite pupae appear black among the colonies of translucent, unparasitized
thrips. The intermittent nature of thrips populations in coastal citrus makes it difficult to have sustained
biological control in citrus without occasional inoculative releases of this parasite, but Thripobius is no
longer produced and sold by commercial insectaries. Parasites either move into the orchard on their own
or must be located in nearby avocado orchards and relocated to the citrus.
Greenhouse Thrips (9/08) 92

Other less effective natural enemies are known, including an egg parasite, Megaphragma mymaripenne, and
three predatory thrips species, Franklinothrips orizabensis, F. vespiformis, and Leptothrips mali, also known as
the black hunter.
Cultural Control
Greenhouse thrips feeding injury is cumulative over the season, so planning for an early harvest in
severely affected areas of citrus production can minimize the amount of damage. In addition, because
much of the greenhouse thrips population resides on the fruit, it is removed from the orchard at harvest.
An early harvest strategy can thus reduce the crop-to-crop overlap time and minimize the greenhouse
thrips movement to (and resultant damage of) the following year's crop.

Biological control and early harvest are organically acceptable methods.

If the locations of previous years' infestations have been marked, check these areas in late March or during
April to determine the potential for damage in the current year. Greenhouse thrips populations tend to occur
within the most moderate microclimatic areas of the orchard, which are consistent from one year to the next.
Carefully inspect fruit where it contacts other fruit or foliage for signs of initial feeding injury.
If thrips populations are present, they are generally more easily found by early to mid-May. At this time
light economic damage has already occurred. There is no established threshold except to know that without
the intervention of extreme weather conditions or successful biological control, feeding populations of
greenhouse thrips will enlarge along with the damaged areas on the fruit rinds. Generally, only 25 thrips-
weeks (1 thrips-week = one thrips feeding for 1 week) are necessary to produce a damaged area about 1 inch
in diameter. This could be five thrips feeding for 5 weeks or 25 thrips feeding for 1 week or some other
similar product of feeding time and numbers of thrips. Areas of feeding injury that are larger than 1 inch in
diameter are readily seen on the fruit packing line and rejected from top grade.
Thrips populations may be treated in spring with pyrethrin. Use of a pyrethrin is recommended to avoid
severe mortality of natural enemies. Sabadilla, commonly used for citrus thrips, is not as effective.
Greenhouse thrips are easily killed by organophosphates, such as malathion and chlorpyriphos
(Lorsban), applied to control scale. Generally if thrips are present in lemons when a spring scale
treatment is applied, this will be sufficient for the season. The addition of an oil helps the insecticide
reach the eggs, which are located just below the plant cuticle. Where parasites have been introduced for
thrips or other orchard pests, only use organophosphates for spot treatments, or avoid them completely.
On Valencia oranges outside coverage should be sufficient to protect most of the fruit, while on lemons a
full coverage treatment may be necessary to protect inside canopy fruit.

When choosing a pesticide, consider information relating to impact on natural enemies and honey bees as well as
A. PYRETHRIN/PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE
(Pyrenone Crop Spray) 6–12 oz/acre (OC) 12 when dry
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER 1: 3/27A
COMMENTS: Because there is no residual, repeat application may be needed in 2–3 weeks and control may be only
partial.
+ Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely
entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the
REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest.
1
Greenhouse Thrips (9/08) 93

KATYDIDS (9/08)
Scientific Names: Forktailed bush katydid: Scudderia furcata
Angularwinged katydid: Microcentrum retinerve

Katydids resemble grasshoppers but have long antennae. Nymphs are wingless and have black and
white banded antennae. Females of the forktailed katydid lay gray, oval, flat eggs in leaves where they
have been feeding. Nymphs appear in April and May and take 2 to 3 months to mature. Angularwinged
katydids are larger than forktailed katydids, have broader wings and have a humpback appearance both
as nymphs and as adults. Females lay their gray, oval eggs in two overlapping rows on twigs and leaves.
Katydids have only one generation a year.
DAMAGE
Of the two species feeding on citrus, only the forktailed katydid causes economic damage. This species
feeds on young fruit at petal fall with subsequent buildup of scar tissue and distortion of expanding fruit.
Katydids take a single bite from a fruit and then move to another feeding site on the same or nearby fruit.
In this way, a few katydids can damage a large quantity of fruit in a short time. They also eat holes in
leaves and maturing fruit, creating injury that resembles damage by citrus cutworm. The angularwinged
katydid is less abundant than the forktailed katydid and feeds only on leaves.
MANAGEMENT
With the reduced use of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, katydids have become more
numerous. Larger instars are not well controlled by cryolite or spinosad.
Biological Control
A number of parasitic wasps will attack katydid eggs, however, they are generally not effective enough to
prevent damaging levels from developing.

Biological control and the Entrust formulation of spinosad are organically acceptable methods.

Monitor for katydids starting in April. Before petal fall, they will be feeding on the newly expanding leaf
flush. A timed search (3 minutes per tree) of 20 trees can be used to estimate their numbers. Approach the
tree slowly, because katydids have excellent eyesight and will hide behind leaves if they see you coming.
Look for damaged leaves, and search the foliage around the damaged area for katydids. There is no
treatment threshold for katydids; however, if you detect leaf feeding and can find one or more per tree in
a timed search then it is probably time to treat.
If treatments of diflubenzuron (Micromite) or cryolite are planned, put them on before petal fall because
they are slow acting. Micromite does not kill the katydid until it tries to molt (10 days) and cryolite is a
stomach poison that slowly kills the katydid over several days.
After petal fall, katydids can do a lot of damage in a short amount of time, so killing them quickly is
important. If they are found at this time, many growers add a low rate of chlorpyrifos or a low rate of a
pyrethroid to the citrus thrips spinosad treatment. The reduced rate of the organophosphate or
pyrethroid helps to preserve natural enemies needed for other pests.
Katydids (9/08) 94

A. CRYOLITE
take several days of warm weather to kill katydids. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season.
B. DIFLUBENZURON*
(Micromite) 80 WG 3.125–6.25 oz/acre (OC) 12 21
predatory beetles
only kills the egg stage of the peelminer. Apply by ground application using 50-200 gallons of water per acre.
Do not apply more than 6.4 oz per 90 day period or 18.75 oz per year. Do not apply within 25 feet of bodies of
water. Use allowed under a FIFRA 2(ee) recommendation.
C. NALED
(Dibrom) 8E 1–2 pt/acre (OC) see comments 7
COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and tangerines. Apply at petal fall. R.E.I. is 2 days for 1
pt or less; 3 days for more than 1 pt.
D. CHLORPYRIFOS*
(Lorsban) 4EC 2–8 oz/acre (A) 5 days see comments
...or...
2–8 oz/acre (OC) 5 days see comments
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. No more than 2 applications/year with at least 30 days between
applications. Do not apply during daylight hours of bloom period. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7
pt/acre and 35 days for over 7 pt/acre.
E. DIMETHOATE 4 0.5–2 pt/acre (OC) 48 15

COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and tangerines.
Katydids (9/08) 95

F. CYFLUTHRIN*
(Baythroid) 2E 6.4 fl oz/acre (OC) 12 0
make a total of only one pyrethroid application (for all pest species) per year. Do not apply within 25 feet of
lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, marshes, or natural ponds, estuaries, and commercial fish farm
ponds.
G. FENPROPATHRIN*
(Danitol) 2.4EC 21.33 fl oz/acre (OC) 24 1
COMMENTS: Apply in 50–200 gal water/acre. Use only on citrus trees 3 years or older. To reduce the
potential for resistance, make a total of only one pyrethroid application (for all pest species) per year. Do not
apply in the vicinity of aquatic areas, and do not apply more than 21.33 fl oz/acre/year.

1
Katydids (9/08) 96
LOOPERS (9/08)
Scientific Names: Citrus looper: Anacamptodes fragilaria
Cabbage looper: Trichoplusia ni

Loopers occur in most citrus-growing areas, usually together with other orangeworms. The larvae have
no prolegs in the middle of the body and therefore move in a characteristic looping or measuring fashion.
The female moth lays about 100 pale green, spherical eggs singly on leaves; there are several generations
a year.
DAMAGE
Looper larvae mainly consume new growth flushes, but also feed on blossoms and young fruit; they
rarely damage mature fruit. Very young larvae typically feed on lower leaf surfaces along the leaf
margin. Mature larvae, which are about 1.5 inch (3.7 cm) long, eat holes in leaves or consume them
entirely.
MANAGEMENT
Loopers have many natural enemies, including Apanteles sp. Treatment for loopers on citrus is rarely
required.
Loopers (9/08) 97
MEALYBUGS (9/08)
Scientific Names: Citrus mealybug: Planococcus citri
Citrophilus mealybug: Pseudococcus calceolariae
Longtailed mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus
Comstock mealybug: Pseudococcus comstocki

Mealybugs are soft, oval, flat, distinctly segmented, and covered with a white, mealy wax that extends
into spines (filaments) along the body margin and the posterior end. The species differ mainly in the
thickness and length of the waxy filaments. Citrus mealybug, the most common species, has a pinkish
body that is visible through the powdery wax. The filaments around its margins are not appreciably
longer at the posterior end. The Comstock mealybug primarily occurs on lemons in the San Joaquin
Valley and has a thicker wax cover than the citrus mealybug. In addition, it has two spines at the
posterior end, about one-quarter the length of the body. The other two mealybug species are usually not a
problem in citrus because they are kept at low population levels by parasites.
Female mealybugs lay several hundred eggs on the leaves, fruit, or twigs; eggs for some of the species are
laid in cottony egg sacs. Newly hatched nymphs are light yellow and free of wax, but soon start to excrete
a waxy cover. There are two to three overlapping generation a year. Mealybugs are often found between
clusters of grapefruit, especially in groves tended by ants.
DAMAGE
Mealybugs extract plant sap, reducing tree vigor, and excrete honeydew, which gets on plant surfaces
and provides a surface upon which sooty mold grows. If a cluster of mealybugs feeds along a fruit stem,
fruit drop can occur. Damage is most severe in spring and fall.
MANAGEMENT
Mealybugs are primarily managed by conserving their natural enemies and reducing ant populations and
dust problems. Treatment is rarely required.
Biological Control
Parasites provide good control of the citrophilus, longtailed, and Comstock mealybugs if they are not
destroyed by treatments for other pests. Native predators include lady beetles, lacewings, and syrphid
flies. An introduced predator of the citrus mealybug, the mealybug destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri,
is a voracious feeder of the pest in both the larval and adults stages. Its larvae resemble a mealybug but
are about twice as large as the adult citrus mealybug females. The adult is a small beetle with dark brown
wing covers and a light brown head and prothoraic shield. Because Cryptolaemus does not survive the
winter well, it can be purchased from commercial insectaries in early spring and released in orchards
where citrus mealybugs were a problem the previous year. Release about 500 Cryptolaemus per acre.

Biological control, including the release of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, is acceptable in organically managed
citrus groves.

If a heavy population of mealybugs must be reduced quickly, a treatment can be applied, but release
Cryptolaemus about 2 weeks after to reestablish biological control.

A. CRYPTOLAEMUS MONTROUZIERI#
(Mealybug destroyer) 500/acre NA NA
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mealybugs); Natural enemies: none
PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate, does not survive winters well; Natural enemies: none
COMMENTS: Release in early spring in orchards where citrus mealybugs were a problem the previous year.
Mealybugs (9/08) 98

B. CHLORPYRIFOS*
(Lorsban) 4E 0.75 pt/100 gal (TC) 5 days see comments
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom or make second application within 30
days; do not exceed 2 applications or 12 pt/acre/year. Preharvest interval is 21 days up to 7 pt/acre and 35
days above 7 pt/acre.
. . . PLUS . . . (optional)
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 1.2–1.4% 4 when dry
COMMENTS: Use highest dosage of oil for July or Aug. applications. Caution: Serious hazards are associated
with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest
interval.
** TC - Thorough coverage uses 750–2000 gal/acre.

1
NA Not applicable.
Mealybugs (9/08) 99
OMNIVOROUS LEAFROLLER (9/08)

Scientific Name: Platynota stultana

The larva of the omnivorous leafroller resembles other tortricid caterpillars, especially the orange tortrix,
but it has white tubercles at the base of the bristles on its sides and back. Early instars have a black head
and prothoracic shield; later instars have a light brown head and prothoracic shield. The larvae roll and
tie leaves together or to fruit with silken threads. When mature they pupate inside the rolled leaves
within a cocoon. Adult female moths lay overlapping eggs in clusters that resemble fish scales on the
upper surface of leaves and on fruit. There are five to six generations a year, depending on temperatures.
DAMAGE
Omnivorous leafroller is only rarely a pest of citrus in the San Joaquin Valley and in interior and
intermediate districts of southern California. In spring, small larvae spin webs and feed on new foliage.
Later in the season they tie leaves to fruit and feed under the buttons, leaving ring scarring similar to that
of citrus thrips. In summer and fall, they tie leaves to ripening fruit and feed on the rind.
MANAGEMENT
Omnivorous leafroller is generally managed when monitoring for other pests from spring though fall
indicates a treatment is necessary. Use selective (toxic to only a narrow group of insects) insecticides to
preserve populations of natural enemies.
Biological Control
Several parasites attack the larva of the omnivorous leafroller. The most common are a tachinid fly,
Erynnia tortricis, and an eulophid wasp, Elachertus proteoteratis. Trichogramma spp. attack the eggs.

Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis are acceptable for use on organically managed citrus.

If it appears that omnivorous leafroller is present in the grove, monitor in the south and east quadrants of
trees. In spring, look for small larvae under sepals when you monitor for citrus thrips. During summer,
less frequent monitoring may be sufficient but check to see if parasites are effective. A higher number of
larvae can be tolerated in spring, when they feed on young leaves, than in fall, when they are more likely
to damage ripening fruit. Keeping this qualification in mind, a control action threshold of about 30 larvae
per hour of search can be used.

natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact.

COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing is important because of short residual period. Apply only during
warm weather to control young, actively feeding worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph.
B. CRYOLITE
lb/acre/season.
Omnivorous Leafroller (9/08) 100

C. CHLORPYRIFOS*
(high rates)
COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, oranges. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours
before sunrise. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days for over 7 pt/acre.
D. CARBARYL*
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before
sunrise. XLR Plus formulation is less toxic to honey bees than the 80S formulation when direct application to bees is
avoided, and the spray residues have dried. Check with your local county agricultural commissioner regarding
application restrictions during the bloom period.
E. NALED
COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply
during bloom. Restricted entry interval is 2 days for 1 pt or less; 3 days for more than 1 pt.
F. METHOMYL*
G. CARBARYL*

entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the
REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest.
1
Omnivorous Leafroller (9/08) 101

ORANGE TORTRIX (9/08)

Scientific Name: Argyrotaenia (=citrana) franciscana

The larva of the orange tortrix is a greenish to straw-colored caterpillar with a straw-colored head and
prothoracic shield. The major distinguishing characteristic between orange tortrix and omnivorous leafroller
caterpillars is that the small mounds at the base of the bristles on the side and back of the omnivorous leafroller
are white, whereas on the orange tortrix they are not.
Orange tortrix larvae feed inside nests spun around plant parts. The larvae pupate in dense cocoons inside the
nests and adult moths emerge in 8 days to 3 weeks, depending on temperature. Females moths lay 50 to 150
eggs on smooth surfaces such as stems, fruit, and the upper surface of leaves. In coastal areas, orange tortrix
may have more than three generations a year, whereas in intermediate districts it has two or three. It is not a
problem in the Central Valley.
DAMAGE
Orange tortrix is primarily a pest on Valencias and navel oranges in southern California. First generation
orange tortrix larvae feed on leaves. Second generation larvae appear when the growth is hardening off and
move preferentially to young fruit and feed around the button. This feeding causes only superficial scars. Later
generations feed among clusters of ripening fruit, eating holes into the rind that allow decay organisms to enter;
the fruit usually drops within 1 to 2 weeks.
MANAGEMENT
Orange tortrix is generally managed by monitoring throughout spring and summer and treating when
necessary. Use selective (toxic to only a narrow group of insects) insecticides to preserve populations of natural
enemies.
Biological Control
Several parasites and predators attack orange tortrix. The most common parasites are two wasps, Apanteles
aristoteliae and Exochus sp. These wasps lay their eggs in tortrix larvae and the parasites develop within.
Apanteles pupates in a white cocoon outside the dead larvae, whereas Exochus pupates inside the larva and
emerges through a round exit hole.

Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis are acceptable for use in organically managed citrus
orchards.

While orange tortrix larvae should be monitored throughout spring and summer, the period from May through
July is especially important. At 7- to 10-day intervals, look for orange tortrix and evidence of parasitism mainly
on the south and east quadrants of trees. If 15 larvae are found per hour of search on oranges and grapefruit, or
30 larvae per hour of search on lemons, a treatment may be warranted, depending on the level of parasitism.

natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact.

COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing is important because of short residual period. Apply only during warm
weather to control young, actively feeding worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph.
Orange Tortrix (9/08) 102


B. CRYOLITE
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (foliage feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle); Natural
enemies: few, if any
COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may take several
days of warm weather to kill worms. Use reduced wind velocity and a speed of 3 mph. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season.
C. CHLORPYRIFOS*
PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high
rates)
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply more than twice/fruit year or make applications less than 30 days
apart. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. Preharvest interval is 21 days
for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days for over 7 pt/acre.
D. CARBARYL*
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before
sunrise. XLR Plus formulation is less toxic to honey bees than the 80S formulation when direct application to bees is
avoided, and the spray residues have dried. Check with your local county agricultural commissioner regarding
application restrictions during the bloom period.
E. NALED
COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during
bloom. R.E.I. is 2 days for 1 pt or less; 3 days for more than 1 pt.
F. METHOMYL*
COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines, and tangelos. Apply as needed, except during daylight
hours of the bloom period. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom.
G. CARBARYL*
entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI
exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest.
1
Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number
more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of
1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action
Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at
http://www.irac-online.org/.
Orange Tortrix (9/08) 103
PINK SCAVENGER CATERPILLAR (9/08)

Scientific Name: Pyroderces rileyi

The pink scavenger caterpillar occurs sporadically in the coastal areas of San Diego, Orange, and Ventura
counties. When fully grown, larva are much smaller than other orangeworms. Pink scavenger caterpillars
have light brown heads, black mouthparts, a dark brown prothoracic shield, and a dark pinkish abdomen.
DAMAGE
On orange and lemon trees, the caterpillar is mainly a scavenger, feeding on dry or decaying fruit, dead
floral parts, and sooty mold. Look for it mainly among fruit clusters and under sepals. During summer,
larvae may feed on the rind of ripe Valencias, often near the stem end or on the sides of fruit in a cluster. The
feeding is usually superficial and does not cause appreciable damage. In a few cases, serious damage has
occurred similar to that caused by orange tortrix. A heavy infestation may result in fruit drop or decaying
fruit during storage.
MANAGEMENT
Treatment is rarely needed.
POTATO LEAFHOPPER (9/08)

Scientific Name: Empoasca fabae

The potato leafhopper is a potential pest of citrus in some areas, especially in groves near tomato fields,
cotton fields, or pastures in the San Joaquin Valley. It is a green, slender insect with bristlelike antennae and
rows of spines along its hind legs. It breeds in large numbers on wild plants and field crops. During late
summer and fall, the leafhoppers may migrate to citrus groves to spend the winter in the shelter of the trees.
DAMAGE
The potato leafhopper feeds on fruit by puncturing rind cells, causing yellowish to light brown, roundish
scars on fruit. The scars are particularly apparent on green fruit and resemble thrips oviposition scars except
they are more clustered and do not have darkened centers.
MANAGEMENT
Leafhoppers are not a problem every year. In addition, they do not remain in the orchard long. Usually by
the time they are detected, the leafhoppers are already gone; a preventive treatment is best if there is a
history of problems with this pest. A yellow, sticky card, such as the one used for the California red scale, or
traps can be used to help determine if leafhoppers are present.
If you apply a Bordeaux spray in fall against brown rot and Septoria, you may want to add some additional
hydrated lime to repel leafhoppers. Because this is a preventive treatment, it must be made before migration
into the grove occurs.

When choosing a pesticide, consider information relating to impact on natural enemies and honey bees as well as
A. HYDRATED LIME# 15–30 lb/100 gal (OC) 0 0

RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (leafhoppers); Natural enemies: interferes with searching ability of
many natural enemies

Pink Scavenger Caterpillar (9/08) and Potato Leafhopper (9/08) 104

PURPLE SCALE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Lepidosaphes beckii

Purple scale is one of the armored scales. The cover of the adult female purple scale resembles a mussel
shell in shape. The immature male cover is shorter and much narrower than the female cover. Mature
males are winged insects that search out the immobile females. After mating, females lay 40 to 80 eggs
under the cover. After egg hatch, crawlers emerge from under the cover and settle on branches, twigs,
leaves, or fruit and begin to form their covers. They are covered with a mass of waxy threads until about
half grown; at that time a brown cover with a purplish tinge forms. Purple scales prefer the cooler, shady
parts of trees; temperatures above 80°F (27°C) greatly reduce a population. Two generations occur
between May and October and a third may be partially completed before cold weather starts.
DAMAGE
Purple scale is an occasional pest in certain coastal areas where the mild climate and humid conditions
favor its buildup. It attacks all parts of the tree. Its feeding causes yellowish halos to develop on leaves;
on young fruit the feeding sites remain green. When populations are high, defoliation and twig dieback
can occur; this usually takes place in limited patches on the lower north side of trees.
MANAGEMENT
Parasites usually provide good control of purple scale. Biological control may require supplementary
treatment at times, especially on dusty trees next to dirt roads.
Biological Control
The most effective purple scale parasite is Aphytis lepidosaphes, a parasitic wasp that is generally
distributed in areas where purple scale occurs. This parasite develops externally on the body of immature
scales under the scale cover. Because this parasite is not commercially available, conserve naturally
occurring populations of this beneficial in the grove. If treatments are necessary, during August and
September either spot treat (i.e., treat only those trees with high populations of purple scale) or treat
every fourth to sixth row at a 4- to 6-week intervals if the entire grove is infested. This will assist in
preserving natural enemies.
Several predators including the twicestabbed lady beetle, Chilocorus spp., and the Australian lady beetle,
Rhyzobius (Lindorus) lophanthae, are important.

Biological control and organically acceptable oil sprays are acceptable for use on organically certified citrus.
Treatment Decisions
If a treatment is needed, it may be sufficient to spot treat (i.e., treat only those trees with high populations
of purple scale) with an oil spray or wash dusty trees with water. Oil sprays for the California red scale
also control the purple scale.

impact.
(415, 440) 1.2–1.4% (TC) 4 when dry
. . . or . . .
(415, 435, 440, 455) 1.2–1.4% (TC) 4 when dry
COMMENTS: Apply higher rate of narrow range oil in July or Aug. only. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray oil is
increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Caution: Serious hazards are associated
with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval.
Purple Scale (9/08) 105


B. CHLORPYRIFOS*
...or...
6–12 pt/acre (LV)
(high rates)
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties; however, it may cause ridging in lemons. Apply thorough coverage spray in
1,200–1,600 gal/acre; do not apply during daylight hours of bloom period or exceed 12 pt/acre/application or 15
pt/acre/year of chlorpyrifos; no more than 2 applications/fruit year, and no closer than 30 days apart. Preharvest
interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre. Do not apply during Dec., Jan., or Feb. See label
for additional restrictions. Rates greater than 8 pt/acre are allowed only in Fresno, Tulare, Kern, Kings, Stanislaus,
and Madera Counties.
C. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 1–1.2 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May increase citrus
red mite populations.
D. CARBARYL*
(Sevin) 80S 0.4 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.5–1.4% 4 when dry
Reducing the rate of the oil reduces the risk of phytotoxicity, especially in warmer growing areas of the state. Some
California red scale population resistance in San Joaquin Valley; also resistance in some Euseius tularensis
populations. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May increase citrus red mite populations.
E. METHIDATHION*
(Supracide) 25WP 1 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days 14
...or...
applications/fruit year, 45 days apart for dilute (TC) sprays. Only 1 application allowed for low-volume sprays,
which are available under a Special Local Needs permit. May increase citrus red mite populations.


F. METHIDATHION*
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.5–1.4% 4 when dry

1

SIXSPOTTED MITE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Eotetranychus sexmaculatus

Sixspotted mite is a minor pest on citrus in some coastal growing areas. It is somewhat smaller than the
twospotted mite, lemon yellow, and usually has three pairs of black spots. Populations tend to be
heaviest in spring and early summer when temperatures are cool and a generation takes 3 to 4 weeks to
complete.
DAMAGE
Sixspotted mites feed along the midrib or larger veins on the underside of citrus leaves. They form small
colonies and cover themselves with protective webbing. A depression develops where a colony has
settled and becomes apparent as a slight bulge on the upper leaf surface. The infested area may turn pale
to yellow, and the leaves often become distorted. Leaf drop may occur with few mites present.
MANAGEMENT
These mites are generally kept under control by predaceous mites and sixspotted thrips. In areas
protected from Santa Ana winds, this mite may occasionally require treatment.

impact.
A. WETTABLE SULFUR# 45–60 lb/acre (OC or IC) 24 0

COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply from Oct. thru May when monitoring indicates a need. Do not apply
more than 6 lb/100 gal water. Do not apply during or preceding high temperatures. Do not apply sulfur within 2
months of a previous oil spray, and do not apply oil 60–90 days after a sulfur treatment. Not recommended for
use in the San Joaquin Valley.
B. NARROW RANGE OIL (92% UR)

(415, 440) 1.2–1.4% (OC or IC) 4 when dry
. . . or . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL (99% UR)
(415, 435, 440, 455) 1.2–1.4% (OC or IC) 4 when dry
Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check
label for preharvest interval.
. . . or . . .
COMMENTS: Use highest rate for July or August applications. Low-volume may be preferable. Caution: Serious
Sixspotted Mite (9/08) 108


C. ACEQUINOCYL
D. HEXYTHIAZOX
E. PYRIDABEN
F. SPIRODICLOFEN
G. FENBUTATIN OXIDE*
...or...
3 lb/acre (LV)
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material does not work well in cool weather and requires higher rates
during these periods. Do not apply more than 1,600 gal dilute spray/acre or use more than 4 lb/acre/season.
H. DICOFOL
(KELTHANE MF) 4EC 0.4 pt/100 gal (OC or IC) 12 7
MODE OF ACTION: UNC
1
Sixspotted Mite (9/08) 109
TEXAS CITRUS MITE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Eutetranychus banksi

Texas citrus mite is a sporadic pest of citrus in the inland valleys of California. Adult mites are tan-to-
brownish green with dark green to black spots on the upper side of the body. Males are more slender
than females and have much longer legs. Females have a more round-to-oval shape and are somewhat
flatter than citrus red or Yuma spider mite. All stages of mites, including eggs, tend to be located along
the midrib and lateral veins. Eggs are somewhat flat and disklike, are not a uniform color, and range from
yellow when laid to a reddish brown before hatching.
In the San Joaquin Valley, Texas citrus mite can sometimes be found in low populations in spring,
especially following insecticides such as formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol) or methidathion (Supracide)
that disrupt biological control. Populations of this mite decrease in summer but increase from September
through December. When weather becomes cold and wet, which usually equates to the first overnight
period of dense Valley fog, populations decrease again.
DAMAGE
Texas citrus mite feeds primarily on leaves and can cause significant stippling and leaf drop; significant
leaf drop can lead to fruit drop. In the San Joaquin Valley damage is usually limited to early harvested
navels where a combination of warm temperatures in fall and deficit irrigation (used to induce increases
in sugar levels) allow mites to thrive. Damage often begins in the tops of trees and progresses downward
as harvest approaches. Leaf drop from Texas citrus mite is unique because the leaf blade falls to the
ground while the petiole remains in the tree. Leaf drop can result in sunburning of fruit, dropped fruit,
and reduced photosynthesis.
MANAGEMENT
In the San Joaquin Valley watch for Texas citrus mite in fall on early harvested navels or in spring
following treatments of broad-spectrum insecticides. Treat if small amounts of defoliation begin to occur
in the outer canopy at the top of trees and cold, wet weather is not anticipated for a period of weeks.
Miticides are very effective against Texas citrus mite.
Biological Control
Texas citrus mite is naturally controlled by predators of other mites such as the sixspotted thrips
(Scolothrips sexmaculatus), the spider mite destroyer (Stethorus picipes), minute pirate bugs (Orius spp.)
and a predatory mite, (Euseius tularensis).
Cultural Control
Adequate irrigation and dust control will reduce the impact of Texas citrus mite.

Cultural and biological controls and certain petroleum oil sprays are organically acceptable methods.

In the San Joaquin Valley, check for Texas citrus mite during spring if broad-spectrum insecticides such
as formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol) or methidathion (Supracide) have been used. Treat if significant
amounts of leaf drop occur.
In fall look for Texas citrus mite from September through December on trees that bear early harvested
fruit, especially navels. Treat if leaves in the outer canopy at the tops of trees begin to defoliate, and cold
weather is not anticipated for a period of several weeks. Treatments are not needed if defoliation is
limited to the leaves on the extremities of the fall flush that will naturally freeze or be pruned off during
winter.
No official treatment thresholds exist. Texas citrus mite is highly susceptible to all miticides labeled for
control of citrus red mite and can be controlled with relatively low volumes of water because of to its
tendency to be located on newer leaves in the outer tree canopy.
Texas Citrus Mite (9/08) 110


impact.
A. NARROW RANGE OIL (92%UR)

(415, 440) 1.2–1.4% (OC) 4 when dry
. . . or . . .
(415, 435, 440, 455) 1.2–1.4% (OC) 4 when dry
Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check
label for preharvest interval.
. . . or . . .
COMMENTS: Use highest rate for July or August applications. Low-volume may be preferable. Caution: Serious
B. ACEQUINOCYL
(Kanemite) 15SC 21–31 oz/acre (OC) 12 7
C. PYRIDABEN
(Nexter) WSB Label rate (OC) 12 7
D. FENPROXIMATE
E. WETTABLE SULFUR# 45–60 lb/acre (OC) 24 0

COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply from Oct. thru May when monitoring indicates a need. Do not apply
more than 6 lb/100 gal water. Do not apply during or preceding high temperatures. Do not apply sulfur within 2
months of a previous oil spray, and do not apply oil 60–90 days after a sulfur treatment. Not recommended for
use in the San Joaquin Valley.


F. FENBUTATIN OXIDE*
(Vendex) 50WP 0.24–0.5 lb/100 gal (OC) 48 7
...or...
3 lb/acre (LV)
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material does not work well in cool weather and requires higher rates
during these periods. Do not apply more than 1,600 gal dilute spray/acre or use more than 4 lb/acre/season.

1

TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Tetranychus urticae

All stages of the twospotted spider mite overwinter in protected places on the tree, such as the navel of
navel oranges, under the button, and where fruit touch. If the weather is mild, mites continue to feed and
reproduce during winter. Activity increases in late spring and peaks in summer. Spider mites first appear
on the underside of leaves and when heavy populations build up, also on the upperside of leaves and on
fruit. They cover leaves and fruit with a conspicuous webbing.
Eggs are spherical and translucent when first laid, becoming opaque before hatching. Immature mites
molt three times before becoming adults; under ideal conditions, a generation can be completed in 7 days.
DAMAGE
Light infestations result in yellow or brown spots between leaf veins. Clusters of dried, brown leaves and
profuse webbing indicate a heavy infestation, which if compounded by water stress, could result in leaf
and fruit drop.
MANAGEMENT
The twospotted spider mite is an occasional pest on citrus, particularly in the San Joaquin Valley. Its
damage potential varies from year to year and is related to water stress and heat. Monitor for twospotted
spider mite year round and treat with the most selective miticide to preserve populations of natural
enemies.
Biological Control
A number of predators provide substantial control of twospotted spider mites. These include the
sixspotted thrips, Scolothrips sexmaculatus, the spider mite destroyer, Stethorus picipes, minute pirate bugs,
Orius spp., and the beneficial mite, Euseius tularensis.
Cultural Control
Adequate irrigation will reduce the impact of spider mite feeding.

Cultural and biological controls and certain petroleum oil sprays (such as PureSpray Green [NR 440]) are
organically acceptable methods.
Selectivity
Miticides available for controlling twospotted spider mite in bearing orchards include abamectin (Agri-
Mek, etc.), acequinocyl (Kanemite), dicofol (Kelthane), fenbutatin oxide (Vendex), fenproximate
(Fujimite), hexythiazox (Onager), oil, propargite (Omite), pyridaben (Nexter), spirodiclofen (Envidor); in
nonbearing orchards, bifenazate (Acramite) and etoxazole (Zeal) can be used.
Of these miticides, some are more selective than others. Acequinocyl, bifenazate, fenbutatin oxide, and oil
have the least effect of all on natural enemies, including predatory mites, but they also provide a shorter
period of control of pest mites. Dicofol, etoxazole, hexythiazox, propargite, pyridaben, and spirodiclofen
are of intermediate selectivity because they impact both pest mites and predatory mites for up to 6 weeks
but have minimal impact on beneficial insects such as lacewings, lady beetles, and Aphytis melinus, which
help control caterpillars, scale, thrips, and other pests.

In the San Joaquin Valley, check for twospotted mites when you monitor citrus red mite in late winter
and early spring. Continue monitoring twospotted mite occasionally during summer and more closely in
late summer and fall. Look for yellow-brown spots on foliage, particularly in the last growth flush,
indicating feeding by twospotted spider mites. High populations in summer and fall may require
treatments, but thresholds have not been established.
Twospotted Spider Mite (9/08) 113


impact.

A. BIFENAZATE
(Acramite) 50 WS 0.75–1 lb/acre (OC) 12 1 year
B. ETOXAZOLE
BEARING TREES
A. NARROW RANGE OIL (92% UR)
(415, 440) 1.2–1.4% (OC) 4 when dry
. . . or . . .
(415, 435, 440, 455) 1.2–1.4% (OC) 4 when dry
increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Caution: Serious hazards are associated
with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval.
. . . or . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL (92 OR 99% UR)
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (citrus red mite) Natural enemies: predatory mites.
COMMENTS: Higher amounts of oil are for larger trees or for warmer times of the year to increase persistence.
B. ACEQUINOCYL
Do not use less than 100 gal water/acre. Do not apply more than 62 oz/acre/season. Allow a minimum of 21 days
between applications.


C. HEXYTHIAZOX
D. PYRIDABEN
E. FENPROXIMATE
COMMENTS: Do not make more than 2 applications/season and allow 14 days between applications. Use allowed
under a Supplemental Label.
F. SPIRODICLOFEN
COMMENTS: Make no more than 1 application/crop season. Application rate is 12-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when
horticultural spray oil is not used, and 18-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when it is.
G. ABAMECTIN*
(Agri-Mek, etc.) 10 oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (citrus thrips, mites, leafminers); Natural enemies: predatory mites &
thrips
. . . PLUS . . .
NARROW RANGE OIL
(415) 0.25–1% 4 when dry
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Most effective in the spring when the trees are flushing.
H. FENBUTATIN OXIDE*
...or...
3 lb/acre (LV)
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Use higher rates during cool weather periods. Do not apply more than 1600
gal dilute spray/acre or use more than 6 lb/acre/season.


I. PROPARGITE
(Omite) CR 10 lb/acre (OC or IC) 42 days 28
RESISTANCE: In some twospotted spider mite populations.
may be applied 30 days or more after propargite. Do not apply to resistant mites.
. . . or . . .
(Omite)* 30W 7.5–10 lb/acre (OC or IC) 42 days 28
COMMENTS: For oranges and grapefruit. Check with county ag. commissioner to determine if there is a Special
Local Needs permit for southern California areas. Apply from Oct. 1 to petal fall. Ground application only. Be sure
temperatures are below 95°F. No more than 2 applications/fruit year at least 21 days apart. Do not apply within 40
days of an oil application, but oil may be applied 30 days or more after propargite. Do not apply to resistant mites.
J. DICOFOL
RESISTANCE: In some twospotted spider mite populations.
MODE OF ACTION: UNC
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Use on nonresistant mites only; resistance has been reported in the San
Joaquin Valley. Closed application system required with this material. Can cause secondary outbreaks of citrus red
mites. Do not exceed 6 pt/acre.

1

WESTERN TUSSOCK MOTH (9/08)

Scientific Name: Orgyia vetusta

Western tussock moth has one generation a year. Overwintered eggs hatch about the time the spring
growth flush is expanding. Larvae of the western tussock moth are distinctive: young larvae are black
with long bristles; maturing larvae have numerous red and yellow spots and four median dorsal tufts of
light gray hair. Mature larvae spin their cocoons and pupate mainly on scaffold branches and trunks.
Adults emerge from late April through July and, after mating, wingless females lay 125 to 300 eggs each
in a single egg mass—usually on the empty pupal case.
DAMAGE
Western tussock moth infestations are occasionally a problem in southern California and in foothill
orchards in the San Joaquin Valley. A heavy infestation of this pest may destroy all new spring growth.
The larva may also eat into newly set or young fruit. The damage is similar to that of katydids,
grasshoppers, and citrus cutworm.
MANAGEMENT
Western tussock moth is generally managed by monitoring in spring and treating when necessary. Use
selective (those listed with a narrow range of activity) insecticides to preserve populations of natural
enemies.
Biological Control
A dermestid egg predator, Trogoderma sternale, is common in some areas of southern California as is a
small parasitic wasp, Telenomus californicus.

Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis are acceptable on organically certified citrus.

Look for egg masses or larvae of western tussock moth in spring to determine the population level before
damage occurs. If you find an average of one healthy egg mass per tree, economic loss may occur. Treat
after 90% of the eggs have hatched. If you monitor larvae, about 100 larvae an hour of search warrants
treatment.

impact.

B. CRYOLITE
lb/acre/season.
Western Tussock Moth (9/08) 117


C. CHLORPYRIFOS*
days apart. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. P.H.I. is 21
days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre.
D. CARBARYL*
E. NALED
apply during bloom. R.E.I. is 2 days for 1 pt or less; 3 days for more than 1 pt.
F. METHOMYL*
G. CARBARYL*

1
Western Tussock Moth (9/08) 118

WHITEFLIES (9/08)
Scientific Names: Woolly whitefly: Aleurothrixus floccosus
Citrus whitefly: Dialeurodes citri
Bayberry whitefly: Parabemisia myricae
Ash whitefly: Siphoninus phillyreae

Whiteflies are tiny, flying insects that derive their name from the mealy white wax covering their wings and
body. While adult whiteflies are similar in appearance, the immature stages are more distinctive. The pupa
and other immature stages of the woolly whitefly are covered with curly, waxy filaments and are exclusively
found on the undersides of leaves; pupae of the bayberry whitefly have a clear wax fringe around the body
margin; pupae of the citrus whitefly have a distinctive Y-shape on their backs; and pupae of the ash whitefly
have a thick band of wax down the back and a fringe of tiny tubes, each with a liquid droplet at the end.
DAMAGE
Whiteflies suck phloem sap, which in some cases can cause leaves to wilt and drop when populations are
large. However, the primary concern with whiteflies is the honeydew they produce. Honeydew excreted
by nymphs collects dust and supports the growth of sooty mold; large infestations blacken entire trees,
including fruit, as well as attract ants, which interfere with the biological control of whiteflies and other
pests.
MANAGEMENT
Chemical treatment of whiteflies is generally not necessary; exceptions are usually limited to where
biocontrol has been severely disrupted. Enhance biocontrol by avoiding nonselective insecticides for
other pests and by controlling sugar-feeding ants.
Biological Control
Several natural enemies attack the immature stages of whiteflies and provide partial to complete
biological control when undisturbed by ants, dust, or insecticide treatment. Conserve natural enemies by
controlling other pests with the least disruptive materials available and by controlling sugar-feeding ants.
Cultural Control
Alternate row pruning to provide refuge for parasites may provide some benefits.

Inspect for whitefly throughout summer by looking for immature stages on the undersides of leaves
directly above areas with honeydew and/or sooty mold. Consider treatments if honeydew and sooty
mold contamination of fruit reaches levels that are not tolerable. Treatments specifically targeting
whitefly are usually not needed because usually at least one neonicotinoid (e.g., Assail, Admire, Nuprid,
Provado) or insect growth regulator (e.g., Esteem, Applaud) that will suppress whiteflies has already
been used one or more times on most citrus orchards to control scale and sharpshooter pests. No official
treatment thresholds for whitefly exist.

impact.
A. ACETAMIPRID
(Assail) 70 WP 3.4–5.7 oz/acre (TC) 12 7
RESISTANCE: None
COMMENTS: Residues last for 4–6 weeks. Apply in 300-1000 gal water/acre; use higher volume if insects are
inside the canopy on the wood. Do not exceed 12.5 oz product/acre/season. Toxic to bees exposed to direct
treatment; apply only during late evening, night, or early morning. Toxic to vedalia beetle and should not be
used in cottony cushion scale-infested orchards.
Whiteflies (9/08) 119

B. BUPROFEZIN
(Applaud) 70DF 2.14–2.86 lb/acre (TC) 12 3
acting; This product does not kill the scale until they molt, so decline of the population is usually not observed
C. IMIDACLOPRID
RESISTANCE: None
Pre-wet soil before treatment is applied. Very toxic to bees; do not apply during bloom because bees may be
drawn to irrigation water. For optimum uptake, apply to newly planted trees or trees irrigated by drip/
microsprinkler/low-pressure irrigation systems. Emitters must provide even, uniform distribution of water.
Lightly pre-wet soil for several hours before application to break soil surface tension. Once the irrigation
system reaches operating pressure, inject the treatment into the system over a calculated time interval
(generally 2 hours) to allow uniform distribution throughout the system. The use of a dye marker in the
treatment solution is recommended to determine when lines are clear of the treatment. Once the solution has
cleared all irrigation lines and emitters, continue irrigation to move the insecticide into the active root zone but
do not overirrigate or cause runoff. Wait 24 hours before subsequent irrigations. Apply in citrus orchards May–
July. Toxic to vedalia beetle and should not be used in cottony cushion scale-infested orchards.
D. PYRIPROXYFEN
(Esteem) 0.86 EC 16 oz/acre (TC or LV) 12 1
RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (armored scale insects); Natural enemies: predatory beetles
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Toxic to vedalia beetles. Do not apply until the second generation of
scale crawler activity (1800 DD after the biofix of first male flight). This is to allow the vedalia beetle time
between March-June to eliminate cottony cushion scale populations. This application timing may not prevent
scale from infesting fruit. Apply after the crawlers have settled down and formed whitecaps. This product does
not kill the scale until they molt, so decline of the populations is usually not observed until the next generation.
No more than 1 application/season.

1
Whiteflies (9/08) 120

YUMA SPIDER MITE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Eotetranychus yumensis

Yuma spider mite, is a sporadic pest of citrus in the inland valleys of California. It is similar in shape to
the citrus red mite but is light straw to dark pink colored and is much more shiny in appearance. It lays
spherical, peach-colored eggs within substantial amounts of webbing on the underside of leaves and
sometimes fruit.
In the Coachella and Imperial valleys, Yuma spider mite occurs on grapefruit and lemons and is most
numerous in winter and late spring. In the southern San Joaquin Valley, it is primarily found on
mandarins during summer.
DAMAGE
Yuma spider mite feeds by using its mouthparts to pierce and drink fluids from plant cells. Feeding on
leaves causes discoloration and in severe cases defoliation. Feeding on the surface of green fruit causes a
stippled and bleached appearance, though in all but severe cases the fruit colors up normally.
MANAGEMENT
Generally damage from Yuma spider mites is not severe enough to warrant treatment. In severe
situations it can be controlled with sulfur, oil, or other miticides.
Biological Control
Sixspotted thrips, Scolothrips sexmaculatus, is an effective predator of Yuma spider mite. Other general
predators of citrus red mite, such as the spider mite destroyer (Stethorus picipes), minute pirate bugs
(Orius spp.), and a predatory mite (Euseius tularensis) also likely play a role in suppression of Yuma
spider mite.
Cultural Control
Adequate irrigation and dust control will reduce the impact of Yuma spider mite.

Cultural and biological controls and certain petroleum oil sprays are organically acceptable methods.

In the San Joaquin Valley, check for Yuma spider mite in mandarins during July and August. Look for
stippling of leaves and fruit that is associated with large amounts of webbing. On bearing trees, treat if
fruit stippling is sufficient to inhibit proper fruit coloring and beneficial organisms are not already
reducing mite densities. On young trees treat if leaf drop appears eminent.
In the Coachella and Imperial valleys, treat if needed to prevent leaf drop. Yuma spider mite can be
controlled with sulfur during the period between October and March 15, or with miticides during the
remainder of the year.

impact.

A. BIFENAZATE
(Acramite) 50 WS 0.75–1 lb/acre (OC) 12 1 year
Yuma Spider Mite (9/08) 121


B. ETOXAZOLE
BEARING TREES
A. ACEQUINOCYL
B. HEXYTHIAZOX
C. PYRIDABEN
D. FENPROXIMATE
E. SPIRODICLOFEN
F. WETTABLE SULFUR# 60 lb/acre (OC or IC) 24 0

COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply from Nov. thru May when monitoring indicates a need. Do not
apply more than 6 lb/100 gal water. Do not apply during or preceding high temperatures. Do not apply sulfur
within 2 months of a previous oil spray, and do not apply oil 60–90 days after a sulfur treatment. Not
recommended for use in the San Joaquin Valley.


G. PROPARGITE
(Omite) CR 7.5–10 lb/acre (OC or IC) 42 days 28
may be applied 30 days or more after propargite. This material does not work well in cool weather.
. . . or . . .
(Omite)* 30W 10–15 lb/acre (OC or IC) 42 days 28
COMMENTS: For oranges and grapefruit. Check with county ag. commissioner to determine if there is a Special
Local Needs permit for southern California areas. Apply from Oct. 1 to petal fall. Ground application only. Be
sure temperatures are below 95°F. No more than 2 applications/fruit year at least 21 days apart. Do not apply
within 40 days of an oil application, but oil may be applied 30 days or more after propargite. This material does
not work well in cool weather.
H. FENBUTATIN OXIDE*
...or...
3 lb/acre (LV)
COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material does not work well in cool weather and requires higher
rates during these periods. Do not apply more than 1,600 gal dilute spray/acre or use more than 4
lb/acre/season.
I. DICOFOL
MODE OF ACTION: UNC

1

Diseases
ALTERNARIA ROT (9/08)
Pathogen: Alternaria citri
SYMPTOMS
Alternaria rot is a fungal disease that affects mainly navel oranges and lemons. Fruit infected with
Alternaria change color prematurely. The decay is softer on lemons than on oranges. Infections typically
occur in the grove; disease often doesn't develop until after harvest, and most damage occurs during
storage. On navel oranges, the disease is also called black rot, and results in dark brown to black, firm
spots or areas at the stylar end or in the navel. If you cut the fruit in half, you can see the rot extending
into the core.
COMMENTS ON THE DISEASE

There are many strains of the pathogen Alternaria citri. The strain that causes Alternaria rot is a nontoxin-
producing strain. Toxin-producing strains that produce other diseases of citrus have not been reported in
California. Strains on mandarin causing brown spot have been referred to as A. alternata pv. citri.
MANAGEMENT
Healthy, good quality fruit are more resistant to Alternaria rot than stressed or damaged fruits, especially
oranges with split navels. Preventing stress can reduce the incidence of splitting and Alternaria rot.
Stylar-end infections generally occur on cultivars with poorly formed navels. Preharvest fungicide
treatments are usually ineffective. Delaying harvest until infected fruit have fallen has been used as a
strategy to prevent inadvertent inclusion of infected fruit in the harvested crop. However, unaffected fruit
should be harvested at optimum maturity. Postharvest treatments with imazalil, 2,4-D, or both have
provided some control. The growth regulator 2,4-D delays senescence and thereby restricts colonization
of the host.
Alternaria Rot (9/08) 124

ANTHRACNOSE (9/08)
Pathogen: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of anthracnose on citrus include twig dieback, premature leaf drop, dark staining on fruit and
postharvest fruit decay. Dying leaves and twigs become covered with dark fungal spores by which the
pathogen spreads.
Anthracnose may blemish the rind tissue of mature Valencia and navel oranges, grapefruit, and
occasionally lemon. The disorder affects mainly fruit on stressed trees with old, dead wood.

The anthracnose fungus usually infects weakened twigs. The disease is most common during springs
with prolonged wet periods and when significant rains occur later in the season than normal. During wet
or foggy weather, anthracnose spores drip onto fruit, where they infect the rind and leave dull, reddish-
to-green streaks on immature fruit and brown-to-black streaks on mature fruit (tear stains). Anthracnose
tearstain often occurs with Septoria spot. The Septoria fungus itself and possibly certain environmental
conditions may also cause tearstaining. The stain cannot be washed off, but the disorder is generally not
severe enough to require preventive actions. Certain conditions, however, such as applications of
insecticidal soaps, which damage the protective wax on the fruit peel, can increase the severity of this
disease.
MANAGEMENT
If treatment appears to be necessary, make applications in fall that are directed at the whole tree. Good
coverage is important.

(trade name) (hours) (days)
When choosing a pesticide, consider the general properties of the fungicide as well as information relating to
A. AZOXYSTROBIN
(Abound) 2F 12–15.5 fl oz 4 0
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Quinone outside inhibitor (11)
B. ZINC SULFATE/COPPER SULFATE/HYDRATED LIME#

(3-2-6-100) 10–25 gal/tree see comments see comments
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Multi-site contact (M1)
COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, oranges, and lemons. Apply in 100 gal water from Oct.–Dec. or just after
first rain. In the Central Valley increase the amount of hydrated lime to 20 lb for the control of leafhoppers, if
populations of this pest are high; if populations are low, use the 6 lb rate. Hydrated lime helps prevent copper
toxicity under certain environmental conditions. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic
production; be sure to check individual products. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels,
and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when
tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Use the restricted entry interval and preharvest interval of the
product with the most restrictive label of those used in the tank mix.
1
Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions
(for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a
resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode of action Group
numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode of action Group number; for fungicides with
other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode
of action Group number.
Anthracnose (9/08) 125

ARMILLARIA ROOT ROT (9/08)

Pathogen: Armillaria mellea
SYMPTOMS
Armillaria root rot, also known as oak root fungus, can occasionally damage and kill citrus trees.
Symptoms may not develop until after the disease is well established. The first symptoms of Armillaria
root rot are poor growth or dieback of shoots, small yellowing leaves, and premature leaf drop. The
fungus spreads by root contact or through rhizomorphs (black strings of fungal mycelia), which can grow
short distances through the soil and contact and penetrate citrus roots. The pathogen invades the roots
and crown, eventually girdling the crown region and destroying the entire root system. From the
infection site the fungus invades lateral roots and the crown region, where it spreads as white mycelial
plaques in the cambium region between the bark and wood. This distinguishes Armillaria from other
wood-rotting fungi, which grow on the outer surface of the bark.
In late fall and winter, Armillaria often forms clusters of mushrooms at the base of infected trees a few
days after a rain.

Armillaria root rot fungus is native to California's woody plants and affects many tree crops planted on
hillsides, in former riverbeds, floodplains, and on other areas subject to overflow. The fungus can survive
for many years in dead or living roots of fruit and nut trees, and on ornamental and native tree species.
The disease often occurs along former streambeds and near creeks where the soil is moist and where
dead roots or stumps harboring the fungus may be buried in the soil. The fungus requires cool, moist soil
conditions for development and spread; it is therefore rarely a problem in desert areas.
MANAGEMENT
Management of Armillaria root rot relies primarily on preventing infection of new trees. Once infection is
apparent, it is very difficult to save a tree. Avoid planting in a site likely to be infested with Armillaria. If
there are infected trees in your orchard, remove them completely, including the roots, and let the trees
dry thoroughly before disposing of them. Also remove the neighboring, apparently healthy trees; once
symptoms appear on a tree, the disease has probably already spread to the roots of the surrounding trees.
To prepare infested sites for replanting, remove stumps and roots of the diseased tree. Destroy roots
larger than 0.5 to 1 inch (1.2–2.5 cm) in diameter and fumigate the site.

When choosing a pesticide, consider information relating to environmental impact.
A. SODIUM TETRATHIOCARBONATE*
(Enzone) Label rates 4 days 0
Armillaria Root Rot (9/08) 126

BACTERIAL BLAST (CITRUS BLAST) (9/08)

Pathogen: Pseudomonas syringae
SYMPTOMS
Infections caused by Pseudomonas syringae usually start as black lesions in the leaf petiole and progress into
the leaf axil. Once the petiole is girdled, leaves wither, curl, and eventually drop. Entire twigs may die back.
The damage is most severe on the south side of the tree, which is exposed to the prevailing winter winds.
Diseased areas are covered with a reddish brown scab. Infections result in small black spots on the fruit.

Bacterial blast, also known as citrus blast or black pit, is restricted mainly to citrus growing areas in the
Sacramento Valley where wet, cool, and windy conditions during winter and spring favor development
and spread of the blast bacterium. Leaves and twigs of oranges and grapefruit and the fruit of lemon are
most susceptible to infection. The bacterium infects small injuries caused by thorn punctures, wind
abrasions, or insect feeding.
MANAGEMENT
Preventive treatment against bacterial blast alone is generally not economical, but sprays against brown rot
or Septoria may provide some protection against bacterial blast. Certain cultural practices can reduce the
incidence of bacterial blast.
Cultural Control
Planting windbreaks and using bushy cultivars with relatively few thorns help prevent wind injury;
pruning out dead or diseased twigs in spring after the rainy period reduces the spread of the disease; and
scheduling fertilization and pruning during spring or early summer prevents excessive new fall growth,
which is particularly susceptible to blast infection.

Cultural controls and copper and Bordeaux sprays are acceptable for use in organically managed citrus
groves.
Treatment Decisions
In the Sacramento Valley where blast is an annual problem, apply treatments each year at the onset of cool,
wet periods.
Common name Amount to Use R.E.I+ P.H.I.+
A. BORDEAUX# (10-10-100) 10–25 gal/tree see comments

COMMENTS: Apply from Oct.–Nov., before the first rain. On mandarin trees, apply after fruit is picked to
avoid undesirable residue. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to
check individual products. For information on making Bordeaux mixture, see UC IPM Pest Note: Bordeaux
Mixture, ANR Publication 7481, available online. Be sure to follow label directions as well. For tank mixes,
observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never
exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Use restricted
entry interval and preharvest interval of the most restrictive label of those products used in tank mix.
B. FIXED COPPER# Label rates 24 0

COMMENTS: Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check
individual products.
1
Bacterial Blast (Citrus Blast) (9/08) 127

BOTRYTIS DISEASES AND DISORDERS (9/08)

Pathogen: Botrytis cinerea
SYMPTOMS
The Botrytis pathogen commonly infects tissue through injuries and forms gray, velvety mats of
sporulating tissues. Infected twigs may die back several inches. Infected blossoms often result in
increased fruit drop and in injuries to the developing fruit. These fruit injuries are evident as ridges on
mature fruit that result in a lower graded crop during marketing. The name "gray mold" is used to
describe the disease when it occurs as fruit decay during postharvest storage.

Botrytis cinerea is a ubiquitous fungus that causes disease on twigs, leaves, blossoms, and fruit of citrus in
areas with prolonged wet and cool conditions. Generally, the organism is a minor pathogen of citrus;
lemons are infected more commonly than other citrus crops.
MANAGEMENT
General preventive measures, such as avoiding mechanical injury, protecting against frost and brown rot,
and pruning regularly to improve air movement may help reduce the incidence of Botrytis diseases.
Treatments with copper and benzimidazole fungicides before rain or fog may help to reduce the blossom
and fruit phases of the disease. Under prolonged cool, wet environmental conditions, frequent treatments
are required and these may not be economical. Postharvest treatments may be required in wet years to
prevent fruit decay during storage and marketing.

PREHARVEST (BLOSSOM AND FRUIT INJURIES)

A. FIXED COPPER# Label rates 24 0
COMMENTS: Where danger of copper injury is severe, apply in a mixture with 0.33–1 lb of hydrated lime per
lb of dry copper fungicide. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to
check individual products.
POSTHARVEST (GRAY MOLD FRUIT DECAY)

A. FLUDIOXONIL
(Graduate) 16-32 oz NA NA
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Phenylpyrrole (12)
COMMENTS: Use as a dip, drench, flood, or spray. See label for dilution rates. For maximum control, treat
once before and once after storage; do not make more than two applications.
B. PYRIMETHANIL
(Penbotec) 400SC Label rates NA NA
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Anilinopyrimidine (9)
1
NA Not applicable.
Botrytis Disease and Disorders (9/08) 128

BROWN ROT (9/08)

Pathogen: Phytophthora spp.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms appear primarily on mature or nearly mature fruit. Initially, the firm, leathery lesions have a
water-soaked appearance, but they soon turn soft and have a tan to olive brown color and a pungent
odor. Infected fruit eventually drop. Occasionally, twigs, leaves, and blossoms are infected, turning
brown and dying.

Brown rot is caused multiple species of Phytophthora when conditions are cool and wet. Brown rot
develops mainly on fruit growing near the ground when Phytophthora spores from the soil are splashed
onto the tree skirts during rainstorms; infections develop under continued wet conditions. Fruit in the
early stage of the disease may go unnoticed at harvest and infect other fruit during storage.
MANAGEMENT
Brown rot management relies on prevention. Pruning tree skirts 24 or more inches above the ground can
significantly reduce brown rot.
One spray of copper fungicide between October and December before or just after the first rain may provide
protection throughout the wet season. When rainfall is excessive, you may have to repeat the spray in January
or February. Spray the skirts to about 4 feet above ground. Spraying the ground underneath the trees also
reduces brown rot infections.

A. FIXED COPPER# Label rates 24 0

COMMENTS: Where danger of copper injury is severe, apply in a mixture with 0.33–1 lb of hydrated lime per
lb of dry copper fungicide. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to
check individual products.

COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, oranges, and lemons. Mix in 100 gal water. Apply from October through
December, or just before or after first rain. Conveniently packaged, neutral copper zinc spray-dried materials
to give equivalent metal content (0.6–0.8 lb of metallic copper/100 gal water) may also be used if 4 oz of casein
spreader-sticker are added/100 gal water. More concentrated formulations of some materials may be applied
at low volumes. Where danger of copper injury is severe, these products may be modified to make them safer
by adding 0.33–1 lb of hydrated lime per/lb of dry copper fungicide. Not all copper compounds are approved
for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. For tank mixes, observe all directions for
use on all labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on
any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Use the restricted entry interval and preharvest
interval of the product with the most restrictive label of those used in the tank mix.
C. BORDEAUX# (3-4.5-100) 10–24 gal/tree see comments see comments

COMMENTS: For use on lemons, oranges, and grapefruit where there is no history of copper injury. Mix in
100 gal water. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check
individual products. For information on making Bordeaux mixture, see UC IPM Pest Note: Bordeaux Mixture,
ANR Publication 7481, available online. Be sure to follow label directions as well. For tank mixes, observe all
directions for use on all labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the
maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Use the restricted entry
interval and preharvest interval of the product with the most restrictive label of those used in the tank mix.
Brown Rot (9/08) 129


D. FOSETYL-AL
(Aliette) 80WDG 5 lb/acre 12 30
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Phosphonate (33)
COMMENTS: For use on all susceptible citrus. Apply in 100 gal/acre; spray to wet when conditions favor
disease development. Do not exceed 4 applications of this product/year.
1
Brown Rot (9/08) 130

DOTHIORELLA GUMMOSIS (9/08)

Pathogen: Botryosphaeria ribis (anamorph Dothiorella gregaria)
SYMPTOMS
Dothiorella gummosis can cause leaves and twigs on scattered branches or the entire tree to decline and
die with fruit and leaves remaining attached. Portions of trunks or branches will have dead outer bark
located over a sunken canker. The dead bark may exude gum; the cambial layer of wood underneath the
bark may be brown to yellowish. The canker may spread up and down the cambium in grooves with
some faint, shallow, yellowish brown discoloration of the underlying wood.
Dothiorella gummosis can cause rapid decline and death of a tree. Young trees are especially susceptible
if the affected tissue is not removed. Often the dead bark remains attached to the tree so tightly that it is
not immediately obvious that it is dead. This dead bark has a more grayish cast than healthy bark.

Unlike dry root rot, discoloring of bark by the pathogen is lighter and infected bark may ooze dark liquid.
On the surface, Dothiorella cankers may have a grayish cast with dead bark that remains tightly attached.
MANAGEMENT
A minor disease, Dothiorella gummosis is usually associated with a wound or injury.
Dothiorella Gummosis (9/08) 131

DRY ROOT ROT (9/08)

Pathogen: Fusarium solani
SYMPTOMS
The general symptoms of dry root rot are similar to those caused by Phytophthora species and other agents
that damage the roots or girdle the trunk. These include reduced vigor, dull green leaf color, poor new
growth, and twig dieback. If extensive root damage occurs, the leaves suddenly wilt and dry on the tree.
The disease usually starts in larger roots and spreads into the crown. Patches or large areas of bark on the
underground portion of the crown show a moist, decay, which later dries and adheres to the wood. In
some cases, dry bark may also be seen aboveground. The wood below the dead bark is hard, dry, and
stained grayish brown to purple. Unlike Phytophthora gummosis, dry root rot does not produce
gumming, and the lesion extends deep into the wood. The initial infection may occur at planting or at any
time during the life of the tree, but aboveground symptoms may only appear several years after the initial
infection when the crown region has been girdled. Once the crown region is girdled, the tree collapses.

Dry rot organisms often infect a tree through the crown or larger roots that have been injured by
Phytophthora fungi, mechanical injury, gophers, or root burn caused by a large overdose of fertilizers,
herbicides, or nematicides. All common rootstocks are susceptible to dry root rot.
Although the disease is normally a chronic problem and generally only affects a few scattered trees in a
grove, it can develop into an epidemic in some orchards. It is caused by Fusarium solani infecting major
roots and the root crown. Fusarium solani typically is a saprophytic fungus that develops in dead and
dying wood. The development of dry rot is not well understood, but tree stress and other injuries are
believed to predispose the tree, allowing Fusarium solani infection to develop into a pathogen that
eventually kills infected trees.
MANAGEMENT
Good orchard management, especially careful irrigation, is essential for preventing dry rot. If the soil
around the tree crowns and roots is saturated for long periods of time, the chances for injury and
subsequent fungal infection increase. When establishing furrows, provide berms along the trees so that
the crowns are protected from the water. Adjust sprinklers so that water does not hit the trunks. During
cultural operations, avoid injury to the underground portions of the crown, especially during the cool
and wet season. Follow label instructions for applying fertilizers, herbicides, and nematicides at
recommended rates to avoid causing phytotoxicity and burning root tissue when excessive amounts of
these materials are used. Before fertilizing young trees, wait at least 6 weeks after planting or until the
trees show new growth.
Check regularly for signs of Phytophthora root rot or vertebrate damage that may provide entry sites for
dry root rot. If you suspect a dry root rot infection, dig all the way around the tree because the decay may
be underneath the crown roots or on one or more of the main lateral roots. You may be able to slow the
spread of the disease by exposing the crown region and allowing it to dry. Prune the tree skirts and
remove the soil from the crown region. Correct any adverse soil conditions, such as poor drainage.
Remove trees that have become unproductive because of severe infection. No effective chemical
treatments are available.
Dry Root Rot (9/08) 132

EXOCORTIS (9/08)
Pathogen: Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd)
SYMPTOMS
The characteristic symptom of exocortis is the shelling of susceptible rootstocks. The viroid kills the bark,
which dries, cracks, and may lift in thin strips. Droplets of gum often appear under the loose bark.

Exocortis is of minor importance in California today because strict regulations on budwood sources have
kept new plantings largely free of this viroid disease. Exocortis is widespread in older plantings, but it is
a mild disease that causes only moderate stunting and limited loss of production. The viroid is easily
spread on infected budwood and contaminated propagation tools.
Infected trees rarely die, but growth is stunted and productivity slowly declines. Among the commonly
used rootstocks, trifoliate is most affected by exocortis.
MANAGEMENT
It is best to remove infected trees from the orchard because pruning clippers and saws can transmit
exocortis unless thoroughly disinfected with hypochlorite (bleach); heat does not kill the viroid.
LEMON SIEVE TUBE NECROSIS (9/08)
SYMPTOMS
Lemon sieve tube necrosis is an inherited disorder of lemon trees in coastal areas. Eureka budlines and
Frost Lisbon lemons are affected. In some areas the disease is less severe, and in the San Joaquin and
Coachella valleys, lemon sieve tube necrosis does not result in noticeable decline.
Trees with lemon sieve tube necrosis go through a cyclic decline. About 4 or 5 years after planting, the
older food-conducting sieve tubes near the bud union die. Several years later, younger sieve tubes also
die, severely restricting food transport to the roots. Many feeder roots die, fruit ripen prematurely, shoots
grow poorly, and some leaves turn yellow and drop. The dieback stimulates new cambium and phloem
production, and the tree recovers temporarily. Once the new sieve tubes also become necrotic, the decline
process starts again. Only a microscopic analysis can reveal the collapsed sieve tubes.
MANAGEMENT
Only certain budlines are affected by this inherited disorder. Eureka lemons that have this disorder could
potentially die in 8 to 15 years. Before planting this variety, obtain the most recent recommendations from
your farm advisor.
Exocortis (9/08) and Lemon Sieve Tube Necrosis (9/08) 133

PHYTOPHTHORA GUMMOSIS (9/08)

Pathogen: Phytophthora spp.
SYMPTOMS
An early symptom of Phytophthora gummosis is sap oozing from small cracks in the infected bark,
giving the tree a bleeding appearance. The gumming may be washed off during heavy rain. The bark
stays firm, dries, and eventually cracks and sloughs off. Lesions spread around the circumference of the
trunk, slowly girdling the tree. Decline may occur rapidly within a year, especially under conditions
favorable for disease development, or may occur over several years.

Phytophthora fungi are present in almost all citrus orchards. Under moist conditions, the fungi produce
large numbers of motile zoospores, which are splashed onto the tree trunks. The Phytophthora species
causing gummosis develop rapidly under moist, cool conditions. Hot summer weather slows disease
spread and helps drying and healing of the lesions.
Secondary infections often occur through lesions created by Phytophthora. These infections kill and
discolor the wood, in contrast to Phytophthora infections, which do not discolor wood.
MANAGEMENT
Management of Phytophthora gummosis focuses on preventing conditions favorable for infection and
disease development. All scion cultivars are susceptible to infection under the right environmental
conditions.
Cultural Control
Plant trees on a berm or high enough so that the first lateral roots are just covered with soil. Correcting
any soil or water problems is essential for a recovery. In addition to improving the growing conditions,
you can halt disease spread by removing the dark, diseased bark and a buffer strip of healthy, light
brown to greenish bark around the margins of the infection. Allow the exposed area to dry out. You can
also scrape the diseased bark lightly to find the perimeter of the lesion and then use a propane torch to
burn the lesion and a margin of 1 inch (2.5 cm) around it. Recheck frequently for a few months and repeat
if necessary.

Cultural controls and copper treatments are acceptable for use on organically certified citrus.

Late stages of Phytophthora gummosis are distinct, but early symptoms are often difficult to recognize.
Yet early detection and prompt management actions are essential for saving a tree. If 50% or more of a
trunk or crown region on a mature tree is girdled, it may be more economical to replace the tree than to
try to control the infection.
When establishing a new orchard, carefully check the lower trunk and rootstock of new trees for any
symptoms of gummosis before you plant. When trees are wrapped in burlap, open and inspect a
representative sample (at least 10% of the trees). When planting or replanting in soil infected with
Phytophthora, or when a susceptible rootstock has to be used, fumigation may be helpful.
Inspect your orchard several times a year for disease symptoms. Look for signs of gumming on the lower
trunk and crown, and for soil buildup around the crown; do not allow bud unions to get buried.
Wrappers on young trees should be lifted or removed for inspection. When you detect gum lesions, check
soil and drainage conditions. Systemic fungicides can control Phytophthora gummosis and copper sprays
can be used to protect against infection.
Phytophthora Gummosis (9/08) 134


PREPLANT FUMIGATION
A. METAM SODIUM* 75–100 gal/acre
...or...
(Vapam, Metam Sodium) 16 fl oz/tree (8 ft diameter canopy) 48 0
COMMENTS: Apply with 6–12 inches of water. Do not plant for at least 45 days. Fumigants such as metam
sodium are a prime source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are a major air quality issue.
Fumigate only as a last resort when other management strategies have not been successful or are not available.
B. CHLOROPICRIN* 400–500 lb/acre 48 0

...or...
16 oz/tree (8 ft diameter canopy)
COMMENTS: Use low rate on sandy loam and high rate on heavier soils or high clay. Inject 7–9 inches, 12–18
inches apart, and tarp immediately. Do not plant for at least 3 months.
POSTPLANT
A. COPPER# Label rates 24 0
COMMENTS: Use neutral, spray-dried, 1 package copper spray materials stirred into water to make
consistency of house paint. Apply as paint or spray on trunk and crown right after excision of diseased bark;
treat excised area and lower trunk. Can also be used as a protectant on trees where risk of gummosis is high.
Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products.
B. FOSETYL-AL
(Aliette) 80WDG 2.5–5 lb/5 gal water 12 30
COMMENTS: Spray or paint on trunk when disease occurs or conditions favor disease development. Use
higher rate if trunk lesions are present. Thoroughly wet the lesion. If no lesion is present, wet the trunk from
the ground up to a height of 2 feet. Do not exceed 4 applications of fosetyl-al/year.
C. MEFENOXAM
(Ridomil Gold) SL 1 qt/3 gal water 48 0
MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Phenylamide (4)
COMMENTS: Use when disease occurs. Spray the surface of trunks to cover lesions thoroughly. Can be
applied up to 3 times/year, but do not make soil and trunk applications of mefenoxam to the same tree during
the same cropping season and do not apply more than 1.5 gal/treated acre/year.
1
Phytophthora Gummosis (9/08) 135

PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT (9/08)

Pathogens: Phytophthora citrophthora and P. parasitica
SYMPTOMS
Phytophthora root rot causes a slow decline of the tree. The leaves turn light green or yellow and may
drop, depending on the amount of infection. The disease destroys the feeder roots of susceptible
rootstocks. The pathogen infects the root cortex, which turns soft and separates from the stele. If the
destruction of feeder roots occurs faster than their regeneration, the uptake of water and nutrients will be
severely limited. The tree will grow poorly, stored energy reserves will be depleted, and production will
decline.
Disease symptoms are often difficult to distinguish from nematode, salt, or flooding damage; only a
laboratory analysis can provide positive identification.

Phytophthora species are present in most citrus groves. They can survive adverse conditions as persistent
spores in the soil. During moist conditions, large numbers of motile zoospores, which can swim in water
for short distances, are produced. Zoospores are the infective agents that are carried in irrigation or
rainwater to the roots.
Phytophthora citrophthora is a winter root rot that also causes brown fruit rot and gummosis. Phytophthora
citrophthora is active during cool seasons when citrus roots are inactive and their resistance to infection is
low. Phytophthora parasitica is active during warm weather when roots are growing.
MANAGEMENT
Management of Phytophthora root rot involves the use of resistant rootstocks, irrigation management,
fungicides, and fumigation.
Cultural Control
Provide adequate soil drainage and avoid over irrigation. If destruction of feeder roots is minimal,
corrective action may include increasing irrigation intervals, switching to alternate middle row irrigation
or a different irrigation system such as minisprinklers, and installing subsoil tiles.
Resistant Rootstocks
When replanting or establishing new plantings, choose resistant rootstocks where possible, but also
consider tolerance to other diseases, nematodes, and cold. The most tolerant rootstocks are trifoliate
orange, swingle citrumelo, citrange, Alemow, and sour orange.

Cultural controls and the use of resistant rootstocks are acceptable management methods in an
organically managed citrus grove.

If a tree growing on susceptible rootstock looks stressed, dig up some soil and check the feeder roots.
Sample P. parasitica during July through September, and P. citrophthora during January through March.
Phytophthora populations of greater than 15 to 20 propagules per gram of root zone soil may warrant
treatment. When planting or replanting in soil infested with Phytophthora, or when susceptible rootstock
has to be used, fumigation may be feasible if no other adverse conditions persist.
Phytophthora Root Rot (9/08) 136


PREPLANT
A. METAM SODIUM* 75–100 gal/acre 48 0
...or...
(Vapam, Metam Sodium) 16 fl oz/tree (8 ft diameter canopy)
COMMENTS: Apply with 6–12 inches of water. Do not plant for at least 45 days. Fumigants such as metam
sodium are a prime source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are a major air quality issue.
B. CHLOROPICRIN* 400–500 lb/acre 48 0

...or...
16 oz/tree (8 ft diameter canopy)
COMMENTS: Use low rate on sandy loam and high rate on heavier soils or high clay. Inject 7–9 inches, 12–18
inches apart, and tarp immediately. Do not plant for at least 3 months.
NONBEARING TREES
A. MEFENOXAM 1–1.5 fl oz/100 gal water for soil drench
...or...
(Ridomil Gold) SL 1–2 qt/acre for soil surface spray 48 0
COMMENTS: For citrus in nurseries: Apply at planting and at 3-month intervals during growing seasons. As
a drench, apply 100–250 gal mixture/1000 ft of row on an area wide enough to cover the root system. As a soil
surface spray, apply as a broadcast or banded surface spray to seedbeds, liners, or bedded stock in sufficient
water to obtain uniform coverage of the root system. For use on resets or new plantings: Apply at planting
and up to 3 applications at 3-month intervals to coincide with root growth flushes during the growing season.
As a drench, apply 5 gal mix around tree base within the watering ring. As a soil surface spray, apply in
sufficient water to obtain coverage of the soil surface wetted by irrigation. Apply spray to the soil surface
beneath the tree canopy. Follow immediately with an irrigation sufficient to wet the soil to 1 ft.
B. FOSETYL-AL
(Aliette) 80WDG 5 lb/100 gal/acre 12 365
COMMENTS: For use on trees in nurseries only. Apply in 100 gal water/acre to susceptible varieties as a foliar
spray when conditions favor the disease. Trees should be treated at time of planting. Spray to wet. Do not
exceed 4 applications/year or 20 lb/acre/year.
BEARING TREES
A. MEFENOXAM 1–2 qt/acre
...or...
(Ridomil Gold) SL 0.75–1.5 fl oz/1000 sq ft 48 0
COMMENTS: Apply 2–3 times/year to coincide with flushes of root growth. Apply in a banded surface spray
under tree canopy. Up to 3 applications may be made/year.
B. MEFENOXAM
(Ridomil Gold) GR Label rates 48 0
COMMENTS: Treat in March-April followed by 1 or 2 applications at 3-month intervals to coincide with root
flushes; rate depends on tree size and the number of applications/year. Apply 0.5–1 inch water after
application.


C. FOSETYL-AL
(Aliette) 80WDG 5 lb/acre 12 30
COMMENTS: Apply to susceptible varieties as a foliar spray when conditions favor the disease. Spray to wet.
Do not exceed 4 applications or 20 lb/acre/year. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not allow
livestock to graze in treated citrus groves.
1

PSOROSIS (9/08)
Pathogens: Citrus psorosis ophiovirus
SYMPTOMS
Infected trees, mostly orange and grapefruit, slowly decline; main scaffold branches die and trees become
unproductive. The most distinguishing field symptom is scaling and flaking of the bark on the scion.
Symptoms, including interveinal yellow flecking on young leaves, may appear in fall. During early
stages, patches of bark on the trunk or scaffold branches show small pimples or bubbles, which later
enlarge and break up into loose scales. Gumming often appears around the margins of a lesion. In
advanced stages, deep layers of bark and the wood become impregnated with gum and die.

Psorosis is a graft transmissible disease, caused by a virus, most often found in old citrus plantings. It is
transmitted in infected budwood or possibly with contaminated grafting tools. Occasionally, the disease
spreads through root grafting from an infected to a healthy tree. Seeds of some citrange cultivars are
known carriers of the disease.
MANAGEMENT
As with other graft transmissible diseases, the use of disease-free budwood is the major method for
preventing damage from psorosis. The Citrus Clonal Protection Program provides budwood free of major
diseases to nurseries and growers. Where an old tree shows symptoms, scrape away the infected bark
area to stimulate the formation of wound callus, which results in temporary recovery. Generally, a
psorosis-infected tree will be less productive than healthy trees, and replacement is the best option.
Psorosis (9/08) 139

SEPTORIA SPOT (9/08)

Pathogen: Septoria citri
SYMPTOMS
Early symptoms of Septoria spot appear as small, light tan to reddish brown pits on fruit, 0.04 to 0.08 inch
(1 to 2 mm) in diameter, which usually do not extend beyond the oil-bearing tissue. Advanced lesions are
blackish, sunken, extend into the albedo (white spongy inner part of rind), and are up to 0.8 to 1.2 inch
(20 to 30 mm) in diameter. Dark brown to black fruiting bodies often develop in these lesions, which
usually do not extend beyond the oil-bearing tissue. The spots are much more conspicuous after the fruit
has changed from green to yellow or orange. Small spots may develop into large, brown blotches during
storage or long-distance transportation. Septoria citri may also cause similar spotting on leaves or twigs
that are weakened by frost or pests.

The Septoria fungus causes spotting of Valencia oranges, late season navel oranges, and occasionally of
lemons and grapefruit. It occurs in the San Joaquin Valley and interior districts of southern California
during cool, moist weather.
Infections begin when Septoria conidia are transported throughout the tree by rainfall. The spores
germinate with additional moisture from rain or dews and commonly infect cold-injured fruit tissue and
mechanical injuries. The damage to the rind lowers the grade of the fruit and results in culling.
Septoria spot may be confused with copper injury and other abiotic and biotic agents.
MANAGEMENT
Apply a preventive copper spray in late fall or early winter, just before or after the first rain. In years with
heavy rainfall, additional applications may be necessary.
For California oranges (Navels and Valencias) shipped to Korea:

• Make the first spray between October 15 and November 30.
1. Use a minimum of 2.5 lb metallic zinc equivalent per acre and a minimum of 1.65 lb
metallic copper equivalent per acre. When using 1.65 lb copper equivalent use a
minimum of 2 lb hydrated lime, and when using 4 lb copper equivalent, use a minimum
of 4 lb hydrated lime.
2. Apply as a dilute application with a minimum of 400 gallons per acre.
3. Higher rates of zinc, copper, and lime may be used as local conditions warrant but do not
exceed manufacturer's label rates.
4. Bordeaux sprays also meet the preharvest requirements for exporting oranges to Korea.
Use a minimum of 3.3 lb metallic zinc, 1.65 lb metallic copper, and 20 lb hydrated lime in
no less than 400 gallons per acre. Mix in following order: zinc, then copper, followed by
lime.
• Cover the entire tree canopy, skirt sprays are not acceptable.

A. FIXED COPPER/ZINC SULFATE/HYDRATED LIME# see comments see comments

COMMENTS: Use rates under MANAGEMENT for oranges to be exported to Korea. Not all copper
compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. For tank mixes,
exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Use the restricted
entry interval and preharvest interval of the product with the most restrictive label of those used in the tank
mix.
Septoria Spot (9/08) 140



COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, oranges, and lemons. Apply in 100 gal water from Oct.–Dec. or just
before or after first rain. In the Central Valley increase the amount of hydrated lime to 20 lb for the control of
leafhoppers, if populations of this pest are high; if populations are low, use the 6 lb rate. Hydrated lime helps
prevent copper toxicity under certain environmental conditions. Use rates under MANAGEMENT for oranges
to be exported to Korea. For information on making Bordeaux mixture, see UC IPM Pest Note: Bordeaux
Mixture, ANR Publication 7481, available online. Be sure to follow label directions as well. For tank mixes,
exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Not all copper
compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. Use the
restricted entry interval and preharvest interval of the product with the most restrictive label of those used in
the tank mix.
1
Septoria Spot (9/08) 141

STUBBORN DISEASE (9/08)

Pathogen: Spiroplasma citri
SYMPTOMS
Stubborn disease is endemic in the warm inland growing areas, where it affects primarily sweet orange,
grapefruit, and tangelo trees. The disease is more of a problem in young orchards than in mature groves.
The pathogen is a phytoplasma, which is spread by leafhopper (primarily beet leafhopper) feeding, and
by grafting and budding. Treatment of leafhoppers in the field does not prevent the spread of the
mycoplasma.
The most obvious symptoms of stubborn-infected trees are a low yield of abnormally small fruit, the
absence of fruit, and the stunted, feathery growth of the canopy. The leaves are small and grow upright
close to the stems. Symptoms are typically similar to zinc deficiency. The trees usually develop
unseasonal growth flushes and blossoms. The few fruit produced remain small and are lopsided. The best
way to see the off-centered navel and uneven sides is to cut a fruit in half.
Certain other fruit symptoms may appear. Depending on the ripening stage of the fruit, you may see
stylar end greening; the blossom end of the fruit remains green while the stem end becomes colored. Fruit
of seedy cultivars have dark-colored, small seeds aborted early in their development. The fruit may have
an insipid or bitter flavor; on some cultivars, they also become acorn shaped.
If young trees are infected, the entire tree may remain small and unproductive. If mature trees become
infected, a single branch may show symptoms, and the disease may or may not spread slowly throughout
the tree.

Stubborn disease is often difficult to diagnose, especially in the early stages of disease development when
symptoms are subtle or when other disorders are present. Severity of symptoms may vary among citrus
species. Trifoliate and trifoliate hybrids, as well as lemons and limes, appear more tolerant. Stubborn
disease does not kill trees, but stunts growth and inhibits fruit production. Because hot, dry weather
favors the development and spread of the stubborn pathogen, it has become a problem in the San Joaquin
and desert valleys.
MANAGEMENT
Management of stubborn disease focuses on preventing the disease and avoiding its spread. Preventative
measures mainly apply to nursery practices, such as maintaining stubborn-free mother trees for
budwood. Grafting budwood onto indicator seedlings or culturing leaf and fruit samples in the lab can
determine the presence of the stubborn organism. No commercial laboratories, however, are currently
equipped to carry out these tests. In an established orchard, observe the trees carefully for any signs of
stubborn disease in late fall or early winter. A sparse crop, a useful diagnostic symptom, becomes
apparent as fruit color changes to orange. Map or flag the trees suspected of being infected and recheck
the orchard several times during the year to confirm your diagnosis.
Cultural Control
When planting an orchard, obtain trees from an area that does not have a high incidence of stubborn
disease. Replace diseased and unproductive trees. Topworking is not advisable because the pathogen
moves freely between the scion and rootstock.
Stubborn Disease (9/08) 142

TRISTEZA DISEASE COMPLEX (9/08)

Pathogen: Tristeza virus
SYMPTOMS
Tristeza virus is spread through budding and grafting or by aphids feeding on citrus. The melon aphid,
Aphis gossypii, is the vector for all tristeza isolates (types) found in California; it does not however,
transmit all isolates equally well. Susceptible rootstock/scion combinations infected with the virus show
symptoms similar to those caused by other diseases that injure the roots or girdle the crown. Trees
infected with tristeza show light green foliage, poor growth flushes, and some leaf drop. The trees may
produce a heavy crop of smaller fruit because the girdling at the bud union prevents starch transport to
the roots. Feeder roots die from the periphery inward. Diseased young trees bloom early and abundantly
and begin producing fruit 1 to 2 years before healthy trees.

Tristeza diseases, including quick decline, seedlings yellows, and stem pitting are different syndromes
caused by different isolates of the tristeza virus. They differ in their virulence and their reaction to
different scion cultivar and to the rootstock upon which the scion is growing.
Tristeza is widespread throughout southern California, but so far the concerted efforts of various groups
have maintained tristeza at very low levels in the San Joaquin and desert valleys.
MANAGEMENT
Management of the tristeza complex depends largely on preventive measures, such as using tolerant
rootstocks and tristeza-free propagation material. However, because of the insect vector, disease spread
cannot be prevented completely. Symptoms of tristeza become more apparent during the hot summer
months when increased water needs cannot be met by the declining root system.
Observe quarantine restrictions to avoid spreading tristeza. No plants or plant parts should be shipped
from infected southern California districts to areas where tristeza is not present or is localized, such as the
San Joaquin or Coachella valleys.
Cultural Control
When grafting or topworking, use only certified, virus-free budwood. The Citrus Clonal Protection
Program (CCPP) provides virus-free and true-to-type bud lines to nurseries and growers in California.
Contact your county agricultural commissioner's office for listings of nurseries participating in the CCPP
program. Virus-free and true-to-type budwood is also available from the University of California; contact
your local farm advisor for more information.
In southern California, where tristeza is widespread, you may want to remove infected trees only when
they become unproductive.
Tristeza Disease Complex (9/08) 143

Nematodes (9/08)
Scientific Names: Citrus nematode: Tylenchulus semipenetrans

Sheath nematode: Hemicycliophora arenaria

Plant parasitic nematodes are microscopic, unsegmented roundworms that live in soil and plant tissues and
feed on plant roots. The predominant species parasitic on citrus in California is the citrus nematode. This
nematode is reported to be present in most citrus orchards and in all soil types. It also parasitizes grape,
lilac, olive, and persimmon. Citrus nematode attacks roots by burrowing its anterior end deep inside the
root cortex while the posterior end remains outside in the soil.
The sheath nematode is less widespread than the citrus nematode; it has been found on citrus in the
Coachella Valley and on some native desert plants. However, it has a broad host range and thrives well at
high temperatures and at low moisture levels.
DAMAGE
Damage caused by a citrus nematode infestation depends on the age and vigor of the tree, density of the
nematode population, and susceptibility of the rootstock. Mature trees can tolerate a considerable number
of these nematodes before showing lack of vigor and decline symptoms.
Susceptible trees planted in lightly infested soil may grow for many years without apparent damage and
then decline slowly. Resistant rootstocks generally do well even in heavily infested soils. If, however, a
heavily infested orchard site is replanted with a susceptible rootstock without soil fumigation, the roots of
the young trees will soon be heavily parasitized, tree growth will be stunted, and fruit production reduced.
This condition is also referred to as the citrus replant problem. The damage is greater when trees are
predisposed by other factors such as Phytophthora root rot and water stress.
Sheath nematodes feed on root tips and may reduce root growth and vigor of trees.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms described below are typical of a nematode problem but are not diagnostic, because they
could result from other causes as well. Aboveground symptoms of nematode damage are lack of vigor,
twig dieback, decline in growth, and reduced fruit size and yield. Nematode infestations may occur
without inducing any aboveground symptoms. Belowground symptoms of a citrus nematode infestation
include poor growth of feeder roots and soil adhering to roots giving them a dirty appearance. Sheath
nematode causes swelling (galling) of root tips.
FIELD EVALUATION
To make management decisions, it is essential to know the nematode species present and their population
estimates. If a previous orchard or crop had problems caused by nematodes that are also listed as pests of
citrus, population levels may be high enough to cause damage to the ensuing citrus crop. If nematode
species have not previously been identified, take soil samples and send them to a diagnostic laboratory for
identification.
Monitoring
Before planting or replanting a citrus orchard, obtain a professional soil analysis; the analysis will help you
determine the potential for nematode damage and plan a management strategy. In an established orchard,
a soil analysis will confirm visible symptoms that may be present. Some laboratories collect samples, or you
may have to do it yourself.
To collect samples before planting, visually divide the orchard into sampling blocks representing
differences in soil texture, drainage pattern, or cropping history. In an established orchard irrigated by
sprinklers or furrows, collect soil and root samples at the drip line of trees that show symptoms and
samples from adjacent, healthy looking trees for comparison. In drip-irrigated orchards, take samples
around emitters where feeder roots are most abundant. The soil should not be too dry or too wet.
Nematodes (9/08) 144

You can sample fallow land at any time of year. The best time to sample an established orchard is March
through April, so that measures can be taken, if necessary, to protect the spring growth flush of the roots. In
loamy soils, sampling down to 24 inches is sufficient; in sandy soils, take samples to a depth of 36 inches.
Use a soil auger, Viehmeyer tube, or shovel. A soil auger (3 inches in diameter) is convenient for depths to
24 inches in sandy soils. To sample deeper than 60 cm, a Viehmeyer tube is recommended to reduce the soil
volume taken. The tube can easily be hammered down to 48 inches; however, the amount of roots collected
will be much smaller than with a soil auger.
From each sampling block, collect 10 to 20 cores or subsamples. Combine the subsamples, mix thoroughly,
and pour the soil and roots into durable plastic bags or other moisture-proof containers. Seal tightly and
place bags in the shade until you have taken the last sample. Attach labels providing name and address,
location of the orchard, sample block, soil texture, cropping history, and notable symptoms and, if possible,
rootstock and soil and air temperature; this information is critical for a meaningful analysis. Send or deliver
the samples to the lab as soon as possible. Ship them in a cardboard box insulated with newspaper, or in a
styrofoam ice chest. If any delay occurs, keep the samples in a cool place (41° to 50°F).
Most labs extract nematode juvenile from soil samples using the Baermann funnel or the
elutriation/flotation method. The method used and often the extraction efficiency is reported together with
the results. Larval counts arc generally sufficient for estimating relative infestation levels. Extracting
females from the citrus roots, however, is more accurate, especially when checking the success of a chemical
treatment at the end of the season when larval counts are usually low because of low temperatures.
Commercial labs currently do not analyze citrus roots for female nematodes.
Interpreting Soil Analysis

Although it will vary greatly with soil moisture, soil type, and temperature, the number of nematodes in
the soil, as determined by soil analysis, can give some indication about the damage potential of an
infestation. Samples cannot provide an accurate prediction of yield at the end of the season because many
other factors, including alternate bearing habit of citrus and other pest problems, may influence yield. The
table below shows the average number of juveniles and females at different sampling times; different soil
types are not taken into account. The table gives a rough estimate of low, medium, and high populations. A
preplant treatment is recommended at all levels when replanting an orchard with either a tolerant or a
susceptible rootstock. At low levels in an established orchard, a treatment is not economical, but you should
continue sampling at least once a year to see if the population remains low. At medium levels, treatment
may be advantageous if the site has a history of nematode damage. At high levels, a treatment can prevent
substantial reduction in fruit size and yield, but healthy, vigorous trees can often tolerate high populations
without apparent damage. In both cases successful treatment requires precise and repeated applications.
Available postplant nematicides are expensive; you have to weigh treatment costs and age and condition of
the orchard as well as projected crop loss.
Rating of Population Levels of the Citrus Nematode Juveniles

and Females as Determined by Soil Analysis1
Juveniles Females
Population (per 500 g soil) (per 1 g roots)
level Feb. - Apr. May-July Feb.-Apr. May-June
Low <2000 <4000 <100 <300
Medium >5000 >8000 >400 >700
high >12,000 >18,000 >1100 >1400
1 Samples taken at 2 ft. depth with Viehmeyer tube; extraction with Baermann funnel;
nematode numbers adjusted to 100% extraction efficiency; < = less than, > =
greater than. One gram (g) of soil equals approximately 1 cc, but varies with soil
moisture.
The number of females per unit of feeder roots is more representative of the damage potential to the tree
than the number of free juveniles in the soil. If the population of females exceeds the medium level, tree
growth and fruit production are likely to be reduced.

MANAGEMENT
Cultural. Good sanitation practices are essential to avoid nematode infestations. Use certified nematode-
free material for planting. Rotation with annual crops for 1 to 3 years before replanting citrus helps to
reduce citrus nematode populations.
Rootstock selection. Using a resistant rootstock is recommended whether or not nematodes are present.
Trifoliate orange is known to be tolerant to citrus nematode. Troyer citrange is also resistant to citrus
nematode, but this nematode has resistance-breaking biotypes that may develop on this rootstock after a
period of time, thus increasing its susceptibility. Sweet orange, Trifoliate orange, grapefruit, Thompson
seedless grape, and cotton are reported to be resistant to sheath nematode, making its management
relatively easy.
Chemical. If the site was previously infested with nematode pests of citrus, preplant fumigation may be
necessary to reduce nematode population levels. When replanting a citrus orchard, a preplant treatment
is recommended even if a resistant rootstock is used. Trees planted on fumigated orchard sites are
generally known to have improved growth and yields compared to those on nonfumigated sites.
In established orchards, treat when sampling indicates more than 400 female citrus nematodes are
present in 1 gram of roots in February to April or more than 700 in 1 gram of roots during May and June.
Common name Amount/Acre R.E.I.+ P.H.I.+

PREPLANT
A. METAM SODIUM* 75 gal 48 NA
(Vapam, Sectagon)
COMMENTS: Metam sodium can effectively control nematodes if applied properly, but it does not penetrate
plant roots below 3 ft deep and it is difficult to deliver 4–5 feet down from the surface. Before applying this
material, thoroughly cultivate the area to be treated to break up clods and deeply loosen the soil. After
cultivation and about 1 week before treatment, preirrigate the field with 6–8 acre-inches of water in flood
irrigation in basins. When metam sodium is applied, uniformly add it at 75 gal/acre to 6-8 acre-inches of
water. After treatment, do not plant for 30 days, or 60 days if soil is high in organic matter or cold (below
50°F). A broad-spectrum material that controls weeds, soil fungi, and soil insects as well as nematodes. Metam
sodium is a source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but its reactivity with nitrous oxides to form ozone
is currently reported to be minimal. However, metam sodium emissions are toxic if allowed to accumulate in a
closed environment. Fumigate only as a last resort when other management strategies have not been
successful or are not available.
B. 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE*
(Telone C35 CA, Telone II) Label rate 5 days NA
COMMENTS: See label for application procedures. The soil must be dried for this product to effectively
disperse into the soil profile. Fumigants such as dichloropropene are a prime source of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), which react with nitrous oxides during warm months to increase ozone concentrations.
Reductions of ozone concentrations, particularly in the San Joaquin Valley and Ventura, is a major concern.
POSTPLANT
A. OXAMYL*
(Vydate L) 1–4 qt 48 7
COMMENTS: Apply by metering into flood irrigation water or into drip irrigation systems. Do not apply
more than 4 qt/acre in any 30-day period. See product label for additional information on use.
NA Not applicable.

Plant Growth Regulators
GENERAL INFORMATION (9/08)
The plant growth regulators 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), gibberellic acid (GA3), and
naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) are registered for preharvest use on California citrus crops. 2,4-D is used
mainly to delay and reduce unwanted fruit abscission (fruit drop), GA3 is used mainly to delay
senescence (overripening), and NAA is used to promote abscission of excess fruit (thinning to increase
the size of the remaining fruit) and to inhibit the growth of suckers on the trunk.
In order to be effective, plant growth regulators must be absorbed by plant tissue. Good spray coverage is
essential and climatic conditions that favor absorption (warm and humid conditions) are therefore
desirable. Consider such factors as tree size, canopy density, location of fruit, and type of spray
equipment when deciding how much spray material will be required to achieve good coverage. Apply all
spray materials uniformly to the fruiting canopy. Be advised that plant growth regulators are potent
compounds and care is warranted in their use.
Both 2,4-D and GA3 seem to be compatible with urea, potassium foliar sprays, zinc and manganese
micronutrient sprays, and neutral copper sprays, but the timing of growth regulator applications may not
coincide with the best time for nutrient sprays.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). 2,4-D is used to control preharvest fruit drop, increase fruit size
(oranges, grapefruit, mandarin, and mandarin hybrids), and to control leaf and fruit drop following an oil
spray. When you use 2,4-D to reduce drop of mature fruit, apply the compound before (preferably shortly
before) fruit drop becomes a problem, but far enough ahead of flowering to minimize undesirable effects
that 2,4-D would otherwise have on the spring cycle of growth. For navel oranges, October through
December sprays are common. October, however, may be too early to effectively reduce fruit drop if
conditions favor it (e.g., warm winter, protracted harvest). January sprays may be somewhat risky,
especially when environmental factors favor an earlier-than-usual spring flush of growth.
For mature grapefruit and 'Valencia' orange trees, 2,4-D can be applied to control drop of mature fruit or
as a dual-purpose spray (to control mature fruit drop and to improve fruit size for the next year's crop).
Fruit-sizing sprays require excellent coverage. In general, 'Valencia' orange is more responsive than
grapefruit to fruit-sizing sprays. For mandarin and mandarin hybrids, 2,4-D fruit sizing sprays are
applied 21 to 35 days after 75% petal fall.
Recommendations are also included in these guidelines for the use of 2,4-D in pesticide oil sprays to
counteract leaf and fruit drop caused by the oil.
Precautions when using 2,4-D

• Avoid 2,4-D spray drift to susceptible plants, which include cotton, grapes, roses, beans, peas, alfalfa,
lettuce, ornamentals, and all broadleaf species.
• If 2,4-D is applied shortly before or during a flush of growth, vegetative and reproductive growth may
be damaged. This may result in lower fruit production, especially if the spring flush is affected.
• The effectiveness of 2,4-D for controlling fruit drop is enhanced by oil and decreased by calcium
hydroxide (calcium hydrate, hydrated lime). The magnitude of the oil enhancement and the
magnitude of the reduction caused by calcium hydroxide are not sufficiently understood to permit
any extrapolation of University of California recommendations or product label instructions. Do not
vary from label rates.
• Application of 2,4-D as a fruit-sizing spray can cause fruit dryness in mandarin and mandarin hybrids
that tend to be less juicy, e.g., 'Nules' Clementine or in orchards prone to granulation.
• Older recommendations and product labels specified 2,4-D dosages in terms of concentration (ppm or
mg/liter). Because current spray volumes vary widely, University of California recommendations and
current labels specify the amount of product per acre rather than ppm or mg/liter. If applied properly
(i.e., if coverage is adequate and if the spray deposit does not dry rapidly), an application of a
particular per-acre dosage of 2,4-D has the potential to be effective for controlling mature fruit drop
General Information (9/08) 147
and for delaying fruit senescence when applied at spray volumes of 100 to 750 gallons per acre.
Lower-volume applications (100 gal/acre) are less forgiving of imprecise spraying than are higher-
volume applications (500 gal/acre). Success with 2,4-D applications to improve fruit size requires
excellent coverage and wetting; low-volume applications are not known to be effective. In general,
surfactants (wetting agents) help achieve good spray coverage. Many surfactant formulations are
available in the marketplace. Some can cause rind blemishes on citrus fruit, so you need to find a
suitable surfactant for citrus, whether through direct experimentation or by contacting an experienced
citrus pest control operator.
Gibberellic acid (GA3). The purpose of applying GA3 to citrus trees in California is to delay fruit
senescence. Make applications while the fruit are still physiologically young, but are approaching
maturity. GA3 can have a negative effect on flowering and thus on production for the following year,
especially if it is applied much later than specified on the current label or in these guidelines. It delays
changes in rind color, an effect that can be considered either desirable or undesirable. For example, if you
apply GA3 to navel orange trees while the fruit still have green rinds, delayed coloring will have a
negative effect on your ability to harvest and market the fruit early in the season. In contrast, this effect is
desirable for late-harvested fruit because it delays rind senescence, which results in fruit that are paler in
color than the deeper-colored fruit from untreated trees. GA3 applications amplify the re-greening of
'Valencia' oranges. This is considered undesirable and can be minimized if you apply the compound no
later than the date specified on the label or in these guidelines. GA3 application may result in leaf drop,
which can be severe, especially when it is applied to navel orange trees that are under heat or water
stress. When this happens, the tree may also suffer twig dieback. By including 2,4-D in the GA3 spray,
you may be able to reduce this kind of damage. There is little need for delaying fruit senescence on young
trees. This plus the possibility of excessive leaf drop argue against applying GA3 to young citrus trees.
Recommendations are also included in these guidelines for using GA3 to delay lemon and lime fruit
maturity, to delay aging and rind softening of tangerine (mandarin) hybrids, and as a fruit-setting agent
for clementine mandarin.
Precautions when using GA3

• GA3 is slowly hydrolyzed by water and rapidly converted into an inactive isomer in highly alkaline
solutions. Protect liquid and powder formulations from moisture and do not add GA3 to highly
alkaline spray mixtures. Although GA3 seems to be stable in solutions up to pH 11 for short periods of
time (2 hours), its activity is diminished rapidly at the high pH values found in Bordeaux and
whitewash mixtures. As a general rule, do not expose GA3 to solutions higher than pH 8. Values
below pH 8 may provide greater stability for GA3 and better absorption by plant tissue.
• Older recommendations and product labels specified GA3 dosages in terms of concentration (ppm or
mg/liter). Because current spray volumes vary widely, University of California recommendations and
current labels specify the amount of product per acre rather than ppm or mg/liter. If applied properly
(i.e., if coverage is adequate and if the spray deposit does not dry rapidly), an application of a
particular per-acre dosage of GA3 will have the potential for controlling mature fruit drop and for
delaying fruit senescence when applied at spray volumes of 100 to 750 gallons per acre. Lower-volume
applications (100 gal/acre) are less forgiving of imprecise spraying than are higher-volume
applications (500 gal/acre).
• In general, surfactants (wetting agents) help achieve good spray coverage. Many surfactant
formulations are available in the marketplace. Some can cause rind blemishes on citrus fruit, so you
need to find a suitable surfactant for citrus, whether through direct experimentation or by contacting
an experienced citrus pest control operator. Research has shown that a suitable organosilicone
adjuvant such as Silwet L-77 can increase the efficacy of GA3 applied to navel orange trees. Two
cautions are in order: increased efficacy also means increased risks of negative effects, such as
excessive leaf drop and twig die-back from GA3; and rind blemishes have been reported from
relatively high adjuvant concentrations. (Note: Silwet L-77 has a good rind blemish safety record at a
concentration of 0.025%, v/v, active ingredient basis.)
Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). NAA can be a very effective fruit-thinning agent for certain types of
citrus. A different formulation is registered for sucker control. For fruit thinning, label rates are 100 to 500
ppm. Within this concentration range, an application may result in inadequate to excessive thinning. In
general, inadequate thinning occurs from the lowest label rate when maximum daytime temperatures on
the day of application and several days thereafter are relatively low (~85°F [29°C]). Excessive thinning
generally occurs from the highest label rate when maximum daytime temperatures on the day of
application and several days thereafter are relatively high (~100°F [38°C]). In addition, excessive thinning
can occur when NAA is applied to unhealthy or water-stressed trees. Heavy application of NAA, 1.15%
liquid concentrate, to inhibit sucker growth on tree trunks, may result in tree damage. Trees should be
nonbearing. Do not apply after September 1.
Precautions when using NAA

• Success with NAA as a fruit-thinning agent requires excellent coverage and wetting; low-volume
applications are not known to be effective. In general, surfactants (wetting agents) help achieve good
spray coverage. Many surfactant formulations are available in the marketplace. Some can cause rind
blemishes on citrus fruit, so you need to find a suitable surfactant for citrus, whether through direct
experimentation or by contacting an experienced citrus pest control operator.

PREHARVEST FRUIT DROP CONTROL WITH 2,4-D (9/08)
Variety Amount to Use Time

(g a.e./a = grams acid equivalent/acre)
CAUTION: Avoid 2,4-D spray drift to susceptible plants, which include cotton, grapes, roses, beans, peas, alfalfa,
lettuce, ornamentals, and all broadleaf species. 2,4-D has a 12 hour restricted entry interval.
A. NAVEL ORANGES* 29.894 g a.e./a in water spray Sept.–Nov.

...or...
14.947 g a.e./a in water spray Dec.–Jan.
...or...
45 g a.e./a in hydrated lime spray Sept.–Nov.
COMMENTS: The 45 g/a treatment applied in hydrated lime (whitewash) is inferior to 30 g/a applied in
water. This is important during long harvest seasons. The preferred Oct.–Nov. treatment is a 30 g/a water
spray applied 3 days before or 3 days after whitewash. October through December sprays are commonly used
and are generally effective. However, September, in particular, and October, as well, may be too early to
provide good control when conditions favor fruit drop (warm winter, protracted harvest, etc.). On the other
hand, January sprays may be somewhat risky, especially when environmental factors favor an earlier-than-
usual spring flush of growth. More than one application of 2,4-D may be appropriate. For example, consider
adding 6 to 18 g/a in a water spray containing gibberellic acid (GA3) followed by up to 30 g/a in a November
water spray. The 2,4-D in the GA 3 spray may reduce the GA3-induced leaf and fruit drop and will provide
some help with mid- to late-season mature fruit drop. However, the 2,4-D applied with the GA 3 early in the
season will not provide adequate mid- to late-season control of mature fruit drop in most years.
B. VALENCIA ORANGES* 14.947 g a.e./a in water spray see comments below

COMMENTS: If the desired response is to reduce drop of mature fruit and minimize effects on size or quality
of next year's fruit, apply when fruit of the following crop is at least 0.5 inch (13 mm) in diameter. May be used
as a dual purpose spray in spring for both mature fruit drop control and to improve fruit size of the new crop.
See the section on INCREASING FRUIT SIZE. This treatment also reduces fruit stem dieback.
C. GRAPEFRUIT*
(summer fruit drop) 29.894 g a.e./a in water spray see comments below
(winter fruit drop) 45 g a.e./a in hydrated lime spray Oct.–Nov.

...or...
29.894 g a.e./a in water spray Oct.–Jan.
COMMENTS: If the desired response is to reduce drop of mature fruit and minimize effects on size or quality
of next year's fruit, apply when fruit of the following crop is at least 0.75 inch (19 mm) in diameter. May be
used as a dual purpose spray in spring for both mature fruit drop control and to improve fruit size of the new
crop. See the section on INCREASING FRUIT SIZE. The 45 g/a treatment applied in hydrated lime
(whitewash) is inferior to 30 g/a applied in water. This is important during long harvest seasons. The
preferred winter fruit-drop control treatment is a 30 g/a water spray applied 3 days before or 3 days after
whitewash. January sprays may be somewhat risky, especially when environmental factors favor an earlier-
than-usual spring flush of growth. Grapefruit may require special spray application techniques to achieve
coverage of interior fruit. These treatments also reduce fruit stem dieback.
D. LEMONS* 15 g a.e./a in water spray Oct.–Dec.

COMMENTS: Apply a single treatment. Applications to coastal lemons are risky because of their everbearing
nature.
E. TANGELOS and OTHER

CITRUS HYBRIDS* 29.894 g a.e./a in water spray Sept.–Nov.
COMMENTS: Apply a single treatment.
* Note: (1) Do not apply to trees less than 6 years old. (2) Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. (3) Do not enter or allow
worker entry into treated area during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 12 hours. (4) Use an isopropyl ester formulation of
2,4-D containing 3.34 or 3.36 lb of acid equivalent/gallon. These formulations provide about 1520 g acid equivalent/gal, 12 g
acid equivalent/fl oz, 402 g acid equivalent/liter, or 0.402 g acid equivalent/ml. An example for 30 g acid equivalent/acre:
(30g) /(0.402 g/ml) = 75 ml. Thus, 30 g would be contained in 75 ml or 2.5 fl oz of formulation. Apply this to 1 acre in
volumes up to 500 gal. (Added to 500 gal it would be a 16 ppm solution). If spray volumes exceed 500 gal/acre, follow
restrictions specified on the label.
Preharvest Fruit Drop Control with 2,4-D (9/08) 150

INCREASING FRUIT SIZE WITH 2,4-D (9/08)

CAUTION: Avoid 2,4-D spray drift to susceptible plants, which include cotton, grapes, roses, beans, peas, alfalfa,
lettuce, ornamentals, and all broadleaf species. 2,4-D has a 12 hour restricted entry interval.
A. VALENCIA and NAVEL 22.719 g a.e./a in water spray 3/16–1/4 inch (5–6 mm)
ORANGES*
...or...
29.894 g a.e./a in water spray 1/4–1/2 inch (6–13 mm)
...or...
38 g a.e./a in water spray 1/2–5/8 inch (13–16 mm)
...or...
COMMENTS: Fruit-sizing sprays require excellent coverage. May cause an increased roughness of the rind.
For Valencia oranges, also controls mature fruit drop and may slightly delay granulation in new crop. For
navel oranges, may decrease fruit splitting.
B. GRAPEFRUIT* 22.719 g a.e./a in water spray 1/4–3/8 inch (6–9 mm)

...or...
29.894 g a.e./a in water spray 3/8–5/8 inch (9–16 mm)
...or...
...or...
45 g a.e./a in water spray 3/4–1 inch (19–25 mm)
COMMENTS: Fruit-sizing sprays require excellent coverage. Also controls mature fruit drop.
C. MANDARIN and
MANDARIN HYBRIDS* 40 g a.e./a in water spray 21–35 days after 75% petal fall
COMMENTS: Specific use is covered by EPA SLN No. CA-040027. Fruit-sizing sprays require excellent
coverage, minimum of 500 gallons per acre. Valid until withdrawn, suspended, or canceled by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the manufacturer, the 24(c) registrant, or the California
Department of Pesticide Registration. CAUTION: Application of 2,4-D can cause fruit dryness in mandarin
and mandarin hybrids, causing them to be less juicy; e.g., 'Nules' Clementine or in orchards prone to
granulation.
* Note: (1) Do not apply to trees less than 6 years old. (2) Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. (3) Do not enter or allow
worker entry into treated area during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 12 hours. (4) Use an isopropyl ester
formulation of 2,4-D containing 3.34 or 3.36 lb of acid equivalent per gallon. These formulations provide about 152 g acid
equivalent/gal, 402 g acid equivalent/liter, 0.402 g acid equivalent/ml, or 12 g acid equivalent/fl oz. An example for 30 g
acid equivalent/acre: (30g) /(0.402 g/ml) = 75 ml. Thus, 30 g would be contained in 75 ml or 2.5 fl oz of formulation.
Apply this to 1 acre in volumes up to 500 gal. A minimum of 500 gal per acre is recommended for mature trees, which
results in a 16 ppm 2,4-D solution).
Increasing Fruit Size with 2,4-D (9/08) 151

LEAF AND FRUIT DROP CONTROL FOLLOWING AN OIL SPRAY (9/08)

Variety Amount to Use
CAUTION: Avoid 2,4-D spray drift to susceptible plants, which include cotton, grapes, roses, beans, peas,
alfalfa, lettuce, ornamentals, and all broadleaf species. 2,4-D has a 12 hour restricted entry interval.
A. ALL 2.2 ml 2,4-D isopropyl ester formulation/gal oil

COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Used in pesticide oil sprays to counteract leaf drop
and fruit drop caused by the oil. Gives some degree of preharvest fruit drop control but because of the long
time span between most pesticide oil sprays and the onset of mature fruit drop, the 2,4-D/oil spray may
not give adequate mature fruit drop control, especially if the per acre 2,4-D dosage is less than 24 grams
acid equivalent (60 ml of a formulation containing 3.34 or 3.36 lb of 2,4-D/gal). Under these conditions, an
aqueous 2,4-D preharvest spray may be needed. If the 2,4-D/oil spray occurs within 3–4 months of the fruit
drop period, and if the per acre dosage was at least 24 grams, no additional 2,4-D should be applied. If the
fruit drop period will occur 4–6 months after the 2,4-D/oil spray was applied, apply an aqueous spray at
about 50% of recommended rates for preharvest fruit drop control. If the fruit drop period will occur more
than 6 months after the 2,4-D/oil spray, apply full rates recommended for preharvest fruit drop control.
Apply to trees 6 years and older. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest.
Leaf and Fruit Drop Control Following an Oil Spray (9/08) 152
DELAYING FRUIT SENESCENCE WITH GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA3) (9/08)

A. NAVEL ORANGES* 10–40 g a.i./a in water spray see comments below

COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Used to reduce rind staining, water spot, and sticky
rind (delayed aging and softening of rind). Apply in Sept.–Nov. to groves that will be harvested later than
Feb. 15 (San Joaquin Valley) or later than Mar. 1 (southern California). Preferred application time is 2 weeks
before color break. If delayed coloring cannot be tolerated, apply after marketable color has developed. In
both cases, there will be delayed rind aging but when it is applied after color has developed, considerable
aging will have already occurred, resulting in less potential delay in aging. The effect of the later spray may
be inadequate to provide the desired protection. Do not apply in mixtures containing lime or other caustic
materials that produce a pH higher than 8.0 (see caution on E.2). Make application at least 3 days before or 3
days after whitewash (hydrated lime) and avoid January applications as they may decrease subsequent
production. Treatment with GA3 probably lowers intensity of puffy rind and fruit appears to be less
susceptible to postharvest decay and mechanical injury. GA 3 may result in a minor amount of leaf and fruit
drop. Occasionally, leaf drop and fruit drop is excessive. When this happens, twig dieback can occur.
Including 2,4-D in the GA 3 spray may reduce these negative effects. There is little need for delaying fruit
senescence on young trees. This plus the possibility of excessive leaf drop argue against the application of
GA3 to young trees.
B. VALENCIA ORANGES* 40–80 g a.i./a Aug.–Sept.

COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Used to reduce rind creasing and delay aging and
softening of rind. Apply at an early stage of fruit development. Application at a later stage may lead to more
regreening than is acceptable. Some regreening or slower color development should be expected in the target
crop and some increased regreening of mature fruit, if present, may occur. To improve coverage, high spray
volumes (500 gallons) are encouraged.
C. TANGERINE (MANDARIN) 20–40 g a.i./a see comments below

HYBRIDS*
COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Used to delay rind aging and softening and to reduce
puffiness of rind. Apply about 2 weeks before color break, but only to groves where early harvest will not
occur as this treatment delays coloring; satisfactory color should not be expected until late January. Later
GA3 applications may produce undesirable results: applications made during coloring may result in
unacceptable variations in rind color and applications made after coloring may cause preharvest rind
staining to occur. Do not apply in whitewash or other caustic materials that produce a high pH (see caution
on E.2).
D. LEMONS* 10–20 g a.i./a Oct.–Dec.

(nondesert areas)
COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Used to delay fruit maturity. Apply when target crop
is 1/2 to 3/4 full size and still green. Reduces the number of small tree-ripe fruit and delays flowering,
which shifts second year crop toward summer.
E. LIMES* 20 g a.i./a Sept.–Oct.

(nondesert areas)
COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Used to delay rind coloration. Apply when target
crop is 1/2 to 3/4 full size and still green. Use amount given for large mature trees and less for smaller trees.
Delaying Senescence With Gibberellic Acid (GA3) (9/08) 153

FRUIT SET WITH GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA3) (9/08)

(g a.i./a = grams active ingredient/acre)
A. CLEMENTINE 1–8 g a.i./a in water spray Make 1 to 2 applications between

MANDARIN 50% petal fall and
3 weeks after petal fall
COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Use a dilute spray with sufficient spray volume for
adequate coverage of tree canopy. Do not apply mixtures of materials that produce a pH higher than 8.0 (see
precautions under Plant Growth Regulators-General Information).
Fruit Set With Gibberellic Acid (GA3) (9/08) 154

FRUIT THINNING WITH NAPHTHALENE ACETIC ACID (NAA) (9/08)
A. ORANGES, 100–500 mg/liter When fruitlets are 3/16–3/4 inch

TANGERINES
(MANDARINS),
TANGELOS and (100–500 ppm) (5–20 mm) diameter
TANGORS
COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 24 hours. Make only 1 application per year. Within the
specified concentration range, inadequate to excessive thinning may occur. In general, inadequate thinning
occurs from the lowest label rate when maximum daytime temperatures on the day of application and
several days thereafter are relatively low (~85ºF [29ºC]). Excessive thinning generally occurs from the
highest label rate when maximum daytime temperatures on the day of application and several days
thereafter are relatively high (~100ºF [38ºC]). In addition, excessive thinning can occur when NAA is applied
to unhealthy or water-stressed trees. Do not use on varieties where both young fruit and fruit close to
maturity are present on the tree. Do not apply within 150 days of harvest. Use either the ammonium salt or
the potassium salt formulation of NAA.
Fruit Thinning With Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) (9/08) 155

SUCKER CONTROL WITH NAPHTHALENE ACETIC ACID (NAA) (9/08)
A. NONBEARING CITRUS Direct application of the undiluted see comments below

formulation (1.15% ethyl 1- naphthaleneacetate)
COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Use ethyl 1- naphthaleneacetate to control sprouting
from scaffold limbs, sprouting from trunks, and sprouting from rootstocks. See label regarding details. Results
of research conducted in California and Florida suggest that applications should be made before or during
early sprout growth. Heavy application may result in tree damage. In Florida, growers are cautioned not
apply after Sept. 1. Use may inhibit sprouting desired for tree recovery following freeze.
Sucker Control with Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) (9/08) 156

Weeds
INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT (9/08)
Weeds in citrus orchards compete with trees for nutrients, water, and light. Weeds also cause problems
by contributing to arthropod pest problems, interfering with cultural operations, and increasing frost
hazard. Competition from weeds is damaging to citrus trees when they are young because it slows tree
growth and increases their susceptibility to insect and disease damage. Weeds around tree trunks may
create a favorable environment for pathogens that infect the trunk and roots as well as provide shelter for
field mice. However, as trees grow older, the tree canopies shade part of the orchard floor and reduce
weed growth. Weed competition with mature trees can be more serious in drip- or microsprinkler-
irrigated orchards because tree roots are concentrated in a smaller area than in furrow irrigation.
Careful management and good sanitation help limit weed infestations. To prevent the spread of weeds,
make sure that irrigation canals and ditchbanks are free of weeds and weed seeds. Provide good drainage
because high moisture in areas such as furrow bottoms, at furrow ends, and around stand pipes favors
weed growth. Where furrow irrigation is used on slow draining soils, use shorter furrows or establish
lateral furrows halfway into the tree rows to reduce the time water stands in the furrows. Discourage
weed seedling establishment by letting the top 2 or 3 inches of soil dry completely between furrow or
sprinkler irrigations. Do not allow weeds around the orchard perimeter to mature and produce seeds.
Herbicides can provide effective control of most weeds in a citrus orchard, facilitating irrigation and
other cultural operations. Herbicides also create a relatively weed-free orchard floor with less frost
hazard during winter because of the warming influence of the bare ground.
However, certain problems are associated with total reliance on herbicides. In orchards planted on slopes,
complete weed control creates bare orchard floors that are prone to soil erosion. On certain sites, an
orchard floor devoid of vegetation can become compacted and a silty surface layer may develop,
impeding water penetration into the soil profile. Repeated shallow cultivation or the application of mulch
may be needed to address these problems. If a particular herbicide is used repeatedly, species that are not
susceptible to the herbicide may thrive and become dominant. In addition, repeated use of the same
herbicide may lead to the development of herbicide resistance. Therefore, herbicide rotation is an
important strategy in integrated weed management in citrus orchards.
MONITORING
To effectively manage vegetation, you must know the weed species present and their abundance and
location in the orchard. Conduct a survey at least twice a year, in late winter and in summer, and keep
records of your observations. Pay special attention to perennials and check fence rows and ditch banks. A
map can be helpful in locating trouble spots infested with perennials or resistant species, moist areas
favoring weed growth, or sources of reinfestation from surrounding land. Record results from your
winter survey (example form available online) and summer survey (example form available online) and keep
them as part of your permanent orchard records. Monitoring information collected over several years is
invaluable in determining changes in weed species and adjusting management tactics.
WEED MANAGEMENT BEFORE PLANTING

Weed management starts before the orchard is planted. Site preparation is an important part of an
orchard weed management program. In spring, survey the site for the weed species present and then disc
the weeds under and level any irregularities in the grade, especially when planning furrow irrigation.
Perennials on the site, such as johnsongrass or bermudagrass, are easier and less expensive to control
before you plant the trees. Established johnsongrass and bermudagrass can be destroyed by repeated
discings in summer; the disced and exposed rhizomes and stolons will dehydrate. Or, during early fall
when the perennials are still flowering, treat with glyphosate; repeat the treatment in spring to kill
regrowth, and disc 2 to 3 weeks later to expose the root system to drying.
Before or after planting, usually in spring, a preemergent herbicide can be incorporated over the entire
site or into 4- to 6-foot-wide strips where the trees are planted. Herbicides such as trifluralin (Treflan),
oryzalin (Surflan), oxyfluorfen (Goal), and napropamide (Devrinol) can be safely used around young
citrus trees. A preemergence application usually controls germinating seedlings throughout the summer.
Integrated Weed Management (9/08) 157

A given dosage of preemergent herbicide may be more toxic to trees in sandy soils or soils low in organic
matter. Follow all label precautions carefully. Carefully calibrate and check the functioning of spray
equipment.
Weeds that escape the preemergence treatment are often treated with postemergent herbicides. During
summer, spot-treat summer annuals and perennials; such treatments are especially necessary in moist
areas.
WEED MANAGEMENT IN NEWLY PLANTED ORCHARDS

Once trees are planted, disturb the soil as little as possible if you plan no-till management. For furrow
irrigation, establish one or two narrow furrows along the planted trees. Perennial grasses can be
controlled with sethoxydim (Poast) or fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade). Glyphosate (Roundup) suppresses
nutsedges, bermudagrass, and perennial broadleaf weeds. To avoid injury to the trees, be sure not to
spray citrus foliage or trunks with this herbicide. Although wrappers help to protect tree trunks from
herbicides, they should not be relied on. Regular preemergence and postemergence treatments during the
establishment years remove much of the competition by weeds and facilitate irrigation and other cultural
practices. Synthetic fabric mulches that are resistant to UV degradation can be placed around the base of
the tree. These fabrics allow moisture to penetrate but prevent weeds from emerging. Install fabric in a 4 x
4 foot square, centered around the tree. Use anchoring staples or nails to hold fabric in place. Woven
fabrics last at least 5 years. Use in conjunction with tree wraps to prevent the fabric from contacting tree
trunks because heat injury to the bark is possible.
WEED MANAGEMENT IN ESTABLISHED ORCHARDS

A ground cover is maintained in some citrus orchards, mainly in northern California and on hilly terrain.
A ground cover of resident vegetation or a sown cover crop prevents soil erosion and improves water
penetration and soil structure. Some ground covers can be managed by complete mowing or by mowing
the row middles while keeping a strip along the tree rows free of weeds with herbicides. Repeated
mowing favors the establishment of perennial weeds, which are deep rooted and more competitive with
citrus than annuals.
Weeds are rarely managed in citrus with regular cultivation. Tillage destroys the feeder roots of citrus
trees that are responsible for absorbing nutrients, water, and oxygen in the top soil. Disease organisms
may enter through root systems that have been injured by tillage. Discing contributes to soil erosion,
especially on sloping land, and to soil compaction. If the soil is dry, cultivation creates dust, which
interferes with biological control of insect and mite pests. Discing may also increase the weed population
by bringing buried seeds to the surface or spreading rhizomes, tubers, or stolons throughout the orchard.
In established orchards, weed management has to be adjusted to the irrigation method used. In orchards
irrigated by furrows, weeds are a particular problem in furrow bottoms and at furrow ends where high
moisture and extensive leaching of herbicides allow weeds to grow. Where herbicides are applied with
cluster nozzles, one side of the furrow is in the shadow of the spray stream and remains untreated. Under
a low-volume irrigation scheme, the permanently wet zone around emitters of sprinkler heads favors
weed growth and promotes the breakdown of soil-residual herbicides.
Preemergent herbicides are used to control germinating weed seed; they do not control established
plants. Spray preemergent herbicides onto the soil just before an irrigation or rainfall, so that the water
carries the chemical into the soil where the weed seeds germinate. Preemergent herbicides can provide
control for up to a year, depending on the solubility of the material, adsorption of the material to soil,
weed species, and dosage applied. Leaching from the soil is more extensive on sandy than on clay soils.
Prolonged moist conditions during heavy winter rains, in furrow bottoms, or around low-volume
emitters during irrigation favor breakdown and leaching of herbicides. Bromacil (Krovar) leaches more
rapidly than simazine (Princep), diuron (Karmex), and napropamide (Devrinol) and is thus less effective
under frequent, low-volume irrigation. Splitting a treatment into two or more sequential applications can
prolong the control provided by the herbicides.
Postemergent herbicides are used on established weeds. They act either by contact or by translocation
throughout the plant. Contact herbicides, such as paraquat (Gramoxone Inteon), kill those parts of the
plant that are actually sprayed, making good coverage and wetting essential. A single spray kills
susceptible annual weeds; retreatment is necessary if regenerating perennials are present or if annual
weeds reestablish themselves from seeds. Translocating herbicides, such as glyphosate (Roundup), move
into the plant to kill it. Complete coverage of the plants with translocated herbicides is not necessary.
Integrated Weed Management (9/08) 158
SPECIAL WEED PROBLEMS (9/08)
YELLOW and PURPLE NUTSEDGE. Yellow and purple nutsedge appear similar to grasses but have
leaves that are triangular in cross-section, whereas grass leaves are round. The flowers resemble those of
grasses. Yellow nutsedge flowers are yellow in color, while purple nutsedge flowers are purple.
Yellow and purple nutsedge are easily distinguished from each other by looking at their tubers. Yellow
nutsedge tubers are nearly round and somewhat smooth. Purple nutsedge tubers are oblong and very
rough and scaly. Purple nutsedge tubers are linked together by rhizomes (underground stems), whereas
yellow nutsedge tubers are found only at the ends of rhizomes. Tubers of both species have three to seven
buds that are capable of forming a new plant. Nutsedge plants develop from sprouts on a tuber; the
sprout forms a bulb just under the soil surface. Leaves then grow from the basal bulb.
Populations of these two weeds can be reduced by applications of glyphosate at or before the five-leaf
stage. If sprayed after this point, the plant may be killed, but it has already formed new tubers that can
form new plants. Glyphosate kills the leaves and basal bulb, but the herbicide rarely travels down to the
tuber in sufficient amounts to kill the tuber. The tuber's three to seven buds can resprout, necessitating
careful attention so that retreatment of the orchard takes place before new tuber formation. Because
purple nutsedge is able to sprout from tubers deeper in the soil than the ones yellow nutsedge sprouts
from, it is not as well controlled with MSMA.
JOHNSONGRASS. Johnsongrass can grow from either seed or rhizomes. Johnsongrass is a perennial
grass with erect, usually solid stems that grow 2 to 8 feet tall. The seeds have a red to purple tint and
remain viable in the soil at least 5 years. Johnsongrass is controlled by repeated tillage during the dry
summer months. However, the soil must be fairly dry; otherwise the rhizome buds may sprout.
Rhizomes as small as 1 inch in length can sprout if they don't lose more than 60% of their initial weight to
drying. After flowering, reserves are sent to the roots making this stage an excellent one to treat in order
to reduce the underground portion of the plant using a translocated herbicide such as glyphosate.
Special Weed Problems (9/08) 159

COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF WEEDS (9/08)

Common Name Scientific Name
barley, hare Hordeum leporinum
barnyardgrass Echinochloa crus-galli
bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon
bindweed, field Convolvulus arvensis
bluegrass, annual Poa annua
bromegrasses Bromus spp.
burclover, California Medicago polymorpha
canarygrass Phalaris canariensis
chickweed, common Stellaria media
cockleburs Xanthium spp.
crabgrass, large Digitaria sanguinalis
cudweeds Gnaphalium spp.
dallisgrass Paspalum dilatatum
eveningprimrose, cutleaf Oenothera laciniata
fescue, red Festuca rubra
fiddlenecks Amsinckia spp.
filarees Erodium spp.
fleabane, hairy Conyza bonariensis
foxtails Setaria spp.
goosefoot, nettleleaf Chenopodium murale
groundcherries Physalis spp.
groundsel, common Senecio vulgaris
henbit Lamium amplexicaule
horseweed Conyza canadensis
johnsongrass Sorghum halepense
knotweeds Polygonum spp.
lambsquarters, common Chenopodium album
lettuce, prickly Lactuca serriola
lovegrasses Eragrostis spp.
mallow, little (cheeseweed) Malva parviflora
miner's lettuce Claytonia perfoliata
morningglory, annual Ipomoea spp.
mullein, turkey Croton (=Eremocarpus) setigerus
mustards Brassica spp.
nettle, burning Urtica urens
nightshades Solanum spp.
nutsedge, purple Cyperus rotundus
nutsedge, yellow Cyperus esculentus
oat, wild Avena fatua
pigweeds Amaranthus spp.
pineapple-weed Chamomilla suaveolens
polypogon, rabbitsfoot Polypogon monspeliensis
puncturevine Tribulus terrestris
purslane, common Portulaca oleracea
radish, wild Raphanus raphanistrum
redmaids (desert rockpurslane Calandrinia ciliata
rocket, London Sisymbrium irio
ryegrass, Italian Lolium multiflorum
sandburs Cenchrus spp.
shepherd's-purse Capsella bursa-pastoris
sowthistles Sonchus spp.
speedwells Veronica spp.
sprangletops Leptochloa spp.
spurge, spotted Euphorbia (=Chamaesyce) maculata
sweetclovers Melilotis spp.
thistle, Russian Salsola tragus
witchgrass Panicum capillare
Common and Scientific Names of Weeds (9/08) 160

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WINTER WEEDS TO HERBICIDE CONTROL (9/08)
PREEMERGENCE POSTEMERGENCE
BRO* DIU* EPT1 FLM ISO1 NAP NOR* ORY OXY1 PEN1 SIM* THI TRI CAR CLE1 DIQ1 FLU1 GLY MSM*1 OXY1 PAR* SET
ANNUAL WEEDS
barley, hare C C C P — C C C P C P C C N C P C C N P C C
bluegrass, annual C C C C — C C C P C P C C N C P N C C P C N
bromegrass C C C P — C C C P C N — C N — — N C P N C N
canarygrass C C C P — C C C P C P C C N C P C C N N C N
burclover, California P C N — P P C N C — C — N — N — N C N P P N
cudweeds C C P — C C C N N N C — N — N C N C N P C N
fiddlenecks C C C — C C C C C C C C C C N C N C N C C N
filarees C C C C C C P C C N C C P — N C N P N C P N
henbit C C C C C P C P C C C — P — N C N C N C C N
miner's lettuce C C P — — C C C C — C — C — N — N C N C C N
mustards C C N C C P P N C P C P N P N C N C N C C N
nettle, burning C C C C C P C P C N C — P C N P N C N P C N
oat, wild C P C C — C C P P P N — P N C P C C N N P C
polypogon, rabbitsfoot C C C — — C C C P — P — C — — — C C P P C C
radish, wild C C N — C N C N C N P — N — N — N C N P P N
redmaids (desert rockpurslane) C C C — — N C C C — C — C — N — N C P C C N
rocket, London C C P C C P C N P P P — N C N C N C N C C N
ryegrass, Italian C C C P — C C C P C P — C N C P — C N N C —
shepherd's-purse C C P C — N C N C P C C N P N C N C N P C N
sowthistles P C C P C C P N C N C C N N N C N C N P C N
sweetclovers P C N — P P C N C N C — N — N — N C N P P N
BRO* = bromacil (Hyvar) FLM = flumioxazin (Chateau) NOR* = norflurazon (Solicam) SET = sethoxydim (Poast)
CAR = carfentrazone (Shark) FLU1 = fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade) ORY = oryzalin (Surflan) SIM* = simazine (Princep)
CLE1 = clethodim (Select Max) GLY = glyphosate (Roundup) OXY1 = oxyfluorfen (Goal) THI = thiazopyr (Visor)
DIU* = diuron (Karmex) ISO1 = isoxaben (Gallery) PAR* = paraquat (Gramoxone Inteon) TRI = trifluralin (Treflan)
DIQ1 = diquat (Reglone) MSM*1 = MSMA PEN1 = pendimethalin (Prowl)
EPT1 = EPTC (Eptam) NAP = napropamide (Devrinol)
N = no control
P = partial control
C = control
— = no information

1 For use on nonbearing citrus only.
Susceptibility of Winter Weeds to Herbicide Control (9/08) 161

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SPRING/SUMMER WEEDS TO HERBICIDE CONTROL

(9/08)
PREEMERGENCE POSTEMERGENCE
BRO* DIU* EPT1 FLM ISO1 NAP NOR* ORY OXY1 PEN1 SIM* THI TRI CAR CLE1 DIQ1 FLU1 GLY MSM*1 OXY1 PAR* SET
ANNUAL WEEDS
barnyardgrass P C C C — C P C P C P C C N C P C C N N P C
chickweed, common C C C C C C C C P C C — C P N C N C C P C N
cockleburs C C N — — C C N P N C — N P N C N N P C N N
crabgrass, large P C C C — C P C P C N C C N C C C C C P C C
cudweeds C C P — C C C N N N C — N — N C N C N P C N
eveningprimrose, cutleaf C P — — C P N P P P C C P — N C N C N P C N
fleabane, hairy C C C C C N P N P N N — N P N P N C N P C N
foxtails C C C C — C P C N C N C C N C P C C P N C C
goosefoot, nettleleaf C C C C C C C C C C C — C — N C N C N P C N
groundcherries C C C C C N C N C N C P P C N C N C P C C N
groundsel, common C N C C C C P N — N C C N — N C N C N — C N
horseweed C C C C C N P N P N C — N P N C N C N P C N
knotweeds C C P — C C C C C C C C C — N P N C N P P N
lambsquarters, common C C C C C C P C C C C — C — N C N C N C P N
lettuce, prickly C C C P C C P N C — C — N — N C N C N C C N
lovegrasses P C C C — C P C P C N — C N C P C C P N C —
mallow, little (cheeseweed) C P N C C P P P C P P — N C N C N P N C N N
morningglory, annual C C — C C P C P C N C — C C N P N C P C P N
mullein, turkey C N N — — N P N — — N — N — N P C C N — P N
nettle, burning C C C C C P C P C N C — P C N P N C N P C N
nightshades C C C C C N C N C N C — N P N C N C P C C N
pigweeds C C C C C C P C C C C P C — N C N C N C C N
pineapple-weed C C P — C C C N — N C — N — N — N C N — C N
polypogon, rabbitsfoot C C C — — C C C P — P — C — C — C C N N C C
puncturevine C P C C — P C P P P P — P — N C N N P P P N
purslane, common C C C C C C P C C C C C C N N C N C P C C N
sandburs P C C C — C P C N — N — C N — P C C P N P —
sowthistles P C C P C C P N C N C C N N N C N C N C C N
speedwells C N N — C C C P — — C — P — N — N C N — C N
sprangletops N N P P — C C C — C N — C N N N N C N — C N
spurge, spotted P N N C C N P P P P N C N P N N N C N P C N
thistle, Russian C N P C C P C P P P C — P — N P N C N P P N
witchgrass C C C P — C P C P — N — C N C P — C P N C —
PERENNIAL WEEDS
bermudagrass (seedling) N N C N N C C C C C P — C N C P P C N C P C
bermudagrass (perennial) N N N N N N P N N N N — N N P N P C N N N P
bindweed, field (seedling) P C N — C N P P N P C C C — N — N C N P P N
bindweed, field (perennial) N N N — C N N N N N N P P — N — N P N P N N
dallisgrass (seedling) C N C — N C N C N C C — C N P P N C C C N C
dallisgrass (perennial) C N N N N N N N N N N — N N N N N C C N N —
johnsongrass (seedling) C C C C N C C C N C C — N N C P C C C C C C
johnsongrass (perennial) P N N N N N C C N N N — N N C N N C N N N C
nutsedge, yellow C N P N N N P N N N N P N N N P N P C N N N
nutsedge, purple C N P N N N P N N N N P N N N P N P P N N N
BRO* = bromacil (Hyvar) FLM = flumioxazin (Chateau) NOR* = norflurazon (Solicam) SET = sethoxydim (Poast)
CAR = carfentrazone (Shark) FLU1 = fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade) ORY = oryzalin (Surflan) SIM* = simazine (Princep)
CLE1 = clethodim (Select Max) GLY = glyphosate (Roundup) OXY1 = oxyfluorfen (Goal) THI = thiazopyr (Visor)
DIU* = diuron (Karmex) ISO1 = isoxaben (Gallery) PAR* = paraquat (Gramoxone Inteon) TRI = trifluralin (Treflan)
DIQ1 = diquat (Reglone) MSM*1 = MSMA PEN1 = pendimethalin (Prowl)
EPT1 = EPTC (Eptam) NAP = napropamide (Devrinol)
N = no control
P = partial control
C = control
— = no information
1 For use on nonbearing citrus only.
Susceptibility of Spring/Summer Weeds to Herbicide Control (9/08) 162

HERBICIDE TREATMENT TABLE (9/08)

When choosing a pesticide, consider information relating to environmental impact.
BEFORE PLANTING
Preemergence
A. TRIFLURALIN 0.5–1 lb a.i.
(Treflan) 12 NA
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3
COMMENTS: Broadcast preplant incorporated. Plant tree roots below treated soil. Do not place treated soil
near roots during planting. Controls many annuals and is helpful on perennial weeds. Useful for helping
eradicate johnsongrass before planting. Residual period: 2–12 months.
Postemergence
A. GLYPHOSATE 1–3.8 lb a.i.
(Roundup, etc.) 4 NA
COMMENTS: Apply with a controlled applicator or with low-pressure flat fan nozzles. For annual weed
control use 1 lb a.i./acre in 10–40 gal water. Apply to young annuals or vigorously growing perennials in
flowering stage. Some perennials require the 3.8 lb a.i./acre rate for control. May be used on young weeds in
strip followed by planting into the dead weeds. New weeds usually do not establish for a month or more
because of the no-till effect. Do not use more than 9.625 lb a.i./year.
B. FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL 0.125–0.375 lb a.i.

(Fusilade DX) 12 NA
COMMENTS: Apply to actively growing grasses when they are 2–8 inches in height. Use lower rates for
smaller grasses. Add a crop oil concentrate or a nonionic surfactant according to the label for the amount of
water (5–40 gal/acre) added. For bermudagrass apply to 4- to 8-inch runners; for johnsongrass apply before
boot stage.
C. CLETHODIM 0.073–0.12125 lb a.i.

(Select Max) 24 NA
COMMENTS: Apply to actively growing grasses. Use lower rate for barnyardgrass, foxtails, and panicums
before grasses are over 4 inches tall. Use medium rate for crabgrasses before they are over 4 inches tall. Use
higher rates (0.096–0.12125 lb a.i./acre) for goosegrass, lovegrass, ryegrass, and sprangletop before grasses are
over 6 inches tall.
NEWLY PLANTED ORCHARDS (nonbearing trees)

Preemergence
A. ISOXABEN 0.66–0.9975 lb a.i.
(Gallery T & V) 12 1 year
COMMENTS: Wait until soil has settled around transplant to apply. Requires irrigation to activate unless 0.5
inches of rain has fallen within 21 days after application. Used only where broadleaf weeds are expected; does
not control grasses or nutsedges. Apply in at least 10 gal/acre of water.
B. NAPROPAMIDE 4 lb a.i.
(Devrinol) 50DF 12 35
COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 20–60 gal water/acre. Must be incorporated within 7 days of
application or sprinkler irrigated. Needs to be combined with a postemergent herbicide if weeds have
emerged. Residual period: 4–10 months. Residual control reduced under frequent, low-volume drip or
microsprinkler irrigation.
Herbicide Treatment Table (9/08) 163


C. ORYZALIN 2–6 lb a.i. 24 NA

(Surflan)
COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 20–60 gal water/acre. If rain does not occur within 21 days after
application, sprinkle irrigate with 0.5–2 inches water. May be combined with a postemergent herbicide if
weeds are present. The higher rates give the longest soil residual. Usually used at 4 lb a.i./acre. Chemigation
with oryzalin is possible, see label for instructions. Residual period: 4–10 months.
D. OXYFLUORFEN 1.2–2 lb a.i. 24 1 year

(Goal 2XL)
COMMENTS: For use on nonbearing citrus only. Apply to the soil surface. At least 0.25 inches water must be
received within 3–4 weeks after application for effective incorporation and control. Do not disturb soil
following treatment or poor control will result. Residual period 4-10 months.
E. PENDIMETHALIN 2–3.96 lb a.i. 24 1 year

(Prowl EC)
COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing citrus only. Treatments are most effective when adequate rainfall or
irrigation is received within 21 days after application. Do not apply to newly transplanted trees until ground
has settled and no cracks are present. Contact with leaves, shoots, or buds may deform plant tissue.
F. EPTC 2.1–3 lb a.i. 12 1 year

(Eptam) 7E
COMMENTS: For use on nonbearing orange, grapefruit, and lemon. Immediately incorporate herbicide with
tree hoes or rotary hoes. Provides short-term residual control (4–6 weeks).
G. FLUMIOXAZIN 0.188-0.376 lb a.i. 12 1 year

(Chateau)
COMMENTS: For use on nonbearing trees only. Do not apply to trees established less than one year unless
protected from spray contact. Best control is achieved when irrigation or rainfall follows within 21 days of
application. Do not make a sequential application within 30 days of the first application. Can be mixed with
other pre- or postemergent herbicides. It will not provide adequate control of emerged weeds unless mixed
with a postemergent herbicide. Residual period: 3-6 months.
Postemergence
A. CARFENTRAZONE 0.024–0.031 lb a.i. 12 3
(Shark)
COMMENTS: Use no more than 0.124 lb a.i./acre/season. A spray adjuvant is required, and ammonium
sulfate added at 10-15 lb/100 gal may improve control. Ph of spray solution should be 5-8. Apply to weeds
less than 4 inches tall. Control is improved during warm, dry weather. Use nozzles and procedures that
provide thorough weed coverage.
B. CLETHODIM 0.09–0.12125 lb a.i. 24 1 year

(Select Max)
COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing citrus only. Apply to actively growing grasses. Use lower rate for
barnyardgrass, foxtails, and panicums before grasses are over 4 inches tall. Use medium rate for crabgrasses
before they are over 4 inches tall. Use higher rates (0.12125 lb a.i./acre) for goosegrass, lovegrass, ryegrass, and
sprangletop before grasses are over 6 inches tall.
C. DIQUAT 0.375–0.5 lb a.i. 24 1 year

(Reglone)
COMMENTS: Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v. Apply in 20-60 gal water/acre with thorough weed
coverage to weeds less than 4 inches tall. Control is improved during warm, dry weather.


D. FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL 0.25–0.375 lb a.i. 12 1 year

(Fusilade DX)
COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing citrus only. Apply to actively growing grasses when they are 2–8 inches
in height. Use lower rates for smaller grasses. Add a crop oil concentrate or a nonionic surfactant according to
the label for the amount of water (5–40 gal/acre) added. For bermudagrass apply to 4- to 8-inch runners; for
johnsongrass apply before the boot stage.
E. GLYPHOSATE 0.5–4 lb a.i. 4 NA

(Roundup, etc.)
COMMENTS: Apply with a controlled applicator or with low-pressure, flat fan nozzles. For annual weed
control use 1 lb/acre in 10–40 gal water. Apply to young annuals or vigorously growing perennials in
flowering stage. Some perennials require the 4 lb/acre rate for control. May be used on young weeds in strip
followed by planting into the dead weeds. New weeds usually do not establish for a month or more because of
the no–till effect. Hairy fleabane and horseweed can be controlled if in seedling stage. Do not use more than
9.625 lb a.i./year.
F. MSMA 1.99 lb a.i. 12 0

COMMENTS: Apply to trees no more than 1 year old. Apply to yellow nutsedge with fewer than 5 leaves in 60
gal water/acre. Multiple applications may be needed. Air temperature around 85°F is best for maximum
activity.
G. OXYFLUORFEN 0.5–1 lb a.i. 24 1 year

(Goal 2XL)
COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing citrus only. Apply to weeds under 4 inches tall. If grasses and some
broadleaf weeds are present, mix with paraquat or glyphosate.
H. PARAQUAT* 0.3–0.9 lb a.i. 24 0

(Gramoxone Inteon)
COMMENTS: Apply when weeds are less than 4 inches tall. Repeat applications as new growth occurs. Do not
apply directly to foliage or trunk of tree. For protection, use tree wraps around trunk. Use a nonionic
surfactant at 0.5% volume by volume (v/v).
I. SETHOXYDIM 0.28–0.46875 lb a.i. 12 15

(Poast)
COMMENTS: Apply to actively growing grasses that are 2–8 inches tall. Controls annual grasses (except
annual bluegrass, bromes, and fescues) that are actually growing and not water stressed. Use Dash HC spray
adjuvant at 1 pt/acre or crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre. Do not apply more than 1.875 lb a.i./season.
ESTABLISHED ORCHARD
Preemergence
A. BROMACIL 3.2–6.4 lb a.i. 12 0
(Hyvar)
COMMENTS: Use low rates on sand and loamy sand soils. Rates of 4–4.8 lb a.i./acre can be applied to sandy
loam soils and higher rates to silt loam and clay loam soils. Split application and apply 40–50% of the total
herbicide in fall with the remainder in spring just before weeds emerge or soon after weed emergence.
Considered to be a ground water contaminant and requires a use permit within Ground Water Protection
Areas. If bromacil has been found in groundwater in your area, your area may be designated a Pesticide
Monitoring Zone (PMZ), and there may be restrictions on its use. Do not use in the Imperial, Coachella, or
Palo Verde valleys.


B. DIURON 2.4–3.2 lb a.i. 12 0

(Karmex DF, Direx)
COMMENTS: Direct to the soil under trees that are at least 3 years of age. A split application can be made with
40–50% of the total applied in fall and the remainder applied in spring. Do not apply more than 3.2 lb
a.i./season. Diuron is sometimes combined with other preemergent herbicides to broaden the spectrum of
weeds controlled. These combination treatments frequently use lower rates of diuron. Do not use on soils with
less than 1% organic matter. Do not use in Imperial, Coachella or Palo Verde valleys. Considered to be a
ground water contaminant and requires a use permit within Ground Water Protection Areas. If diuron has
been found in groundwater in your area, your area may be designated a Pesticide Monitoring Zone (PMZ),
and there may be restrictions on its use. Residual period: 8–12 months.
C. NAPROPAMIDE 4 lb a.i. 12 35
(Devrinol) 50DF
COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 20–60 gal water/acre. Must be incorporated within 7 days after
application or sprinkler irrigated. Needs to be combined with a postemergent herbicide if weeds have
emerged. Residual period: 4–10 months. Residual control reduced under frequent, low-volume drip or
microsprinkler irrigation.
D. NORFLURAZON 1–3.93 lb a.i. 12 30

(Solicam DF)
COMMENTS: Apply to soil as a directed spray from fall to early spring under trees established for at least 2
years. Apply in at least 20 gal water/acre. Chemigation with norflurazon is possible in citrus, see label for
instructions. Can help reduce low to moderate nutsedge populations. Residual period: 6–12 months.
Considered to be a ground water contaminant and requires a use permit within Ground Water Protection
Areas. If norflurazon has been found in groundwater in your area, your area may be designated a Pesticide
Monitoring Zone (PMZ), and there may be restrictions on its use. Do not use in the Imperial, Coachella, or
Palo Verde valleys.
E. ORYZALIN 2–6 lb a.i. 24 0

(Surflan)
COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 20–60 gal water/acre. If rain does not occur within 21 days after
application, sprinkle irrigate with 0.5–2 inches of water. May be combined with a postemergent herbicide if
weeds are present. The higher rates give the longest soil residual. Usually used at 4 lb a.i./acre. Chemigation
with oryzalin is possible, see label for instructions. Residual period: 4–10 months.
F. SIMAZINE 2–4 lb a.i. 12 0

(Princep)
COMMENTS: For use in grapefruit, lemon and orange groves. Apply to the soil under trees older than 1 year.
Make 1 application per year or split the application between fall and spring. Use the high rate for heavy soils.
Simazine is frequently used in combination with other preemergent herbicides. On light soils, simazine often
is used at rates of 0.5–1 lb a.i./acre. Do not use on gravel, sand, or loamy sand soils. If an irrigation is applied
immediately after application, limit water to 0.5 inch. Considered to be a ground water contaminant and
requires a use permit within Ground Water Protection Areas. If simazine has been found in groundwater in
your area, your area may be designated a Pesticide Monitoring Zone (PMZ), and there may be restrictions on
its use. Do not use in the Imperial, Coachella, or Palo Verde valleys. Residual period: 8–12 months.
G. THIAZOPYR 0.5–1 lb a.i. 12 90

(Visor) 2E
COMMENTS: For grapefruit and orange only. Apply to the soil during winter. For best control of nutsedge
species apply in early to midwinter. Residual period is 5–8 months.


H. TRIFLURALIN 0.5–1 lb a.i. 12 0

(Treflan, etc.)
COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing and bearing orchards. Apply as a directed spray and mechanically
incorporate, taking care not to injure the tree. Residual period: 2–12 months.
Postemergence
A. CARFENTRAZONE 0.024–0.031 lb a.i. 12 3
(Shark) 0.5–2 lb
COMMENTS: Use no more than 0.124 lb a.i./acre/season. A spray adjuvant is required and ammonium
sulfate added at 10-15 lb/100 gal may improve control. Ph of spray solution should be 5-8. Apply to weeds
less than 4 inches tall. Control is improved during warm, dry weather. Use nozzles and procedures that
provide thorough weed coverage.
B. GLYPHOSATE 0.5–4 lb a.i. 4 1

(Roundup, etc.)
COMMENTS: Avoid application to open wounds. Do not apply directly to fruit. Glyphosate is effective at low
gallonage and is effective applied with a controlled droplet application. See label instructions to use for
chemical mowing.
C. PARAQUAT* 0.3–0.9 lb a.i. 24 0

(Gramoxone Inteon)
COMMENTS: Do not apply directly to foliage or fruit. Use a nonionic surfactant at 0.5% volume by volume
(v/v).
D. SETHOXYDIM 0.28–0.46875 lb a.i. 12 15

(Poast)
COMMENTS: Apply when grasses are less than 4 inches tall. Controls annual grasses (except annual
bluegrass, bromes, and fescues) that are actually growing and not water stressed. Do not apply more than
1.875 lb a.i./acre/season.
1
Group numbers are assigned by the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) according to different modes of action.
Although weeds may exhibit multiple resistance across many groups, mode of action numbers are useful in planning
mixtures or rotations of herbicides with different modes of action. For more information, see http://www.hracglobal.com.
NA Not applicable.

Vertebrates
MANAGING VERTEBRATES IN CITRUS (9/08)
Citrus orchards provide food and shelter for vertebrate pests that can cause significant damage by feeding on
fruit and on tree bark and shoots, which can stunt growth or kill trees. Some pests will chew or destroy
flexible irrigation lines and emitters. Other pests will dig holes through the soil surface, thereby channeling
surface irrigation water to undesired areas. Food safety also becomes an issue if pest residues come into
contact with the fruit. The major vertebrate pests are pocket gophers, California ground squirrel, and black-
tailed jackrabbit. Occasional pests include coyotes, voles, roof rats, wild hogs, deer, and starlings.
Manage your orchards in order to keep pest populations at low levels so that significant damage does not occur.
• Before planting, remove vertebrate pests and destroy habitats (such as burrows) within the orchard
boundaries. Preventive measures cost less and are more successful before planting when one can
easily see the pests or their habitats.
• Be aware of the orchard's location, as vertebrate pests can easily reinvade if the orchard is adjacent to
rangeland, water ways, or unmanaged areas. It is much easier to manage vertebrate pests by
implementing controls on the orchard's perimeter versus inside the orchard.
• Baiting, fencing, fumigating burrows, shooting, and trapping are easier and usually more effective if
employed before you plant the orchard instead of after.
• Where feasible, deep plow and disc to destroy burrows, disperse or kill resident populations, and
reduce the risk of reinvasion by pocket gophers, voles, and (to a lesser extent) ground squirrels.
Management programs for vertebrate pests involve 4 basic steps:

1. Correctly identify the pest species using damage signs, burrows or habitat, tracks, feces, etc.
2. Alter the habitat where feasible to make the area less favorable to the pest species.
3. Implement appropriate control for the orchard and time of year, taking early action and using due
consideration for the environment and non-target species.
4. Establish a monitoring system so as to detect re-infestation and help determine when additional
control measures are needed.
A successful pest management program requires good records and regular monitoring. Some vertebrate
pest populations can easily "explode" because of high reproductive rates and abundant food. Keep a record
of the management procedures you use and their effectiveness. Good records will help you plan and
improve future control strategies.
For most vertebrates, there is more than one control option for reducing populations and damage. The
following table summarizes the various control measures appropriate for the common vertebrate pests of
citrus. Details on how to use these controls are given in the individual pest sections.
Control Measures
Habitat Tree
Pest modification Trapping Baiting Fencing guards Frightening Shooting Fumigating
deer X X X
1
eastern fox squirrel X X X

ground squirrel X X X X X
pocket gophers X X X X
rabbits X X
2
X
3
X X X
rats X X X
voles X X X
coyote X X
wild hog X X
starlings X X
1
During hunting season or with a permit.
2
Cottontails are relatively easy to trap. Jackrabbits are difficult to trap, but trapping may be useful.
3
Permitted only for jackrabbits.
Adapted from Salmon and Lickliter 1984. Wildlife Pest Control Around s Gardens and Homes. UC ANR Publication 21385.
Managing Vertebrates in Citrus (9/08) 168
Pesticides Available for Controlling Vertebrates. Follow label directions carefully and understand the
hazards when using fumigants. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for current product
registrations and the latest information on legal pesticide use, including current information on restrictions
that apply to pest control activities in order to protect endangered species.
Baits Fumigants
Multiple-dose Zinc Aluminum Gas
Pest anticoagulants Strychnine* phosphide* phosphide* cartridges
ground squirrels X X X X
2
pocket gophers X X X X
1
rabbits X
roof rats X X
voles X X
* Restricted materials, which require a permit from the county agricultural commissioner before possession or use.
1
Use only for jackrabbits, not cottontail.
2
Considered the most effective material for pocket gopher control.
Endangered Species Guidelines. Many citrus orchards are located within the range of one or more
federally or state-protected endangered vertebrate species. Species likely to be of concern when using traps
or poison bait include the San Joaquin kit fox and several species of rare kangaroo rats. If you use burrow
fumigants in the San Joaquin Valley and the surrounding foothills, the blunt-nosed leopard lizard is a
concern as this insect feeder seeks shelter in rodent burrows.
Special guidelines apply to the use of certain traps, fumigants, and toxic baits for vertebrate pest control in
these areas. Modification of ground squirrel bait stations to exclude protected species is one common
practice. Other typical guidelines restrict broadcast applications of bait, limit the percentage of active
ingredient in baits, prohibit fumigation at certain locations or during some times of the year, and require
that applications be supervised by someone trained to avoid harming endangered species.
Contact your county agricultural commissioner for the latest maps that show the ranges of endangered
species and for current information on restrictions that apply to pest control activities in your area. More
information on endangered species regulations is also available at the DPR Web site
(www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/endspec/index.htm)
Managing Vertebrates in Citrus (9/08) 169

COYOTES (9/08)
Scientific Name: Canis latrans

Coyotes are usually brownish gray in color and weigh about 20 to 45 pounds. They have adapted to a
wide variety of habitats, including suburbs of many cities.
DAMAGE
Coyotes do feed on some citrus pests, including rodents and rabbits. Damage to orchards is caused when
they chew on flexible irrigation lines and when they enlarge the burrows of other animals, such as
ground squirrels.
MANAGEMENT
If coyotes are causing damage, they can be shot or trapped using specific snares and traps. They are
classified as a nongame animal, so no permit is required. It is good advice to alert your local California
Fish and Game (CDFG) office if you decide to use shooting or trapping, especially if you have neighbors
in close proximity. In some CA counties, the Agricultural Commissioner has trappers who can assist with
the trapping. All traps must be tagged with a trap identification number from CDFG. In some instances
coyote dens may be gassed, but this may only be done by county agricultural commission staff or U.S.
Department of Agriculture—Wildlife Service staff.
Coyotes (9/08) 170

DEER (9/08)
Scientific Name: Odocoileus hemionus

Mule deer, including the subspecies called black-tailed deer (O. hemionus columbianus), can be serious pests
when trees are young. Deer occur in many foothill and coastal orchards and sometimes in the Central Valley
near riparian habitats.
DAMAGE
Young trees can be severely stunted, deformed, or killed when deer browse on new shoots. Bucks occasionally
break limbs off of smaller trees or injure the bark when they use trees to rub the velvet off their antlers. Deer
feeding on older trees seldom causes significant damage.
MANAGEMENT
If deer are causing significant damage, deer-proof fencing provides the most effective and lasting control.
Fencing also substantially reduces crop theft and vandalism. Fencing is costly, but if you are planting orchards
where deer and uninvited people are likely to present continuing problems, it will likely pay for itself in the
long run.
Monitoring
Deer feed mostly at night. To confirm their presence, look for tracks and fecal pellets in the vicinity of damaged
trees. Deer hooves are split, pointed at the front and more rounded at the rear, and are about 2 to 3 inches long.
The appearance of droppings varies, but commonly each fecal pellet is oblong, somewhat pointed at one or both
ends, and 0.25 to 0.5 inch long. You may also use spotlights to check for deer at night.
Fencing
Fencing is most effective for excluding deer when it is put in place before you plant the orchard. Fences must be
at least 7 feet high in order to exclude deer. On sloping terrain, an 8-foot or taller fence may be necessary.
Woven wire fences are used most often in California. Electric fences and mesh fences made of polypropylene
are also used. Your choice of fence will be influenced by the potential severity and cost of deer damage, how
long you expect to require protection, and the topography of the area. When encountering a fence, a deer will
try to go under first, through second, and over last; keep these priorities in mind when building fences.
Woven Wire Fences. A fence made of woven wire exclude deer if the fence is tall enough. You can use a 6-foot
(1.8 m) fence of woven wire with several strands of smooth or barbed wire along the top to extend the height to
7 or 8 feet. Be sure the fence is tight to the ground or deer will crawl under. Check the fence periodically to
make sure it is in good repair and that no areas have washed out, allowing deer to crawl under the fence.
Smaller-mesh fencing installed and properly buried along the bottom of the taller fence will exclude rabbits as
well as deer.
Wire mesh cylinders around individual trees may be effective where only a few new trees are being planted in a
location subject to deer damage. Make the cylinders at least 6 feet tall and large enough in diameter to keep deer
from reaching over them to eat the foliage. Secure the cylinders with stakes so they cannot be tipped over.
Electric Fences. Electric fencing is less expensive to install than woven mesh fencing but it costs more to
maintain. High-tensile wire is the best choice, as it is more resilient than other types; it can absorb the impact of
deer, falling limbs, and farm equipment without stretching or breaking. Use a high-voltage, low-impedance
power source that provides sufficient voltage to repel deer while being less likely to short out when vegetation
touches the wires. Control vegetation around the base of the fence; in wet weather, contact with wet foliage can
drain enough voltage from the fence to render it ineffective.
Other Controls
Habitat management usually is not feasible for deer control because deer travel long distances to reach food.
Repellents may offer some protection to tree foliage, at least for a short time, but they must be reapplied after
rains or as new foliage emerges. Noisemaking devices may be effective for a few days, but deer will quickly
grow accustomed to them.
If only a few deer are involved, having someone patrol newly planted orchards at night with a spotlight to
frighten deer away may prove effective, though expensive. The California Department of Fish and Game can
issue depredation permits to allow you to shoot deer when they are causing damage. This may be necessary if a
deer gets inside a fenced orchard and is not able to escape. Shooting will not solve a serious deer problem; it
may, however, prevent damage long enough to allow you to construct a fence.
Deer (9/08) 171

EUROPEAN STARLINGS (9/08)

Scientific Name: Sturnus vulgaris

Starlings are dark colored birds with light speckling on the feathers and about the size of a robin. They
have a wide habitat range but prefer areas with trees.
DAMAGE
Large flocks of starlings may choose to roost in citrus orchards. If their excrement or droppings contact
the fruit, it will cause unsightly blemishes and may transmit diseases.
MANAGEMENT
Frightening devices can be used successfully, especially when several techniques are used in combination
that make noise and are visual. Start using these tools early, before the birds become "attached" to the site.
Then, keep using the tools until the birds leave. These devices include shooting, pyrotechnics (such as
shellcrackers), recorded distress calls, cannons or noise-makers, sprays of water, etc. Starlings may also be
trapped using a modified Australian crow trap.
European Starlings (9/08) 172

GROUND SQUIRRELS (9/08)

Scientific Name: Spermophilus beecheyi

The adult California ground squirrel has a head and body 9 to 11 inches long. Its somewhat bushy tail is
about as long as its body. The fur is mottled dark and light brown or gray. Ground squirrels live in
colonies that may grow very large if left uncontrolled. They are active during the cooler times on hot days
and are usually most active in morning and late afternoon.
Each ground squirrel burrow system can have several openings with scattered soil in front. Individual
ground squirrel burrows may be 5 to 30 feet long, 2.5 to 4 feet below the surface, and about 4 to 6 inches
in diameter. Burrows provide the ground squirrels a place to retreat, sleep, hibernate, rear their young,
and store food. Ground squirrels often dig their burrows along ditches and fence rows and on other
uncultivated land. When uncontrolled, they frequently move into orchards and dig burrows beneath the
trees.
The California ground squirrel can be active throughout the year in coastal areas of southern California.
Especially in hot locations, adult ground squirrels become temporarily dormant (aestivate) when food is
scarce or temperatures are extreme, primarily in late summer. Winter hibernation and summer
aestivation are more typical among ground squirrels in inland areas where temperature variations are
more extreme. Regardless of location, young squirrels tend to be active all summer.
Squirrels that do hibernate generally emerge around January when weather begins to warm. In late
winter and spring, they feed on green vegetation but switch to seeds and fruit in late spring and early
summer as the vegetation dries up. Females have one litter, averaging 8 young, in spring. Young squirrels
emerge from their burrow when about 6 weeks old; they do not aestivate their first summer, and most do
not hibernate during their first winter.
DAMAGE
Ground squirrel damage is most prevalent in orchards adjacent to uncultivated areas where squirrels are
not controlled. Ground squirrels gnaw fruit and bark and girdle trunks and scaffold limbs. They
occasionally chew plastic irrigation lines and their burrows can contribute to soil erosion.
MANAGEMENT
The type of direct control action needed for ground squirrels depends primarily on their activity patterns
and feeding preferences during the time of year when control action is taken. The choice of tactics is also
influenced by the location of the infestation and the number of squirrels present. Watch for signs of
squirrel activity within the orchard, especially the appearance of burrows, during routine orchard
activities. Check the perimeter of the orchard at least once a month during the times of year when
squirrels are active. Midmorning usually is the best time of day for observing squirrels. For indepth
information on managing ground squirrels, see Best Management Practices for California Ground Squirrel
Controlat http://groups.ucanr.org/GSBMP/.
Monitoring
To make it easier to monitor and help limit the buildup of their populations, remove brush piles, debris,
and stumps in and around the orchard. Ground squirrels quickly occupy abandoned burrow systems. If
feasible, after controlling squirrel infestations outside your orchard use thorough cultivation or deep
plowing to destroy burrow entrances and help slow the rate of reinvasion.
Keep records of when squirrels emerge from hibernation. Record the approximate number of squirrels
you see and the location and number of burrows.
As soon as you see squirrels or burrowing activity within or adjacent to the orchard, be prepared to take
action. Select the control method best suited for the time of year. The most effective time to control
ground squirrels is in early spring when adults have emerged from their burrows but before they
reproduce. For best control then, use burrow fumigation about 3 weeks after the first squirrels emerge
from hibernation. Because squirrels feed almost exclusively on green vegetation early in the season,
poisoned grain baits are generally not effective until late spring or early summer. Trapping can be used
year round but is most effective when populations are small.
Ground Squirrels (9/08) 173
Treatment Decisions
Treatment options for ground squirrels include the use of fumigants (gas cartridges and aluminum
phosphide) and baiting with multiple-dose anticoagulants or zinc phosphide. Zinc phosphide and
aluminum phosphide are restricted use materials that require a permit from the County Agricultural
Commissioner for purchase or use.
Fumigants. Fumigation can be very effective against ground squirrel populations. The best time to
fumigate is late winter or early spring when the squirrels are active and soil is moist. Fumigation is not
effective when squirrels are hibernating or aestivating: at those times, they seal off their burrows. When
the soil is dry, fumigation is much less effective because more of the fumigant escapes from burrows
through cracks in the soil.
When using a fumigant, make sure to treat all active burrow systems in and around the orchard. Re-
check all areas a few days after fumigation and re-treat any that have been reopened. For safety's sake, do
not fumigate burrow systems that are adjacent to buildings or may open under structures.
A relatively easy way to fumigate is with the use of gas cartridges. Use one or two cartridges for each
burrow that shows signs of activity. A large burrow system may require more than two. Quickly shove
the ignited cartridges into the burrow using a shovel handle or stick and seal the burrow entrance with
soil. Watch nearby burrow entrances; treat and seal any that begin to leak smoke. The larger and more
complex the burrow system, the more smoke it takes to be effective.
Baits. Poison bait is usually the most cost-effective method for controlling ground squirrels, especially for
large populations. Bait consists of grain or pellets treated with a poison registered for ground squirrel
control. To be effective, the bait must be used at a time of year when ground squirrels are feeding on
seeds and will readily accept baits such as in late spring or early summer. In fall, squirrels store a lot of
the seed instead of eating them, so it may require more bait to control the population.
Before you use baits, place a small amount of untreated grain near burrows in the morning and check in
the late afternoon to see if the squirrels have taken it (this ensures that nocturnal animals have not eaten
the grain). If the grain is taken during the day, proceed with baiting. If it is not taken, wait several days or
a week and try again. Remember: bait is not effective unless it is eaten by the target pest. When using
poison baits, make sure to follow label directions carefully to reduce hazards to nontarget species.
Anticoagulant baits. Multiple-dose anticoagulant baits can be applied in bait stations, as spot treatments
near burrows, or broadcast over larger infested areas. Check the label to make sure that the bait you plan
to use is registered for the method or bait station you intend to use. For a multiple-dose bait to be
effective, animals must feed on it over a period of several days.
Various kinds of bait stations are commonly used; all are designed to let squirrels in but to exclude larger
animals. Special types of stations must be used within the ranges of the San Joaquin kit fox or endangered
kangaroo rats to ensure that these species are excluded. Consult you local agricultural commissioner or
the DPR Web site online (at www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/endspec/) for the latest recommendations on use of
poison baits in areas that are within the range of endangered species.
Place bait stations near runways or burrows and secure them so they cannot easily be tipped over. If
squirrels are moving into the orchard from adjacent areas, place bait stations along the perimeter of the
orchard where squirrels are invading, one station every 100 feet. Use more stations when the number of
squirrels is high.
Check bait stations daily at first, then as often as needed to keep the bait replenished. If bait feeding is
interrupted, the bait's effectiveness will be greatly decreased. Make sure to pick up any bait that spills
and to replace bait that is wet or moldy. Successful baiting usually requires 2 to 4 weeks. Continue to
supply bait until feeding ceases and you observe no squirrels; then properly dispose of unused bait.
When specified on the label, anticoagulant baits can be applied as spot-treatments, which are economical
and effective for small populations. Reapply according to label directions to make sure there is no
interruption in exposure to the bait. Scattering the bait takes advantage of the ground squirrels' natural
foraging behavior and minimizes risks to nontarget species that are not as effective at foraging for seeds.
Never pile the bait on the ground because piles increase the hazard to livestock and certain nontarget
wildlife.
After treatment, pick up and dispose of any carcasses whenever possible to prevent secondary poisoning
of dogs or other scavengers. Burial is a good method for disposal as long as the carcasses are buried deep
enough to discourage scavengers. Do not touch dead animals.
Assess the potential hazard to humans, livestock, and nontarget wildlife before you use baits; if it is risky,
use another method for ground squirrel control.
Traps. Trapping controls small populations any time of year when squirrels are active. Trapping is
especially effective from mid-spring through fall. Ground squirrel traps include Conibear traps and
modified gopher box traps.
Conibear traps. Conibear kill traps are usually placed unbaited in the burrow entrance, where squirrels are
trapped as they pass through. Trap effectiveness can be increased by putting a tunnel of roofing paper (24
inches long) at the entrance of the burrow. The squirrel will mistake the light at the end of the tunnel for
the burrow opening and run full speed through the trap. The tunnel also minimizes any sun reflection off
the metal trap.
If you are using this type of trap within the range of the San Joaquin kit fox, you must place the trap in a
covered box with an entrance no larger than 3 inches wide to exclude the fox, or you must spring the
traps at dusk and reset them again in the morning.
Modified gopher box traps. Modified box traps consist of a pair box traps that have been joined together by
removing the backs, connecting the two traps with wire mesh, and them to a board. The traps are baited
with foods such as almonds, barley, melon rinds, oats, or walnuts. Place bait in traps well behind the
trigger or tied to the trigger without setting the traps for several days, until the squirrels become used to
taking the bait. Then put in fresh bait and set the traps. Place traps so that nontarget animals are not likely
to be caught. For example, place traps inside a larger box with openings no larger than 3 inches wide, just
large enough to allow ground squirrels to enter.

POCKET GOPHERS (9/08)

Scientific Name: Thomomys spp.

Adult pocket gophers are 6 to 8 inches long with stout brown, gray, or yellowish bodies and small ears
and eyes. They rarely are seen above ground, spending most of their time in a tunnel system they
construct 6 to 18 inches beneath the soil surface. A single burrow system can cover several hundred
square feet. It consists of main tunnels with lateral branches used for feeding or for pushing excavated
soil to the surface. Gophers are extremely territorial; except for females with young, you rarely find more
than one gopher per burrow system.
The conspicuous, fan-shaped soil mounds over tunnel openings are the most obvious sign of gopher
infestation. These tunnel openings are almost always closed with a soil plug. Gophers feed primarily on
the roots of herbaceous plants. They may also come aboveground to clip small plants within a few inches
of their burrow and pull vegetation into the burrow for feeding.
Gophers breed throughout the year on irrigated land, with a peak in late winter or early spring. Females
bear as many as three litters each year. Once weaned, the young travel to a favorable location to establish
their own burrow system. Some take over previously vacated burrows. The buildup of gopher
populations in the orchard is favored by extensive weed growth or the presence of most cover crops,
especially perennial clovers and legumes.
DAMAGE
Pocket gophers can be serious pests, primarily in young orchards. While herbaceous cover crops are their
preferred food, pocket gophers will also feed on the bark of tree crowns and roots. When cover crops or
weeds dry up, gophers bark feeding may become extensive enough to girdle and kill young trees or
reduce the vigor of older trees. Damage to trees is always underground and usually not evident until the
trees show signs of stress. Gophers sometimes gnaw on plastic irrigation lines.
MANAGEMENT
Take action as soon as you see any signs of gopher activity in the orchard. For infestations that cover a
limited area, use traps or hand-applied poison bait. Trapping and hand-baiting can be used at any time of
year, but they are easier when the soil is moist and not dry and hard. In addition to control within
orchard, consider controlling gophers in adjacent areas, thus reducing the potential for further gopher
problems.
Monitoring
The best times to monitor for gophers are after irrigation and when mound building peaks in the fall and
spring. Monitor monthly in spring, paying close attention to orchard perimeters to determine whether
gophers are invading the orchard. Monitor more closely in weedy areas such as roadsides and in young
orchards with extensive weed growth or ground covers. This type of vegetation is more likely to support
gophers, and low-growing vegetation makes signs of burrowing activity harder to see. Look for darker-
colored mounds, which indicate newly removed soil.
Treatment Decisions
Treatment options for pocket gophers include the use of baiting with multiple-dose anticoagulants,
strychnine, or zinc phosphide, trapping, or fumigating with aluminum phosphide. Strychnine, zinc
phosphide, and aluminum phosphide are restricted use materials that require a permit from the County
Agricultural Commissioner for purchase or use.
Baits. While multi-dose anticoagulents are available for gopher control, single-dose acute baits are
generally the most effective.
Bait must be applied below ground. For small infestations or where the use of a mechanical burrow
builder is not feasible, use a probe to find the main tunnel next to a fresh mound or between two fresh
mounds. Once you find the main tunnel, drop bait into the burrow and then put a board, dirt clod, stone,
or other cover over the hole to keep out light and prevent soil from falling onto the bait. Place bait in two
or three places along the tunnel.
Pocket Gophers (9/08) 176

This hand-application method can be used for single-dose or multiple-dose baits. Reservoir-type hand
probes designed to deposit single-dose baits are available. Bait application is faster with these devices
because they eliminate the need to stop and place the bait by hand.
For infestations that cover a large area, a mechanical burrow builder is effective and economical. This
device is pulled behind a tractor to make artificial gopher tunnels into which it places bait. Use of a
mechanical burrow builder may be feasible in situations such as unplanted borders or between widely
spaced young trees, if the terrain is relatively level and the soil is not too rocky.
Traps. Traps are effective against small numbers of gophers but are labor intensive and therefore
relatively expensive to use. You can use either a pincer-type or a box-type kill trap.
To place traps, probe near a fresh mound to find the main tunnel, which usually is on the lower side of
the mound. The main tunnel usually is 8 to 12 inches deep, and the probe will drop quickly about 2
inches when you find it. Place two traps in the main tunnel, one facing each direction. Be sure to anchor
the traps to a stake with wire. After placing the traps, cover the hole to keep light out of the tunnel. If
there is no evidence that a gopher has visited the trap within 48 hours, move it to a new location.
Fumigants. Fumigants such as gas cartridges are not effective because gophers quickly seal off their
tunnels when they detect the smoke or poison gases. Aluminum phosphide* can be effective if applied
underground into tunnels during a time of year when soil is moist enough to retain the toxic gas,
typically in late winter to early spring. Carefully follow all label directions and safety instructions.
Pocket Gophers (9/08) 177

RABBITS (9/08)
Scientific Names: Black-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus californicus
Cottontail and Brush Rabbits Sylvilagus spp.

A jackrabbit is a hare about the size of a large house cat. It has very long ears, short front legs, and long
hind legs. Jackrabbits live in open areas of the Central Valley, coastal valleys, and foothills. They make a
depression underneath bushes or other vegetation where they remain secluded during the day. Jackrabbit
young are born fully haired, with open eyes, and become active within a few hours.
Cottontail and brush rabbits are smaller than jackrabbits and have shorter ears. They nest where thick
shrubs, woods, or rocks and debris provide dense cover. Their young are born naked and blind and stay
in the nest for several weeks.
Rabbits are active all year. Jackrabbits prefer trees bordering open areas, such as grassy fields and
rangeland. Cottontail and brush rabbits prefer orchards near brushy habitats, ravines, riparian areas, and
woodlands favored by these species.
DAMAGE
Rabbits and hares can severely damage young trees by chewing bark off the trunk and clipping off low
branches to eat buds and young foliage. Rabbits may also gnaw drip irrigation lines. They often live
outside of orchards, moving in to feed from early evening to early morning. They damage trees primarily
in winter and early spring, when other sources of food are limited.
MANAGEMENT
Prevent damage in a citrus orchard with proper fencing or tree guards. Baiting, shooting, or trapping
(depending on the species and the size of the population) are also control options.
Monitoring
Periodically examine young trees for rabbit damage. If you find damage, look for droppings and tracks
that indicate rabbits as the cause. Voles also chew the bark from the trunk, but the bark damage caused
by rabbits extends higher on the tree and the tooth marks are distinctly larger.
If you find damage, monitor the orchard perimeters in early morning or late evening to see where the
rabbits are entering and to get an idea of how many rabbits are involved. You can also estimate the
number of rabbits at night by using a spotlight, which produces readily observed "eye shine." Once the
trees are 4 or 5 years old, rabbits usually do not present a serious problem.
Fencing
Rabbit-proof fencing prevents damage to young orchards. Make the fence at least 3 feet tall using woven
wire or poultry netting with a mesh diameter of 1 inch or less. Bend the bottom 6 inches of mesh at a 90-
degree angle and bury it 6 inches deep, facing away from the orchard, to keep rabbits from digging under
the fence. If you are building a fence to exclude deer, and rabbits are a potential problem, it is a good idea
to add rabbit-proof fencing along the bottom. Unless you are already building a deer fence, the cost of a
rabbit fence may be prohibitive for a large orchard when you are only going to need it for a few years.
Individual tree guards are a good alternative.
Tree Guards
Tree guards are useful when planting new orchards or replanting trees in established orchards. Cylinders
made from wire mesh or some hard plastics provide the best protection against rabbits. Cardboard or
heavy paper can also be used, but rabbits may chew through these. Make the cylinders at least 2.5 feet tall
to keep jackrabbits from reaching foliage and limbs by standing on their hind legs. Secure the tree guards
with stakes or wooden spreaders. Use smaller-mesh wire and bury the bottom few inches of the cylinder
if you also need protection against voles.
Baiting
Poison baits may be practical for controlling large numbers of jackrabbits or for jackrabbits that are
damaging trees over a large area. Baits are not registered for use on cottontail or brush rabbits. Before
Rabbits (9/08) 178

baiting, consult the county agricultural commissioner for restrictions related to endangered species.
Follow label directions carefully.
Multiple-dose baits for jackrabbit control must be placed in bait stations specifically designed for rabbits.
Place bait stations containing bait near trails and secure them so they cannot easily be tipped over. Use as
many stations as necessary to ensure that all jackrabbits have easy access to bait, spacing them 50 to 200
feet apart along the perimeter where jackrabbits are entering the orchard. Inspect the bait stations every
morning for the first several days to keep bait supplies replenished; it may take this long before the
jackrabbits become accustomed to feeding at the stations. Increase either the amount of bait in the stations
or the number of stations if all the bait is consumed in a single night. Replace any bait that becomes wet
or moldy. It usually takes 2 to 4 weeks or more before results are seen with multiple-dose baits.
Continue baiting until feeding ceases and you no longer observe any jackrabbits. Make sure to take
precautions to prevent domestic animals and wildlife from having access to the bait. Dispose of unused
bait properly at the end of the baiting program. Bury the rabbit carcasses on a regular basis.
Other Methods
Shooting, applying repellents, and trapping may provide effective control for small populations of
rabbits, or may be used to temporarily reduce damage until other measures such as fences or tree guards
are installed.
You can shoot all types of rabbits if they are causing damage to your orchard and if shooting is allowed in
your area. If only a small number of rabbits is involved, shooting may be all that is necessary to prevent
significant damage while the trees are young. For best results, patrol the orchards at dusk and early in the
morning.
Repellents sprayed on foliage or painted on trunks may temporarily prevent rabbit damage. Labels
specify the proper application timing. Repeat applications as needed to protect new growth and to
replenish any repellent that is washed off by rain or sprinkler irrigation.
Suitable live-catch or kill traps can provide effective control for small populations of cottontail or brush
rabbits. Trapping generally is ineffective against jackrabbits because they do not readily enter traps.
Rabbits (9/08) 179

ROOF RATS (9/08)

Scientific Name: Rattus rattus

The roof rat, sometimes called the black rat, is a common vertebrate pest in citrus orchards. It builds leaf
and twig nests in citrus trees or nearby trees or it can nest, in debris piles or thick mulch on the ground.
This agile, sleek rat has a pointed muzzle and tail that is longer than the body and head combined.
Be sure to identify the species of rat present to avoid killing nontarget or protected species.
Be aware that endangered native kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) and the riparian woodrat (Neotoma
fuscipes riparia) resemble pest rats, but are protected by law. Unlike the hairless, scale-covered tail of roof
rats, the tails of kangaroo rats and the riparian woodrat are covered with fur. The riparian woodrat is
active mostly during the day, and its tail is somewhat shorter than the combined length of its body and
head. A kangaroo rat's tail is noticeably longer than its body and head combined. Kangaroo rats are
nocturnal, but unlike Norway rats and roof rats, which move on all four legs, kangaroo rats hold their
front legs off the ground and travel by hopping on their hind legs.
DAMAGE
Rats gnaw on electrical wires, wooden structures, and fruit on trees. After harvest, they damage fruit in
bins by chewing it and leaving excrement. Rats are active throughout the year, and mostly at night.
MANAGEMENT
Reduce shelter and nesting sites of rats. Eliminate debris and wood piles. Store materials neatly and off
the ground. Thin and separate non-crop vegetation around orchards where feasible.
Baits and rat-sized snap traps placed in trees are the most effective control measures. Rats are wary,
tending to avoid baits and traps for at least a few days after their initial placement. Fasten traps to limbs
and bait them with sweet fruit or nut meats, but do not set the traps until after bait is readily eaten.
Secure anticoagulant wax blocks in a bait station before placing in trees on limbs 6 feet or more above the
ground. Placing the wax blocks in a bait station will prevent chunks of the anticoagulent wax from
dropping to the ground and creating a hazard.
Be aware that certain types of single-dose rat baits for use inside buildings are not labeled for use
outdoors in orchards; these are hazardous to wildlife and should not be used.
Roof Rats (9/08) 180

VOLES (MEADOW MICE) (9/08)

Scientific Name: Microtus spp.

Voles, voles, also called meadow mice, are larger than house mice but smaller than rats. Compared to
deer mice, however, voles have a more robust body, less obvious ears, and a relatively shorter tail. Voles'
ears are at least partly obscured by the hair in front of them and voles' tails are about one-half to one-
quarter the length of their head and body combined. Deer mice have relatively large and prominent,
fleshy ears and their tail is more than 70% the length of their head and body.
Voles are active both day and night and all year round. Females bear several litters each year, with peaks
of reproduction in spring and fall. Populations go through cycles, climaxing every 4 to 7 years and then
declining fairly rapidly. Grasses and other dense ground covers provide food and cover that favor the
buildup of vole populations. You can recognize vole activity by the presence of narrow runways in grass
or other ground cover, connecting numerous shallow burrows with openings about 1.5 inches in
diameter. Voles seldom travel far from their burrows and runways.
DAMAGE
Voles can be a particular problem where dense vegetation or cover crops grow around the base of trees.
Voles damage trees by feeding on bark around the root crown, and sometimes they chew holes in
irrigation lines. Small trees are most susceptible to being completely girdled and killed by voles. Large
trees are susceptible to damage, for instance after severe pruning, when sufficient light penetrates the tree
canopy for vegetation to grow near trunks, but vole damage to large citrus trees is uncommon and rarely
kills the tree.
MANAGEMENT
Vegetation management and the proper use of trunk guards on young trees usually keep damage to a
minimum. Bait (either multiple anticoagulants or zinc phosphide) can control populations that reach
harmful levels. Zinc phosphide is a restricted use material that requires a permit from the County
Agricultural Commissioner for purchase or use.
Monitoring
Starting in midwinter, monitor monthly for active runways in cover crops or weedy areas. Look for fresh
vole droppings and short pieces of clipped vegetation, especially grass stems, in runways. Look for
burrow openings around the bases of orchard trees. If you find burrows, remove the soil from around the
base of the tree and look for bark damage. Voles usually start chewing on bark about 2 inches below the
soil line and then move upward to about 2 to 4 inches aboveground.
If you do not check carefully, you may not notice damage until late spring or summer, when it may be
too late to prevent significant injury to the trees. Make sure to monitor ditch banks, fence rows, roadsides,
and other areas around the orchard where permanent vegetation favors the buildup of vole populations.
Habitat Management
Voles travel only a few feet from their burrows, so any destruction of vegetation will make the area less
favorable to them. Use a hoe, herbicides, or other methods to keep an area reaching about 3 feet out from
trunks free of vegetation. If you maintain ground cover or resident weeds in the row middles, keep it
mowed fairly short to be less attractive to voles.
A vegetation-free zone 30 to 40 feet wide between the orchard and adjacent areas helps reduce the
potential for invasion by voles, but such a wide area is rarely practical. Bare soil borders may be
undesirable where off-site movement of contaminated soil and water must be prevented with a
vegetative border to filter runoff.
Tree Guards
Use wire or plastic trunk guards to protect young trees from voles and rabbits. An effective guard can be
a 24-inch-tall cylinder made of 0.25- or 0.5-inch mesh hardware cloth that is of sufficient diameter to
allow several years' growth without crowding the tree. Bury the guards' bottom edge several inches
below the soil surface if possible to discourage voles from burrowing beneath them. Plastic, heavy
cardboard, or other fiber materials can also be used to make trunk guards. These materials are less
Voles (Meadow Mice) (9/08) 181
expensive, also provide sunburn protection, and are more convenient to use; however, they provide less
protection against vole damage since the voles can chew through them.
Regularly check underneath any tree guards for evidence that voles are burrowing underneath them to
gnaw on the tree trunk, looking also for the presence of other pests such as snails. Good weed control
around trunks improves the effectiveness of trunk guards.
Baiting
If you find damaging infestations or population increases within the orchard, poison baits can greatly
reduce the vole population. Baiting can also reduce populations in adjacent areas before they have a
chance to invade the orchard. Single- and multiple-dose baits are available, but there may be baiting
restrictions in some areas to protect endangered species. It is extremely important to understand and
follow the label directions for use.
For small infestations, scatter the bait in or near active vole runways and burrows according to the bait's
label directions. For larger areas and where the bait label permits it, you can make broadcast applications.
In non-cropland, apply bait in fall or spring before the voles' reproduction peak. Bait acceptance will
depend on the amount and kind of other food available.
Other Controls
Trapping is not practical for voles because so many individuals have to be controlled when they are
causing problems in commercial orchards. Fumigation is not effective because of the shallow, open
nature of vole burrow systems and the large number of voles. Repellents are not considered effective in
preventing damage.
Voles (Meadow Mice) (9/08) 182

WILD PIGS (9/08)

Scientific Name: Sus scrofa

Wild pigs include both domestic swine that escaped captivity and wild boar. Wild pigs are commonly
found near in the foothill areas, and they prefer areas of dense brush. During periods of hot weather, they
will "wallow" in water or moist soil.
DAMAGE
Wild pigs will feed on insects and underground vegetation. This "rooting" behavior can disrupt parts of
the orchard floor. Pigs will also create large uneven basins or wallows in moist soil during hot weather.
Both rooting and wallows can disrupt the application of irrigation water. If a pig gets tangled up in
flexible irrigation equipment, it will pull it out. Pigs can eat lower fruit on the tree.
MANAGEMENT
Wild pigs are considered game animals and fall under the jurisdiction of CA Department of Fish and
Game. Pigs can be trapped or shot, but this requires a depredation permit. In some CA counties, the
Agricultural Commissioner has trappers who can assist. Fencing can be done but is expensive.
Frightening devices can be used for a temporary solution.
Wild Pigs (9/08) 183

This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special
project Section 3(d), Integrated Pest Management.
PRECAUTIONS FOR USING PESTICIDES

Pesticides are poisonous and must be used with caution. READ THE LABEL BEFORE OPENING A PESTICIDE CONTAINER.
Follow all label precautions and directions, including requirements for protective equipment. Apply pesticides only on the crops or
in the situations listed on the label. Apply pesticides at the rates specified on the label or at lower rates if suggested in this
publication. In California, all agricultural uses of pesticides must be reported. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for
further details. Laws, regulations, and information concerning pesticides change frequently. This publication reflects legal
restrictions current on the date next to each pest's name.
Legal Responsibility. The user is legally responsible for any damage due to misuse of pesticides. Responsibility extends to effects
caused by drift, runoff, or residues.
Transportation. Do not ship or carry pesticides together with food or feed in a way that allows contamination of the edible items.
Never transport pesticides in a closed passenger vehicle or in a closed cab.
Storage. Keep pesticides in original containers until used. Store them in a locked cabinet, building, or fenced area where they are
not accessible to children, unauthorized persons, pets, or livestock. DO NOT store pesticides with foods, feed, fertilizers, or other
materials that may become contaminated by the pesticides.
Container Disposal. Dispose of empty containers carefully. Never reuse them. Make sure empty containers are not accessible to
children or animals. Never dispose of containers where they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Consult your
county agricultural commissioner for correct procedures for handling and disposal of large quantities of empty containers.
Protection of Nonpest Animals and Plants. Many pesticides are toxic to useful or desirable animals, including honey bees, natural
enemies, fish, domestic animals, and birds. Crops and other plants may also be damaged by misapplied pesticides. Take
precautions to protect nonpest species from direct exposure to pesticides and from contamination due to drift, runoff, or residues.
Certain rodenticides may pose a special hazard to animals that eat poisoned rodents.
Posting Treated Fields. For some materials, restricted entry intervals are established to protect field workers. Keep workers out of the
field for the required time after application and, when required by regulations, post the treated areas with signs indicating the safe
re-entry date. Check with your county agricultural commissioner for latest restricted entry interval.
Preharvest intervals. Some materials or rates cannot be used in certain crops within a specified time before harvest. Follow pesticide
label instructions and allow the required time between application and harvest.
Permit Requirements. Many pesticides require a permit from the county agricultural commissioner before possession or use. When
such materials are recommended, they are marked with an asterisk (*) in the treatment tables or chemical sections of this
publication.
Processed Crops. Some processors will not accept a crop treated with certain chemicals. If your crop is going to a processor, be sure
to check with the processor before applying a pesticide.
Crop Injury. Certain chemicals may cause injury to crops (phytotoxicity) under certain conditions. Always consult the label for
limitations. Before applying any pesticide, take into account the stage of plant development, the soil type and condition, the
temperature, moisture, and wind. Injury may also result from the use of incompatible materials.
Personal Safety. Follow label directions carefully. Avoid splashing, spilling, leaks, spray drift, and contamination of clothing.
NEVER eat, smoke, drink, or chew while using pesticides. Provide for emergency medical care IN ADVANCE as required by
regulation.
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PUBLICATIONS REGARDING PROGRAM PRACTICES
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Precautions for Using Pesticides (9/08) 184

Pest Management Guidelines Citrus

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UC IPM

Pest Management Guideline

Insects, Mites, and Snails (section reviewed 9/08)

Continued on next page . . .

An illustrated version of this guideline is available online at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.citrus.html

Table of Contents, continued

Potato Leafhopper (9/08)..............................................................................................................................................................................................104

Diseases (section reviewed 9/08)

Nematodes (9/08) (section reviewed 9/08)

Plant Growth Regulators (section reviewed 9/08)

Weeds (section reviewed 9/08)

Vertebrates (section reviewed 9/08)

Precautions for Using Pesticides (9/08) ......................................................................................................................................................................184

Authors of Pest Management Guidelines and Year-Round Program

About this publication

The UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines are available from:

Citrus Year-Round IPM Program

Done Prebloom activities (January through March)

(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ iv

Done Prebloom activities (continued)

Done Bloom activities (April)

(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ v

Done Bloom activities (continued)

(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ vi

Done Petal fall activities (late April through May)

(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ vii

Done Petal fall activities (continued)

Done Fruit development activities (June through September)

(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ viii

Done Fruit development period (continued)

(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ ix

Done Fall activities (October through December)

(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ x

Done Fall activities (continued)

(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ xi

(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ xii

Root crown excavate & dry

Pruning extent and timing

Planting method (e.g.

Weed and border

Continued on next page . . .

Cultural and Other Practices that Affect Pests (9/08) 1

Cultural and Other Management Practices, continued

Root crown excavate & dry

Pruning extent and timing

Planting method (e.g.

Weed and border

Cultural and Other Practices that Affect Pests (9/08) 2

TIMINGS FOR KEY CULTURAL AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (9/08)

Timings for Key Cultural and Management Practices (9/08) 3

WHEN TO MONITOR PESTS AND NATURAL ENEMIES (9/08)

When to Monitor for Pests and Natural Enemies (9/08) 4

When to Monitor Pests and Natural Enemies, continued

When to Monitor for Pests and Natural Enemies (9/08) 5

MANDATORY INTERVALS BETWEEN APPLICATION,

— Information not available

SELECTIVITY OF INSECTICIDES AND MITICIDES (9/08)

Selectivity of Insecticides and Miticides (9/08) 8