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MODULE GUIDELINES
I. Course Code THC1
II. Course Title Macro Perspective of Tourism & Hospitality
III. Program Title BS Hospitality Management
IV. Brief Introduction The students will have a clear and whole overview of
tourism and hospitality as an ecosystem and goes beyond the
usual close concept of tourism. It introduces the concepts and
term that are common throughout the different sectors. It
also intends to develop, update and maintain local knowledge
as well as tourism industry knowledge. It shows the structure
and scope of tourism as well as the impact of tourism as an
industry in relation to the world economy and society. It also
illustrates the effects of the convergence of tourism with the
other local industries and discusses the major factors that
influence the history and the future of tourism and the world
and in the Philippines. It also introduces the sustainable goals
of tourism and discusses among others, how to develop
protective environment for the children in tourism
destinations; to observe and performed risk mitigation
activities; etc. The students will also learn to appreciate the key
global organizations and the roles they play in influencing and
monitoring tourism trends.
V. Module Outcomes ⚫ Understand the theories, concepts, and principles
pertaining to the behavioral, sociological, political,
economic, psychological, and cultural aspects of tourism
and hospitality.
⚫ Describe the factors that contribute to the growth of
tourism and hospitality industry.
⚫ Explain the role of tourism in economic development.
⚫ Discuss the direct and indirect components of tourism
and hospitality network.
⚫ .Familiarize and understand the importance of global
tourism and hospitality organizations.
⚫ Determine the different impacts of tourism.n
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES, TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIONS, INC.
CSTC Building, Gen. Luna St., Maharlika Hi-way, Pob 3, Sariaya, Quezon R-IV-A
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PRELIM-LESSON PROPER
Lesson Number 1

Lesson Title The Relationship of Tourism and Hospitality

Brief Introduction of the Lesson The discussion will explain the relationship of
tourism and hospitality, its components and
definition. Topics also includes the various elements
of travel that is used as criteria for defining travelers
and/or tourists; nature of tour, and the importance
of tourism and hospitality
Introduction/Discussion of Content

Introduction
The tourism and hospitality industries strongly affect one another. Several
associations and large industry leaders combined tourism and hospitality as one large
industry. The components of this large industry include: food and beverage services, lodging
services, recreation services, and travel-related services. These components constitute the
tourism and hospitality network.

Discussion
Network means a complicated interconnection of parts or components.
Fig. 1. Overview of the Tourism and Hospitality Network
Photo taken from: researchgate.net
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The components of the tourism and hospitality network may be interdependent and
competitive businesses; yet, they are interrelated and interdependent. The interrelated
according to dictionary means “relate or connect to one another” while interdependent
means “two or more people or things that are dependent on each other. The interdependence
among the components of the tourism and hospitality network are constantly changing in
connection with labor, opportunity, and growth. The network will continue to dominate as
a global industry.
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CSTC Building, Gen. Luna St., Maharlika Hi-way, Pob 3, Sariaya, Quezon R-IV-A
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HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
Food and Beverage Component
The public looks for food and beverage everywhere - in hotels, motels, airlines, airports,
cruise ships, trains, and shopping malls. Food must always be available for breakfast, lunch,
dinner, and snacks. There are commercial restaurants that provide food and beverage
services such as fast service restaurants, ethnic restaurants, and specialty restaurants. Aside
from restaurants, taverns, bars, kiosks, vending machines, supermarkets, food stalls, food carts,
and food trucks offers food and beverage also now. Food and beverage services are found
everywhere.
Lodging Component
Lodging involves providing overnight or even long-term services to guests. For many
people, lodging is a place to sleep while for others it does not only provide beds but also
entertainment and recreational facilities. Hence, the lodging industry component has begun to
accommodate several customer preferences - from budget motels to luxury hotels and
expensive resorts.
Lodging facilities such as inns, motor hotels, lodges, or motor inns are hotels and motels
that use different names. There are lodging establishments that use different terms such bed
and breakfast, resort hotel, resort condominium, conference center, and time-sharing. There
are lodging establishments that offer special facilities such as the ski lodges in Colorado and
casino hotels in Las Vegas and Atlantic City.
Campgrounds, transient trailer parks, school and college dormitories, summer camps,
and health spas also attend to the lodging needs of those who are away from home.
In other countries, there are lodging establishments such as:
Parador - an old Spanish monastery or castle that was converted to a hotel
Pension or Pensione - a French or Italian home in which guests are provided with a room and
a board
Chateau - a French castle or elegant country home used as a hotel
Ryokan - a Japanese inn in which traditional customs are observed
Hostel - a lodging facility in which inexpensive accommodations are provided to students and
guests on a nonprofit basis
Recreation and Entertainment Component
Entertainment originated from the traditional duties of a host to entertain his or her
guests, whether they are neighbors or travelers from other places. The host has always felt an
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obligation to attend to the needs of his or her guests not only for food and beverages and
lodging, but also for entertainment.
Many centuries ago, innkeepers, tavern-keepers, and their descendants have attended
to their guests’ needs for entertainment by simply talking to their guests. Others told stories.
Some provided games such as darts, draughts, backgammon, or chess. Others employed
jugglers and traveling minstrels.
Nowadays, the concept of entertaining guests is broader. Guests are offered
different kinds of entertainment and recreational activities such as golf, tennis, hiking, boating,
swimming, handball, casino gambling, and concerts.

TRAVEL AND TOURISM COMPONENT

Travel and tourism are used together as an umbrella term to refer to those businesses
that provide primary services to travelers. These include not only food and beverage
services, lodging services, recreation and entertainment services, but also transportation
services, and other services of travel agencies and tour operators.
Transportation
The main purpose of transportation is to make it possible for people to go from one
place to another. There are many ways to do this, from primitive and simple to the modern
and complex. The common means of transportation are automobiles, recreational vehicles,
buses, trains, ships, and airplanes.

Travel Agencies and Tour Operators

Travel agencies and tour operators are modern additions to the travel and tourism
world. Both have become important in the survival of many businesses in the tourism and
hospitality industry.
A travel agent is one who sells travel services in a travel agency. He or she sells travel
services that are assembled by others into “packages”. In the travel business, a package is a
bundle of related travel services offered to a buyer at a single price.
Tour operators are wholesalers who make the necessary contacts with hotels, airlines,
and other providers of travel services and device packages which will appeal to retail buyers.
They are volume purchasers who are able to negotiate lower prices because of their high-
volume purchases. They are able to sell tour packages at a cheaper price than the individual
consumer.
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DEFINITION OF TOURISM
Tourism is a multidimensional phenomenon, so it is difficult to describe. One of the very
1st attempts to define “tourism” was that of Professors Hunziker and Krapf of Berne University,
Switzerland. They defined tourism as the “sum of the phenomena and relationships arising
from the travel and stay of nonresidents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence
and are not connected to any earning activity”. This definition sets the difference of tourism
from migration, which involves taking up permanent residence. Although both includes travel
and stay but excludes day tour.
For the Tourism Society in Britain, their definition of tourism was: “Tourism is the
temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they
normally live and work and their activities during their stay at these destinations”.
Tourism Society in Cardiff reformulated the definition as: “Tourism may be defined in
terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home
environment”
Burkart and Medlik (1997) cited five main characteristics of tourism
1. Because of its complexity, tourism is a combination of phenomena and relationships
2. It has two essential elements: the dynamic element (the journey) and the static element (the
stay)
3. The journey and stay are to-and-fro destinations outside the place of residence and work.
4. The movement to destinations is temporary and short-term, with the intention to return
within a few days, weeks or months
5. Destinations are visited for purposes not connected with paid work, that is, not to be
employed and not for business or vocational reasons.
Tourism in the pure sense is essentially a pleasure activity in which money earned in
one’s abode is spent in places visited. It is distinguished from concepts of leisure and recreation
on one hand, and from travel and migration on the other hand.

DEFINITION OF HOSPITALITY
The word “hospitality” is derived from the Latin word “hospitare”, which means “to
receive as a guest.” This implies that a host is prepared to meet the guest’s basic
requirements while the guest is away from their home. In this circumstance, the requirements
of the guests include: food, beverage, lodging and shelter.
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Several words come also to the Latin word “hospitare”, including hospital, hospice, and
hostel. Each of these words has a principal meaning which is “a host who receives, welcomes,
and caters to the needs of people who are temporarily away from their homes.

TOURIST
In 1937, the League of Nations defined tourist as a person who visits a country other
than in which he or she usually resides for a period of at-least 24 hours.” This includes
persons travelling for pleasure, domestic reasons or health, persons traveling to meetings or
on business, and persons visiting a country on a cruise vessel even if for less than 24 hours.
In 1963, a United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism
recommended a new definition of a “visitor” as “any person visiting a country other than that
of earning money”. This definition covers the two classes of visitors:
1. Tourists - a temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours, whose purpose could be classified
as:
A. Leisure, such as recreation, holiday, health, study, religion, or sport.
B. Business
C. Family
D. Mission
E. Meeting
2. Excursionists - temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours in the destination visited and
not making an overnight stay, including cruise travelers, but excluding travelers in transit.

ELEMENTS OF TRAVEL
There are four basic elements of travel that have been used as criteria for defining
travelers, and/or tourists. These are:
A. Distance
Under distance, what must be considered in the difference between local travel or
traveling within a person’s home community and nonlocal travel or traveling away from home.
It excludes commuting to and from work and change in residence.
B. Length of Stay in the Destination
The definition of tourists and excursionists as proposed by WTO is largely based on the
length of the stay, that’s why it must be considered.
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C. Residence of the Traveler

It is important to know where people live for business and research purposes
D. Purpose of Travel
The last basic element. It can be divided into seven:
1. Visiting friends and relatives
2. Conventions, seminars, and meetings
3. Business
4. Outdoor recreation - hunting, fishing, boating, and camping
5. Entertainment - sightseeing, theater, and sports
6. Personal - family, medical, funeral, wedding
7. other purpose

THE NATURE OF A TOUR

To help us analyze the nature of a tour carefully, it is better and helpful to understand
first the difference between domestic and international tourism, as well as independent and
package tour.
Domestic Tourism - refers to travel taken exclusively within the national boundaries of the
travelers country. It is easy to travel because there is no language, currency nor documentaries
barriers.
International Tourism - involves the movement of people across international boundaries. It
is more difficult to travel because the country visited has a different language, currency, and
documentation requirements, such as passports, visas, and other conditions of entry to be met
by tourists.

Package Tour - sometimes called “inclusive tour”, is an arrangement in which transport and
accommodation are bought by the tourist at an all-inclusive price and the price of the individual
elements’ is cannot be determined by the tourist. Tour Operators who organizes the package
purchases the elements in advance, usually obtaining these in a lower price because he/she is
buying them in bulk. And then, he/she will sell these tours directly to tourists or through travel
agents.
Independent Tour - is an arrangement in which the tourist buys the facilities separately,
either through reservations or travel agent or walk in.
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Tourists purchasing package tours may do so on the basis of either individual or group
travel. An individual inclusive tour (IIT) is one in which the tourist travel to the
destination alone, while group inclusive tour (GIT) travels in the company of other tourists.

THE TOURIST PRODUCT

In the simple sense, tourist product consists of what the tourist buys! In a deeper
meaning, the tourist product is a combination of what the tourist does at the destination and
the services he/she uses during his/her stay.
Characteristics of a Tourist Product
1. Tourist product is a service. It is an intangible item. It cannot be inspected by prospective
buyer before they buy as compare if they buy like consumer goods. The purchase of the package
tours involves a high degree of trust in the part of the buyer.
2. The tourist product is largely psychological in its attraction. It is more than a collection
of services such as an aircraft seat and a hotel room. It is the temporary use of the strange
environment plus culture and heritage of the region and other intangible benefits such as
atmosphere and hospitality.
3. The product tends to vary in standard and quality over time. Unlike the production of
for example the television set, a package tour cannot be consistently of equal standard.
Examples are: Bumpy flight can change an enjoyable experience into a nightmare in an
airplane ride; a good room in a hotel may be spoiled by poor food; and a holiday at a seaside
can be destroyed by a prolonged rain.
4. The supply of the product is fixed. The number of hotel rooms available at a particular
resort cannot be changed to meet the changing demands of the tourists during a particular
season. The unsold hotel room or aircraft seat cannot be stored for another sale as comapare
to the case of the tangible product.
TOURIST DESTINATION
The tourist destination is a geographical unit where the tourist visits and stays. It may
be a village, a town, a city, a district, a region, an island, a country or a continent. Its success
depends upon the interrelationship of the three basic factors:
1. Attractions
May be site and event attractions. A site attraction is one in which the destination itself
has appeal, while an event attraction is one in which the tourists are drawn to the destination
solely because of what will take place there. A site attraction may be a country, a geographical
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region such as the Alps, or a resort such as Boracay. Event attraction includes congress,
exhibitions, festivals and sports events. Attraction may also be natural or man-made.
2. Amenities or facilities
Includes accommodation, food, local transport, communications, and entertainment at
the site. Amenities will differ according to the attraction of the site. Even how attractive one
destination is, its potential might be limited unless the basic amenities which the tourist
required are provided. Sometimes, the amenity itself serves as an attraction.
3. Accessibility
Means having regular and convenience of transport in terms of time/distance to the
destination from the originating country at a reasonable price. If private transport is the means
of access, tourism flow will depend upon adequate roads, gasoline stations, among others.
Good railways and coach services, airports, and seaports are designed to facilitate accessibility.
TOURIST SERVICES
The principal tourist services are supplied by:
A. Passenger Transport - which provides the means to reach the destination, as well as the
movement at the destination.
B. Accommodation, food and beverage, and entertainment
C. Tour Operators/Travel agents

Characteristics of Tourism and Hospitality

1. In tourism and hospitality, the product is not brought to the consumer; rather, the consumer
has to travel and go the product to purchase it.
2. The products of tourism and hospitality are not used up.
3. Tourism and hospitality is a labor intensive industry.
4. Tourism and hospitality is people-oriented
5. Tourism and hospitality are a multidimensional phenomenon.
6. The tourism and hospitality industry are seasonal
7. The tourism industry is dynamic.

Importance of Tourism and Hospitality

1. Contribution to the balance of payments
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2. Dispersion of development
3. Effect on general economic development
4. Employment opportunities
5. Social benefits
6. Cultural enrichment
7. Educational significance
8. A vital force of peace

References:
Zenaida Lansangan-Cruz, PhD, Macro Prespective of Tourism and Hospitality, Rex
Bookstore, 2019

Romeo D. Lim, A Macro Perspective on Tourism Tourism and Hospitality,

Mindshapers Co, 2019