Java Interview Questions and Answers

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Interview Question and Answers - 2082 question(s) found
Very Very frequently asked. Among the first few questions in almost all interviews.Among Top 5 frequently asked questions. Frequently asked in
Indian service companies (HCL,TCS,Infosys etc, Based on multiple feedback )
Core Java Anonymous

Q1. Difference between == and .equals() ?
Ans. "equals" is the method of object class which is supposed to be overridden to check object equality, whereas "==" operator
evaluate to see if the object handlers on the left and right are pointing to the same object in memory.
x.equals(y) means the references x and y are holding objects that are equal. x==y means that the references x and y have same
object.
Sample code:
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9/26/2017 Java - Advance & Core Java Interview Question and Answers | Search Java Coding Interview Question - javasearch.buggybread.com
String x = new String("str");

String y = new String("str");
System.out.println(x == y); // prints false

System.out.println(x.equals(y)); // prints true
Help us improve. Please let us know the company, where you were asked this question :
Like Discuss Correct / Improve java string comparison string object class == equals object equality
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Advanced level question. Frequently asked in High end product companies. Frequently asked in Cognizant ( Based on 2 feedbacks )
Core Java Anonymous

Q2. Why is String immutable in Java ?
Ans. 1. String Pool - When a string is created and if it exists in the pool, the reference of the existing string will be returned instead
of creating a new object. If string is not immutable, changing the string with one reference will lead to the wrong value for the other
references.
Example -
String str1 = "String1";

String str2 = "String1"; // It doesn't create a new String and rather reuses the string literal from pool
// Now both str1 and str2 pointing to same string object in pool, changing str1 will change it for str2 too
2. To Cache its Hashcode - If string is not immutable, One can change its hashcode and hence it's not fit to be cached.
3. Security - String is widely used as parameter for many java classes, e.g. network connection, opening files, etc. Making it
mutable might possess threats due to interception by the other code segment.
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Very frequently asked in different variations. Frequently asked in Deloitte ( 2 feedback ) , HCL Tech ( 3 feedback ) and Coginizant (CTS)
Q3. Explain the scenerios to choose between String , StringBuilder and Core Java Anonymous
StringBuffer ?
or
What is the difference between String , StringBuilder and StringBuffer ?

Ans. If the Object value will not change, use String Class because a String object is immutable.
If the Object value can change and will only be modified from a single thread, use StringBuilder because StringBuilder is
unsynchronized(means faster).
If the Object value may change, and can be modified by multiple threads, use a StringBuffer because StringBuffer is thread
safe(synchronized).
Sample Code for String
Sample Code for StringBuffer
Sample Code for StringBuilder
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Frequently asked to fresh graduates and less experienced developers. Among the first few questions in many interviews.
Core Java Admin

Q4. What are the difference between composition and inheritance in
Java? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Composition - has-a relationship between classes.

Inheritance - is-a relationship between classes.
Composition - Composing object holds a reference to composing classes and hence relationship is loosely bound.
Inheritance - Derived object carries the base class definition in itself and hence its tightly bound.
Composition - Used in Dependency Injection

Inheritance - Used in Runtime Polymorphism
Composition - Single class objects can be composed within multiple classes.

Inheritance - Single class can only inherit 1 Class.
Composition - Its the relationship between objects.

Inheritance - Its the relationship between classes.
Sample Code for inheritance
Sample Code for composition
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Core Java Anonymous

Q5. Which are the different segments of memory ?
Ans. 1. Stack Segment - Contains primitives, Class / Interface names and references.
2. Heap Segment - Contains all created objects in runtime, objects only plus their object attributes (instance variables), Static
variables are also stored in heap.
3. Code Segment - The segment where the actual compiled Java bytecodes resides when loaded
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Core Java Admin

Q6. Why do we need Inner classes ? Cant we just work with outer classes
wherever we implement Inner classes ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Yes, we can substitute outer classes wherever we need to have inner classes but Inner classes have advantage in certain cases
and hence preferred -
Ease - Why to implement a class outside if its objects are only intended to be part of an outer object. Its easy to define the class
within another class if the use is only local.
Protection - Making a call an outer exposes a threat of it being used by any of the class. Why should it be made an outer class if its
object should only occur as part of other objects.
For example - You may like to have an class address whose object should have a reference to city and by design thats the only use
of city you have in your application. Making Address and City as outer class exposes City to any of the Class. Making it an inner
class of Address will make sure that its accessed using object of Address.
Sample Code for inner class
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Frequently asked in Infosys and HCL Technologies ( Based on 2 feedback )
Core Java Admin

Q7. What are different ways of object creation in Java ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Using new operator - new xyzClass()
Using factory methods - xyzFactory.getInstance( )
Using newInstance( ) method - (Class.forName(xyzClass))emp.newInstance( )
By cloning an already available object - (xyzClass)obj1.clone( )
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Core Java Admin

Q8. What are points to consider in terms of access modifier when we are
overriding any method? info@buggybread.com
Ans. 1. Overriding method can not be more restrictive than the overridden method.
reason : in case of polymorphism , at object creation jvm look for actual runtime object. jvm does not look for reference type and
while calling methods it look for overridden method.
If by means subclass were allowed to change the access modifier on the overriding method, then suddenly at runtime when the JVM
invokes the true objects version of the method rather than the reference types version then it will be problematic
2. In case of subclass and superclass define in different package, we can override only those method which have public or protected
access.
3. We can not override any private method because private methods can not be inherited and if method can not be inherited then
method can not be overridden.
Sample Code for Overriding
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Core Java Admin

Q9. What are different ways to create String Object? Explain. info@buggybread.com
Ans.
String str = new String("abc");
String str1 = "abc";
When we create a String using double quotes, JVM looks in the String pool to find if any other String is stored with same value. If
found, it just returns the reference to that String object else it creates a new String object with given value and stores it in the
String pool.
When we use new operator, JVM creates the String object but dont store it into the String Pool. We can use intern() method to store
the String object into String pool or return the reference if there is already a String with equal value present in the pool.
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Q10. What do you mean by "Java is a statically typed language" ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. It means that the type of variables are checked at compile time in Java.The main advantage here is that all kinds of checking
can be done by the compiler and hence will reduce bugs.
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Core Java 2016-05-26 14:17:48

Q11. What is the difference between declaration, instantiation and
initialization ?
Ans. Declaration is intimation to the compiler about the nature of Data a reference is going to hold.
For example - List myList;
Instantiation is reservation of memory.
For example
myList = new ArrayList();
Initialization or construction is setting the default values for member elements.
For example
myList = new ArrayList(mySet);
** Example 2nd is both for instantiation as well as initialization. The only difference is that 2nd will initialized the member elements
to their default values whereas 3rd will initialized it with the elements from set.
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Core Java Anonymous

Q12. What are the common uses of "this" keyword in java ?
Ans. "this" keyword is a reference to the current object and can be used for following -
1. Passing itself to another method.
2. Referring to the instance variable when local variable has the same name.
3. Calling another constructor in constructor chaining.
Sample Code for this keyword
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Q13. Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of Core Java Anonymous
memory?
Ans. Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is possible for programs to use up
memory resources faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to
garbage collection
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Json Anonymous
Q14. What are the benefits of JSON over XML ?
Ans. Lighter and faster than XML as on-the-wire data format
Object Representation - Information is presented in object notations and hence better understandable.
Easy to parse and conversion to objects for information consumption.
Support multiple data types - JSON supports string, number, array, boolean whereas XML data are all string.
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Frequently asked.
Core Java Admin

Q15. If you are given a choice to use either ArrayList and LinkedList, Which
one would you use and Why ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. ArrayList are implemented in memory as arrays and hence allows fast retrieval through indices but are costly if new elements
are to be inserted in between other elements. LinkedList allows for constant-time insertions or removals using iterators, but only
sequential access of elements
1. Retrieval - If Elements are to be retrieved sequentially only, Linked List is preferred.
2. Insertion - If new Elements are to be inserted in between other elements , Array List is preferred.
3. Search - Binary Search and other optimized way of searching is not possible on Linked List.
4. Sorting - Initial sorting could be pain but lateral addition of elements in a sorted list is good with linked list.
5. Adding Elements - If sufficiently large elements needs to be added very frequently ,Linked List is preferable as elements don't
need consecutive memory location.
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Frequently asked question in companies using Hibernate.
Hibernate Admin
Q16. What is Lazy Initialization in Hibernate ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. It's a feature to lazily initialize dependencies , relationship and associations from the Database. Any related references marked
as @OneToMany or @ManyToMany are loaded lazily i.e when they are accessed and not when the parent is loaded.
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Core Java Admin

Q17. What is a Lambda Expression ? What's its use ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Its an anonymous method without any declaration.
Lambda Expression are useful to write shorthand Code and hence saves the effort of writing lengthy Code.
It promotes Developer productivity, Better Readable and Reliable code.
Sample Code for lambda
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Q18. Which of the following combination of keywords is illegal in Java ? Core Java Anonymous
a. static and transient

b. transient and final
c. static and synchronized
d. abstract and final
Ans. abstract and final
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Core Java
Q19. What are different types of classes ?
Ans. There are different verticals in which Java Classes can be classified.
1. Access - Public , Private , default or Protected.
2. Packaging - System, library or User Defined
3. Structure - Outer or Inner
4. Object Derivation - Abstract Class or Concrete Class.
5. Object Creation - Normal, Singleton , Doubleton , Immutable or Enum.
6. Functionality - String , Util , Stream etc.
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Core Java Anonymous

Q20. How can we run a java program without making any object?
Ans. By putting code within static method. With Java 6 and earlier versions, even static block can be used.
Sample Code for static block
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Very frequently asked to Fresh graduates.
Core Java Anonymous

Q21. What is the difference between Encapsulation and Abstraction?
Ans. 1.Abstraction solves the problem at design level while encapsulation solves the problem at implementation level
2.Abstraction is used for hiding the unwanted data and giving relevant data. while Encapsulation means hiding the code and data
into a single unit to protect the data from outside world.
3. Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it while Encapsulation means hiding the internal details
or mechanics of how an object does something.
4.For example: Outer Look of a Television, like it has a display screen and channel buttons to change channel it explains Abstraction
but Inner Implementation detail of a Television how CRT and Display Screen are connect with each other using different circuits , it
explains Encapsulation.
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Core Java Anonymous

Q22. Can we use both "this()" and "super()" in a constructor ?
Ans. No, because both this and super should be the first statement.
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Very frequently asked. Favorite question in Walk in Drive of many Indian service companies. Frequently asked in HCL Technologies.
Core Java Admin

Q23. What is the difference between final, finally and finalize() ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. final - constant variable, objects cannot be de-referenced, restricting method overriding, restricting class sub classing.
finally - handles exception. The finally block is optional and provides a mechanism to clean up regardless of what happens within
the try block. Use the finally block to close files or to release other system resources like database connections, statements etc.
finalize() - method helps in garbage collection. A method that is invoked before an object is discarded by the garbage collector,
allowing it to clean up its state.
Sample Code for final
Sample Code for finally
Sample Code for finalize
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Hibernate Admin
Q24. What are the ways to avoid LazyInitializationException ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. 1. Set lazy=false in the hibernate config file.
2. Set @Basic(fetch=FetchType.EAGER) at the mapping.
3. Make sure that we are accessing the dependent objects before closing the session.
4. Force initialization using Hibernate.initialize
5. Using Fetch Join in HQL.
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Core Java Admin

Q25. Why every object constructor automatically call super() in Object
before its own constructors? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Derived object carries the body of its class as well as the body of the parent class. Its body ( member elements ) is initialized
using its own class constructor whereas the body ( member elements ) carried from the parent class are initialized using super class
constructor. So In order to initialize the elements of the parent class before its own elements are even initialized, super is called.
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Q26. Describe what happens when an object is created in Java ? Core Java Anonymous
Ans. 1. Memory is allocated from heap to hold all instance variables and implementation-specific data of the object and its
superclasses. Implemenation-specific data includes pointers to class and method data.
2. The instance variables of the objects are initialized to their default values.
3. The constructor for the most derived class is invoked. The first thing a constructor does is call the constructor for its
superclasses. This process continues until the constructor for java.lang.Object is called,as java.lang.Object is the base class for all
objects in java.
4. Before the body of the constructor is executed, all instance variable initializers and initialization blocks are executed. Then the
body of the constructor is executed. Thus, the constructor for the base class completes first and constructor for the most derived
class completes last.
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Recently asked in Accenture and Fidelity.
Spring Admin
Q27. Explain Flow of Spring MVC ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. The DispatcherServlet configured in web.xml file receives the request.
The DispatcherServlet finds the appropriate Controller with the help of HandlerMapping and then invokes associated Controller.
Then the Controller executes the logic business logic and then returns ModeAndView object to the DispatcherServlet.
The DispatcherServlet determines the view from the ModelAndView object.
Then the DispatcherServlet passes the model object to the View.
The View is rendered and the Dispatcher Servlet sends the output to the Servlet container.
Finally Servlet Container sends the result back to the user.
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Java EE Admin
Q28. What is session tracking and how do you track a user session in
servlets? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Session tracking is a mechanism that servlets use to maintain state about a series requests from the same user across some
period of time. The methods used for session tracking are:
User Authentication - occurs when a web server restricts access to some of its resources to only those clients that log in using a
recognized username and password
Hidden form fields - fields are added to an HTML form that are not displayed in the client's browser. When the form containing the
fields is submitted, the fields are sent back to the server
URL rewriting - every URL that the user clicks on is dynamically modified or rewritten to include extra information. The extra
information can be in the form of extra path information, added parameters or some custom, server-specific URL change.
Cookies - a bit of information that is sent by a web server to a browser and which can later be read back from that browser.
HttpSession- places a limit on the number of sessions that can exist in memory.
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Advanced level question frequently asked in US based companies. Recently asked in EMC and Intuit.
Solution Admin
Q29. Can you provide some implementation of a Dictionary having large
number of words ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Simplest implementation we can have is a List wherein we can place ordered words and hence can perform Binary Search.
Other implementation with better search performance is to use HashMap with key as first character of the word and value as a
LinkedList.
Further level up, we can have linked Hashmaps like ,
hashmap {
a ( key ) -> hashmap (key-aa , value (hashmap(key-aaa,value)
b ( key ) -> hashmap (key-ba , value (hashmap(key-baa,value)
....................................................................................
z( key ) -> hashmap (key-za , value (hashmap(key-zaa,value)
}
upto n levels ( where n is the average size of the word in dictionary.
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Very frequently asked. Favorite question in Walk in Drive of many Indian service companies.
Core Java Anonymous

Q30. Difference between TreeMap and HashMap ?
Ans. They are different the way their elements are stored in memory. TreeMap stores the Keys in order whereas HashMap stores
the key value pairs randomly.
Sample Code for treemap
Sample Code for hashmap
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Very frequently asked across all types of companies.
Core Java Anonymous

Q31. Difference between HashMap and Hashtable?
Ans. Hashtable is synchronized whereas HashMap is not.HashMap allows null values whereas Hashtable doesnt allow null values.
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Q32. What will this code print ? Core Java Anonymous
String a = new String ("TEST");

String b = new String ("TEST");
if(a == b) {
System.out.println ("TRUE");
} else {
System.out.println ("FALSE");
}
Ans. FALSE. == operator compares object references, a and b are references to two different objects, hence the FALSE. .equals
method is used to compare string object content.
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Advanced level question usually asked in High end product companies. Have been asked in Google and Amazon (Based on 1 Feedback)
Core Java Anonymous

Q33. Describe, in general, how java's garbage collector works ?
Ans. The Java runtime environment deletes objects when it determines that they are no longer being used. This process is known as
garbage collection. The Java runtime environment supports a garbage collector that periodically frees the memory used by objects
that are no longer needed. The Java garbage collector is a mark-sweep garbage collector that scans Java dynamic memory areas for
objects, marking those that are referenced. After all possible paths to objects are investigated, those objects that are not marked
(i.e. are not referenced) are known to be garbage and are collected.
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Frequently asked. Favorite question in Walk in Drive of many Indian service companies.
Core Java Anonymous

Q34. What are the methods of Object Class ?
Ans. clone() - Creates and returns a copy of this object.
equals() - Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this one.
finalize() - Called by the garbage collector on an object when garbage collection determines that there are no more references to
the object.
getClass() - Returns the runtime class of an object.
hashCode() - Returns a hash code value for the object.
toString() - Returns a string representation of the object.
notify(), notifyAll(), and wait() - Play a part in synchronizing the activities of independently running threads in a program.
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Xml Admin
Q35. Difference between SAX and DOM Parser ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. A DOM (Document Object Model) parser creates a tree structure in memory from an input document whereas A SAX (Simple
API for XML) parser does not create any internal structure.
A SAX parser serves the client application always only with pieces of the document at any given time whereas A DOM parser always
serves the client application with the entire document no matter how much is actually needed by the client.
A SAX parser, however, is much more space efficient in case of a big input document whereas DOM parser is rich in functionality.
Use a DOM Parser if you need to refer to different document areas before giving back the information. Use SAX is you just need
unrelated nuclear information from different areas.
Xerces, Crimson are SAX Parsers whereas XercesDOM, SunDOM, OracleDOM are DOM parsers.
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Core Java Admin

Q36. Why Char array is preferred over String for storing password? info@buggybread.com
Ans. String is immutable in java and stored in String pool. Once it's created it stays in the pool until unless garbage collected, so
even though we are done with password it's available in memory for longer duration and there is no way to avoid it. It's a security
risk because anyone having access to memory dump can find the password as clear text.
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Frequently asked to experienced developers. Recently asked in many US interviews.
Database Admin
Q37. What is database deadlock ? How can we avoid them? info@buggybread.com
Ans. When multiple external resources are trying to access the DB locks and runs into cyclic wait, it may makes the DB
unresponsive.
Deadlock can be avoided using variety of measures, Few listed below -
Can make a queue wherein we can verify and order the request to DB.
Less use of cursors as they lock the tables for long time.
Keeping the transaction smaller.
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Very frequently asked. Favorite question in Walk in Drive of many Indian service companies.
Core Java admin

Q38. What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Underlying data structure for ArrayList is Array whereas LinkedList is the linked list and hence have following differences -
1. ArrayList needs continuous memory locations and hence need to be moved to a bigger space if new elements are to be added to
a filled array which is not required for LinkedList.
2. Removal and Insertion at specific place in ArrayList requires moving all elements and hence leads to O(n) insertions and removal
whereas its constant O(1) for LinkedList.
3. Random access using index in ArrayList is faster than LinkedList which requires traversing the complete list through references.
4. Though Linear Search takes Similar Time for both, Binary Search using LinkedList requires creating new Model called Binary
Search Tree which is slower but offers constant time insertion and deletion.
5. For a set of integers you want to sort using quicksort, it's probably faster to use an array; for a set of large structures you want
to sort using selection sort, a linked list will be faster.
Sample Code for ArrayList
Sample Code for LinkedList
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Not frequently asked as it was introduced with Java 8.
Core Java Admin

Q39. Difference between final and effectively final ? Why is effectively final
even required ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Final variable means a variable that has been declared final and hence cannot be de referenced after initialization. Effective
final means a variable that has not been declared final but haven't been reassigned the value after initialization.
First is the regulation that restricts the reassignment and will raise a compilation error if we try to do so. Second is the outcome
without the restriction.
Effective Final is the eventual treatment of the variable that is required for many features. For eq - Java 8 requires that local
variables referenced from a lambda expression must be final or effectively final.It means all local referenced from lambda
expressions must be such that their value shouldn't be changed after initialization whether declared final or not.
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Q40. Why do we write public static void main ? Can we use some other Core Java Admin
syntax too for main ? info@buggybread.com
Ans.
1. public is the access modifier that makes the method accessible from anywhere, static is the keyword that makes it accessible
even without creating any object and using class name only , void means it doesnt return anything , String args[] is the array of
argument that this method receives.
2. If I use Main , it will compile correctly as Java will treat it as just another method but it wont be the method "main" which Java
looks for when it looks to execute the class and hence will throw
Error: Main method not found in class , please define the main method as:
public static void main(String[] args)
3. Main is not a keyword but a special string that Java looks for while initiating the main thread.
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Core Java Admin

Q41. What are the advantages and disadvantages of static variables and
static methods ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Advantages
Can do meta object operations ( like validating something before creating objects , keep count of number of objects )
Can do operations which have nothing to do with objects but still you want them to be tied to Class.
Disadvantages
Commonly used to static variables sometime leads to problems due to access by different objects.
Are not tied to objects so doesn't reflect pure Object Oriented approach.
Needs to be synchronized so as to avoid update conflicts by mutiple objects and threads.
Some limitation in testing as not all frameworks have facility to mock them. Powermock has but Mockito doesnt
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Q42. Which keyword is used to provide explicit access of a code block to Core Java Anonymous
single thread ?
a. Transient
b. Final
c. Explicit
d. Synchronized
Ans. Synchronized
Sample Code for Synchronized
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Q43. Enums cannot be declared .. Core Java Anonymous
a. private
b. public
c. static
d. final
Ans. final
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Core Java 2016-05-29 13:47:31

Q44. Can you give a real world example of Encapsulation and Abstraction ?
Ans. Car Engine is an example of encapsulation and abstraction. You ignite the car using an interface called starter and least
bothered about how the tire actually moves (This is abstraction). The engine encapsulates the complete process to itself only and
doesn't allow you to start the other components like the radiator etc ( this is excapsulation )
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Core Java Anonymous

Q45. What are concepts introduced with Java 5 ?
Ans. Generics , Enums , Autoboxing , Annotations and Static Import.
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Anonymous
Q46. What one should take care of, while serializing the object?
Ans. One should make sure that all the included objects are also serializable. If any of the objects is not serializable then it throws a
NotSerializable Exception.
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Core Java Anonymous

Q47. What is a String Pool ?
Ans. String pool (String intern pool) is a special storage area in Java heap. When a string is created and if the string already exists
in the pool, the reference of the existing string will be returned, instead of creating a new object and returning its reference.
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Very frequently asked. Usually asked in different variants like Diff between StringBuffer , String Builder ; Difference between StringBuilder and String
class; Choice between these classes etc.
Core Java Anonymous

Q48. What is the difference between StringBuffer and String class ?
Ans. A string buffer implements a mutable sequence of characters. A string buffer is like a String, but can be modified. At any point
in time it contains some particular sequence of characters, but the length and content of the sequence can be changed through
certain method calls.
The String class represents character strings. All string literals in Java programs, such as "abc" are constant and implemented as
instances of this class; their values cannot be changed after they are created.
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Q49. What is JDBC? Describe the steps needed to execute a SQL query using Database Anonymous
JDBC.
Ans. The JDBC is a pure Java API used to execute SQL statements. It provides a set of classes and interfaces that can be used by
developers to write database applications.
The steps needed to execute a SQL query using JDBC:
1. Open a connection to the database.

2. Execute a SQL statement.
3. Process th results.
4. Close the connection to the database.
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Q50. Are constructors inherited? Can a subclass call the parent's class Core Java Anonymous
constructor? When?
Ans. You cannot inherit a constructor. That is, you cannot create a instance of a subclass using a constructor of one of it's
superclasses. One of the main reasons is because you probably don't want to override the superclasses constructor, which would be
possible if they were inherited. By giving the developer the ability to override a superclasses constructor you would erode the
encapsulation abilities of the language.
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Very Frequently asked to fresh graduates and less experienced. Favorite question in Walk in drives.
Core Java Anonymous

Q51. Difference between Overloading and Overriding ?
Ans. Overloading - Similar Signature but different definition , like function overloading.
Overriding - Overriding the Definition of base class in the derived class.
Sample Code for overloading
Sample Code for overriding
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Disney Ultramain Systems International Turnkey Systems Knoldus Software CA Technologies Amdocs FDM Group Hybris Fidelity United Health Group
(UHG) Bluewhale Solutions Pegasystems Revature Innoplexus Vanguard AptSource Perficient Grapecity Subex QuintilesIMS NimbleUser Expeditors
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Core Java Anonymous

Q52. Difference between Vector and ArrayList ?
Ans. Vectors are synchronized whereas Array lists are not.
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Core Java Anonymous

Q53. Difference between object instantiation and construction ?
Ans. Though It's often confused with each other, Object Creation ( Instantiation ) and Initialization ( Construction ) are different
things in Java. Construction follows object creation.
Object Creation is the process to create the object in memory and returning its handler. Java provides New keyword for object
creation.
Initialization is the process of setting the initial / default values to the members. Constructor is used for this purpose. If we don't
provide any constructor, Java provides one default implementation to set the default values according to the member data types.
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Core Java Anonymous

Q54. Can we access instance variables within static methods ?
Ans. Yes.we cannot access them directly but we can access them using object reference.Static methods belong to a class and not
objects whereas non static members are tied to an instance. Accessing instance variables without the instance handler would mean
an ambiguity regarding which instance the method is referring to and hence its prohibited.
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Very frequently asked in phone and walk in interviews.

Q55. What are Marker Interfaces ? Name few Java marker interfaces ? Core Java Anonymous
Ans. These are the interfaces which have no declared methods.Serializable and cloneable are marker interfaces.
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Spring Admin
Q56. What are the benefits of using Spring Framework ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Spring enables developers to develop enterprise-class applications using POJOs. The benefit of using only POJOs is that you do
not need an EJB container product.
Spring is organized in a modular fashion. Even though the number of packages and classes are substantial, you have to worry only
about ones you need and ignore the rest.
Spring does not reinvent the wheel instead, it truly makes use of some of the existing technologies like several ORM frameworks,
logging frameworks, JEE, Quartz and JDK timers, other view technologies.
Testing an application written with Spring is simple because environment-dependent code is moved into this framework.
Furthermore, by using JavaBean-style POJOs, it becomes easier to use dependency injection for injecting test data.
SpringÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s web framework is a well-designed web MVC framework, which provides a great alternative to web frameworks
such as Struts or other over engineered or less popular web frameworks.
Spring provides a convenient API to translate technology-specific exceptions (thrown by JDBC, Hibernate, or JDO, for example) into
consistent, unchecked exceptions.
Lightweight IoC containers tend to be lightweight, especially when compared to EJB containers, for example. This is beneficial for
developing and deploying applications on computers with limited memory and CPU resources.
Spring provides a consistent transaction management interface that can scale down to a local transaction
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Advanced level question. Recently asked in few Indian service companies ( Based on 3 inputs )
Core Java Admin

Q57. What are various types of Class loaders used by JVM ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Bootstrap - Loads JDK internal classes, java.* packages.
Extensions - Loads jar files from JDK extensions directory - usually lib/ext directory of the JRE
System - Loads classes from system classpath.
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Q58. Difference Between this() and super() ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. 1.this is a reference to the current object in which this keyword is used whereas super is a reference used to access members
specific to the parent Class.
2.this is primarily used for accessing member variables if local variables have same name, for constructor chaining and for passing
itself to some method whereas super is primarily used to initialize base class members within derived class constructor.
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Core Java Admin

Q59. What are the disadvantages of using arrays ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Arrays are of fixed size and have to reserve memory prior to use. Hence if we don't know size in advance arrays are not
recommended to use.
Arrays can store only homogeneous elements.
Arrays store its values in contentious memory location. Not suitable if the content is too large and needs to be distributed in
memory.
There is no underlying data structure for arrays and no ready made method support for arrays, for every requriment we need to
code explicitly
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Q60. What is a stream and what are the types of Streams and classes of the
Streams? info@buggybread.com
Ans. A Stream is an abstraction that either produces or consumes information. There are two types of Streams :
Byte Streams: Provide a convenient means for handling input and output of bytes.
Character Streams: Provide a convenient means for handling input & output of characters.
Byte Streams classes: Are defined by using two abstract classes, namely InputStream and OutputStream.
Character Streams classes: Are defined by using two abstract classes, namely Reader and Writer.
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Q61. What are the Disadvantages of using Collection Classes over Arrays ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Collections can only hold objects, It can't hold primitive data types.
Collections have performance overheads as they deal with objects and offer dynamic memory expansion. This dynamic expansion
could be a bigger overhead if the collection class needs consecutive memory location like Vectors.
Collections doesn't allow modification while traversal as it may lead to concurrentModificationException.
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arrays
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Q62. What is Generalization and Specialization in terms of casting ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Generalization or UpCasting is a phenomenon where a sub class is prompted to a super class, and hence becomes more
general. Generalization needs widening or up-casting. Specialization or DownCasting is a phenomenon where a super class is
narrowed down to a sub class. Specialization needs narrowing or down-casting.
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Advanced level question usually asked to senior developers , leads and architects.
Core Java Admin

Q63. How does volatile affect code optimization by compiler? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Volatile is an instruction that the variables can be accessed by multiple threads and hence shouldn't be cached. As volatile
variables are never cached and hence their retrieval cannot be optimized.
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Q64. How compiler handles the exceptions in overriding ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. 1)The overriding methods can throw any runtime Exception , here in the case of runtime exception overriding method
(subclass method) should not worry about exception being thrown by superclass method.
2)If superclass method does not throw any exception then while overriding, the subclass method can not throw any new checked
exception but it can throw any runtime exception
3) Different exceptions in java follow some hierarchy tree(inheritance). In this case , if superclass method throws any checked
exception , then while overriding the method in subclass we can not throw any new checked exception or any checked exception
which are higher in hierarchy than the exception thrown in superclass method
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Q65. Similarity and Difference between static block and static method ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Both belong to the class as a whole and not to the individual objects. Static methods are explicitly called for execution whereas
Static block gets executed when the Class gets loaded by the JVM.
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Q66. What things should be kept in mind while creating your own
exceptions in Java? info@buggybread.com
Ans. All exceptions must be a child of Throwable.
If you want to write a checked exception that is automatically enforced by the Handle or Declare Rule, you need to extend the
Exception class.
You want to write a runtime exception, you need to extend the RuntimeException class.
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Frequently asked to fresh graduates and less experienced.
Core Java Admin

Q67. Difference between Compositions and Inheritance ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Inheritance means a object inheriting reusable properties of the base class. Compositions means that an abject holds other
objects.
In Inheritance there is only one object in memory ( derived object ) whereas in Composition , parent object holds references of all
composed objects.
From Design perspective - Inheritance is "is a" relationship among objects whereas Composition is "has a" relationship among
objects.
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Core Java 2016-11-30 21:00:43

Q68. Difference between Static and Singleton Class ?
Ans. 1. Static class is a class which cannot be instantiated and all its members are static whereas Singleton is the class that only
permit creation of single object and then the object is reused.
2. As there is no object in Static class, it cannot participate in runtime Polymorphism.
3. As Static class doesnt allow creating objects and hence it cannot be serialized.
4. Static class body is initialized eagerly at application load time whereas Singleton object can be initiated eagerly using static
blocks or lazily on first need.
5. Its not recommended to use pure static class as it fails to use many OOPs concepts.
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Frequently asked question in companies using hibernate.
Hibernate Admin
Q69. Difference between first level and second level cache in hibernate ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. 1. First level cache is enabled by default whereas Second level cache needs to be enabled explicitly.
2. First level Cache came with Hibernate 1.0 whereas Second level cache came with Hibernate 3.0.
3. First level Cache is Session specific whereas Second level cache is shared by sessions that is why First level cache is considered
local and second level cache is considered global.
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Q70. How to configure second level cache in Hibernate ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. 1. Configure Provider class in Hibernate configuration file.
2. Add Cache usage tag ( read-only or read-write ) in mapping files ( hbm ).
3. Create an XML file called ehcache.xml and place in classpath which contains time settings and update settings, behavior of cache
, lifetime and idletime of Pojos, how many objects are allowed.
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Hibernate Admin
Q71. What are the contents of Hibernate configuration file (
hibernate.cfg.xml ) ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. HBM Files ( Mapping )

DB Connection ( DB Connection String , User Name , Password , Pool Size )
SQL Dialect ( SQL variant to be generated )
Show SQL ( Show / No show SQL on Console )
Auto Commit ( True / False )
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Q72. Which annotations are used in Hibernate ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. @Entity
@Table
@Id
@Column
@Temporal
@Basic
@Enumerated
@Access
@Embeddable
@Lob
@AttributeOverride
@Embedded
@GeneratedValue
@ElementCollection
@JoinTable
@JoinColumn
@CollectionId
@GenericGenerator
@OneToOne
@OneToMany
@ManyToOne
@ManyToMany
@NotFound
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Core Java Admin

Q73. Difference between Predicate, Supplier and Consumer ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Predicate represents an anonymous function that accepts one argument and produces a result.
Supplier represents an anonymous function that accepts no argument and produces a result.
Consumer represents an anonymous function that accepts an argument and produces no result.
Sample Code for Predicate
Sample Code for Supplier
Sample Code for Consumer
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Q74. Can we override compareTo method for Enumerations ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. No. compareTo method is declared final for the Enumerations and hence cannot be overriden. This has been intentionally done
so that one cannot temper with the sorting order on the Enumeration which is the order in which Enum constants are declared.
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Q75. If you are given a choice to implement the code to either Insert a Solution admin
Record or Update if already exist, Which approach will you follow ? info@buggybread.com
1. Insert into the DB Table. If exception occurs, update the existing record.
2. Check if the record exists and update it if it exists, If not insert a new record.
Ans. In first case, there would be 2 DB calls in worst case and 1 in best case. In 2nd approach there will be always 2 DB calls.
Decision on the approach should depend on the following considerations -
1. How costly is the call to DB ? Are we using indices , hibernate etc
If calls to DB are costly , 1st approach should be the choice.
2. Exception Book keeping load upon exception.
The benefit of saving 1st call in approach 1 should be bigger than the Book keeping for the exception.
3. Probability of the exception in first apparoach.
If the DB Table is almost empty, it makes sense to follow Approach 1 as majority of the 1st calls will pass through without
exception.
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Very Frequently asked.
Core Java Admin

Q76. Explain throw, throws , try and catch in Java ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. throw is used to re throw an exception.
throws is used to declare that the method throws the respective exceptions.
try block is used to identify if the respective block has thrown any exception.
catch is used to catch the exception that has been thrown by the respective try block.
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Maven Admin
Q77. What is a transitive dependency ? Can we override Transitive
Dependency version and If Yes, how ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Transitive dependency is the dependencies not defined directly in the current POM but the POM of the dependent projects.
Yes we can override transitive dependency version by specifying the dependency in the current POM.
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Usually asked to experienced developers.
Maven Admin
Q78. What is a cyclic dependency ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. A has dependency of B, B has dependency of C and C has dependency of A,architecture,technical lead
With Maven 2 , came transitive dependency wherein in above scenario, C will acts as a dependency of A as if this dependency has
been defined directly in A but the negative side is that if it leads to cyclic dependency , it creates problems.
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Not frequently asked as it was introduced with Java 8.
Core Java Admin

Q79. What is StringJoiner ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. StringJoiner is a util method to construct a string with desired delimiter. This has been introduced with wef from Java 8.
Sample Code
StringJoiner strJoiner = new StringJoiner(".");

strJoiner.add("Buggy").add("Bread");
System.out.println(strJoiner); // prints Buggy.Bread
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Very Frequently asked. Have been asked in HCL Technologies very frequently ( based on 2 feedback ). Among first few questions in many interviews.
Core Java Admin

Q80. Differences between abstract class and interface ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Abstract classes can have both abstract methods ( method declarations ) as well as concrete methods ( inherited to the
derived classes ) whereas Interfaces can only have abstract methods ( method declarations ).
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Q81. Which of the following can be marked static ? Core Java Anonymous
a. Methods , Variables and Initialization Blocks.

b. Methods , Variables , Initialization Blocks and Outer Classes and nested
Classes.
c. Methods , Variables , Initialization Blocks and Outer Classes.
d. Methods , Variables , Initialization Blocks and nested Classes
Ans. Methods , Variables , Initialization Blocks and nested Classes
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Q82. Which of the following collections stores its elements in insertion Core Java Anonymous
Order ?
a. HashMap
b. TreeMap
c. LinkedHashMap
d. LinkedMap
Ans. LinkedHashMap
Sample Code for LinkedHashMap
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Q83. In what order the elements of a HashSet are retrieved ? Core Java Anonymous
a. Random Order
b. Insertion Order
c. Natural Sorting Order
d. Inverse Natural Sorting Order
Ans. Random Order
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Q84. Which of the following file is called deployment descriptor ? Java EE Anonymous
a. application.xml
b. project.xml
c. web.xml
d. build.xml
Ans. web.xml
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Q85. Collections.sort can only be performed on .. Core Java Anonymous
a. Set
b. List
c. Map
d. Any Collection implementation
Ans. List
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Q86. Which of the following is dependency exclusion ? Maven Anonymous
a. A doesn't depend on C and then A marks C as excluded.

b. A Depends on B and B depends on C and then A can mark B as excluded.
c. A and B depends on C and then they can mark C as excluded.
d. A depends upon B and B depends upon C then A marks C as excluded.
Ans. A depends upon B and B depends upon C then A marks C as excluded.
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Q87. Which of the following is false about main method ? Core Java Anonymous
a. It should be declared public and static

b. it should have only 1 argument of type String array
c. We can override main method
d. We can overload main method
Ans. We can override main method
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Q88. Which of the following is false about Constructors ? Core Java Anonymous
a. Constructor can be overloaded

b. A no argument constructor is provided by the compiler if we declare only
constructors with arguments.
c. Constructors shouldn't have any return types , not even void.
d. If super is not explicitly called, still super() is intrinsically added by the
compiler.
Ans. A no argument constructor is provided by the compiler if we declare only constructors with arguments.
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Q89. Which of the following doesn't extend Collection interface ? Core Java Anonymous
a. Set
b. List
c. Map
d. Queue
Ans. Map
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Q90. Which of the following Java feature promotes Code Re usability ? Core Java Anonymous
a. Abstraction
b. Encapsulation
c. Inheritance
d. Polymorphism
Ans. Inheritance
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Q91. Which of the following Java feature promotes access protection or Core Java Anonymous
Hiding ?
a. Inheritance
b. Encapsulation
c. Abstraction
d. Composition
Ans. Encapsulation
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information hiding
Q92. Which of the following is not a build tool ? Tool Anonymous
a. Maven
b. Ant
c. Gradle
d. svn
Ans. svn
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Q93. enums are intrinsically .. Core Java Anonymous
a. private
b. public
c. static
d. final
Ans. static
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Core Java Admin

Q94. Difference between parameters and arguments ? info@buggybread.com
Ans. Parameters are the variables that the method is expected to receive along with the method call. Arguments are the values
which are passed on while calling the methods.
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Almost sure to be asked in every company using any Dependency Injection framework ( Spring, Guice etc )
Design
Q95. What is Dependency Injection or IOC ( Inversion of Control ) ?
Ans. It is a Design Pattern that facilitates loose coupling by sending the dependency information ( object references of dependent
object ) while building the state of the object. Objects are designed in a manner where they receive instances of the objects from
other pieces of code, instead of constructing them internally and hence provide better flexibility.
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Software Alliance Inspection Management Promega Victorious Zoll Data Systems Parkmobile PerceptiMed Crate and
Barrel Carbonite Concur Codazen GlobalLogic AccuSoft Attinad Tillster AppRiver TrustPilot Pearson Kony Art Technology Group VeriSign Accion
Labs IGS Energy National Bankruptcy Services RealPage Green Dot Indecomm Global bebo Technologies Open Solutions Xoriant NCR Macmillan Cancer
Support NetSuite Asynchrony Labs DealDash Vizio Fiserv Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Tinder FICO Trustwave intermediate
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Core Java
Q96. In which cases , moving methods to utility class could be useful ?
Ans. It could be worthy to move a method to util class if the method needs to be shared, doesn't require polymorphic behavior and
need not be overridden in special cases.
Don't belong to one group through is-a relationship ( You can share through parent class method )
Don't implement a specific interface ( java 8 default methods )
Doesn't involve complex computing as you will be loosing the benefit of object state with just static method.
Doesn't require polymorphic behavior as static methods don't participate in runtime polymorphism.
Like Discuss Correct / Improve utility classes util classes static methods application design rare
Core Java
Q97. Why Java is not considered pure OOP's language ?
Ans. There are 2 reasons for it.
1. Usage of Primitive types - Though Java provides classes for the primitive data types but as the usage of primitives is permissible,
its considered unpure OOP's language.
2. Usage of Static members - Static members belong to the class and not objects and hence not considered fit for pure OOP's
programming.
Like Discuss Correct / Improve oops object oriented programming object oriented language primitive data types BSL
Information Technology Data64
This question can be asked in different variants like performace improvement of an application, improving performance for DB communication etc.
Solution 2016-05-29 09:42:39

Q98. What are the ways in which execution time of the code can be
improved ?
Ans. This depends on entirely upon the code type. For example
1.If its just logic, we can try it to short circuit or put the if / switch case with maximum probability in the beginning.
2. Can use faster data structures, for eg - random retrieval instead of sequence / iterator
3. Working with primitive types or even bytes instead of Objects, even though it may result in marginal improvement.
4. If its service call, then service call with bulk load can help
5. If DB Operation, then with use of Indices , Views or using ORM , cache etc.
Like Discuss Correct / Improve performance improvement code optimization Visa Inc
Core Java 2016-06-03 10:09:28

Q99. What are constructors and Destructors in Java ?
Ans. Constructors are used for initializing the object state once it is initialized and memory has been reserved for it.
Destructor is used to de-allocate memory allocated by objects.
There are no destructors in Java. Alternatively, Java provides Automatic garbage collection i.e automatically releasing the un-
referenced memory.
Sample Code for constructor
Like Discuss Correct / Improve constructors destructors Quinnox Tribro
OpenXava
Check everything
Click Here
Frequently asked. Among first few questions in the J2EE segment of interview.
Java EE 2016-06-04 22:46:40

Q100. What is the use of deployment descriptor ?
Ans. Deployment Descriptor which is usually web.xml is used to specify the classes, resources and configuration of the application
and how the web server uses them to serve web requests.This file is usually added to WEB-INF folder and contains following
* Servlet entries and url mapping

* Plugins
* Some info regarding authentication / filters
* Landing Page
* Event Handlers
Like Discuss Correct / Improve web.xml servlets deployment descriptor The NewBury Corp Fast
Dolphin uCertify General Electric Cognizant (CTS) Web coop HCL Technologies Tara Consultancy (TCS) Wipro Infosys Cognizant
(CTS) Sonatype IBM computer science corporation (CSC) basic frequent
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Its really a good repository.Very well maintained.
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Thanks Tricky !!!
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9/26/2017 Java - Advance & Core Java Interview Question and Answers | Search Java Coding Interview Question

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String x = new String("str");

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Ans. Composition - has-a relationship between classes.

Composition - Used in Dependency Injection

Composition - Single class objects can be composed within multiple classes.

Composition - Its the relationship between objects.

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Ans. Using new operator - new xyzClass()

Using factory methods - xyzFactory.getInstance( )

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Core Java 2016-05-26 14:17:48

For example - List myList;

Instantiation is reservation of memory.

myList = new ArrayList();

Initialization or construction is setting the default values for member elements.

myList = new ArrayList(mySet);

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1. Passing itself to another method.

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