Java

Contents
S.No Topic Page. No.
1 Cover Page
2 Syllabus copy
3 Vision of the Department
4 Mission of the Department
5 PEOs and POs
6 Course objectives and outcomes
7 Course mapping with POs
8 Brief notes on the importance of the course and how it fits into the curriculum
9 Prerequisites if any
10 Instructional Learning Outcomes
11 Class Time Table
12 Individual Time Table
13 Lecture schedule with methodology being used/adopted
14 Detailed notes
15 Additional topics
16 University Question papers of previous years
17 Question Bank
18 Assignment Questions
19 Unit wise Quiz Questions and long answer questions
20 Tutorial problems
21 Known gaps ,if any and inclusion of the same in lecture schedule
22 Discussion topics , if any

23 References, Journals, websites and E-links if any
24 Quality Measurement Sheets
A Course End Survey
B Teaching Evaluation
25 Student List
26 Group-Wise students list for discussion topic
Course coordinator Program Coordinator HOD

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Ranga Reddy District – 501 301 (T.S)
JAVA PROGRAMMING
Course File
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Lab In charge HOD-CSE

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
(Name of the Subject/Lab Course): Java Programming
(JNTU CODE: A40503 ) Programme: UG
Branch: CSE Version No: 1
Year: II A & B ,C&D Document Number :GCET/CSE/
Semester: I No. of Pages:
Classification status (Unrestricted/Restricted ) : Unrestricted
Distribution List: Unrestricted
Prepared by :
1) Name : A.Sree Lakshmi 1) Name : N. Swapna
2) Sign : 2) Sign :
3) Design : ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR 3) Design : ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
4) Date : 4) Date :
Verified by : *For Q.C only
1) Name : 1)Name :
2) Sign : 2) Sign :
3) Design : 3) Design :
4) Date : 4) Date :
Approved by (HOD) :
1) Name :
2) Sign :
3) Date :
2) Syllabus copy
Syllabus
UNIT-I
OOP concepts:
- Data abstraction , encapsulation , inheritance, benefits of inheritance , polymorphism,
classes and objects , procedural and Object oriented programming paradigms
Java Programming
-History of Java, comments, datatypes, variables, constants, , scope and life time of
variables,operators,operator hierarchy, expressions, type conversion and casting, enumerated
types,control flow block scope, conditional statements, loops break and continue
statements.simple java program ,arrays,console input and output, formatting output, constructors,
methods, parameter passing, static fields and methods, access control, this keyword, overloading
methods and constructors recursion,garbage collection,building strings, exploring string class
UNIT-II
Inheritance –Definition ,hierarchies, super and subclasses , Member access rules, super
keyword,preventing inheritance : final classes and methods , the Object class and its methods.
Polymorphism- Dynamic binding, method overriding, abstract classes and methods .
Interfaces : Interfaces VS Abstrct classes,defining an interface , implementing interfaces,
accessing implementations through interface references, extending interface.
Inner classes: Uses of inner classes, local inner classes, anonymous inner classes, static inner
classes, examples.
Packages: Definition, Creating and Accessing a package, understanding CLASSPATH,
importing packages.
UNIT-III
Exception handling – Dealing with errors, benefits of exception handling, the classification of
exceptions- exception hierarchy, checked exceptions and unchecked exceptions, usage of try,
catch, throw, throws and finally, rethrowing exceptions, exception specification,built in
exceptions, creating own exception sub classes.
Multi-Threading:- Differences between multiple processes and multiple threads, thread states,
creating threads, interrupting threads, thread priorities, synchronizing threads, inter thread
communication, producer consumer pattern.
UNIT-IV
Collection Frame work in java: Introduction to java Collections, overview of java collection
frame work, Generics, commonly used collection classes- ArrayList, Vector, Hash table, Stack,
Enumeration, Iterator,String tokenizer, Random, Scanner, Calendar and Properties
Files: streams – byte streams, character streams, text input/ Output binary input/ output
Random access file operations, file management using file class.
Connecting to Database-JDBC type 1 to 4 drivers , connecting to a data base , querying a data
base and processing the results, updating data with JDBC.
UNIT –V
GUI Programming with java-The AWT class hierarchy, Inroduction to Swing, Swing VS
AWT, Hierarchy for Swing components, containers-JFrame, JApplet,JDialog,JPannel, Overview
of some swing components-Jbutton, Jlabel,JTextfield,JTextarea, simple Swing Applications,
LayoutManagement- Layout Manager types- border , grid and flow
Event handling: Events, event sources , event classes, event Listeners, Relationship between
event sources and Listeners Delegation event model, Examples: handling a button click,
handling mouse events, Adapter classes.
Applets – Inheritance hierarchy for applets, differences between applets and applications ,life
cycle of an applet, passing parameters , applet security issues.
TEXT BOOKS
. .1. Java fundamentals- A comprehensive Introduction HerbertSchildt and Dale Skrien,TMH
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Java for Programmers, PJ. Dietel and H.M Deitel Pearson education.
2. Object Oriented Programming through Java. P.Radha Krishna. Universities Press.
3. Thinking in Java Bruce Eckel, Pearson Education.
4. Programming in Java , S. Malhotra and S. Choudhary , Oxford University Press.
3. Vision of the Department
To produce globally competent and socially responsible computer science engineers
contributing to the advancement of engineering and technology which involves creativity and
innovation by providing excellent learning environment with world class facilities.
4. Mission of the Department

1. To be a center of excellence in instruction, innovation in research and scholarship, and
service to the stake holders, the profession, and the public.
2. To prepare graduates to enter a rapidly changing field as a competent computer science

engineer.
3. To prepare graduate capable in all phases of software development, possess a firm

understanding of hardware technologies, have the strong mathematical background
necessary for scientific computing, and be sufficiently well versed in general theory to
allow growth within the discipline as it advances.
4. To prepare graduates to assume leadership roles by possessing good communication skills,

the ability to work effectively as team members, and an appreciation for their social and
ethical responsibility in a global setting.
5. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs) OF C.S.E. DEPARTMENT

1. To provide graduates with a good foundation in mathematics, sciences and engineering
fundamentals required to solve engineering problems that will facilitate them to find
employment in industry and / or to pursue postgraduate studies with an appreciation for
lifelong learning.
2. To provide graduates with analytical and problem solving skills to design algorithms,
other hardware / software systems, and inculcate professional ethics, inter-personal skills
to work in a multi-cultural team.
3. To facilitate graduates to get familiarized with the art software / hardware tools, imbibing
creativity and innovation that would enable them to develop cutting-edge technologies of
multi-disciplinary nature for societal development.
6.PROGRAM OUTCOMES (CSE)
1. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering to develop

and analyze computing systems.
2. an ability to analyze a problem and identify and define the computing requirements
appropriate for its solution under given constraints.
3. An ability to perform experiments to analyze and interpret data for different
applications.
4. An ability to design, implement and evaluate computer-based systems, processes,
components or programs to meet desired needs within realistic constraints of time
and space.
5. An ability to use current techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary to
practice as a CSE professional.
6. An ability to recognize the importance of professional, ethical, legal, security and
social issues and addressing these issues as a professional.
7. An ability to analyze the local and global impact of systems /processes /applications
/technologies on individuals, organizations, society and environment.
8. An ability to function in multidisciplinary teams.
9. An ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences.
10. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering, management and
economic principles and apply them to manage projects as a member and leader in a
team.
11. A recognition of the need for and an ability to engage in life-long learning and
continuing professional development
12. Knowledge of contemporary issues.
13. An ability to apply design and development principles in producing software systems
of varying complexity using various project management tools.
14. An ability to identify, formulate and solve innovative engineering problems.
7.Course objectives and outcomes
Course Objectives:
1) To understand Object Oriented Programming concepts and apply them in problem
solving.
2) To learn the basics of java concepts and GUI based programming.
Course Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students would be able to:
A40503.1. Understand the concept of OOP as well as the purpose and usage principles of
inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation and method overloading.
A40503.2. Identify classes, objects, members of a class and the relationships among them
needed for a specific problem.
A40503.3. Create Java application programs using sound OOP practices (e.g., interfaces
and APIs) and proper program structuring (e.g., by using access control identifies,
automatic documentation through comments, error exception handling)
A40503.4. Develop programs using the Java Collection API as well as the Java standard
class library.
A40503.5. Develop the skills to apply java programming in problem solving.
A40503.6. Should get the ability to extend his/her knowledge of java programming further
on his her own.
8 Brief notes on the importance of the course and how it fits into the curriculum
This course introduces students to object oriented programming and design.
Students will be exposed to the principles of the object oriented programming paradigm
specifically including abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. They are
equipped to use an object oriented programming language Java, and associated class libraries, to
develop object oriented programs with a clear understanding of Java features. The course helps
the students to design, develop, test, and debug programs using object oriented principles, GUI
design with Applets and Swings, JDBC –ODBC connections in conjuncture with an integrated
development environment Eclipse. They will be able to describe and explain the factors that
contribute to a good object oriented solution.
The course enables a student to analyze a problem and identify and define thecomputing
requirements appropriate for its solution under given constraints, to perform experiments to
analyze and interpret data for different applications, and to design, implement and evaluate
computer-based systems, processes, components or programs to meet desired needs within
realistic constraints of time and space. The student can use current techniques, skills and tools
necessary to practice as a CSE professional and continuing professional development. The
student gains knowledge of subject to apply design and development principles in producing
software systems of varying complexity
9 Prerequisites if any
i) Knowledge in programming i.e., C language
10 Instructional Learning Outcomes
Unit-I:
Students gain ability to
1. Explain and apply object oriented concepts
2. Differentiate Procedural and object oriented paradigms
3. Explain features of Java programming language
4. Write simple java stand alone applications
Unit-II
1. Apply the Concepts of inheritance, Polymorphism and Interfaces and Packages
2. Design abstract classes and interfaces and analyze when to use them.
2. Create and access a package.
Unit-III
1. Handle Exceptions and create own exception sub classes.
2. Multithread programming with an ability to synchronize threads.
Unit- IV
1. Use the Collection Frame work in java.
2. File management with a clear understanding of different kinds of input output streams
3. Connecting and querying a database using JDBC
Unit-V
1. Design GUI screens using AWT and Swings
2. Handle different types of events
3. Design Applets
11 Course mapping with POs
Course POS
Code and Title
A40503- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Java Programming
A40503.1Understand the 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
concept of OOP as well as the
purpose and usage principles of
inheritance, polymorphism,
encapsulation and method
overloading
A40503.2Identify classes, 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
objects, members of a class and
the relationships among them
needed for a specific problem.
A40503.3.Create Java 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
application programs using
sound OOP practices (e.g.,
interfaces and APIs) and proper
program structuring (e.g., by
using access control identifies,
automatic documentation
through comments, error
exception handling)
A40503.4.Develop programs 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
using the Java Collection API as
well as the Java standard class
library.
A40503.5. Develop the skills to 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
apply java programming in
problem solving.
A40503.6. Should get the ability 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
to extend his/her knowledge of
java programming further on his
her own.
12 Class Time Table.
13 Lecture schedule with methodology being used/adopted
Section A
SNO LECTURE TOPIC NAME Methodology
NO OHP/Board/LCD
UNIT I
1 1 Introduction to subject: Objectives , Outcomes Board
2 1 Object Oriented Programming Concepts. Board
3 1 Procudural and Object Oriented Paradigms Board
4 1 History of JAVA Board
5 1 Data Types, Variables ,constants ,Scope and lifetime of Board
variables
4 1 Creating a simple java program, compiling and running, Board
5 1 Operators, expressions,Type conversion and casting Board
6 1 Control Statements Board
7 1 Arrays, console input and output Board
8 1 classes and objects, Concepts of classes, constructors and Board
methods
9 1 Access control, this keyword, garbage collection Board
10 1 Overloading methods and constructors Board
11 1 Recursion, String handling Board
Total 13 Board
UNIT II
12 1 Inheritance definition, single inheritance, benefits of Board
inheritance
13 1 Super classes and subclass Member access rules Board
14 1 Preventing inheritance:final class and methods Board
15 1 Base class object and its methods Board
16 1 Polymorphism: dynamic Binding Board
17 1 Method overriding Board
18 1 Abstract classes and methods Board
19 1 Defining an interface, implementing interface Board
20 1 Implements and extends keywords Board
21 1 An application using an interfaces and uses of interfaces Board
22 1 Differences between abstract classes and interfaces Board
23 1 Inner classes(local and Anonymous and static) Board
24 1 examples Board
25 1 Defining, Creating and Accessing a Package, Types of Board
packages
26 1 Understanding CLASSPATH, importing packages Board
Total 15
UNIT III
27 1 Dealing with errors and benefits of Exception Handling Board
28 1 Concepts of Exception handling, Exception hierarchy Board
29 1 Types of exceptions, usage of try, catch, throw, throws, Board
finally keywords
30 1 Built in Exceptions, Creating own Exception sub classes Board
31 1 Differences between multiple Processes and Multiple Board
threads
32 1 Thread life cycle, creating multiple threads by using thread Board
class
33 1 Creating multiple threads by using Runnable interface Board
34 1 Interrupting threads and thread priorities Board
35 1 Synchronization Board
36 1 Inter thread communication Board
Total 10
UNIT IV
37 1 Introduction and Overview of Collection framework Board
38 1 Generics Board
39 1 Commonly used Classes- ArrayList, Vector Board
40 1 Hashtable, stack Board
41 1 Enumeration and iterator Board
42 1 String tokenizer Board
43 1 Random, scanner, calendar and properties Board

44 1 Files- streams Board
45 1 Text input/output Board
46 1 binary input/output Board
47 1 Random access file operations, File management using file Board
class
48 1 Connecting to database : drivers – 4 types Board

49 1 Connection and querying the database, Updating data with Board
JDBC
Total 13
UNIT V
50 1 Advantages of GUI over CUI, The AWT class hierarchy Board
51 1 Introduction to swing and Swing VS AWT Board
52 1 Hierarchy for swing components Board
53 1 containers Board
54 1 Jbutton,jtextfield,jtextarea with example Board
55 1 Layout managers(border, grid and flow) Board
56 1 Event handling Board
57 1 Events, sources, classes, listeners Board
58 1 Relationship between event sources and listeners Board
59 1 Delegation Event model Board
60 1 Handling button click Board
61 1 Handling mouse events Board
62 1 Concepts of Applets, differences between applets and, Board
Applications
63 1 Life cycle of an applet Board
64 1 Types of applets, creating applets, passing parameters to Board
applets
65 1 Applet security Board
Total 16
Section B
NO OHP/Board/LCD
UNIT I
variables
methods
Total 13 Board
UNIT II
inheritance
24 1 examples Board
packages
Total 15
UNIT III
finally keywords
threads
32 1 Thread life cycle, creating multiple threads by using thread Board
class
Total 10
UNIT IV
38 1 Generics Board

47 1 Random access file operations, File management using file Board
class
JDBC
Total 13
UNIT V
Applications
applets
Total 16
Section C
NO OHP/Board/LCD
UNIT I
variables
methods
Total 13 Board
UNIT II
inheritance
24 1 examples Board
packages
Total 15
UNIT III
finally keywords
threads
32 1 Thread life cycle, creating multiple threads by using Board
thread class
Total 10
UNIT IV
38 1 Generics Board
47 1 Random access file operations, File management using Board
file class
JDBC
Total 13
UNIT V
Applications
applets
Total 16
NO OHP/Board/LCD
UNIT I
variables
methods
Total 13 Board
UNIT II
inheritance
24 1 examples Board
packages
Total 15
UNIT III
finally keywords
threads
32 1 Thread life cycle, creating multiple threads by using Board
thread class
Total 10
UNIT IV
38 1 Generics Board
47 1 Random access file operations, File management using Board
file class
JDBC
Total 13
UNIT V
Applications
applets
Total 16
14 Detailed notes
Java is a programming language and a platform.

Java is a high level, robust, secured and object-oriented programming language.
Platform: Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs, is known as a
platform. Since Java has its own runtime environment (JRE) and API, it is called platform.
Java Example
Let's have a quick look at java programming example. A detailed description of hello java
example is given in next page.
1. class Simple{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. System.out.println("Hello Java");
4. }
5. }
Uses of java
According to Sun, 3 billion devices run java. There are many devices where java is currently
used. Some of them are as follows:
1. Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus etc.
2. Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com etc.
3. Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
4. Mobile
5. Embedded System
6. Smart Card
7. Robotics
8. Games etc.
Types of Java Applications

There are mainly 4 types of applications that can be created using java programming:
1) Standalone Application
It is also known as desktop application or window-based application. An application that we
need to install on every machine such as media player, antivirus etc. AWT and Swing are used in
java for creating standalone applications.
2) Web Application
An application that runs on the server side and creates dynamic page, is called web application.
Currently, servlet, jsp, struts, jsf etc. technologies are used for creating web applications in java.
3) Enterprise Application
An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications etc. It has the advantage
of high level security, load balancing and clustering. In java, EJB is used for creating enterprise
applications.
4) Mobile Application
An application that is created for mobile devices. Currently Android and Java ME are used for
creating mobile applications.
History of Java
1. Brief history of Java
2. Java Version History
Java history is interesting to know. The history of java starts from Green Team. Java team
members (also known as Green Team), initiated a revolutionary task to develop a language for
digital devices such as set-top boxes, televisions etc.
For the green team members, it was an advance concept at that time. But, it was suited for
internet programming. Later, Java technology as incorporated by Netscape.
Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices, games, e-business solutions etc.
There are given the major points that describes the history of java.
1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in
June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.
2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-top boxes.
3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling and file extension was .gt.
4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.
Why Oak name for java language?

5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and choosen as a national tree of many countries like U.S.A.,
France, Germany, Romania etc.
6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already a trademark by Oak
Technologies.
Why Java name for java language?
7) Why they choosed java name for java language? The team gathered to choose a new name.
The suggested words were "dynamic", "revolutionary", "Silk", "jolt", "DNA" etc. They wanted
something that reflected the essence of the technology: revolutionary, dynamic, lively, cool,
unique, and easy to spell and fun to say.
According to James Gosling "Java was one of the top choices along with Silk". Since java was
so unique, most of the team members preferred java.
8) Java is an island of Indonesia where first coffee was produced (called java coffee).
9) Notice that Java is just a name not an acronym.
10) Originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which is now a subsidiary of
Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995.
11) In 1995, Time magazine called Java one of the Ten Best Products of 1995.
1.2 Basic Concept of OOP(Object-Oriented Programming):
There are some basic concepts of object oriented programming as follows:

1. Object
2. Class
3. Data abstraction
4. Data encapsulation
5. Inheritance
6. Polymorphism
7. Dynamic binding
1. Object
Objects are important runtime entities in object oriented method. They may characterize a
location, a bank account, and a table of data or any entry that the program must handle.
Each object holds data and code to operate the data. Object can interact without having to
identify the details of each other‘s data or code. It is sufficient to identify the type of message
received and the type of reply returned by the objects.
example of object is CAR

Object: CAR
DATA
Colour
Cost
METHODS
LockIt()
DriveIt()
Fig.1.2 Representation of object ―CAR‖
Fig.1.1and Fig.1.2 shows actual representation of object.
2. Classes
A class is a set of objects with similar properties (attributes), common behaviour (operations),
and common link to other objects. The complete set of data and code of an object can be made a
user defined data type with the help of class.
The objects are variable of type class. A class is a collection of objects of similar type. Classes
are user defined data types and work like the build in type of the programming language. Once
the class has been defined, we can make any number of objects belonging to that class. Each
object is related with the data of type class with which they are formed.
As we learned that, the classification of objects into various classes is based on its properties
(States) and behaviour (methods). Classes are used to distinguish are type of object from
another. The important thing about the class is to identify the properties and procedures and
applicability to its instances.
In above example, we will create an objects MH-01 1234 belonging to the class car. The objects
develop their distinctiveness from the difference in their attribute value and relationships to other
objects.
3. Data Abstraction
Data abstraction refers to the act of representing important description without including the
background details or explanations.
Classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as a list of abstract attributes such as size,
cost and functions operate on these attributes. They summarize all the important properties of the
objects that are to be created.
Classes use the concepts of data abstraction and it is called as Abstract Data Type (ADT).
4. Data Encapsulation
Data Encapsulation means wrapping of data and functions into a single unit (i.e. class). It is most
useful feature of class. The data is not easy to get to the outside world and only those functions
which are enclosed in the class can access it.
These functions provide the boundary between Object‘s data and program. This insulation of
data from direct access by the program is called as Data hiding.
5. Inheritance
Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class can get the properties of objects of another
class. Inheritance means one class of objects inherits the data and behaviours from another class.
Inheritance maintains the hierarchical classification in which a class inherits from its parents.
Inheritance provides the important feature of OOP that is reusability. That means we can include
additional characteristics to an existing class without modification. This is possible deriving a new
class from existing one.
In other words, it is property of object-oriented systems that allow objects to be built from other
objects. Inheritance allows openly taking help of the commonality of objects when constructing
new classes. Inheritance is a relationship between classes where one class is the parent class of
another (derived) class. The derived class holds the properties and behaviour of base class in
addition to the properties and behaviour of derived class.
In Fig.1.5, the Santro is a part of the class Hyundai which is again part of the class car and car is
the part of the class vehicle. That means vehicle class is the parent class.
6. Polymorphism
(Poly means ―many‖ and morph means ―form‖). Polymorphism means the ability to take more
than one form. Polymorphism plays a main role in allocate objects having different internal
structures to share the same external interface. This means that a general class of operations may
be accessed in the same manner even though specific activities associated with each operation
may differ. Polymorphism is broadly used in implementing inheritance.
It means objects that can take on or assume many different forms. Polymorphism means that the
same operations may behave differently on different classes. Booch defines polymorphism as
the relationship of objects many different classes by some common super class. Polymorphism
allows us to write generic, reusable code more easily, because we can specify general
instructions and delegate the implementation detail to the objects involved.
For Example:
In a pay roll system, manager, office staff and production worker objects all will respond to
the compute payroll message, but the real operations performed are object particular.
7. Dynamic Binding
Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to be executed in response to the
call. Dynamic binding means that the code related with a given procedure call is not known until
the time of the call at run time.
Dynamic binding is associated polymorphism and inheritance.
1.4 JAVA Features:
As we know that the Java is an object oriented programming language developed by Sun
Microsystems of USA in 1991. Java is first programming language which is not attached with
any particular hardware or operating system. Program developed in Java can be executed
anywhere and on any system.
Features of Java are as follows:

1. Compiled and Interpreted
2. Platform Independent and portable
3. Object- oriented
4. Robust and secure
5. Distributed
6. Familiar, simple and small
7. Multithreaded and Interactive
8. High performance
9. Dynamic and Extensible

1. Compiled and Interpreted
Basically a computer language is either compiled or interpreted. Java comes together

both these approach thus making Java a two-stage system.
Java compiler translates Java code to Bytecode instructions and Java Interpreter generate
machine code that can be directly executed by machine that is running the Java program.
2. Platform Independent and portable
Java supports the feature portability. Java programs can be easily moved from one computer
system to another and anywhere. Changes and upgrades in operating systems, processors
and system resources will not force any alteration in Java programs. This is reason why Java
has become a trendy language for programming on Internet which interconnects different
kind of systems worldwide. Java certifies portability in two ways.
First way is, Java compiler generates the bytecode and that can be executed on any
machine. Second way is, size of primitive data types are machine independent.
3. Object- oriented
Java is truly object-oriented language. In Java, almost everything is an Object. All program
code and data exist in objects and classes. Java comes with an extensive set of classes; organize
in packages that can be used in program by Inheritance. The object model in Java is trouble-free
and easy to enlarge.
4. Robust and secure
Java is a most strong language which provides many securities to make certain reliable code. It is
design as garbage –collected language, which helps the programmers virtually from all memory
management problems. Java also includes the concept of exception handling, which detain
serious errors and reduces all kind of threat of crashing the system.
Security is an important feature of Java and this is the strong reason that programmer
use this language for programming on Internet.
The absence of pointers in Java ensures that programs cannot get right of entry to
memory location without proper approval.
5. Distributed
Java is called as Distributed language for construct applications on networks which can
contribute both data and programs. Java applications can open and access remote objects on
Internet easily. That means multiple programmers at multiple remote locations to work
together on single task.
6. Simple and small
Java is very small and simple language. Java does not use pointer and header files,
goto statements, etc. It eliminates operator overloading and multiple inheritance.
7. Multithreaded and Interactive
Multithreaded means managing multiple tasks simultaneously. Java maintains multithreaded

programs. That means we need not wait for the application to complete one task before
starting next task. This feature is helpful for graphic applications.
8. High performance
Java performance is very extraordinary for an interpreted language, majorly due to the use of
intermediate bytecode. Java architecture is also designed to reduce overheads during runtime.
The incorporation of multithreading improves the execution speed of program.
9. Dynamic and Extensible
Java is also dynamic language. Java is capable of dynamically linking in new class,
libraries, methods and objects. Java can also establish the type of class through the query
building it possible to either dynamically link or abort the program, depending on the reply.
Java program is support functions written in other language such as C and C++, known as native
methods.
1.5 Comparison in Java and C++
Java C++
1 Java is true Object-oriented C++ is basically C with Object-oriented
language. extension.
2 Java does not support operator C++ supports operator overloading.
overloading.
3 It supports labels with loops and It supports goto statement.
statement blocks
4 Java does not have template C++ has template classes.
classes as in C++.
5 Java compiled into byte code for Source code can be written to be platform
the Java Virtual Machine. The independent and written to take advantage
source code is independent on of platform.C++ typically compiled into
operating system. machine code.
6 Java does not support multiple C++ supports multiple inheritance of
inheritance of classes but it classes.
supports interface.
7 Runs in a protected virtual Exposes low-level system facilities.
machine.
8 Java does not support global C++ support global variable.
variable. Every variable should
declare in class.
9 Java does not use pointer. C++ uses pointer.
10 It Strictly enforces an object It Allows both procedural programming
oriented programming paradigm. and object-oriented programming.
11 There are no header files in Java. We have to use header file in C++.
1.6 Java Virtual machine:

As we know that all programming language compilers convert the source code to machine
code.Same job done by Java Compiler to run a Java program, but the difference is that Java
compiler convert the source code into Intermediate code is called as bytecode. This machine is
called the Java Virtual machine and it exits only inside the computer memory.
Following figure shows the process of compilation.
Java Java Virtual

Program Compiler Machine
Source Code Byte Code
The Virtual machine code is not machine specific. The machine specific code is generated. By Java interpreter by
acting as an intermediary between the virtual machine and real machines shown below
Byte Code Java Machine code

Interpreter
Virtual machine Real Machine
1.7 Java Environment:
Java environment includes a number of development tools, classes and methods. The development
tools are part of the system known as Java Development Kit (JDK) and the classes and methods are
part of the Java Standard Library (JSL), also known as the Application Programming Interface
(API).
Java Development kit (JDK) – The JDK comes with a set of tools that are used for developing
and running Java program. It includes:
1. Appletviewer( It is used for viewing the applet)
2. Javac(It is a Java Compiler)
3. Java(It is a java interpreter)
4. Javap(Java diassembler,which convert byte code into program

description)
5. Javah(It is for java C header files)

6. Javadoc(It is for creating HTML document)
7. Jdb(It is Java debugger)
For compiling and running the program we have to use following commands:
a) javac (Java compiler)

In java, we can use any text editor for writing program and then save that program with
―.java‖ extension. Java compiler convert the source code or program in bytecode and
interpreter convert ―.java‖ file in ―.class‖ file.
Syntax:
C:\javac filename.java
If my filename is ―abc.java‖ then the syntax will be
C:\javac abc.java
b) java(Java Interpreter)
As we learn that, we can use any text editor for writing program and then save that
program with ―.java‖ extension. Java compiler convert the source code or program in
bytecode and interpreter convert ―.java‖ file in ―.class‖ file.
Syntax:
C:\java filename
If my filename is abc.java then the syntax will be
C:\java abc
1.5 Simple Java Program:
class FirstProgram
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(―This is my first program‖);
}
}
The file must be named ―FirstProgram.java‖ to equivalent the class name containing the
main method.
Java is case sensitive. This program defines a class called ―FirstProgram‖.
A class is an object oriented term. It is designed to perform a specific task. A Java class is
defined by its class name, an open curly brace, a list of methods and fields, and a close curly
brace.
The name of the class is made of alphabetical characters and digits without spaces, the
first character must be alphabetical.
The line ―public static void main (String [] args )‖ shows where the program will start
running. The word main means that this is the main method –
The JVM starts running any program by executing this method first. The
main method in ―FirstProgram.java‖ consists of a single statement
System.out.println("This is my first program");
The statement outputs the character between quotes to the console.
Above explanation is about how to write program and now we have to learn where to
write program and how to compile and run the program.
For this reason, the next explanation is showing the steps.
1. Edit the program by the use of Notepad.

2. Save the program to the hard disk.
3. Compile the program with the javac command.(Java compiler)
4. If there are syntax errors, go back to Notepad and edit the program.
5. Run the program with the java command.(Java Interpreter)
6. If it does not run correctly, go back to Notepad and edit the program.
7. When it shows result then stop.
2.1 Data types:
A data type is a scheme for representing values. An example is int which is the Integer, a
data type.
Values are not just numbers, but any manner of data that a computer can process. The
data type defines the kind of data that is represented by a variable.
As with the keyword class, Java data types are case sensitive.
There are two types of data types

primitive data type non-
pimitive data type
In primitive data types, there are two categories
numeric means Integer, Floating points
Non-numeric means Character and Boolean
In non-pimitive types, there are three categories

classes
arrays
interface
Following table shows the datatypes with their size and ranges.
Data type Size (byte) Range

byte 1 -128 to 127
boolean 1 True or false
char 2 A-Z,a-z,0-9,etc.
short 2 -32768 to 32767
Int 4 (about) -2 million to 2 million
long 8 (about) -10E18 to 10E18
float 4 -3.4E38 to 3.4E18
double 8 -1.7E308 to 1.7E308
Fig: Datatypes with size and range

2.1.1Integer data type:
Integer datatype can hold the numbers (the number can be positive number or negative
number). In Java, there are four types of integer as follows:
byte
short int
long
We can make ineger long by adding ‗l‘ or ‗L‘ at the end of the number.
2.1.2Floating point data type:
It is also called as Real number and when we require accuracy then we can use it.
There are two types of floating point data type.
float
double
It is represent single and double precision numbers. The float type is used for single precision and it
uses 4 bytes for storage space. It is very useful when we require accuracy with small degree of
precision. But in double type, it is used for double precision and uses 8 bytes of starage space. It is
useful for large degree of precision.
2.1.3 Character data type:

It is used to store single character in memory. It uses 2 bytes storage space.
2.1.4 Boolean data type:

It is used when we want to test a particular condition during the excution of the program. There
are only two values that a boolean type can hold: true and false.
Boolean type is denoted by the keyword boolean and uses only one bit of storage.
2.2 Mixing Data types:
Java allows mixing of constants and variables of different types in an expression, but during
assessment it hold to very strict rules of type conversion.
When computer consider operand and operator and if operands are different types then type is
automatically convert in higher type.
Following table shows the automatic type conversion.
char byte short int long float double

Char int int int int long float double
Byte int int int int long float double
Short int int int int long float double
Int int int int int long float double
Long long long long long long float double
Float float float float float float float double
double double double double double double double double
2.3 Variables:
Variables are labels that express a particular position in memory and connect
it with a data type.
The first way to declare a variable: This specifies its data type, and reserves memory for it. It
assigns zero to primitive types and null to objects.
dataType variableName;
The second way to declare a variable: This specifies its data type, reserves memory for it, and
puts an initial value into that memory. The initial
value must be of the correct data type.
dataType variableName = initialValue;
The first way to declare two variables: all of the same data type, reserves memory for each.
dataType variableNameOne, variableNameTwo;
The second way to declare two variables: both of the same data type, reserves
memory, and puts an initial value in each variable.
dataType variableNameI = initialValueI, variableNameII=initialValueII;
2.3.1 Variable name:
Use only the characters ‗a‘ through ‗z‘, ‗A‘ through ‗Z‘, ‗0‘ through ‗9‘, character ‗_‘,
and character ‗$‘.
A name cannot include the space character. Do

not begin with a digit.
A name can be of any realistic length.

Upper and lower case count as different characters. A
name cannot be a reserved word (keyword).
A name must not previously be in utilized in this block of the program.
2.4 Constant:
Constant means fixed value which is not change at the time of execution of program. In Java, there
are two types of constant as follows:
Numeric Constants
 
Integer constant

 
Real constant
Character Constants
 
Character constant

 
String constant

2.4.1 Integer Constant:

An Integer constant refers to a series of digits. There are three types of integer as follows:
a) Decimal integer
Embedded spaces, commas and characters are not alloed in between digits. For
example:
23 411
7,00,000
17.33
b) Octal integer
It allows us any sequence of numbers or digits from 0 to 7 with leading 0 and it is called as
Octal integer.
For example:
011
00
0425
c) Hexadecimal integer
It allows the sequence which is preceded by 0X or 0x and it also allows alphabets from ‗A‘ to
‗F‘ or ‗a‘ to ‗f‘ (‗A‘ to ‗F‘ stands for the numbers ‗10‘ to ‗15‘) it is called as Hexadecimal
integer.
For example:
0x7
00X
0A2B
2.4.2 Real Constant
It allows us fractional data and it is also called as folating point constant. It

is used for percentage, height and so on.
For example:
0.0234 0.777 -
1.23
2.4.3 Character Constant
It allows us single character within pair of single coute.

For example:
‗A‘
‗7‘
‗\‘
2.4.4 String Constant
It allows us the series of characters within pair of double coute.

For example:
―WELCOME‖
―END OF PROGRAM‖
―BYE …BYE‖
―A‖
2.4.5 Symbolic constant:
In Java program, there are many things which is requires repeatedly and if we want to make
changes then we have to make these changes in whole program where this variable is used. For
this purpose, Java provides ‗final‘ keyword to declare the value of variable as follows:
Syntax:
final type Symbolic_name=value;
For example:
If I want to declare the value of ‗PI‘ then:
final float PI=3.1459
the condition is, Symbolic_name will be in capital letter( it shows the difference between normal
variable and symblic name) and do not declare in method.
2.4.6 Backslash character constant:
Java support some special character constant which are given in following table.
Constant Importance
‗\b‘ Back space
‗\t‘ Tab
‗\n‘ New line
‗\\‘ Backslash
‗\‖ Single coute
‗\‖‘ Double coute
2.5 Comments:
A comment is a note written to a human reader of a program. The program compiles

and runs exactly the same with or without comments. Comments start
with the two characters ―//‖ (slash slash). Those characters and everything that follows them on
the same line are ignored by the java compiler.
everything between the two characters ―/*‖and the two characters ―*/‖ are unobserved by the
compiler. There can be many lines of comments between the ―/*‖ and the ―*/‖.
2.6 Command line arguments:

Command line arguments are parameters that are supplied to the application program at the time of
invoking its execution. They must be supplied at the time of its execution following the file name.
In the main () method, the args is confirmed as an array of string known as string objects. Any
argument provided in the command line at the time of program execution, are accepted to the array
args as its elements. Using index or subscripted entry can access the individual elements of an
array. The number of element in the array args can be getting with the length parameter.
3.1 Introduction:
A Java program is basically a set of classes. A class is defined by a set of declaration statements
and methods or functions. Most statements contain expressions, which express the actions carried
out on information or data. Smallest indivisual thing in a program are known as tokens. The
compiler recognizes them for building up expression and statements.
3.2 Tokens in Java:

There are five types of token as follows:
1. Literals
2. Identifiers
3. Operators
4. Separators
3.2.1 Literals:
Literals in Java are a sequence of characters (digits, letters and other characters) that characterize
constant values to be stored in variables. Java language specifies five major types of literals are as
follows:
1. Integer literals
2. Floating point literals
3. Character literals
4. String literals
5. Boolean literals
3.2.2 Identifiers:
Identifiers are programmer-created tokens. They are used for naming classes, methods, variables,
objects, labels, packages and interfaces in a program. Java identifiers follow the following rules:
1. They can have alphabets, digits, and the underscore and dollar sign characters.
2. They must not start with a digit.
3. Uppercase and lowercase letters are individual.
4. They can be of any length.
Identifier must be meaningful, easily understandable and descriptive.

For example:
Private and local variables like ―length‖.

Name of public methods and instance variables begin with lowercase letter like ―addition‖
3.2.3 Keywords:
Keywords are important part of Java. Java language has reserved 50 words as keywords.
Keywords have specific meaning in Java. We cannot use them as variable, classes and method.
Following table shows keywords.
abstract char catch boolean

default finally do implements
if long throw private
package static break double
this volatile import protected
class throws byte else
float final public transient
native instanceof case extends
int null const new
return try for switch
interface void while synchronized
short continue goto super
assert const
3.2.4 Operator:
Java carries a broad range of operators. An operator is symbols that specify operation to be
performed may be certain mathematical and logical operation. Operators are used in programs to
operate data and variables. They frequently form a part of mathematical or logical expressions.
Categories of operators are as follows:
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Logical operators
3. Relational operators
4. Assignment operators
5. Conditional operators
6. Increment and decrement operators
7. Bit wise operators
3.2.4.1 Arithmetic operators:
Arithmetic operators are used to make mathematical expressions and the working out as same in
algebra. Java provides the fundamental arithmetic operators. These can operate on built in data type
of Java.
Following table shows the details of operators.
Operator Importance/ significance

+ Addition
- Subtraction
/ Division
* Multiplication
% Modulo division or remainder
Now the following programs show the use of arithmetic operators.
3.2.4.2 Logical operators:
When we want to form compound conditions by combining two or more relations, then we can use
logical operators.
Operators Importance/ significance

|| Logical – OR
&& Logical –AND
! Logical –NOT
The logical expression defer a value of true or false. Following table shows the truth table of
Logical – OR and Logical – AND.
Truth table for Logical – OR operator:
Operand1 Operand3 Operand1 || Operand3

T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
T - True
F - False
Truth table for Logical – AND operator:
Operand1 Operand3 Operand1 && Operand3

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
T - True
F – False
Now the following program shows the use of Logical operators.

class LogicalOptr
{
public static void main (String args[])

{
boolean a = true;
boolean b = false;
System.out.println("a||b = " +(a||b));

System.out.println("a&&b = "+(a&&b));
System.out.println("a! = "+(!a));
}
}
Output: a||b =
true
a&&b = false a! =
false
3.2.4.3 Relational Operators:
When evaluation of two numbers is performed depending upon their relation, assured decisions are
made.
The value of relational expression is either true or false.
If A=7 and A < 10 is true while 10 < A is false.

> Greater than
< Less than
!= Not equal to
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
Now, following examples show the actual use of operators.

1) If 10 > 30 then result is false
2) If 40 > 17 then result is true
3) If 10 >= 300 then result is false
4) If 10 <= 10 then result is true
Now the following program shows the use of operators.

(1) Program 1:
class Reloptr1
int a = 10; int

b = 30;
System.out.println("a>b = " +(a>b));

System.out.println("ab =
false ab = " +(a>b));

System.out.println("ab = " +(c>b));
System.out.println("a<c = "+(a<c));
System.out.println("b<=c = "+(b<=c));
}
}
Output: a>b =
false ab

= true a<c =
true b<=c = true
3.2.4.4 Assignment Operators:
Assignment Operators is used to assign the value of an expression to a variable and is also called as
Shorthand operators.
Variable_name binary_operator = expression
Following table show the use of assignment operators.
Simple Assignment Operator Statement with shorthand Operators

A=A+1 A+=1
A=A-1 A-=1
A=A/(B+1) A/=(B+1)
A=A*(B+1) A*=(B+1)
A=A/C A/=C
A=A%C A%=C
These operators avoid repetition, easier to read and write.
class Assoptr
{

{
int a = 10; int

b = 30; int c
= 30;
a+=1; b-
=3;
c*=7;
System.out.println("a = " +a);

System.out.println("b = "+b);
System.out.println("c = "+c);
}
}
Output: a
= 11 b =
18 c = 310
3.2.4.5 Conditional Operators:
The character pair ?: is a ternary operator of Java, which is used to construct conditional
expressions of the following form:
Expression1 ? Expression3 : Expression3
The operator ? : works as follows:
Expression1 is evaluated if it is true then Expression3 is evaluated and becomes the value of
the conditional expression. If Expression1 is false then Expression3 is evaluated and its
value becomes the conditional expression.
3.2.4.6 Increment and Decrement Operators:
The increment operator ++ adds 1 to a variable. Usually the variable is an integer type,
but it can be a floating point type. The two plus signs must not be split by any character.
Usually they are written immediately next to the variable.
Following table shows the use of operators.
Expression Process Example end result

A++ Add 1 to a variable int A=10,B; A=11
after use. B=A++; B=10
++A Add 1 to a variable int A=10,B; A=11
before use. B=++A; B=11
A-- Subtract 1 from a int A=10,B; A=9
variable after use. B=A--; B=10
--A Subtract 1 from a int A=10,B; A=9
variable before use. B=--A; B=9
3.2.4.7 Bit Wise Operators:
Bit wise operator execute single bit of their operands. Following table shows bit wise operator:

| Bitwise OR
& Bitwise AND
&= Bitwise AND assignment
|= Bitwise OR assignment
^ Bitwise Exclusive OR
<< Left shift
>> Right shift
~ One‘s complement
Separators are symbols. It shows the separated code.they describe function of our code.
Name use
() Parameter in method definition, containing statements for conditions,etc.
{} It is used for define a code for method and classes
[] It is used for declaration of array
; It is used to show the separate statement
, It is used to show the separation in identifier in variable declarartion
. It is used to show the separate package name from sub-packages and classes,
separate variable and method from reference variable.
3.3 Operator Precedence in Java:
An arithmetic expression without any parentheses will be calculated from left to right using the
rules of precedence of operators.
There are two priority levels of arithmetic operators are as follows:

(a) High priority (* / %)
(b) Low priority (+ -)
The evaluation process includes two left to right passes through the expression. During the first
pass, the high priority operators are applied as they are encountered.
During the second pass, the low priority operators are applied as they are encountered.
For example:
Z=A-B/3+C*3-1
When A=10, B=13, C=3
First pass:
Z=10-(13/3) + (3*3)-1
Z=10-4+3-1
Second pass:
Z=6+3-1
Z=7
Answer is=7
Control Structure:
In java program, control structure is can divide in three parts:
Selection statement
Iteration statement
Jumps in statement
4.2.1 Selection Statement:
Selection statement is also called as Decision making statements because it provides the decision making
capabilities to the statements.
In selection statement, there are two types:
if statement
switch statement
These two statements are allows you to control the flow of a program with their conditions.
4.2.1.1 if Statement:
The “if statement” is also called as conditional branch statement. It is used to program execution through
two paths. The syntax of “if statement” is as follows:
Syntax:
if (condition)
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
...
else
Statement 3;
Statement 4;
...
The “if statement” is a commanding decision making statement and is used to manage the flow of
execution of statements. The “if statement” is the simplest one in decision statements. Above syntax is
shows two ways decision statement and is used in combination with statements.
Following figure shows the “if statement”
4.2.1.1.1Simple if statement:
In statement block, there may be single statement or multiple statements. If the condition is true then
statement block will be executed. If the condition is false then statement block will omit and statement-a
will be executed.
.2.1.1.2 The if…else statement:
Syntax:
If (condition)
True - Statement block;
else
False - Statement block;
Statement-a;
If the condition is true then True - statement block will be executed. If the condition is false then False -
statement block will be executed. In both cases the statement-a will always executed.
Following program shows the use of if statement.
Nesting of if-else statement:
Syntax:
if (condition1)
If(condition2)
Statement block1;
else
Statement block2;
else
{
Statement block3;
Statement 4;
If the condition1 is true then it will be goes for condition2. If the condition2 is true then statement
block1 will be executed otherwise statement2 will be executed. If the condition1 is false then statement
block3 will be executed. In both cases the statement4 will always executed.
true
false
Condition1
false true
Condition2
Statement3 Statement2 Statement1
Statement4
For example:Write a program to find out greatest number from three numbers.
class greatest
{
int a=10;
int b=20;
int c=3;
if(a>b)
if(a>c)
{
System.out.println("a is greater number");
else
System.out.println("c is greater number");
else
if(c>b)
System.out.println("c is greater number");
else
System.out.println("b is greater number");

}
Output: C:\MCA>java
greatest b is greater
number
4.2.1.2 switch statement:
In Java, switch statement check the value of given variable or statement against a list of case
values and when the match is found a statement-block of that case is executed. Switch
statement is also called as multiway decision statement.
Syntax:
switch(condition)// condition means case value
case value-1:statement block1;break;
default:statement block-default;break;
statement a;
The condition is byte, short, character or an integer. value-1,value-2,value-3,…are constant and is

called as labels. Each of these values be matchless or unique with the statement. Statement
block1, Statement block2, Statement block3,..are list of statements which contain one statement
or more than one statements. Case label is always end with “:” (colon).
4.2.2 Iteration Statement:

The process of repeatedly executing a statements and is called as looping. The statements may
be executed multiple times (from zero to infinite number). If a loop executing continuous then
it is called as Infinite loop. Looping is also called as iterations.
In Iteration statement, there are three types of operation:
for
loo
p
whi
le
loo
p
do-
whi
le
loo
p
4.2.2.1 for loop:
The for loop is entry controlled loop. It means that it provide a more concious loop control
structure.
Syntax:
for(initialization;condition;iteration)//iteration means increment/decrement

{
Statement block;
}
When the loop is starts, first part(i.e. initialization) is execute. It is just like a counter and provides
the initial value of loop. But the thing is, I nitialization is executed only once. The next part( i.e.
condition) is executed after the initialization. The important thing is, this part provide the condition
for looping. If the condition will satisfying then loop will execute otherwise it will terminate.
Third part(i.e. iteration) is executed after the condition. The statements that incremented or
decremented the loop control variables.
Here we declare i=1 and then it check the condition that if i<10 then only loop will be executed.
After first iteration the value of i will print and it will incremented by 1. Now the value of i=2
and again we have to check the condition and value of i will print and then increment I by 1 and
so on.
4.2.2.2 while loop:
The while loop is entry controlled loop statement. The condition is evaluated, if the condition is
true then the block of statements or statement block is executed otherwise the block of statement
is not executed.
Syntax:
While(condition)
Statement block;
}
4.2.2.3 do-while loop:
In do-while loop, first attempt of loop should be execute then it check the condition.
The benefit of do-while loop/statement is that we get entry in loop and then condition will check
for very first time. In while loop, condition will check first and if condition will not satisfied then the
loop will not execute.
Syntax:
do
Statement block;
While(condition);
In program,when we use the do-while loop, then in very first attempt, it allows us to get enter
in loop and execute that loop and then check the condition.
Following program show the use of do-while loop.
CLASSES
How to create class

How to create method
How to create constructor
5.2 class
Definition: A class is a collection of objects of similar type. Once a class is defined,

any number of objects can be produced which belong to that class.
Class Declaration
class classname
…
ClassBody
Objects are instances of the Class. Classes and Objects are very much related to each
other. Without objects you can't use a class.
A general class declaration:
class name1
{
//public variable
declaration void
methodname()
{
//body of method…
//Anything
}
}
Now following example shows the use of method.
class Demo
{
private
int x,y,z;
public
void
input()
{
x=10;
y=15;
}
public void sum()

{
z=x+y;
}
public void print_data()
{
System.out.println(―Answer is =‖ +z);
}
{
Demo object=new
Demo(); object.input();
object.sum();
object.print_data();
}
}
In program,
Demo object=new
object.sum();
In the first line we created an object.
The three methods are called by using the dot operator. When we call a method the
code inside its block is executed.
The dot operator is used to call methods or access them.
5.2.1 Creating “main” in a separate class
We can create the main method in a separate class, but during compilation you
need to make sure that you compile the class with the ―main‖ method.
class Demo
{
private int x,y,z;
public void input() {
x=10;
y=15;
}
public void sum()
{
z=x+y;
}
public void print_data()
{
System.out.println(―Answer is =‖ +z);
}
}
class SumDemo
{
{
Demo object=new
object.sum();
}
}
5.2.3 use of dot operator
We can access the variables by using dot operator. Following program shows the use of
dot operator.
class DotDemo
{
int x,y,z;
public void
sum(){ z=x+y;
public void show(){

System.out.println("The Answer is "+z);
}
}
class Demo1
{
public static void main(String args[]){

DotDemo object=new DotDemo();
DotDemo object2=new DotDemo();
object.x=10;
object.y=15;
object2.x=5;
object2.y=10;
object.sum();
object.show();
object2.sum();
object2.show();
}}
output:
C:\cc>javac Demo1.java
C:\cc>java Demo1
The Answer is 25
The Answer is 15
Instance Variable
All variables are also known as instance variable. This is because of
the fact that each instance or object has its own copy of values for the variables.
Hence other use of the ―dot” operator is to initialize the value of variable for
that instance.
5.2.6 Method Overloading
Method overloading means method name will be same but each method should be different
parameter list.
class prg1
{
int x=5,y=5,z=0;
public void sum()
{
z=x+y; System.out.println("Sum is
"+z);
}
public void sum(int a,int b)
{
x=a;
y=b;
z=x+y; System.out.println("Sum is
"+z);
}
public int sum(int a)
{
x=a;
z=x+y;
return z;
}
}
class Demo
{
{
prg1 obj=new prg1(); obj.sum(); obj.sum(10,12);

System.out.println(+obj.sum(15));
}
}
Output: sum is 10 sum is 22 27
5.2.7 Passing Objects as Parameters
Objects can even be passed as parameters. class para123
{
int n,n2,sum,mul;
public void take(int x,int y)
{
n=x;
n2=y;
}
public void sum()
{
sum=n+n2;
System.out.println("The Sum is"+sum);
}
public void take2(para123 obj)
{
n=obj.n;
n2=obj.n2;
}
public void multi()
{
mul=n*n2; System.out.println("Product is"+mul);
}
}
class DemoPara
{
{
para123 ob=new para123(); ob.take(3,7);

ob.sum();
ob.take2(ob);
ob.multi();
}
}
Output:
C:\cc>javac DemoPara.java
C:\cc>java DemoPara
The Sum is10
Product is21
We have defined a method ―take2” that declares an object named obj as parameter.
We have passed ob to our method. The method ―take2‖ automatically gets 3,7 as
values for n and n2.
5.2.10 Passing Values to methods and Constructor:
These are two different ways of supplying values to

methods. Classified under these two titles -
1.Pass by Value
2.Pass by Address or Reference
Pass by Value-When we pass a data type like int, float or any other datatype to a
method or some constant values like(15,10). They are all passed by value. A copy of
variable‘s value is passed to the receiving method and hence any changes made to the
values do not affect the actual variables.
class Demopbv
{
int n,n2;
public void get(int x,int y)
{
x=x*x; //Changing the values of passed

arguments y=y*y; //Changing the values of
passed arguments
}
}
class Demo345
{
{
int
a,b;
a=1;
b=2;
System.out.println("Initial Values of a & b "+a+"

"+b); Demopbv obj=new Demopbv();
obj.get(a,b);
System.out.println("Final Values "+a+" "+b);
}
}
Output:
C:\cc>javac Demo345.java
C:\cc>java Demo345
Initial Values of a & b 1 2
Final Values 1 2
Pass by Reference
Objects are always passed by reference. When we pass a value by reference, the reference or
the memory address of the variables is passed. Thus any changes made to the argument causes
a change in the values which we pass.
Demonstrating Pass by Reference---
class pass_by_ref
{
int n,n2;
public void get(int a,int b)
{
n=a;
n2=b;
}
public void doubleit(pass_by_ref temp)
{
temp.n=temp.n*2;
temp.n2=temp.n2*2;
}
}
class apply7
{
{
int x=5,y=10;
pass_by_ref obj=new pass_by_ref();

obj.get(x,y); //Pass by Value
System.out.println("Initial Values are-- ");
System.out.println(+obj.n);
System.out.println(+obj.n2); obj.doubleit(obj);
//Pass by Reference System.out.println("Final
Values are"); System.out.println(+obj.n);
System.out.println(+obj.n2);
}
5.2.9 ABSTRACT CLASSES

Definition: An abstract class is a class that is declared as abstract. It may or may not
include abstract methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated, but they can be subclass.
An abstract method is a method that is declared without an implementation (without braces, and
followed by a semicolon), like this:
abstract void studtest(int rollno, double testfees);
If a class includes abstract methods, the class itself must be declared abstract, as in:
public abstract class GraphicObject
// declare fields
// declare non-abstract
methods abstract void
draw();
When an abstract class is subclass, the subclass usually provides implementations for all of
the abstract methods in its parent class. However, if it does not, the subclass must also be
declared abstract.
For example: In an object-oriented drawing application, you can draw circles, rectangles, lines, Bezier
curves, and many other graphic objects. These objects all have certain states (for example: position,
orientation, line color, fill color) and behaviors (for example: moveTo, rotate, resize, draw) in common.
Some of these states and behaviors are the same for all graphic objects—for example: position, fill
color, and moveTo. Others require different implementations—for example, resize or draw. All
GraphicObjects must know how to draw or resize themselves; they just differ in how they do it. This is
a perfect situation for an abstract superclass. You can take advantage of the similarities and declare all
the graphic objects to inherit from the same abstract parent object—for example, GraphicObject, as
shown in the following figure.
How to implement above diagram concept with source code:
abstract class GraphicObject
int x, y;
...
void moveTo(int newX, int newY)
...
}
abstract void draw();
abstract void resize();
Each non-abstract subclass of GraphicObject, such as Circle and Rectangle, must provide
implementations for the draw and resize methods:
class Circle extends GraphicObject {
void draw() {
...
void resize() {
...
class Rectangle extends GraphicObject {

oid draw() {
...
}
void resize() {
...
Abstract classes are those which can be used for creation of objects. However their methods
and constructors can be used by the child or extended class. The need for abstract classes is
that you can generalize the super class from which child classes can share its methods. The
subclass of an abstract class which can create an object is called as "concrete class".
For example:
Abstract class
A
abstract void
method1(); void
method2()
{
System.out.println("this is real method");
}
}
class B extends A
{
void method1()
{
System.out.println("B is execution of method1");
}
}
class demo
{
public static void main(String arg[])
B b=new
B();
b.method1();
b.method2();
}
}
5.2.10 Extending the class:
Inheritance allows to subclass or child class to access all methods and variables of parent
class. Syntax:
class subclassname extends superclassname

{
Varables;
Methods;
…..
}
For example: calculate area and volume by using

Inhertance. class data
{
int l;
int b;
data(int c, int d)
{
l=c;
b=d;
}
int area( )
{
return(l*b);
}
}
class data2 extends data
{
int h;
data2(int c,int d, int a)
{
super(c,d);
h=a;
}
int volume()
{
return(l*b*h);
}
}
class dataDemo
{
{
data2 d1=new data2(10,20,30);
int area1=d1.area(); //superclass method int

volume1=d1.volume( );// subclass method
System.out.println("Area="+area1);
System.out.println("Volume="+volume1);
}
}
Output:
C:\cc>javac dataDemo.java
C:\cc>java dataDemo
Area=200
Volume=6000
"Is A" - is a subclass of a superclass (ex: extends)
"Has A" - has a reference to (ex: variable, ref to object).
o Access Control –
Away to limit the access others have to your code.
Same package - can access each others‘ variables and methods, except for private members.
Outside package - can access public classes. Next, can access members that are public. Also, can access
protected members if the class is a subclass of that class.
Same package - use package keyword in first line of source file, or no package keyword and in same
directory.
o Keywords -
1. public - outside of package access.
2. [no keyword] - same package access only.

3. protected - same package access. Access if class is a subclass of, even if in another package.
4. private - same class access only.
Interfaces
6.1 Introduction
In chapter 5 you have learnt the following concepts:
Abstract class, which allows you to create methods in a class without writing the code for
execution of the method (implementation of the method).
Inheritance through the keyword ‘extends’ which tells the machine that an (inherited) class defined is
of the type of a base class.
Methods in the inherited class must provide implementation. (except when the inherited class is an
Abstract class as well.
Interface takes the above concepts even further. It provides a mechanism to define a class with
absolutely no implementation (code for execution of a method or logic).
6.2 More about ‘interface’
One or more classes can implement a defined interface
When a class implements a defined interface, it has to implement (write the code, execution logic) for all the
methods defined by the
Syntax of Interface
To define an interface, use the interface keyword instead of the class keyword.
SYNTAX:
package xxx.xxx;
interface MusicPlayer{
// Cannot have method implementations: void on();
void off(); void play(); void

stop();
}
Points to note above:
A semicolon after the method definition
No implementation logic in the method above interface

keyword instead of class
6.3 Access
In the above example, we’ve not defined whether the interface is public, private or protected. A private interface
makes no sense. If not defined the above interface is visible in the package where the interface belongs. You can
define an interface public – which means the interface is visible outside the package as well.
Methods inside the interface are public by default. So in the above example, the methods are public and visible
outside of the package as well.
The class which inherits the methods must explicitly define the methods to be public.
SYNTAX:
class MP3Player implements MusicPlayer{
public void on(){

System.out.println(“the MP3 Player is ON”);
public void off(){
System.out.println(“the MP3 Player is OFF”);

}
public void play(){
System.out.println(“the MP3 Player is playing”);
public void stop(){
System.out.println(“the MP3 Player is off”);
}
Multiple Inheritance
In Java, there is nothing which prevents from inheriting from multiple interfaces. Since there are no
implementations in the methods (code in the methods), there is no danger or overwriting any implementations
between multiple interfaces.
// Multiple interfaces.
interface MusicPlayer { void on();
void off(); void play(); void stop();
}
}
interface VideoPlayer{ void on();void off(); void play(); void stop();
void changeContrast(int x); void changeBrightness(int x);

}
}
class iPod implements MusicPlayer, VideoPlayer{
public void on(){
System.out.println(“the MP3 Player is ON”);

}
public void off(){
System.out.println(“the MP3 Player is OFF”);
}
public void play(){
System.out.println(“the MP3 Player is playing”);
}
public void stop(){
System.out.println(“the MP3 Player is off”);
public void changeContrast(int x){ System.out.println(“Constrast Changed by” + x);

}
public void changeBrightness(int x){

System.out.println(“Brightnesss Changed by” + x);
Interfaces and Abstract Classes
Interfaces are similar to abstract classes. The differences are as follows:
1. All methods in an interface are abstract. Which means all methods must be
empty; no code implemented.
2. In abstract class, the methods can have code/implementation within it. Atleast
one method must be abstract.
3. All properties (data fields) in an interface are static final. Properties in an abstract
class need not be static final.
4. Interfaces are implemented(implements keyword); Abstract classes are

extended(extends keyword)
5. Class can extend only one abstract class; where as a class can implement
multiple interfaces (multiple inheritance)
6. Contractual obligation: When a class specifies that it implements an interface, it

must define all methods of that interface. A class can implement many different
interfaces. If a class doesn't define all methods of the interfaces it agreed to define
(by the implements clause), the compiler gives an error message, which typically
says something like "This class must be declared abstract". An abstract class is one
that doesn't implement all methods it said it would. The solution to this is almost
always to implement the missing methods of the interface. A misspelled method
name or incorrect parameter list is the usual cause, not that it should have been
abstract!
6.6 inheritance within interfaces
In the above example, please note
ElectronicDevices is an interface.
MusicPlayer and VideoPlayer are interfaces which “extend” ElectronicDevices

iPod is a class which implements MusicPlayer and VideoPlayer
So, if ElectronicDevices interface had one property – which is “powerSource”; it would be inherited by all classes
which implement MusicPlayer or VideoPlayer
Example for practice:
Write a class that implements the CharSequence interface found in the java.lang package. Your
implementation should return the string backwards. Select one of the sentences from this book to use as the
data. Write a small main method to test your class; make sure to call all four methods.
Answer 1:
// CharSequenceDemo presents a String value -- backwards.
public class CharSequenceDemo implements CharSequence {
private String s;
public CharSequenceDemo(String s) {
//It would be much more efficient to just reverse the string
//in the constructor.
this.s = s;
}
private int fromEnd(int i) {
return s.length() - 1 - i;
}
public char charAt(int i) {

if ((i < 0) || (i >= s.length())) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(i);
}
return s.charAt(fromEnd(i));
}
public int length() { return s.length();
}
public charSequence subSequence(int start, int end) { if
(start < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
if (end > s.length()) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(end);
if (start > end) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start - end);
}
StringBuilder sub =
new StringBuilder(s.subSequence(fromEnd(end), fromEnd(start))); return sub.reverse();
public String toString() {
StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(this.s);

return s.reverse().toString();
}
//Random int from 0 to max. private static
int random(int max) {
return (int) Math.round(Math.random() * max + 0.5);
}
public static void main(String[] args) { CharSequenceDemo s =new CharSequenceDemo("Write a class that
implements the CharSequence interface found in the java.lang package.");
//exercise charAt() and length() for (int
i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
System.out.println(s.charAt(i));
}
//exercise subSequence() and length(); int start = random(s.length() - 1);
int end = random(s.length() - 1 - start) + start;

System.out.println(s.subSequence(start, end));
//exercise toString();
System.out.println(s);
}
}
EXCEPTION HANDLING
7.0 Objective: In this lesson of Java Tutorial, you will learn...

1. The exception handling mechanism.
2. Write try ... catch structures to catch expected exceptions
3. Use finally blocks to guarantee execution of code

4. Throw/ Throws exceptions
7.1 Introduction
An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of the program, that an interrupt the
normal flow of the program‘s instruction. In other words, Exceptions are generated when a
recognized condition, usually an error condition, arises during the execution of a method. Java
includes a system for running exceptions, by tracking the potential for each method to throw
specific exceptions. For each method that could throw an exception, your code must report to
the Java compiler that it could throw that exact exception. The compiler marks that method as
potentially throwing that exception, and then need any code calling the method to handle the
possible exception. Exception handling is basically use five keyword as follows:
try
catch
throw
throws
finally
7.2 Overview
Exceptions are generated when an error condition occur during the execution of a method. It is possible
that a statement might throw more than one kind of exception. Exception can be generated by Java-
runtime system or they can be manually generated by code. Error-Handling becomes a necessary while
developing an application to account for exceptional situations that may occur during the program
execution, such as
 
Run out of memory

 
Resource allocation Error

 
Inability to find a file

 
Problems in Network connectivity.
In this unit we will learn the exception handling mechanism.
7.3 What is Exceptions and handling exception?
Exceptions are generated when a recognized an error condition during the execution of a
program. Java includes a system for running exceptions, by tracking the potential for
each method to throw specific exceptions
for each method that could throw an exception, your code must report to the Java compiler that
it could throw that exact exception.
the compiler marks that method as potentially throwing that exception, and then need any
code calling the method to handle the possible exception.
There are two ways to handle an exception:
you can try the "risky" code, catch the exception, and do something about it, after which the
transmission of the exception come to an end
you can mark that this method throws that exception, in which case the Java runtime engine will
throw the exception back to the method.
So, if you use a method in your code that is marked as throwing a particular exception, the
compiler will not allow that code unless you handle the exception. If the exception occurs in a try
block, the JVM looks to the catch block(s) that follow to see if any of them equivalent the
exception type. The first one that matches will be executed. If none match, then this methods
ends, and execution jumps to the method that called this one, at the point the call was made.
Following figure shows the Exception type.
Throwable
Error Exception
Compile-time
errors
RuntimeException IOException SQLException
Run-time errors
ArithmeticException NullPointerException
Figure 7.1. A partial view of the Throwable family
An error means fault and there are two types of error as follows:
7.3.1 Compile time errors
Compiler time error means Java compiler identify the syntax error at the time of
compilation. And without successfully compilation, compiler does not create .class file. That
means we have to compile the program which should be error free and then compiler creates
.class file of the program and then we can run the program.
The common problems are:
 
Missing braces

 
Missing semicolon

 
Missing double quote in string

 
= instead of == operator

 
And so on.
For example: class

Try1
{
{
int a=12; int

b=0; int c=a/b
System.out.println("Division is+c);
}
}
Output:
C:\cc>javac Try1.java Try1.java:8: ';'

expected System.out.println("Division
is+c);
^
Try1.java:8: unclosed string literal

System.out.println("Division is+c);
^
2 errors
7.3.2 Run time errors
Several time program may compile successfully and compiler creates the .class file of the
program but when the time of running the program, it shows the error and that type of error
called run time error.
The common problems are:
 
Divide by zero

 
Conversion of invalid string to number

 
access the element that is out of bound of an array

 
Passing the parameters with invalid range.

 
And so on.
For example: write a program to find out division of two numbers. class
Try1
{
{
int a=12;
int b=0;
int c=a/b;
System.out.println("Division is"+c);
}
}
Output:
C:\cc>javac Try1.java
C:\cc>java Try1
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by

zero at Try1.main(Try1.java:7)
7.3.3 try…catch:
If a method is going to resolve potential exception internally, the line of code that could generate
the exception is placed inside a try block
there may be other code inside the try block, before and/or after the risky line(s) - any code that
depends upon the risky code's success should be in the try block, since it will automatically be
skipped if the exception occurs
Syntax –
try
{
code risky/unsafe
code
code that depends on the risky code succeeding
}
There is usually at least one catch block immediately after the try block
a catch block must specify what type of exception it will catch
Syntax –
catch (ExceptionClassName exceptionObjectName)

{
code using methods from exceptionObjectName
}
there can be more than one catch block, each one marked for a correct exception class
the exception class that is caught can be any class in the exception hierarchy, either a general (base) class,
or a very correct (derived) class
the catch block(s) must handle all checked exceptions that the try block is known to throw unless
you want to throw that exception back to the method.
it is possible to have a try block without any catch blocks if you have a finally block but any
checked exceptions still need to be caught, or the method needs to declare that it throws them
If an exception occurs within a try block, execution jumps to the first catch block whose
exception class matches the exception that occurred. Any steps remaining in the try block are
skipped. If no exception occurs, then the catch blocks are skipped
If declare a variable within a try block, it will not exist outside the try block, since the curly braces
define the scope of the variable. You will often need that variable later, if nowhere else other than
the catch or finally blocks, so you would need to declare the variable before the try.
If you declare but don't initialize a variable before a try block, and the only place you set a value
for that variable is in the try block, then it is possible when execution leaves the try ... catch
structure that the variable never received a value. So, you would get a "possibly uninitialized
value" error message from the compiler, since it actually keeps track of that sort of thing.
Usually this happens with object references; you would also generally initialize them to null.
public class demo
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int ans1, ans2;
int a = 2, b = 2, c = 0;
try
ans1 = a/b;
System.out.println("a/b = " + ans1);

ans2 = a/c;
System.out.println("a/c = " + ans2);
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("Arithmetic Exception!");
System.out.println("demo is over");
}
Output:
C:\>set path=C:\Java\jdk1.5.0_01\bin
C:\>javac demo.java
C:\>java demo
a/b = 1
Arithmetic Exception!
demo is over
Code Explanation –
The program will print the first result, and then not succeed while performing the division for the
second equation. Execution will step to the catch block to print our message on the screen
Example -
The prior example used a RuntimeException, which your code is not obligated to handle. Most
methods in the I/O classes throw IOException, which is an exception that you must handle.
Following program shows the use of IOException.
import java.io.IOException;public class demo
int num = 0;
num = System.in.read();
try
num = System.in.read(); System.out.println("You entered " + (char)

num);
catch (IOException e)
System.out.println("IO Exception occurred");

}
}
}
Output:
C:\>javac demo.java
demo.java:11: unreported exception java.io.IOException; must be caught or declar

d to be thrown
num = System.in.read(); // comment out this line
1 error
Code Explanation:
The line marked to comment out throws IOException, but is not in a try block, so the compiler
rejects it. The second read attempt is within a try block, as it should be.
there is no way we can force an IOException from the keyboard to test the catch block.
7.3.4 Using Multiple catch Blocks
It is possible that a statement might throw more than one kind of exception
you can list a sequence of catch blocks, one for each possible exception
remember that there is an object hierarchy for exceptions –
class demo
public static void main (String args [])
int A[] = new int[5];

try
for (int c = 0; c <5; c++)
//do nothing
}
for (int c = 0; c <5; c++)
A[c] = c/ c;
}
catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
System.out.println ("Array out of bound ");
catch (ArithmeticException e)
System.out.println ("Zero divide error");
}
}
}
Output:
C:\>javac demo.java
C:\>java demo
Zero divide error
C:\>
7.3.5 finally Block
To guarantee that a line of code runs, whether an exception occurs or not, use a finally block
after the try and catch blocks
The code in the finally block will almost always execute, even if an unhandled exception occurs;
in fact, even if a return statement is encountered
if an exception causes a catch block to execute, the finally block will be executed after the catch
block
if an uncaught exception occurs, the finally block executes, and then execution exits this method
and the exception is thrown to the method that called this method
Syntax –
try
risky code/ unsafe code block
}
catch (ExceptionClassName exceptionObjectName)
code to resolve problem

}
finally
{
code that will always execute
In summary:
a try block is followed by zero or more catch blocks
There may one finally block as the last block in the structure.
There must be at least one block from the collective set of catch and finally after the try.
It's possible to have a try block followed by a finally block, with no catch block
this is used to prevent an unchecked exception from exiting the method before cleanup code can
be executed
Example:
public class demo

{
{
try
{
System.out.println("Try Block before the error.");

System.out.println(1/0);
System.out.println("Try Block after the error.");
}
catch(java.lang.ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("Catch Block");
System.out.println("A Stack Trace of the Error:");
e.printStackTrace();
//e.getMessage();
System.out.println("The operation is not possible.");
}
finally
{
System.out.println("Finally Block");
}
System.out.println("demo is over");
}
}
Output:
C:\>javac demo.java
C:\>java demo
Try Block before the error.
Catch Block
A Stack Trace of the Error:
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at demo.main(demo.java:8)
The operation is not possible.
Finally Block
demo is over
7.3.6 Throwing an Exception
You can throw an exception explicitly using the throw

statement. Example:
You need to throw an exception when a user enters a wrong student ID or password.
The throws clause is used to list the types of exception that can be thrown in the execution of a method in a program.
7.3.6.1 Using the throw Statement
1. The throw statement causes termination of the normal flow of control of the java code and
prevents the execution of the subsequent statements.
2. The throw clause convey the control to the nearest catch block handling the type of
exception object throws.
3. If no such catch block exists, the program terminates.

The throw statement accepts a single argument, which is an object of the Exception class. Syntax –
throw ThrowableObj
You can use the following code to throw the IllegalStateException exception: class demo
static void tdemo()
try
throw new IllegalStateException ();
catch (NullPointerException e)
System.out.println ("Not Caught by the catch block inside tdemo ().");
public static void main (String args[ ])
{
try
tdemo();
catch(IllegalStateException e)
{
System.out.println("Exception Caught in:"+e);
Output
C:\>javac demo.java
C:\>java demo
Exception Caught in:java.lang.IllegalStateException
C:\>
7.3.6.2 Using the throws Statement

The throws statement is used by a method to specify the types of exceptions the method throws. If a method
is capable of raising an exception that it does not handle, the method must specify that the exception have to
be handled by the calling method.
This is done using the throws statement. The throws clause lists the types of exceptions that a method
might throw. Syntax –
[< access specifier >] [< modifier >] < return type > < method name > [< arg list >] [ throws
<exception list >] Example:.
You can use the following code to use the throws

statement: class demo
static void throwMethod ( ) throws ClassNotFoundException
System.out.println ("In throwMethod ");

throw new ClassNotFoundException ( );
public static void main (String args [ ])

{
try
throwMethod ( );
catch ( ClassNotFoundException e)
{
System.out.println (" throwMethod has thrown an Exception :" +e);
Output
C:\>javac demo.java
C:\>java demo
In throwMethod
throwMethod has thrown an Exception :java.lang.ClassNotFoundException
7.3.9 Creating and Using Your Own Exception Classes
You can create your own exception class by extending an existing exception class
Syntax –
[modifiers] NewExceptionClassName extends ExceptionClassName
create constructors that usually delegate to super-constructors

}
You could then add any fields or methods that you wish, although often that is not required. You must,
however, override any constructors you wish to use: Exception(), Exception(String message),
Exception(String message, Throwable cause), Exception(Throwable cause). Usually you can just call the
equivalent super-constructor. If you extend RuntimeException or one of its subclasses, your exception will
be treated as a runtime exception.
When a situation arises for which you would like to throw the exception, use the throw keyword
with a new object from your exception class, for example:
Syntax –
throw new ExceptionClassName(messageString);
I/O Packages
8.1 Introduction
Stream is an abstract demonstration of input or output device. By using stream, we can write or
read data. To bring in information, a program is open a stream on an information source (a file,
memory, a socket) and read information sequentially. In this unit, we will learn the concept of
stream, I/O package.
8.2 Stream:
The Java Input/Output (I/O) is a part of java.io package. The java.io package contains a relatively
large number of classes that support input and output operations. The classes in the package are
primarily abstract classes and stream-oriented that define methods and subclasses which allow bytes
to be read from and written to files or other input and output sources.
For reading the stream:

Open the stream
Read information
Close the stream
For writing in stream:
Open the stream
Write information
Close the stream
There are two types of stream as follows:
o Byte stream
o Character stream
8.2.2 Byte Streams:
It supports 8-bit input and output operations. There are two classes of byte stream
o InputStream
o OutputStream
8.2.2.1 InputStream:
The InputStream class is used for reading the data such as a byte and array of bytes from an
input source. An input source can be a file, a string, or memory that may contain the data. It is
an abstract class that defines the programming interface for all input streams that are inherited
from it. An input stream is automatically opened when you create it. You can explicitly close a
stream with the close( ) method, or let it be closed implicitly when the object is found as a
garbage.
The subclasses inherited from the InputStream class can be seen in a hierarchy manner
shown below:
InputStream
- ByteArrayInputStream
- FileInputStream
- ObjectInputStream
- FilterInputStream
- PipedInputStream
- StringBufferInputStream
- FilterInputStream
o BufferedInputStream
o DataInputStream
o LineNumberInputStream
o PushbackInputStream
8.2.1.2 OutputStream:
The OutputStream class is a sibling to InputStream that is used for writing byte and array of bytes
to an output source. Similar to input sources, an output source can be anything such as a file, a
string, or memory containing the data. Like an input stream, an output stream is automatically
opened when you create it. You can explicitly close an output stream with the close( ) method, or
let it be closed implicitly when the object is garbage collected.
The classes inherited from the OutputStream class can be seen in a hierarchy structure
shown below:
OutputStream
- ByteArrayOutputStream
- FileOutputStream
- ObjectOutputStream
- FilterInputStream
- PipedOutputStream
- StringBufferInputStream
- FilterOutputStream
o BufferedOutputStream
o DataOutputStream
o PrintStream
OutputStream is also inherited from the Object class. Each class of the OutputStream provided by
the java.io package is intended for a different purpose.
8.2.2 Character Streams:
It supports 16-bit Unicode character input and output. There are two classes of character stream
as follows:
o Reader
o Writer
These classes allow internationalization of Java I/O and also allow text to be stored using
international character encoding.
8.2.2.1 Reader:
- BufferedReader
o LineNumberReader
- CharAraayReader
- PipedReader
- StringReader
- FilterReader
o PushbackReader
- InputStreamReader
o FileReader
8.2.2.2 Writer:
- BufferedWriter
- CharAraayWriter
- FileWriter
- PipedWriter
- PrintWriter
- String Writer
- OutputStreamWriter
o FileWriter
8.3 How Files and Streams Work:

Java uses streams to handle I/O operations through which the data is flowed from one location to
another. For example, an InputStream can flow the data from a disk file to the internal memory and
an OutputStream can flow the data from the internal memory to a disk file. The disk-file may be a
text file or a binary file. When we work with a text file, we use a character stream where one character
is treated as per byte on disk. When we work with a binary file, we use a binary stream.
8.7 Classes:
The following lists of classes are provided by the java.io package shown in the table:
Class Description
BufferedInputStream It used for creating an internal buffer array.
It supports the mark and reset methods.
BufferedOutputStream This class used for writes byte to output stream. It implements a
bufferedoutput stream.
BufferedReader This class provides read text from character input stream and buffering
characters. It also reads characters, arrays and lines.
BufferedWriter This class provides write text from character output stream and buffering
characters. It also writes characters, arrays and lines.
ByteArrayInputStream It contains the internal buffer and read data from the stream.
ByteArrayOutputStream This class used for data is written into byte array. This is implemented in
output stream class.
CharArrayReader It used for char input stream and implements a character buffer.
CharArrayWriter This class also implements a character buffer and it uses an writer.
DataInputStream This class reads the primitive data types from the input stream in a machine
format.
DataOutputStream This class writes the primitive data types from the output stream in machine
format.
File This class shows a file and directory pathnames.
FileDescriptor This class uses for create a FileInputStream and FileOutputStream.
FileInputStream It contains the input byte from a file and implements an input stream.
FileOutputStream It uses for writing data to a file and also implements an output stream.
FilePermission It provides the permission to access a file or directory.
FileReader This class used for reading characters file.
FileWriter This class used for writing characters files.
InputStream This class represents an input stream of bytes.
InputStreamReader It reads bytes and decodes them into characters.
LineNumberReader This class has a line numbers
ObjectInputStream This class used for recover the object to serialize previously.
ObjectInputStream.GetField This class access to president fields read from input stream.
ObjectOutputStream This class used for writing the primitive data types and also to write the object
to read by the ObjectInputStream.
ObjectStreamClass Serialization's descriptor for classes.

ObjectStreamField This class describes the serializable field.
OutputStream This class represents an output stream of bytes.
OutputStreamWriter It writes bytes and decodes them into characters.
StringReader This is a character string class. It has character read source.
StringWriter This is also a character string class. It uses to shows the output in the
buffer.
Writer It uses for writing to character stream.
8.5 Exceptions Classes:
The following summary of the exception classes provided by the java.io

package shown in the table:
Exceptions Description
CharConversionException It provides detail message in the catch block to associated with the
CharConversionException
EOFException This exception indicates the end of file. When the file input stream
is to be end then the EOFException is to be occured.
FileNotFoundException When the opened file's pathname does not find then this exception
occurs.
InterruptedIOException When the I/O operations are interrupted from any causes then it
occurs.
InvalidClassException ny problems to be created with class, when the Serializing runtime to

be detected.
InvalidObjectException When the de-serialized objects fails then it occurs.
IOException When the I/O operations fail then it occurs.
NotActiveException The Serialization or deserialization operations are not active then it

occurs.
NotSerializableException his exception occurs when the instance is required to be a Serializable

interface.
ObjectStreamException This is a supper class of all exception class. It is used for specific
Object Stream Classes.
WriteAbortedException
n this exception to be thrown by the ObjectStreamException during a
write operating.
8.6 Standard Streams:
Standard Streams are a feature provided by many operating systems. By default, they read
input from the keyboard and write output to the display. They also support I/O operations
on files.
 
Standard Input: - Accessed through System.in which is used to read input from the keyboard.

 
Standard Output: - Accessed through System.out which is used to write output to be display.
 
Standard Error: - Accessed through System.err which is used to write error output to be display.
Java also supports three Standard Streams:
These objects are defined automatically and do not need to be opened explicitly.
Standard Output and Standard Error, both are to write output; having error output separately so
that the user may read error messages efficiently.
System.in is a byte stream that has no character stream features. To use Standard Input as
a character stream, wrap System.in within the InputStreamReader as an argument.
InputStreamReader inp= new InputStreamReader (System.in);
8.7 Working with Reader classes:
Java provides the standard I/O facilities for reading text from either the file or the keyboard on the
command line. The Reader class is used for this purpose that is available in the java.io package.
It acts as an abstract class for reading character streams. The only methods that a subclass must
implement are read(char[], int, int) and close(). The Reader class is further categorized into the
subclasses.
The following diagram shows a class-hierarchy of the java.io.Reader class.
However, most subclasses override some of the methods in order to provide higher
efficiency, additional functionality, or both.
8.7.1 InputStreamReader:
An InputStreamReader is a bridge from byte streams to character streams i.e. it reads bytes
and decodes them into Unicode characters according to a particular platform. Thus, this class
reads characters from a byte input stream. When you create an InputStreamReader, you
specify an InputStream from which, the InputStreamReader reads the bytes.
he syntax of InputStreamReader is written as:
InputStreamReader<variable_name>= new InputStreamReader (System.in)
8.7.2 BufferedReader:
The BufferedReader class is the subclass of the Reader class. It reads character-input stream
data from a memory area known as a buffer maintains state. The buffer size may be specified,
or the default size may be used that is large enough for text reading purposes.
BufferedReader converts an unbuffered stream into a buffered stream using the wrapping
expression, where the unbuffered stream object is passed to the constructor for a buffered
stream class.
For example the constructors of the BufferedReader class shown as:
BufferedReader (Reader in): Creates a buffering character-input stream that uses a

default-sized input buffer.
BufferedReader (Reader in, int sz): Creates a buffering character-input stream that uses an
input buffer of the specified size.
BufferedReader class provides some standard methods to perform specific reading

operations shown in the table. All methods throw an IOException, if an I/O error occurs.
Method Return Type Description
read( ) int Reads a single character
read(char[] cbuf, int off,

int Read characters into a portion of an array.
int len)
Read a line of text. A line is considered

readLine( ) String
to be terminated by ('\n').
close( ) void Closes the opened stream.
This program illustrates use of standard input stream to read the user input.
import java.io.*;
public class ReadStandardIO
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
InputStreamReader inp = new InputStreamReader(System.in)

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(inp);
System.out.println("Enter text : ");

String str = in.readLine();
System.out.println("You entered String : ");
System.out.println(str);
}
}
Output of the Program:
C:\>javac ReadStandardIO.java
C:\>java ReadStandardIO Enter
text:
this is an Input Stream

You entered String: this
is an Input Stream C:\>
The streams provide a simple model for reading and writing data. However, streams don't support
all the operations that are common with a disk file. Now, we will learn how to work with a file
using the non-stream file I/O.
The File class deals with the machine dependent files in a machine-independent manner i.e. it is
easier to write platform-independent code that examines and manipulates files using the File
class. This class is available in the java.lang package.
The java.io.File is the central class that works with files and directories. The instance of
this class represents the name of a file or directory on the host file system.
When a File object is created, the system doesn't check to the existence of a corresponding
file/directory. If the files exist, a program can examine its attributes and perform various
operations on the file, such as renaming it, deleting it, reading from or writing to it.
The constructors of the File class are shown in the table:
Constructor Description
Create File object for default directory (usually

File(path)
where program is located).
le(dirpath,fname reate File object for directory path given as string.
File(dir,Create File object for directory.name)
Thus the statement can be written as:
File f = new File (“<filename>”);

The methods that are used with the file object to get the attribute of a corresponding file shown
in the table.
Method Description
f.exists() Returns true if file exists.

f.isFile() Returns true if this is a normal file.
f.isDirectory() true if "f" is a directory.
f.getName() Returns name of the file or directory.
f.isHidden() Returns true if file is hidden.
f.lastModified() Returns time of last modification.
f.length() Returns number of bytes in file.
f.getPath() Path name.
f.delete() Deletes the file.
Renames f to File f2. Returns true if

f.renameTo(f2)
successful.
f.createNewFile() eates a file and may throw IOException.
Whenever the data is needed to be stored, a file is used to store the data. File is a collection of
stored information that is arranged in string, rows, columns and lines etc.
Further, we will see how to create a file. This example takes the file name and text data for
storing to the file.
For creating a new file File.createNewFile ( ) method is used. This method returns a boolean
value true if the file is created otherwise return false. If the mentioned file for the specified
directory is already exist then the createNewFile () method returns the false otherwise the
method creates the mentioned file and return true.
Let‘s see an example that checks the existence of a specified file.
import java.io.*;
public class CreateFile1
{
{
File f;
f=new File
("myfile.txt");
if(!f.exists()){
f.createNewFile();
System.out.println("New file \"myfile.txt\" has been created
to the current directory");

}
}
}
First, this program checks, the specified file "myfile.txt" is exist or not. If it does not exist
then a new file is created with same name to the current location.
Output of the Program
C:\>javac CreateFile1.java
C:\>java CreateFile1
New file "myfile.txt" has been created to the current directory
C:\>
If you try to run this program again then after checking the existence of the file, it will not
be created and you will see a message as shown in the output.
C:\>javac CreateFile1.java
C:\>java CreateFile1
the specified file is already exist
C:\>
In Java, it is possible to set dynamic path, which is helpful for mapping local file name with
the actual path of the file using the constructing filename path technique.
As seen, how a file is created to the current directory where the program is run. Now we will see
how the same program constructs a File object from a more complicated file name, using the
static constant File.separator or File.separatorCharto specify the file name in a platform-
independent way. If we are using Windows platform then the value of this separator is ' \ '.
Let‘s see an example to create a file to the specified location.
import java.io.*;
public class PathFile
{
{
File f;
f=new File ("example" + File.separator +
"myfile.txt"); f.createNewFile ();
System.out.println
("New file \"myfile.txt\" has been created
to the specified
location"); System.out.println
("The absolute path of the file is: "

+f.getAbsolutePath
());
}
}
Output of the program:
C:\>javac PathFile.java
C:\>java PathFile
New file "myfile.txt" has been created to the specified

location the absolute path of the file is:
C:\Shubh\example\myfile.txt
C:\>
8.8 I/O Streams:
Let‘s now see some I/O streams that are used to perform reading and writing operation in a file.
Java supports the following I/O file streams.

 
FileInputstream

 
FileOutputStream

8.8.1 FileInputstream:
This class is a subclass of Inputstream class that reads bytes from a specified file name. The read
() method of this class reads a byte or array of bytes from the file. It returns -1 when the end-of-
file has been reached. We typically use this class in conjunction with a BufferedInputStream and
DataInputstream class to read binary data. To read text data, this class is used with an
InputStreamReader and BufferedReader class. This class throws FileNotFoundException, if the
specified file is not exist. You can use the constructor of this stream as:
FileInputstream (File filename);
8.8.2 FileOutputStream:-
This class is a subclass of OutputStream that writes data to a specified file name. The write ()
method of this class writes a byte or array of bytes to the file. We typically use this class in
conjunction with a BufferedOutputStream and a DataOutputStream class to write binary data. To
write text, we typically use it with a PrintWriter, BufferedWriter and an OutputStreamWriter
class. You can use the constructor of this stream as:
FileOutputstream (File filename);

8.8.3 DataInputStream:-
This class is a type of FilterInputStream that allows you to read binary data of Java primitive
data types in a portable way. In other words, the DataInputStream class is used to read binary
Java primitive data types in a machine-independent way. An application uses a
DataOutputStream to write data that can later be read by a DataInputStream. You can use the
constructor of this stream as:
DataInputStream (FileOutputstream finp);
The following program demonstrates how contains are read from a file.
import java.io.*;
public class ReadFile
File f;
f=new File("myfile.txt");
if(!f.exists()&&
f.length()<0)
System.out.println("The specified file is not exist");
else{
FileInputStream finp=new
FileInputStream(f); byte b;
do{
b=(byte)finp.read();
System.out.print((char)b);
while(b!=-
1);
finp.close();
Output of the Program:
C:\>javac ReadFile.java
C:\>java
ReadFile this is a
text file? C:\>
This program reads the bytes from file and displays it to the user.
Now we will learn how to write data to a file. As discussed, the FileOutputStream class is used
to write data to a file.
Let‘s see an example that writes the data to a file converting into the bytes.
This program first checks the existence of the specified file. If the file exists, the data is written
to the file through the object
of the FileOutputStream class.
import java.io.*;
public class WriteFile
File f=new File ("textfile1.txt");

FileOutputStream fop=new FileOutputStream (f);
if (f.exists ())
String str="This data is written through the

program"; fop.write (str.getBytes ());
fop.flush
();
fop.close
();
System.out.println ("The data has been written");
}
else
System.out.println ("This file is not exist");
Output of the Program
C:\>javac WriteFile.java
C:\>java WriteFile
The data has been written
C:\>
Now, you will learn how to count the availability of text lines in the particular file. A file is read
before counting lines of a particular file. File is a collection of stored information that is arranged
in string, rows, columns and lines etc. Try it for getting the lines through the following program
Description of program:
The following program helps you in counting lines of a particular file. At the execution time of this
program, it takes a file name with its extension from a particular directory and checks it using exists
() method. If the file exists, it will count lines of a particular file otherwise it will display a message
―File does not exists!‖

Description of code:
 
FileReader (File file):
This is the constructor of FileReader class that is reliable for reading a character
files. It constructs a new FileReader and takes a file name that have to be read.

 
FileNumberReader ():

This is the constructor of FileNumberReader class. It constructs a new line-

numbering reader. It reads characters and puts into buffer. By default the numbering
of line begins from '0'.
Here is the code of program:
import java.io.*;
public class NumberOfLine{

{ try{
System.out.println("Getting line number of a particular

file example!");
BufferedReader bf = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader (System.in));
System.out.println("Please enter file name with extension:")
String str =
bf.readLine(); File file =
new File(str); if
(file.exists()){
FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);

LineNumberReader ln = new
LineNumberReader(fr); int count = 0;
while (ln.readLine() !=
null){ count++;
System.out.println("Total line no: " +

count); ln.close();
else{
System.out.println("File does not exists!");

}
catch(IOException e){
}
}
}
Output of program:
Getting line number of a particular file example!
Please enter file name with extension:

AddTwoBigNumbers.shtml
Total line no: 58
Java provides the facility for changing a file timestamp according to the user reliability.
Description of program:
This program helps you in changing a file timestamp or modification time in Java. After running
this program it will take a file name and its modification date in 'dd-mm-yyyy' format. Then it
will check the given file is exist or not using exists () method. When the file exists, this program
will change the date of given file and it will display a message "Modification is successfully!"
otherwise it will show ―File does not exists!‖
Description of code:
 
setLastModified(long time):

This is the method that sets the last modification time of a file or directory and returns
Boolean types values either 'true' or 'false'. If it will return a 'true' only when the
modification is completely successfully otherwise, it will return 'false'. This method
takes following long type data:

 
time:
This is the time that has to be modified or set.

getTime ():
This is the method that returns the number of milliseconds in GMT format like: 23-04-2007.
Here is the code of program:
import java.io.*;
import
java.util.*;
import java.text.*;
public class ChangeFileDate{
public static void main(String[] args) {

try{
System.out.println("Change file timestamp example!");

BufferedReader bf = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader
(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter file name with extension:");
String str = bf.readLine();
System.out.println("Enter last modified date in 'dd-

mm-yyyy' format:");
String strDate = bf.readLine();
SimpleDateFormat sdf= new SimpleDateFormat("dd-MM-yyyy");
Date date = sdf.parse(strDate);
File file = new File(str);
if (file.exists()){
file.setLastModified(date.getTime());
System.out.println("Modification is successfully!");
else{
System.out.println("File does not exists!");

}
}
catch(Exception e){
}
}
Output of program:
Change file timestamp

example! Enter file name
with extension:
StrStartWith.shtml
Enter last modified date in 'dd-mm-yyyy'

format: 23-04-2007
Modification is successfully
8.9 Finding a File:-
To find a file or directory it is very necessary to know the path of the file or directory so that you
can access it. If you know the path then it is very easy to work on it. Suppose a situation where a
problem comes in front you where you don't know the path of the file, then what will you do?
This problem can be solved by using a method getAbsolutePath ().The method getAbsolutePath
() should be used where we don't know the exact path of the file.
To find an absolute path of a file, Firstly we have to make a class GetAbsolutePath. Inside
this class, define the main method. Inside this method define a File class of java.io package.
Inside the constructor of a File class pass the name of the file whose absolute path you want to
know. Now call the method getAbsolutePath () of the File class by the reference of File class
and store it in a String variable. Now print the string, you will get an absolute path of the file.
In this class we have make use of the following things by which this problem can be solved.
 
File: It is class in java.io package. It implements Comparable and Serializable interface.

 
getAbsolutePath (): It returns the absolute path name in the form of string.
Code of the program is given below:

import java.io.*;
public class GetAbsolutePath
String str = args[0];
File file = new File(str);

String absolutePathOfFirstFile = file.getAbsolutePath();
System.out.println(" The absolute path in first form is "
+ absolutePathOfFirstFile);
file = new File( "Happy" + File.separatorChar+ str);

String absolutePathOfSecondFile =
file.getAbsolutePath();
System.out.println(" The absolute path is " +

absolutePathOfSe condFile);
file = new File("Happy" + File.separator + ".." +

File.separator + str);
String absolutePathOfThirdFile = file.getAbsolutePath

(); System.out.println
(" The absolute path is” + absolutePathOfThirdFile);
Output of the program
Happy
The absolute path in first form is C:\Smile\Happy
The absolute path is C:\Smile\Happy\Happy
The absolute path is C:\Smile\Happy\..\Happy
Multi threading
9.0 Objective: In this lesson of Java Tutorial, you will learn...
Thread life cycle
How to create thread
Advantages of threading
9.1 Introduction:
A thread is defined as a separate stream of implementation that takes place simultaneously with
and independently of everything else that might be happening. It does not have an event loop. A
thread runs autonomously of anything else happening in the computer. With threads the other
tasks that don't get stuck in the loop can continue processing without waiting for the stuck task
to terminate. A thread is a coding that doesn't affect the architecture of an application. Threading
is equally separate the computer's power among different tasks.
9.2 Overview:
Threading concept is very important in Java Programing language. A thread is a sequential path of code
execution within a program. And each thread has its own local variables, program counter and lifetime.
In Java, an object of the Thread class can represent a thread. Thread can be implemented through any
one of two ways:
Using threads in Java will enable greater flexibility to programmers looking for that extra edge
in their programs. The simplicity of creating, configuring and running threads lets Java
programmers devise portable and powerful applets/applications that cannot be made in other
third-generation languages. Threads allow any program to perform multiple tasks at once. In an
Internet-aware language such as Java, this is a very important tool.
9.3.1 Thread Life cycle:
When you are programming with threads, understanding the life cycle of thread is very valuable.
While a thread is alive, it is in one of several states. By invoking start() method, it doesn‘t
mean that the thread has access to CPU and start executing straight away. Several factors
determine how it will proceed.
Different states of a thread are:

Programmer Scheduler
Thread
Runnable
Newly
Running Blocked
Created
Start Dead
Thread
Fig 9.1: Thread Life cycle
1. New state – After the construction of Thread instance the thread is in this state but
before the start() method invocation. At this point, the thread is considered not
alive.
2. Runnable (Ready-to-run) state – A thread start its life from Runnable state. A thread
first enters runnable state after the invoking of start() method but a thread can come
again to this state after either running, waiting, sleeping or coming back from blocked
state also. On this state a thread is waiting for a turn on the processor.
3. Running state – A thread is in running state that means the thread is presently executing.
There are numerous ways to enter in Runnable state but there is only one way to enter in
Running state: the scheduler select a thread from runnable pool.
4. Dead state – A thread can be considered dead when its run() method completes. If
any thread comes on this state that means it cannot ever run again.
5. Blocked - A thread can enter in this state because of waiting the resources that
are hold by another thread.
9.3.2 Advantages of multithreading over multi-tasking:
1. Reduces the computation time.
2. Improves performance of an application.
3. Threads distribute the same address space so it saves the memory.

4. Context switching between threads is usually less costly than between
processes.
5. Cost of communication between threads is comparatively low.
9.3.3 Thread Creation and simple programs:
In Java, an object of the Thread class can represent a thread. Thread can be implemented through any
one of two ways:
Extending the java.lang.Thread Class

Implementing the java.lang.Runnable Interface
Thread
Extends Implements
Thread Runnable
(class) Override (interface)
run( )
metho
d
Fig 9.3: Creation of thread
Extending the java.lang.Thread Class
Syntax: class MyThread extends Thread
{
}
Implementing the java.lang.Runnable Interface
Syntax: MyThread implements Runnable
After declaration of thread class, we have to override run( ) method in class.
Now we can create object of thread if needed.
In short we have to follow following these steps:
1. Extend the java.lang.Thread Class.
2. Override the run( ) method in the subclass from the Thread class to define the code executed by
the thread.
3. Create an instance of this subclass. This subclass may call a Thread class constructor by
subclass constructor.
4. Invoke the start( ) method on the instance of the class to make the thread eligible for running.
The following program demonstrates a single thread creation extending the "Thread" Class:
class MyThread extends Thread
{
String s=null;
MyThread(String s1)
{
s=s1;
start();
public void run()
System.out.println(s);
public class RunThread
MyThread m1=new MyThread("Thread started....");
Output of the Program is :
C:\>javac RunThread.java
C:\>java RunThread
Thread started....
II. Implementing the java.lang.Runnable Interface
The procedure for creating threads by implementing the Runnable Interface is as follows:
1. A Class implements the Runnable Interface, override the run() method to define the code
executed by thread. An object of this class is Runnable Object.
2. Create an object of Thread Class by passing a Runnable object as argument.

3. Invoke the start( ) method on the instance of the Thread class.
The following program demonstrates the thread creation implenting the Runnable interface:
class Thr1 implements Runnable{

Thread t;
String s=null;
Thr1(String
s1){ s=s1;
t=new Thread(this);
t.start();
}
public void run(){

System.out.println(s
);
}
}
public class RunableThread{
public static void main(String args[]){

Thr1 m1=new Thr1("Thread started....");
}
Output:
C:\>javac RunableThread.java
C:\>java RunableThread
Thread started....
However, this program returns the output same as of the output generated through the previous
program.
There are two reasons for implementing a Runnable interface preferable to extending the Thread Class:
1. If you extend the Thread Class, that means that subclass cannot extend any other Class, but if you
implement Runnable interface then you can do this.
2. The class implementing the Runnable interface can avoid the full overhead of Thread class which
can be excessive.
join() & isAlive() methods:
The following program demonstrates the join() & isAlive() methods:
class DemoAlive extends Thread {

int value;
public DemoAlive(String str)
{
super(str);
value=0;
start();
}
public void run()
{
try
{
while (value < 5) {
System.out.println(getName() + ": " + (value++));

Thread.sleep(250);
}
} catch (Exception e) {}
System.out.println("Exit from thread: " + getName());
}
}
public class DemoJoin
{
{
DemoAlive da = new DemoAlive("Thread a");

DemoAlive db = new DemoAlive("Thread b");
try
{
System.out.println("Wait for the child threads to finish.");
da.join();
if (!da.isAlive()) System.out.println("Thread
A not alive.");
db.join();
if (!db.isAlive()) System.out.println("Thread
B not alive.");
} catch (Exception e) { }
System.out.println("Exit from Main Thread.");
}
}
Output:
C:\>javac DemoJoin.java
C:\>java DemoJoin
Wait for the child threads to finish.
Thread a: 0
Thread b: 0
Thread a: 1
Thread b: 1
Thread a: 2
Thread b: 2
Thread a: 3
Thread b: 3
Thread a: 4
Thread b: 4
Exit from thread: Thread a

Thread A not alive.
Exit from thread: Thread b
Thread B not alive.
Exit from Main Thread.
9.3.4 Synchronized threads:
In Java, the threads are executed separately to each other. These types of threads are called as
asynchronous threads. But there are two problems may be occurs with asynchronous threads.
Two or more threads share the similar resource (variable or method) while only one of them can
access the resource at one time.
If the producer and the consumer are sharing the same kind of data in a program then either
producer may make the data faster or consumer may retrieve an order of data and process it
without its existing.
Suppose, we have created two methods as increment( ) and decrement( ). which increases or
decreases value of the variable "count" by 1 respectively shown as:
public void increment( ) {

count++; }
When the two threads are executed to access these methods (one for increment( ),another for
decrement( )) then both will distribute the variable "count". in that case, we can't be sure that
what value will be returned of variable "count".
We can see this problem in the diagram shown below:
Start
Thread 1 Thread 2
Shared
Variable or method
To avoid this problem, Java uses monitor also known as ―semaphore‖ to prevent data from
being corrupted by multiple threads by a keyword synchronized to coordinate them and
intercommunicate to each other. It is basically a mechanism which allows two or more threads to
share all the available resources in a sequential manner. Java's synchronized is used to ensure
that only one thread is in a critical region. Critical region is a lock area where only one thread is
run (or lock) at a time. Once the thread is in its critical section, no other thread can enter to that
critical region. In that case, another thread will has to wait until the current thread leaves its
critical section.
General form of the synchronized statement is as:
synchronized(object) {
// statements to be synchronized
}
Lock:
Lock term refers to the access approved to a particular thread that can access the shared
resources. At any given time, only one thread can hold the lock and thereby have access to the
shared resource. Every object in Java has build-in lock that only comes in action when the object
has synchronized method code. By associating a shared resource with a Java object and its lock,
the object can act as a guard, ensuring synchronized access to the resource. Only one thread at a
time can access the shared resource guarded by the object lock.
Since there is one lock per object, if one thread has acquired the lock, no other thread can acquire
the lock until the lock is not released by first thread. Acquire the lock means the thread currently
in synchronized method and released the lock means exits the synchronized method.
Remember the following points related to lock and synchronization:

Only methods (or blocks) can be synchronized, Classes and variable cannot be synchronized.
Each object has just one lock.
All methods in a class need not to be coordinated. A class can have both synchronized and non-
synchronized methods.
If two threads wants to execute a synchronized method in a class, and both threads are using the
similar instance of the class to invoke the method then only one thread can execute the method
at a time.
If a class has both synchronized and non-synchronized methods, multiple threads can still access
the class's non-synchronized methods. If you have methods that don't access the data you're trying
to protect, then you don't need to synchronize them. Synchronization can cause a hit in several
cases (or even deadlock if used incorrectly), so you should be careful not to overuse it.
If a thread goes to sleep, it holds any locks it has—it doesn't let go them.
A thread can obtain more than one lock. For example, a thread can enter a synchronized
method, thus acquiring a lock, and then directly invoke a synchronized method on a different
object, thus acquiring that lock as well. As the stack unwinds, locks are unrestricted again.
You can synchronize a block of code rather than a method.
Constructors cannot be synchronized
9.3.4.1 Synchronized Methods:
Any method is specified with the keyword synchronized is only executed by one thread at a
time. If any thread wants to implement the synchronized method, firstly it has to obtain the
objects lock. If the lock is already held by another thread, then calling thread has to wait.
Synchronized methods are useful in those situations where methods are executed concurrently,
so that these can be intercommunicate control the state of an object in ways that can corrupt the
state if . Stack implementations usually define the two operations push and pop of elements as
synchronized, that‘s why pushing and popping are mutually exclusive process. For Example -
if several threads were sharing a stack, if one thread is popping the element on the stack then
another thread would not be able to pushing the element on the stack.
The following program demonstrates the synchronized method:
class Demo extends Thread{
static String msg[]={"This", "is", "a", "synchronized",

"variable"}; Share(String threadname){
super(threadname);
}
public void run(){

display(getName()
);
}
public synchronized void display(String

threadN){ for(int i=0;i<=4;i++)
System.out.println(threadN+msg[i]);
try{
this.sleep(1000);
}catch(Exception e){}
}
}
public class SynThread1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {

Share t1=new Share("Thread One: ");
t1.start();
Share t2=new Share("Thread Two: ");
t2.start();
}
}
Output of the program is:
Thread One: variable

Thread Two: This
Thread Two: is
Thread two: a
Thread Two: synchronized
Thread Two: variable
C:\nisha>javac SynThread.java
C:\nisha>java SynThread
Thread One: This
Thread One: is
Thread One: a
Thread One: synchronized
Thread One: variable
Thread Two: This
Thread Two: is
Thread two: a
Thread Two: synchronized
Thread Two: variable
9.4 Summary:
A thread executes a series of instructions. Every line of code that is executed is done so by a
thread. In Java, the threads are executed independently to each other. Multithreading is vital to
Java for two main reasons. First, multithreading enables you to write very efficient programs
because it lets you utilize the idle time that is present in most programs. Most I/O devices,
whether they be network ports, disk drives, or the keyboard, are much slower than the CPU.
Thus, a program will often use a majority of its execution time waiting to send or receive
information to or from a device. By using multithreading, your program can execute another task
during this idle time. For example, while one part of your program is sending a file over the
Internet, another part can be
handling user interaction (such as mouse clicks or button presses), and still another can
be buffering the next block of data to send.
The second reason that multithreading is important to Java relates to Java‘s eventhandling model.
A program (such as an applet) must respond speedily to an event and then return. An
event handler must not retain control of the CPU for an extended period of time.
10
Applets
10.1 Introduction to Applet
There are two kinds of Java programs, applications (also called stand-alone programs)
and Applets. An Applet is a small Internet-based program that has the Graphical User Interface
(GUI), written in the Java programming language.
Applets are designed to run inside a web browser or in applet viewer to facilitate the user
to animate the graphics, play sound, and design the GUI components such as text box, button,
and radio button. When applet arrives on the client, it has limited access to resources, so that it
can produce arbitary multimedia user interface and run complex computation without
introducing the risk of viruses or breaching data integrity.
To create an applet, we extend the ―java.applet.Applet‖ class And by overriding

the methods of java.awt.Applet, new functionality can be placed into web pages.
Applets are compiled using javac compiler and it can be executed by using an
appletviewer or by embedding the class file in the HTML (Hyper Text Markup Languege) file.
10.2 Applet vs Application
Applets as previously described, are the small programs while applications are
larger programs.
Applets don't have the main method while in an application execution starts with
the main method.
Applets are designed just for handling the client site problems. while the java
applications are designed to work with the client as well as server.
Applications are designed to exists in a secure area. while the applets are typically used.
Applications are not too small to embed into a html page so that the user can view the
application in your browser. On the other hand applet have the accessibility criteria of
the resources.
10.3 Applet class
The java.applet package is the smallest package in Java API(Application Programming

Interface). The Applet class is the only class in the package. The Applet class has many
methods that are used to display images, play audio files etc but it has no main() method. Some
of them were explained below that give you the knowledge about Applets and their behavior.
init() : This method is used for whatever initializations are needed for your applet. Applets
can have a default constructor, but it is better to perform all initializations in the init
method instead of the default constructor.
start() : This method is automatically called after Java calls the init method. If this method is
overwritten, code that needs to be executed every time that the user visits the browser
page that contains this applet.
stop() : This method is automatically called when the user moves off the page where the
applet sits. If your applet doesn't perform animation, play audio files, or perform
calculations in a thread, you don't usually need to use this method.
destroy(): Java calls this method when the browser shuts down.
10.4 Advantages of Applet
Following are the advantages of a Java Applet:
The most important feature of an Applet is, It is truely platform independent so there is
no need of making any changes in the code for different platform i.e. it is simple to make
it work on Linux, Windows and Mac OS i.e. to make it cross platform.
The same applet can work on "all" installed versions of Java at the same time, rather than
just the latest plug-in version only.
It can move the work from the server to the client, making a web solution more
scalable with the number of users/clients.
The applet naturally supports the changing user state like figure positions on the
chessboard.
Applets improves with use: after a first applet is run, the JVM is already running
and starts quickly.
Applets can be used to provide dynamic user-interfaces and a variety of graphical effects
for web pages.
10.5 Applet Lifecycle
Every java Applet inherits a set of default behaviours from the Applet class. As a result, when
an applet is loaded it undergoes a series of changes in its state. Following are the states in
applets lifecycle.
1) Born or Initialisation state :
An applet begins its life when the web browser loads its classes and calls its init()
method. This method is called exactly once in Applets lifecycle and is used to read applet
parameters. Thus, in the init() method one should provide initialization code such as the
initialization of variables.
Eg. public void init()

{
//initialisation
}
2) Running State:
Once the initialization is complete, the web browser will call the start() method in the applet.
This method must called atleat once in the Applets lifecycle as the start() method can also
be called if the Applet is in ―Stoped‖ state. At this point the user can begin interacting with
the applet.
Eg. public void start()

{
//Code
}
3) Stopped State:
The web browser will call the Applets stop() method, if the user moved to another web
page while the applet was executing. So that the applet can take a breather while the user goes
off and explores the web some more. The stop() method is called atleast once in Applets
Lifecycle.
Eg. publc void stop()

{
//Code
}
4) Dead State:
Finally, if the user decides to quit the web browser, the web browser will free up system
resources by killing the applet before it closes. To do so, it will call the applets destroy() method.
One can override destroy() to perform one-time tasks upon program completion. for example,
cleaning up threads which were started in the init() method.
Eg. public void destroy()

{
// Code
}
Note: If the user returns to the applet, the web browser will simply call the applet's
start() method
again and the user will be back into the program.
5) Display State :
Applet moves to the display state whenever it has to perform the output operations on the
screen. This happens immediately after the applet enters into the running state. The paint()
method is called to accomplish this task.
Eg. public void paint(Graphics g)
{
//Display Statements
}
One can show Lifecycle of an Applet Graphically as follows:
Initialisatoin
Start sate
start()
stop()
Running state Stopped State

start()
destroy()
Dead State
10.6 My First Applet
The following example is made simple enough to illustrate the essential use of Java
applets through its java.applet package.
Example.
import java.awt.*; import

java.applet.*;
public class SimpleApplet extends Applet

{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString("My First Applet",40,40);
}
}
Save the file as SimpleApplet.java

Compile the file using javac SimpleApplet.java
Here is the illustration of the above example,
In the first line we imorts the Abstract Window Toolkit(AWT) classes as Applet interact
with the user through the AWT, not through the console –based I/O classes. The AWT
contains support for a window based graphical interface.
In the second line we import the Applet package, which contains the class ―Applet‖.
As every applet that we create is the subclass of Applet.
The next line declares the class SimpleApplet. This class must be declared in public,
because it will be accessed by code that is outside the program.
Inside simpleApplet, paint() method is declared. This method is defined by the AWT
and must be overridden by the Applet. Method paint() is called each time that the applet
must redisplay its output.
This paint() method has parameter of type ― Graphics‖. This parameter

contains the graphics context, which describes the graphics environment in which the
applet is running. This context is used whenever output to the applet is required.
Inside paint() method is a call to drawstring(), which is a member of the Graphics class.
This method output a String beginning at specified X, Y locations.
How to run an Applet?
There are two ways in which one can run an applet, as follows
1) Executing the applet within a java-compatible web browser.
2) Using an applet viewer, such as the standard SDK tool, ―appletviewer‖. An

applet viewer executes your applet in a window. This is generally the fastest and easiest
way to test your applet.
To execute an applet in a web browser, you need to write a short HTML text file that
contains the appropriate APPLET tag.
For above example it is

<html>
<body>
<applet code="SimpleApplet.class" width=200 height=100>

</applet>
</body>
</html>
Save this code in text file with extension .html say Myapplet.html.
On successful compilation of SimpleApplet.java file, execute the this file using

appletviewer Myapplet.html or just open this html file dirctly.
The output of above example appears as shown in the following figure :
OR
Insted of creating different text file for html code one can write above program as follows

java.applet.*;
/* <applet code="SimpleApplet" width=200 height=100>

</applet>
*/
public class SimpleApplet extends Applet

{
{
g.drawString("My First Applet",40,40);
}
}
Save the file as SimpleApplet.java
On successful compilation, execute the this file using appletviewer SimpleApplet.java
The output remains same.
Building an applet code:
Applet code uses the series of two classes, namely Applet and Graphics from java class library.
Applet class which is contained in the java.applet package provides life and behaviour to the
applet through its methods such as init(), start(), and paint().
When an applet is loaded, java automatically calls a series of applet class methods for
starting, running and stopping the applet code.
The applet class therefore maintains the lifecycle of an applet.
The paint() method of the applet class, when it is called, actually display the rusult of applet
code on the screen.
The output may be text, graphics or sound.
The paint() method, which requires a Graphics object as an argument, is defined as

follows:

This requires that the applet code imports the java.awt package that contains the Graphics class.
All output operations of an applet are performed using the methods defined in the
Graphics class.
10.7 Applet tag
The Applet tag is used to start an applet from both HTML document and form applet
viewer.
An applet viewer will execute each Applet tag that it finds in a separate window, while web
browsers like Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer and HotJava will allow many applets in a single
page.
The <applet....> tag included in the body section of HTML file supplies the name of the applet
to be loaded and tells the browser how much space the applet ruquires
The synatax for the standard Applet tag is as follows
<applet[codebase=codebaseURL] code=‖Applet file‖

[ALT=‖alternative text]
[name=AppletInstanceName]
Width=pixels height= pixels [align=
alignment]
>
[<param name=‖Attributename‖ value =‖Attribute value‖] [<param

name=‖Attributename‖ value =‖Attribute value‖]
........
[HTML displayed in the absence of java]
</applet>
Here is meaning of each peice of above code
Codebase: Codebase is an optional attribute that specifies the base URL of the applet code,
which is the directory that will be searched for te applet‘s executable class file. The HTML
document‘s URL directory is used as the CODEBASE if this attribute is not specified. The
CODEBASE if this attribute is not specified. The CODEBASE does not have to be on the host
from which the HTML document was read.
Code: code is required attribute that gives the name of the file containing the applets compiled .class
file. This file is relative t the code base URL of the applet , which is the directory that the HTML
file whs in or th edirectory indicated by the CODEBASE if set.
ALT : The ALT tag is an optional attribute used to specify a short text message that should be
displayed if browser understand the APPLET tag but cant currently run java applet.
Name: Name is an optional attribute used to specify a name for the applet instance. Applets
must be named in order for other applets on the same page to find them by name and
communicate with them. To obtain an applet by name, use getAppet(), which is defined by the
AppletContext interface.
Param name and value : The PARAM tag allows us to specify applet specific arguments
in an HTML page. Applets access their attributes with the getParameter() method.
10.8 Passing Parameters to Applet
One can supply user-defined parameters to an applet using <param.....> tag. Each <param....>
tag has a name attribute such as color,and a value attribute such as red. Inside the applet code, the
applet can refer to that parameter by name to find its value. For e.g. the color of the text can be changed
to red by an applet using a <param...> tag as follows
<applet....>
<param=color value = ―red‖>
</applet>
Similarly we can change the text to be displayed by an applet by supplying new text to the
applet through a <param....>tag as shown below.
<param name=text value = ―xyz‖ >
Passing a parameters to an applet is similar to passing parameters to main() method using

command line arguments. To set up and handle parameters, we need to do two things.
1) Include appropriate <param.....> tags in the HTML document.

2) Provide code in the applet to pass these paraments.
Parameters are passed to an applet when it is loaded. We can define the init() method in the
applet to get hold of the parameters defined in the <param> tags. This is done using the
getparameter() method, which takes one string argument representing the name of the parameter and
returns a string containing the value of that parameter.
10.9 Types of Applets
As we can embed applet into web pages in two ways i.e. by writting our own applet and then
embed into web pages. Or by downloading it from a remote computer system and then embed it into
webpage.
An applet developed locally and stored in a local system is known as local applet. Therefore
when webpage is trying to find local applet it doen not need the internet connection.
A remote applte is that which is developed by some one else and stored on a remote
computer connected to the internet. If our system is connected to the internet then we can download
it from remote computer and run it. In order to locate and load a remote applet, we must know the
applet‘s address on the web. This address is known as Uniform Resourse locator(URL) and must be
specified in applet‘s document.
10.10 Examples
Example 1 // Example to illustrate Applet Lifecycle

java.applet.*;
/* <applet code="AppletTest" width=200 height= 100>

</applet>
*/
public class AppletTest extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
System.out.println("Applet Initialised...");
setBackground(Color.cyan);
}
public void start()
{
System.out.println("Applet Started....");
}
public void stop()
{
System.out.println("Applet Stoppen....");
}
public void destroy()
{
System.out.println("Applet Destryoed....");
}
{
g.drawString("Applet Text",200,400); showStatus("This

is shown in Status.");
}
}
Save the file as AppletTest. Java
Compile the file using javac AppletTest.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer AppletTest.java
The output appers as shown in following figure :

Example 2 // Example to illustrate Applet Lifecycle

java.applet.*;
/* <applet code="Sample" width=200 height= 100> </applet>
*/
public class Sample extends Applet

{
String msg;
public void init()

{
setBackground(Color.cyan);
setForeground(Color.red); msg = "Inside init()-

";
}
public void start()

{
msg += "Inside start()-";
}
{
msg +="Inside paint()-"; g.drawString(msg,10,30);

showStatus("This is shown at status");
}
}
Save the file as Sample. Java
Compile the file using javac Sample.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer Sample.java
Example 3 // Example for passing parameters
import java.awt.*; import java.applet.*;
/* <applet code="ParamDemo" width=300 height= 80> <param

name=fontName value=Courier>
<param name=fontSize value=14> <param name=leading value = 2>
<param name=accountEnabled value= true> </applet>
*/
public class ParamDemo extends Applet

{
String fontName; int fontSize; float leading; boolean active;
public void start()
String param; fontName=getParameter("fontName"); if(fontName==null)
fontName= "Not Found"; param=getParameter("fontSize"); try
{
if(param!=null)
fontSize=Integer.parseInt(param); else
fontSize=0;
}
catch(NumberFormatException e)
{
fontSize=-1;
}
param=getParameter("leading"); try
{
if(param!=null) leading=Float.valueOf(param).floatValue(); else
leading=0;
}
catch(NumberFormatException e)
{
leading=0;
}
param=getParameter("accountEnabled"); if (param!=null)
active =Boolean.valueOf(param).booleanValue();
}
{
g.drawString("Font Name." + fontName,0,10);

g.drawString("Font Size." + fontSize,0,26);
g.drawString("Leading." + leading,0,42);
g.drawString("Account Active." + active,0,58);
}
}
Save the file as ParamDemo. Java
Compile the file using javac ParamDemo.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer ParamDemo.java

Example 4 // Example for getDocumentBase() & getCodeBase()
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
import java.net.*;
/* <applet code="Bases" width=300 height=

50> </applet>
*/
public class Bases extends Applet

{
{
String msg;
URL url= getCodeBase();
msg= "Code Base:" +url.toString();

g.drawString(msg,10,20);
url= getDocumentBase();
msg= "Document Base:" +url.toString();
g.drawString(msg,10,40);
}
}
Save the file as Bases. Java
Compile the file using javac Bases.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer Bases.java
11
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Unit Structure
11.1 GUI Components
11.2 Interface and Classes of AWT Package
11.2.1 Labels
11.2.2 Buttons
11.2.3 Check Boxes
11.2.4 Radio Button
11.2.5 Text Area
11.2.6 Text Field
11.2.7 Scrollbar
11.2.8 Panels
11.3 Layout managers
11.4 Methods of AWT

Introduction
A type of user interface item that allows people to interact with programs in more
ways than typing such as computers and many hand-held devices such as mobile phones is
called a graphical user interface (GUI) . A GUI offers graphical icons, and visual indicators,
as opposed to text-based interfaces. This helps to develop more efficient programs that are
easy to work with. The user can interact with the application without any problem.
The GUI application is created in three steps. These are:

 
Add components to Container objects to make your GUI.

 
Then you need to setup event handlers for the user interaction with GUI.

 
Explicitly display the GUI for application.
11.1GUI Components
It is visual object and the user interacts with this object via a mouse or a keyboard.
Components included, can be actually seen on the screen, such as, buttons, labels etc. Any
operation that is common to all GUI components are found in class Component. Different
components are available in the Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit )package for developing
user interface for your program.
A class library is provided by the Java programming language which is known as

Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT). The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) contains several
graphical widgets which can be added and positioned to the display area with a layout manager.
AWT is a powerful concept in JAVA. AWT is basically used to develop for GUI
application building. AWT is platform dependant. That means your .class file after the program
compilation is platform independent but the look of your GUI application is platform dependant.
AWT copies GUI component from local macines operating system. That means your
applications look will differ in MAC operating system, as you have seen in WINDOWS
operating system.
11.2 Interface and Classes of AWT Package:
Some of the Classes Interfaces of AWT package are explained below
Interfaces Descriptions
ActionEvent This interface is used for handling events.
Adjustable This interface takes numeric value to adjust within the bounded
range.
Composite This interface defines methods to draw a graphical area. It
combines a shape, text, or image etc.
CompositeContext This interface allows the existence of several contexts

simultaneously for a single composite object. It handles the state of
the operations.
ItemSelectable This interface is used for maintaining zero or more selection for
items from the item list.
KeyEventDispatcher The KeyEventDispatcher implements the current

KeyboardFocusManager and it receives KeyEvents before
dispatching their targets.
KeyEventPostProcessor This interface also implements the current

KeyboardFocusManager. The KeyboardFocusManager receives the
KeyEvents after that dispatching their targets.
LayoutManager It defines the interface class and it has layout containers.
LayoutManager2 This is the interface extends from the LayoutManager and is

subinterface of that.
MenuContainer This interface has all menu containers.
Paint This interface is used to color pattern. It used for the Graphics2D
operations.
PaintContext This interface also used the color pattern. It provides an important
color for the Graphics2D operation and uses the ColorModel.
PaintGraphics This interface provides print a graphics context for a page.

Shape This interface used for represent the geometric shapes.
Stroke This interface allows the Graphics2D object and contains the
shapes to outline or stylistic representation of outline.
Transparency This interface defines the transparency mode for implementing

classes.
Class hierarchy of AWT classes can be given as follows.
Object
component
Button Canvas CheckBox Choice Container Label List Scrollbar
Text Compontent
Text Area Text Field

Panel Window Scroll Pane
Applet Dialog Frame
File Dialog
Some of the AWT components are explained below.
11.2.1 Labels:
This is the simplest component of Java Abstract Window Toolkit. This component is
generally used to show the text or string in your application and label never perform any type
of action. Syntax for defining the label only and with justification:
Label label_name = new Label ("This is the label text.");
above code simply represents the text for the label.
Label label_name = new Label ("This is the label text. ‖ , Label.CENTER);
Justification of label can be left, right or centered. Above declaration used the center
justification of the label using the Label.CENTER.
Example for Label.
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.Applet;
/*<applet code="LabelTest" width=200

height=100> </applet>
*/
public class LabelTest extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
add(new Label("A
label")); // right justify
next label
add(new Label("Another label", Label.RIGHT));

}
}
Save the file as LabelTest. Java
Compile the file using javac LabelTest.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer LabelTest.java
11.2.2 Buttons:
This is the component of Java Abstract Window Toolkit and is used to trigger actions and
other events required for your application. The syntax of defining the button is as follows:
Button button_name = new Button ("This is the label of the button.");
You can change the Button's label or get the label's text by using the Button.setLabel (String)
and Button.getLabel () method. Buttons are added to its container using the, add (button_name)
method.
Example for Buttons:-
import java.awt.*;
/*<applet code="ButtonTest" width=200

*/
public class ButtonTest extends Applet

{
public void init()
{
Button button = new Button

("OK"); add (button);
}
}
Save the file as ButtonTest. Java
Compile the file using javac ButtonTest.java

On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer ButtonTest.java
Note that in the above example there is no event handling added; pressing the button will not
do anything.
11.2.3 Check Boxes:
This component of Java AWT allows you to create check boxes in your applications. The
syntax of the definition of Checkbox is as follows:
Checkbox checkbox_name = new Checkbox ("Optional check box

1", false);
Above code constructs the unchecked Checkbox by passing the boolean valued argument false
with the Checkbox label through the Checkbox() constructor. Defined Checkbox is added to its
container using add (checkbox_name) method. You can change and get the checkbox's label using
the setLabel (String) and getLabel () method. You can also set and get the state of the checkbox
using the setState (boolean) and getState () method provided by the Checkbox class.
Example for Check Boxes:-

import java.awt.*;
/*<applet code="CheckboxTest" width=200

*
public class CheckboxTest extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
Checkbox m = new Checkbox ("Allow Mixed

Case"); add (m);
}
}
Save the file as CheckboxTest. Java
Compile the file using javac CheckboxTest.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer CheckboxTest.java

11.2.4 Radio Button:
Radio buttons are a bunch of option boxes in a group. Only one of then can be checked
at a time. This is useful if you need to give the user a few options where only one will apply.
This is the special case of the Checkbox component of Java AWT package. This is used as a
group of checkboxes whos group name is same. Only one Checkbox from a Checkbox Group
can be selected at a time.
Syntax for creating radio buttons is as follows:
CheckboxGroup chkboxgp = new CheckboxGroup ();

add (new Checkbox ("chkboxname", chkboxgp,
value);
―Value‖ in the second statement can only be true or false.If you mention more than
one true valued for checkboxes then your program takes the last true and shows the last
check box as checked.
Example for Radio Buttons.
import java.awt.*;
/*<applet code="Rbutton" width=200

*/
public class Rbutton extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
CheckboxGroup chkgp = new CheckboxGroup ();
add (new Checkbox ("One", chkgp, false));
add (new Checkbox ("Two", chkgp, false));

add (new Checkbox ("Three",chkgp, false));
}
}
In the above code we are making three check boxes with the label "One", "Two" and
"Three".
Save the file as Rbutton. Java
Compile the file using javac Rbutton.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer Rbutton.java
11.2.5 Text Area:
This is the text container component of Java AWT package. The Text Area contains plain text.
TextArea can be declared as follows:
TextArea txtArea_name = new TextArea ();
You can make the Text Area editable or not using the setEditable (boolean) method. If you pass
the boolean valued argument false then the text area will be non-editable otherwise it will be
editable. The text area is by default in editable mode. Texts are set in the text area using the
setText (string) method of the TextArea class.
Example for Text Area:-

import java.awt.*;
/*<applet code="TAreaTest" width=200

*/
public class TAreaTest extends Applet

{
TextArea disp;
public void
init()
disp = new TextArea("Code goes here", 10,

30); add (disp);
}
}
Save the file as TAreaTest. Java
Compile the file using javac TAreaTest.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer TAreaTest.java
11.2.6 Text Field:
This is also the text container component of Java AWT package. This component contains
single line and limited text information. This is declared as follows:
TextField txtfield = new TextField (20);

You can fix the number of columns in the text field by specifying the number in the constructor.
In the above code we have fixed the number of columns to 20.
A displayed label object is known as the Label. Most of the times label is used to demonstrate
the significance of the other parts of the GUI. It helps to display the functioning of the next
text field. A label is also restricted to a single line of text as a button.
Example for Text Field:-
import java.awt.*;
/*<applet code="TFieldTest" width=200 height=100>

</applet>
*/
public class TFieldTest extends Applet

{
public void init()
{
TextField f1 =
new TextField("type something");

add(f1);
}
}
Save the file as TFieldTest. Java
Compile the file using javac TFieldTest.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer TFieldTest.java

11.2.7 Scrollbar:-
Scrollbar is represented by a "slider" widget. The characteristics of it are specified by integer
values which are being set at the time of scrollbar construction. Both the types of Sliders are
available i.e. horizontal and vertical.
The example below shows the code for the scrollbar construction. The subtraction of scrollbar
width from the maximum setting gives the maximum value of the Scrollbar. In the program
code, '0' is the <<<<<<< scrollbar.shtml initial value of the scrollbar, '8' is the width of the
scrollbar.
Example for Scrollbar

import java.awt.*;
/*<applet code="ScrollbarDemo" width=200 height=100>

</applet>
*/
public class ScrollbarDemo extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
Scrollbar sb = new Scrollbar

(Scrollbar.VERTICAL, 0, 8, -100, 100);
add(sb);
}
Save the file as ScrollbarDemo. Java
Compile the file using javac ScrollbarDemo.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer ScrollbarDemo.java
11.2.8 Panels
A panel is an object which holds other objects. It‘s just a container to organize and
arrange your GUI better. Once, you learn about Layout Managers you‘ll see why panels are a
useful tool. For now, just know that they‘re useful. Here‘s an example of a set of buttons
added into a panel:
Panel myPanel = new

Panel();
myPanel.add(helloButton);
myPanel.add(goodbyeButton
); add(myPanel);
It looks no different than if you just added the buttons regularly, but you‘ll see why
you might want to use panels later on... This is what it looks like:
11.3 Layout managers

The layout manager are a set of classes that implement the java.AWT.LayoutManager
interface and help to position the components in a container. The interface takes a task of
laying out the child components in the container. The task is achieved by resizing and moving
the child components. The advantages of this type of mechanism is that when the container is
resized the layout manager automatically updates the interface
The basic layout managers includes:
1) FlowLayout : It is a simple layout manager that works like a word processor. It is also
the default Layout manager for the panel. The flow layout lays out components
linewise from left to right.
FlowLaout can be created using following constructors
a. FlowLaout() : Constructs a new layout with centered alignment, leaving

a vertical and horizontal gap.
b. FlowLayout(int aling, int vgap, int hgap) : Constructs a new flowlayout with
the alignment specified, leaving a vertical and horizontal gap as specified.
Various methods can be used alog with the flow layout. For
eg. getAlignment(), getHgap(), getAlignment(int align) etc.
Example for Flow Layout
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class FlowDemo extends Frame
{
Button b1 = new Button("one");
Button b2 = new Button("two");
public FlowDemo(String s)
{
super(s);
setSize(400,400);
setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT));
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter()
{
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
System.exit(0);
}
});
add(b1);
add(b2);
}
{
Frame f=new
Frame(); f.show();
}
}
Save the file as FlowDemo. Java
Compile the file using javac FlowDemo.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using java FlowDemo.java

2) Grid Layout : It lays out components in a way very similar to spredsheet(rows and
columns). Specifying the number of rows and columns in grid creates the Grid layout.
Grid Layout can be created using following constructors
a. GridLayout() : Creates a grid layout with a default of one column per

component in a single row.
b. GridLayout(int rows, int cols, int hgap, int vgap) : Creates a grid layout with the
specified rows and columns and specified horizontal and vertical gaps.
Various methods can be used alog with the Grid layout. For eg.
getColumns(), getRows(), geHgap(), getVgap() etc.
Example for Grid Layout

import java.applet.Applet; import
java.awt.*;
public class Grid1 extends Applet {

LayoutManager Layout;
Button [] Buttons;
public Grid1 () { int i;
Layout = new GridLayout (3, 2); setLayout

(Layout);
Buttons = new Button [5]; for (i = 0; i <

5; ++i) {
Buttons[i] = new Button (); Buttons[i].setLabel
("Button " + (i + 1)); add (Buttons[i]);
}
}
}
Save the file as Grid1. Java
Compile the file using javac Grid1.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer Grid1.java

3) BorderLayout : It is the class that enables specification, i.e. where on the border of container
each component should be placed. All areas need not be filled. The size of the areas will depend on
the components they contain.
Border Layout can be created using following constructors
a. BorderLayout() : It creates a new border layout with no gap between the

components.
b. BorderLayout(int hgap, int vgap) : It creates a border layout with the

specified horizontal and vertical gap between components.
Various methods can be used alog with the Border layout. For eg.
getHgap(), getVgap(), setHgap(int hgap), setVgap(int vgap)
Example for Border Layout

java.applet.*; import
java.util.*;
/*<applet code="BorderDemo" width=300 height=100> </applet>
*/
public class BorderDemo extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add(new Button("This across the top"),BorderLayout.NORTH);
add(new Button("The Footer message might go here"),BorderLayout.SOUTH); add(new

Button("Right"),BorderLayout.EAST);
add(new Button("Left"),BorderLayout.WEST);
String msg=" This is border layout";
add(new TextArea(msg),BorderLayout.CENTER);
add(new Button("new"),BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
}
Save the file as BorderDemo. Java
Compile the file using javac BorderDemo.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer BorderDemo.java

11.4 Methods of AWT:-
The common methods of AWT components are as follow:
getLocation () - This method is used to get position of the component, as a Point. The usage of the
method is shown below.
Point p = someComponent.getLocation (); int

x = p.x;
int y = p.y;
the x and y parts of the location can be easily accessed by using getX () and getY (). It is always
efficient to use getX () and getY () methods.
For example,
int x = someComponent.getX();
int y = someComponent.getY();
getLocationOnScreen () - This method is used to get the position of the upper-left corner of the
screen of the component, as a Point. The usage of the method is shown below.
Point p = someComponent.getLocationOnScreen ();

int x = p.x;
int y = p.y;
It is always advisable to use getLocation () method (if working on Java 2 platform).

getBounds () - This method is used to get the current bounding Rectangle of component. The
usage of the method is shown below.
Rectangle r = someComponent.getBounds ();

int height = r.height;
int width = r.width;

int x = r.x;
int y = r.y;
if you need a Rectangle object then the efficient way is to use getX (), getY(), getWidth(), and
getHeight() methods.
getSize () - This method is used to get the current size of component, as a Dimension. The usage of
the method is shown below.
Dimension d = someComponent.getSize ();

int height = d.height;
int width = d.width;

use getWidth () and getHeight () methods to directly access the width and height. You can also
use getSize () if you require a Dimension object.
For Example,int height = someComponent.getHeight();

int width = someComponent.getWidth();
setBackground(Color)/setForeground(Color) - This method is used to change the

background/foreground colors of the component
setFont (Font) - This method is used to change the font of text within a component.
setVisible (boolean) - This method is used for the visibility state of the component. The
component appears on the screen if setVisible () is set to true and if it‘s set to false then the
component will not appear on the screen. Furthermore, if we mark the component as not visible
then the component will disappear while reserving its space in the GUI.
setEnabled (boolean) - This method is used to toggle the state of the component. The
component will appear if set to true and it will also react to the user. ON the contrary, if set to
false then the component will not appear hence no user interaction will be there.
As discussed earlier a container is a component that can be nested. The most widely used
Panel is the Class Panel which can be extended further to partition GUIs. There is a Panel
which is used for running the programs. This Panel is known as Class Applet which is
used for running the programs within the Browser.
Common Container Methods:-
All the subclasses of the Container class inherit the behavior of more than 50 common methods of
Container. These subclasses of the container mostly override the method of component. Some of
the methods of container which are most widely used are as follow:
getComponents (); add();
getComponentCount();
getComponent(int);
ScrollPane:-
The ScrollPane container provides an automatic scrolling of any larger component introduced
with the 1.1 release of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). Any image which is bigger in size
for the display area or a bunch of spreadsheet cells is considered as a large object. Moreover there
is no LayoutManager for a ScrollPane because only a single object exists within it. However, the
mechanism of Event Handling is being managed for scrolling.
The example below shows the Scrollpane. This scrollpane demonstrates the scrolling of the large
image. In the program code below, first of all we have created a scrollpane by creating its object,
and then we have passed the parameter of image in it. We have also set the border layout as centre,
as shown.
Example for Scroll Pane
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*<applet code="ScrollingImageDemo" width=200 height=100>

</applet>
*/
class Scrollpane extends Component {

private Image image;
public Scrollpane(Image m)
{
image = m;
}
if (image != null)
g.drawImage(image, 0, 0, this);
}
}
public class ScrollingImageDemo extends Applet
{
public void init()
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
ScrollPane SC = new ScrollPane(ScrollPane.SCROLLBARS_ALWAYS)

;
Image mg = getImage(getCodeBase(), "cute-puppy.gif");

SC.add(new Scrollpane(mg));
add(SC, BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
}
Save the file as ScrollingImageDemo. Java
Compile the file using javac ScrollingImageDemo.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer

ScrollingImageDemo.java
12
EventHandling
12.0 Introduction
Writing an applet that responds to user input, introduces us to event handling. We can
make our applet respond to user input by overriding event handler methods in our applet. There
are a variety of event handler methods which we will see further.
Each event must return a Boolean value (true or false), indicating whether the event should
be made available to other event handlers. If you've processed an event (for example, keyDown)
you might record the value, and return true to show that no other handlers should receive the
event. If, however, your custom edit box can't process the character, it may want to return false to
signal that other components (the panel or applet in which the component is hosted) should
process it.
12.1 Event:
An Event is an object that describes a state change in a source. It can be generated as a

consequence of a person interacting with the elements in a GUI. Some of the activities that cause
events to be generated are pressing a button, entering a character via the keyboard, selecting an
item in a list, and clicking the mouse.
Events may also occur that are not directly caused by interactions with user interface. For
e.g. an event may be generated when a timer expires, a counter exceeds a value, a software or
hardware failure occurs, or an operation is completed.
12.2 Event Source:

An event source is the object that generates an event. This occurs when the internal state
of that object changes in some way. Sources may generate more than one type of event. A source
may register listeners in order for the listeners to receive notifications about a specific type of
event. Each type of event has its own registration method. Example if you click a button an
ActionEvent Object is generated. The object of the ActionEvent class contains information about
the event.
In addition to GUI elements, other components such as an Applet, can generate Events.
For e.g. you receive key and mouse events from an Applet.
Following is the table to describe some of the Event Sources.
Event Sources Description
Button Generates action events when the button is pressed.
Checkbox Generates item events when the check box is selected or

deselected.
List Generates action events when an item is double-clicked;

generates item events when an item is selected or
deselected.
Choice Generates item events when the choice is changed.
MenuItem Generates action events when a menu item is selected;

generates item events when a checkable menu item is
selected or deselected.
Scrollbar Generates adjustment events when the scrollbar is

manipulated.
Text components Generates text events when the user enters a character.
Window Generates window events when a window is activated,

closed , deactivated, deiconified, iconified, opened, or
quit.
12.3 Event Classes
The „EventObject‟ class is at the top of the event class hierarchy. It belongs to the
java.util package. While most of the other event classes are present in java.awt.event package. The
getSource() method of the EventObject class returns the object that initiated the event. The getId
() method returns the nature of the event. For example, if a mouse event occurs, you can find out
whether the event was click, a press, a move or release from the event object.
Following is the table to describe the Event Classes.
Event Class Discription
A semantic event which indicates that a component-

ActionEvent
defined action occurred.
AdjustmentEvent
The adjustment event emitted by Adjustable objects.
A low-level event which indicates that a component

ComponentEvent moved, changed size, or changed visibility (also, the root
class for the other component-level events).
A low-level event which indicates that a container's
ContainerEvent contents changed because a component was added or
removed.
The root event class for all component-level input events.
InputEvent
A semantic event which indicates that an item was

ItemEvent
selected or deselected.
An event which indicates that a keystroke occurred in a
KeyEvent
component.
An event which indicates that a mouse action occurred in
MouseEvent
a component.
An event which indicates that the mouse wheel was
MouseWheelEvent
rotated in a component.
PaintEvent
The component-level paint event.
A semantic event which indicates that an object's text

TextEvent
changed.
A low-level event that indicates that a window has
WindowEvent
changed its status.
12.4 Event Listener:
These are objects that define methods to handle certain type of events. An event source
(for example a PushButton) can generate one or more type of events, and maintain a list of event
listeners for each type of event. An event source can register listeners by calling addXListener
type of methods. For example a Button may register an object for handling ActionEvent by calling
addActionListener. This object would then need to implement the listener interface corresponding
to ActionEvent, which is ActionListener.
So to set up the processing of events the following tasks must be done.
I. For the GUI component (like pushbutton) associate a listener object class with the
component by calling a method of type addXListener (See table below for list of methods).
II. Define this listener object. It must implement the corresponding interface. The name of
interface is of type EventListener. Table below gives list of event listeners.
III. The object must define all the methods defined in the interface it is implementing. See
table for the list of Event Listener methods defined in each Event Listener interface
Interface Description
ActionListener Define one method to receive action events
AdjustmentListener Defines one method to receive adjustment events.

ComponentListener Defines four methods to recognize when a component is
hidden, moved, resized, or shown.
ContainerListener Defines two methods to recognize when a component is
added to or removed from a container.
Focus Listener Defines two methods to recognize when a component
gains or loses keyboard focus.
ItemListener Defines one method to recognize when the state of an
item is changes.
KeyListener Defines 3 methods to recognize when a key is pressed,
released, or typed.
MouseListener Defines 5 methods to recognize when the mouse is
clicked, enters a component, exits a component, is
pressed, or is released
MouseMotionListener Defines two methods to recognize when the mouse is
dragged or moved.
MouseWheelListener Defines one method to recognize when mouse wheel is
moved.
TextListener Defines one method to recognize when a text value
changes.
WindowFocusListener Defines two methods to recognize when window gains
or loses focus.
WindowListner Defines 7 methods to recognize when a window is
activated, closed, deactivated, deiconified, iconified,
opened, or quit.
12.5 EXAMPLES
1) Example for MouseEvents & MouseListener

java.awt.event.*; import
java.applet.*;
/*<applet code= "mouseEvent" width=400 height=300>

</applet?
*/
public class mouseEvent extends Applet implements MouseListener, MouseMotionListener
{
public void init ()
{
addMouseListener (this);
addMouseMotionListener (this);
}
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
{
showStatus ("Mouse has been clicked at " + e.getX()+ "," + e.getY());
}
public void mouseEntered (MouseEvent e)
{
showStatus ("Mouse has been Entered at " + e.getX()+ "," + e.getY());
// For loop: to make sure mouse entered is on status bar for a few sec for (int
i= 0; i<1000000; i++);
}
public void mouseExited (MouseEvent e)
{
showStatus ("Mouse has been Exited at " + e.getX()+ "," + e.getY());
}
public void mousePressed (MouseEvent e)

{
showStatus ("Mouse pressed at " + e.getX()+ "," + e.getY());
}
public void mouseReleased (MouseEvent e)

{
showStatus ("Mouse released at " + e.getX()+ "," + e.getY());
}
public void mouseDragged (MouseEvent e)
{
showStatus ("Mouse dragged at " + e.getX()+ "," + e.getY());
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e)

{
showStatus ("Mouse moved at " + e.getX()+ "," + e.getY());
}
//public void paint(Graphics g)
// {
//g.drawString(msg, e.getX(), e.getY());
//
}
Save the file as mouseEvent. Java
Compile the file using javac mouseEvent.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer mouseEvent.java

2) Example for Key events and KeyListener.

java.applet.*;
/*<applet code="keyTest" width =400 height=300> </applet>
*/
public class keyTest extends Applet implements KeyListener
{
public void init()

{
Label lab = new Label ("Enter Characters :"); add (lab);
TextField tf = new TextField (20); add (tf);
tf.addKeyListener(this);
}
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e)
{
showStatus("key Down");
}
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e)
{
showStatus("key Up");
}
public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e)
{
showStatus(" Recently typed characters are : " + e.getKeyChar());
}
}
Save the file as keyTest. Java
Compile the file using javac keyTest.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer keyTest.java
Example for Button Event and Action Listener

java.awt.event.*;
/*
<applet code = "ButtonEvent" height = 400 width = 400>

</applet>
*/
public class ButtonEvent extends Applet implements ActionListener

{
Button b;
public void init()

{
b = new Button("Click me");

b.addActionListener(this); add (b);
public void actionPerformed (ActionEvent e)

{
// If the target of the event was our //Button
// In this example, the check is not
// Truly necessary as we only listen//to
// A single button
if(e.getSource () == b)
{
getGraphics().drawString("OUCH Buddy",20,20);
}
}
}
Save the file as ButtonEvent. Java
Compile the file using javac ButtonEvent.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer ButtonEvent.java
12.6 Handling Windows Events:
When you use interfaces for creating listeners, the listener class has to override all the
methods that are declared in the interface. Some of the interfaces have only one method, whereas
others(windowListener) have many. So even if you want to handle only a single event, you have
to override all the methods. To overcome this, the event packages provide seven adapter classes,
which we will see shortly. Now coming back to handle window-related events, you need to
register the listener object that implements the windowListener interface. The WindowListener
interface contains a set of methods that are used to handle window events.
Category Event Method
Windows Events The user clicks on the cross void windowClosing

button. (WindowEvent e)
The window opened for the void windowOpened

first time. (WindowEvent e)
The window is activated. void windowActivated
(WindowEvent e)
The window is deactivated. void windowDeactivated

(WindowEvent e)
The window is closed. void windowClosed

(WindowEvent e)
The window is minimized void windowIconified

(WindowEvent e)
The window maximized void windowDeiconified

(WindowEvent e)
4) example for Window Events

java.awt.event.*;
Class OurWindowListener implements windowListener

{
//Event handler for the window closing event public void

windowClosing (windowEvent we)
{
System.exit(0);
}
public void windowClosed (windowEvent we)
{
}
public void windowOpened (windowEvent we)
{
}
public void windowActivated (windowEvent we)
{
}
public void windowDeactivated (windowEvent we)
{
}
public void windowIconified (windowEvent we)
{
}
public void windowDeiconified (windowEvent we)
{
}
}
public class MyFrame extends Frame

{
Button b1;
// Main Method
public static void main (String arg[])
{
yFrame f = new MyFrame();
}
//Constructor for the event derived class

public MyFrame()
Super (―Windows Events-Title‖);

b1 = new button(―Click Me‖);
//place the button object on the window

add(―center‖,b1);
//Register the listener for the button ButtonListener

listen = new ButtonListener();
b1.addActionListener(listen);
//Register a listener for the window.
OurWindowListener wlisten = new OurWindowListener();

addWindowListener(wlisten);
//display the window in a specific size

setVisible(true);
setSize(200,200);
}//end of frame class
//The Listener Class

Class ButtonListener implements ActionListener
{
//Definition for ActionPerformed() method public
void ActionPerformed(ActionEvent evt)
{
Button source = (Button)evt.getSource();
Source.setLabel(―Button Clicked, Buddy!‖);
}
}
In the above example MyFrame class makes a call to the addWindowListener() method, which
registers object for the window. This enables the application to handle all the window-related
events. When the user interacts with the application by clicking close button, maximizing or
minimizing a WindowEvent object is created and delegated to the pre-registered listener of the
window. Subsequently the designated event-handler is called.
In the above example, the class OurWindowListener has methods that do not contain any code.
This is because the windowListener interface contains declarations for all these methods forcing
you to override them.
12.7Adapter Classes:
Java provides us with adapter classes that implement the corresponding listener interfaces
containing one or more methods. The methods in these classes are empty. The Listener class that
you define can extend the Adapter class and override the methods that you need. The adapter class
used for WindowListener interface is the WindowAdapter class.
So you can simplify the above code (example 2) using Adapter class in the following manner:
Example :Save as MyFrames.java and complie.

java.awt.event.*;
Class MyFrames extends frame

{
{
MyFrames f = new MyFrames();
}
//constructor of the Frame derived class

public MyFrames
//Register the Listener for the window

super(―The Window Adapter Sample‖);
MyWindowListener mlisten = new MyWindowListener();

addWindowListener(mlisten);
setVisible(true);
}
}
Class MyWindowListener extends WindowAdapter

{
//event handler for windows closing event public

void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
{
MyFrames f;
f = (MyFrames)we.getSource();
f.dispose();
System.exit(0);
}
}
The Following is a list of Adapter classes and Listener Interfaces In Java:
Event Category Interface Name Adapter Name Method
Window Window Listener Window Adapter Void

windowClosing
(WindowEvent e)
Void
windowOpened
(WindowEvent e)
Void
windowActivated
(WindowEvent e)
Void
windowDeactivated
(WindowEvent e)
Void windowClosed
(WindowEvent e)
Void
windowIconified
(WindowEvent e)
Void
windowDeiconified
(WindowEvent e)
Action ActionListener Void

actionPerformed(Ac
tionEvent e)
Item ItemListener Void

itemStateChanged(It
emEvent e)
Mouse Motion MouseMotionListen MouseMotionAdapt Void

er er mouseDragged(Mou
seEvent e)
Void
mouseMoved(Mous
eEvent e)
Mouse Button MouseListener MouseAdapter Void

mousePressed(Mous
eEvent e)
Void
mouseReleased(Mo
useEvent e)
Void
mouseEntered(Mou
seEvent e)
Void
mouseClicked(Mou
seEvent e)
Void
mouseExited(Mouse
Event e)
Key KeyListener KeyAdapter Void

keyPressed(KeyEve
nt e)
Void
keyReleased(KeyEv
ent e)
Void
keyTyped(KeyEven
t e)
Focus FocusListener Void

focusGained(Focus
Event e)
Void
focusLost(FocusEve
nt e)
component ComponentListener ComponentAdapter Void
componentMoved(C
omponentEvent e)
Void
componentResized(
ComponentEvent e)
Void
componentHidden(
ComponentEvent e)
Void
componentShown(C
omponentEvent e)
{mospagebreak title=Dissecting Java As Far As Inner Classes} Inner Classes:
Inner classes are classes that are declared within other classes. They are also knows as nested
classes and provide additional clarity to the program. The scope of the inner class is limited to the
class that encloses it. The object of the inner class can access the members of the outer class.
While the outer class can access the members of the inner class through an object of the inner
class.
Syntax:
class
{
class
{
}
//other attributes and methods
}
Example: Save as MyFrame.java then compile and excute the program.

java.awt.event.*;
Class MyFrame extends Frame
{
//inner class declaration
class MyWindowListener extends MyAdapter
{
//event handler for windows closing event public

void windowClosing(WindowEvent w)
{
MyFrame frm;
frm = (MyFrames)w.getSource();
frm.dispose();
System.exit(0);
}
{
MyFrame frm = new MyFrame();
}
//constructor of the Frame class
public MyFrames
//Register the Listener for the window

super(―Illustration For Inner or Nested Classes‖);
//creating an object of inner class
MyWindowListener wlisten = new MyWindowListener();

addWindowListener(wlisten);
setVisible(true);
setSize(100,100);
}
}
The above example code declares an object of the inner class in the constructor of an outer class.
To create an object of the inner class from an unrelated class, you can use the new operator as if it
were a member of the outer class.
Example:
MyFrame frame = new MyFrame(―Title‖);

Frame.MyWindowsListener listen = new MyFrame().MyWindowListener();
You can create a class inside a method. The methods of the inner class can have access to the
variables define in the method containing them. Inner class must be declared after the declaration of
the variables of the method so those variables are accessible to the inner class.
Example : Save As RadioTest.java, Compile And View Using Appletviewer
In this Applet example we examine MouseAdapters, and its methods like mouseClicked(). Plus
ItemListener interface implementation and itemStateChanged() method and use getItem() method
to display the item the user as selected in the Applet‘s status bar using the showStatus()method. We
will use interface components like checkbox, which are of two types-exclusive checkboxes (which
means only one among the group can be selected) also called Radio Buttons. We also use non-
inclusive checkboxes, which can be selected independently. The Choice class implements the pop-
up menu that allows users to select items from a menu. This UI component dispalys the currently
selected item with a arrow to its right.
/*
<applet code = "RadioTest.class" height = 300 width = 300 >

</applet>
*/

java.applet.*;
public class RadioTest extends Applet

{
public void init()
{
CheckboxGroup cbg = new CheckboxGroup();
// Checkbox(label, specific checkgroup, checked:boolean)

Checkbox c1 = new Checkbox("Black and White",cbg,false);
Checkbox c2 = new Checkbox("Color",cbg,false);
//adding mouselistener to the corresponding //
component to trap the event
c1.addMouseListener(new check1());
c2.addMouseListener(new check2());
//adding components to the container

add(c1);
add(c2);
//To create a Choice Menu(say to list the various choices)

// a Choice Object is instantiated.
// In short-Choice() constructor creates a new choice menu

//& you add items using addITem()
Choice c = new Choice();

c.add("LG");
c.add("Onida");
c.add("BPL");
c.add("Samsung");
c.add("Philips");
c.add("Sony");
// adding ItemListener to choice then adding it to the container

c.addItemListener(new Ch());
add(c);
}
Class check1 extends MouseAdapter
{
Public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
{
showStatus("You have selected Black & White TV option");
}
}
Class check2 extends MouseAdapter

{
Public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
{
showStatus("You have selected Color TV option");
}
}
Class Ch implements ItemListener

{
Public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)

{
String s =(String)e.getItem();
showStatus("You have selected" + s + " brand for your TV");
}
}
}
Swing
13.1 Introduction to JFC (Java Foundation Classes)
The earlier versions of java were released with some simple libraries. JDK1.2 was
introduced with a new set of packages – the java foundation classes, or JFC – that includes an
improved user interface called the swing components.
The JFC were developed, to address the shortcomings of AWT(Abstract Windowing

Toolkit). The development of JFC was unique. JFC 1.2 is an extension of the AWT, not a
replacement for it. The JFC visual components extend the AWT container class. The methods
contained in the component and container classes that AWT programmers are familiar with are still
valid for JFC visual classes.
The AWT user interface classes are now superseded by classes provided by the JFC. The
support classes play an important role in JFC applications . AWT support classes , those that do not
create a native window are not replaced by JFC classes.
13.2 Swing
Swing components facilitate efficient graphical user interface (GUI) development. These
components are a collection of lightweight visual components. Swing components contain a
replacement for the heavyweight AWT components as well as complex user-interface components
such as trees and tables.
Swing components contain a pluggable look and feel(PL&F). This allows all applications to
run with the native look and feel on different platforms. PL&F allows applications to have the same
behavior on various platforms. JFC contains operating systems neutral look and feel. Swing
components do not contain peers. Swing components allow mixing AWT heavyweight and swing
lightweight components in an application. The major difference between lightweight and
heavyweight components is that lightweight components can have transparent pixels while
heavyweight components are always opaque. Lightweight components can be non-regular while
heavyweight components are always rectangular.
Swing components are JavaBean compliant. This allows components to be used easily in
a Bean aware applications building program. The root of the majority of the swing hierarchy is
the Jcomponent class. The class is an extension of the AWT container class .
Difference between Swing and AWT
Swing AWT
Swing component does not need any native AWT component can be implementing with
code to implement. code.
Swing lets you specify which look and feel AWT components always have the look and
your programs GUI uses. feel of the native platform.
Swing components don‘t have to be AWT components are always rectangular.

rectangular. For ex. Buttons can be rounded.
The swing architecture is shown in the figure given below.

Application code
JFC
Java 2D
Swing
Drag & drop
AWT
Accessibility
Swing components comprises of a large percentage of the JFC release. The swing component
toolkit consists of over 250 pure java classes and 75 interfaces contained in about 10 packages. They
are used to build lightweight user interface. Swing consists of user interface(UI) classes and non user
interface classes. The non-UI classes provide services and other operations for the UI classes.
Swing packages:
Some of the Swing packages are given below.
Javax.swing.plaf.basic : Contains classes that define the default look and feel of swing
components.
Javax.swing.border : Contains border interface and their related interfaces.

Javax.swing. event: Define events specific to swing components.
Javax.swing.plaf.multi: Consist of multiplexing UI classes
Javax.swing.plaf: Consist of classes that provide swing components with pluggable look and
feel capabilities.
Javax.swing.table: Contains classes and interfaces specific to the swing table components
Javax.swing.text: Contains classes and interfaces for text manipulation components contained
in swing toolkit.
Javax.swing.tree: Contains classes that are used with the swing tree component
Javax.swing.undo: contains interfaces and classes required to implement the undo
functionality.
13.3 Swing Features :
MVC Architecture: The user can provide his own data-model for a component by
subclassing the Model class or by implementing the appropriate interface. The Model-View-
Controller (MVC) architecture is used consistently throughout the swing component set. The
view and controller parts of the architecture are combined in the component.
Nested Containers: Swing was designed to manage nested containers gracefully. The main
heavyweight containers(JWindow, JFrame etc.) as well as the major ‗lightweight‘
containers(JInternalFrame and JComponent) all delegate their operations to a JRootPane. This
commonly produces high degree of regularity in container nesting. In particular since the
fundamental component class(JComponent) contains a JRootPane, virtually any component
can be nested within another.
Keystroke Handling: A user can register interest in a particular combination of keystrokes

by creating a keystroke object and registering it with the component. When the keystroke
combination is registered along with its association action, certain conditions have to be
specified. These determine the time of initiation of the action.
Action Objects: action interface objects provide a single point of control for program actions.
An example of this would be a toolbar icon and a menu item referencing the
same Action objects. When action object disabled, the GUI items that reference it are
automatically disabled.
Virtual Desktops: The JdesktopPane and JInternalFrame classes can be used to create a
virtual desktop or multiple document interface. A JInternalFrame can be specified as
cognizable, expandable or closable, while the JDesktopPane Provides real estate for them to
operate in.
Pluggable look and feel: The user can select a look and feel and this can be plugged in. An
interface made of Swing components can look like a Win32 app, a Motif app. It can use the
new Metal look and feel.
Wide variety of components: Class names that starts with J are the components that are
added to and application. For ex. JButton, JList, JPanel.
13.4 JComponent
The JComponent class is the root of the visual component class hierarchy in the JFC. The visual
components are known as the ―J‖ classes. The functionality contained in the JComponent class is
available to all the visual components contained in the JFC. The JComponent class is repository of
functionality for all visual components.
The JComponent class is at the top of the hierarchy of all visual components contained in the
JFC. The hierarchy is shown in the following figure.
JComponent
J J
J Color Abstract File J Lable List J Menu
Chooser Button Chooser Bar
J Combo Box J Internal Frame
J Toggle Button J Button J Menu Item
J Check
J Radio Button Box J Check Box J Menu J Radio Button
Menu Item Menu Item
Windo
w
Applet
Dialog Frame J Window
J Applet
J Dialog J Frame
13.5 JApplet
The JApplet class is an extended version of the AWT applet class that adds support for
root panes and other panes.. This class is the preferred entry point when creating applets that
contain JFC components. The components are added to the ContentPane.
The constructor that can be used to create a JApplet are listed below:
JApplet() : It creates a swing applet instance
Some of the methods that can be used in conjunction with the JApplet is given below:
createRootPane( ): Called by the constructor methods to create the default root

pane. getContentPane( ) : Returns the content pane object for the applet
getGlassPane( ) : Returns the glass pane object for the applet

getJMenuBar( ) : Returns the menu bar set on the
applet setContentPane( ) : sets the content pane
properly setGlassPane( ) : sets the glass pane properly
setLayout(LayoutManagermanager) : By default the layout of this component may not be

set, the layout of its contentPane should be set instead.
13.6 JFrame
Frame windows: A frame is a top-level window that contains a title, border, minimize and
maximize buttons. JFC provides the JFrame class. This is used as a top-level-frame.
JFrame : A Swing frame is represented by the class Jframe, is an extension of the AWT Frame
classes. It is the part of javax.swing package. A Swing frame is a container that functions as the
main window for programs that use Swing components. An instance of the JFrame Class is a
heavyweight component.
The JFrame can be created using the constructors mentioned below:
JFrame() : Constructs a new frame that is initially invisible.
JFrame(String title) : Constructs a new frame, initially invisible with the specified title.
Some of the methods that may be used in conjunction with the JFrame() are listed below:
createRootPane() : Called by the constructor methods to create the default root

pane frameInit() : Called by the constructor to init the JFrame properly.
getContentPane() : Returns the content pane object for this frame
getGlassPane() : Returns the glass pane object for this
frame getJMenuBar() : Returns the menu bar set on this
frame getLayeredPane() : Returns the layered pane for this
frame setContentPane() : Sets the content pane property
setGlassPane() : Sets the glass pane property setJMenuBar()
: Sets the menu bar for the frame
setLayout(LayoutManager manager) : By default the layout of this component may not

be set, the layout of its contentPane should be set instead.
13.7 JPannel
JPanel is a Swing lightweight container that is often used for grouping components
within one of an applet or a frame. It can also be used to group other panels. The primary
purpose of the class is to provide a concrete container for the JFC. The JPanel class is provided
to gibve a concrete container class. Being an extennsion of the Jcpmponent class, JPanel is a
container and inherits the features contained in that class.
The various constructros that can be used to create a JPanel are as given below.
JPanel() : Create a new JPanel with a double buffer and a flow layout.
JPanel(Boolean is DoubleBuffered) : Create a new JPanel with FlowLayout and the

specified buffering stratergy.
JPanel (LayoutManager layout) : create a buffered JPanel with the specified layout
manager.
JPanel(LayoutManager layout, boolean is DoubleBuffered) : Creates a new JPanel with

the specified layout manager and buffering stratergy.
The methods supported by this class includes :
getAccessibleContext() : Gets the AccessibleContext associated with this JComponent.

getUIClassID() : Returns a string that specifies the name of the L&F clss tht renders theis
component.
paramString() : Returns a string representation of the corresponding

JPanel. update() : Notification fro the UIFactory that the L&F has changed.
13.8 JButtons, checkboxes and Radiobuttons
JButton: JButtons behaves In a way that is similar to Button. It can be added to JPanel and its
actions can be monitored via the ActionListener. The JButton has to be pushed to make
something happen. It consist of label and /or an icon that describes its function, an empty area
around the text/icon and a border. By default, the border is a special border that reflects the status
of the button.
A JButton can be constructed by any of the constructors mentioned below:
JButtons() : Creates a button with no text or icon

JButton(Icon icon) : Creates a button with icon.
JButton(String text) : Creates a button with text
JButton(String text, Icon icon) : Creates a button with text and icon
Some methods can be used in conjuctoin with a JButton are listed below:
isDefaultButton() : Returns whether or not the corresponding button is the default button
on the RootPane.
isDefaultCapable() : Returns whether or not the corresponding button is capable of being

the default button on the RootPane.
setDefaultCapable(booleandefaultCapable) : Sets whether or not the corresponding

button is capable of being the default button on the RootPane.
Right-clicks on a Button
The default action of a JButton is to receive a left mouse click. The button could be
programmed to receive a right mouse click also. There are ways in which this can be achived.
Creating our own UI for JButton
Overlay the button with an invisible component that would intercept all events and pass
through all except right clicks.
Subclass JButton and override the process MouseEvent() method
JCheckBox: A JCheckBox is a control that may be turned on and off by the user to designate
some kind of property being selected or not selected. It consist of a background rectangle, and a
text string and/or icon. The JCheckBox normally shows its current state visually. This is done by
placing a check mark in a box, or by changing the icon.
A JCheckbox generates item events when its state changes. The checkbox can be created by
using any one of the constructors mentioned below:
JCheckBox() : Creates an initially unchecked checkbox with no text or icon.

JCheckBox(Icon icon) : Creates an initially unchecked checkbox with an icon.
JCheckBox(Icon icon, Boolean selected) : Creates a checkbox with an icon and specifies
whether or not it is initially selected
JCheckBox(String text) : Creates an initially unchecked checkbox with the specified text.
JCheckBox(String text, Boolean selected) : Creates a checkbox with the specified text
and specifies whether or not it is initially selected.
JCheckBox(String text, Icon icon) : Creates an initially unselected checkbox with the text
and icon specified.
JCheckBox(String text, Icon icon, Boolean selected) : Creates a checkbox with icon and
text and specifies whether or not it is initially selected.
JRadioButtons: This is normally used as one of a group of radio buttons of which only one may
be selected at a time. These are grouped using a ButtonGroup and are usually used to select from
a set of mutually exclusive options. It consists of a background rectangle and text and/or an icon.
If it includes an icon, the icon is used to visually reflect the current state of the radio button.
Using the constructors listed below , radio buttons can be created:
JRadioButton() : Creates an initially unselected radio button with no set text.

JRadioButton(Icon icon) : Creates an initially unselected radio button with the specified
image but no text.
JRadioButton(Icon icon, Boolean selected) : Creates a radio button with the specified
image and selection state, but no text.
JRadioButton(String text) : Creates an initially unselected radio button with the specified
text.
JRadioButton(String text, boolean selected) : Creates a radio button with specified text
and selection state.
JRadioButton(String text, Icon icon) : Creates a radio button that has the specified text
and image, and that is initially unselected.
JRadioButton(String text, Icon icon, boolean selected) : Creates a radio button that has
the specified text, image, and selection state.
Programs:
Followig is the programm to display an Applet.
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
/*
<applet code = "Applets.class" width = 250 height = 250

> </applet>
*/
public class Applets extends JApplet
JButton B1;
public void init()
{
JPanel contentpane = (JPanel)getContentPane();

B1= new JButton("My First Applet");
contentpane.add(B1);
}
}
Save the file as Applets. Java
Compile the file using javac Applet.java
On successful compilation, execute the file using appletviewer Applets.java

The following program is an example of
Jframe/JButton
import
java.awt.*;
import
java.awt.event.*
; import
javax.swing.*;
public class Button1 extends JFrame implements

ActionListener
JButton
mtextbtn1;
JButton
mtextbtn2;
public Button1()
{
setTitle("Button Example");
JPanel contentpane =
(JPanel)getContentPane();
contentpane.setLayout(new
GridLayout(2,2));
mtextbtn1= new
JButton("Enabled");
mtextbtn1.setMnemonic('E');
mtextbtn1.addActionListener(
this);
contentpane.add(mtextbtn1);
mtextbtn2 = new
JButton("Disabled");
mtextbtn2.setMnemonic('D');
mtextbtn2.addActionListener(t
his);
contentpane.add(mtextbtn2);
mtextbtn1.setEnabled(true);
myadapter myapp = new

myadapter();
addWindowListener(myapp);
class myadapter extends WindowAdapter

{
public void windowclosing(WindowEvent e)
{
System.exit(0);
}
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)

{
if (e.getSource() == mtextbtn1)
{
setTitle("First button clicked");

}
else if ( e.getSource() == mtextbtn2)
{
setTitle("Second button clicked");
}
}

{
Button1 b = new
Button1();
b.setSize(100,100);
b.setVisible(true);
}
}
Save the file as Button1.java
Compile the program using javac

Button1.java Execute the program using java
Button1
The output appears as shown in following figure.
Example program for JCheckBoxes/JFrame.
import
java.awt.*;
import
java.awt.event.*
; import
javax.swing.*;
public class checkbox1 extends JFrame implements
ItemListener
{
JCheckBox
checkbox;
public
checkbox1()
{
setTitle("Check box Example");
JPanel contentpane =
(JPanel)getContentPane();
contentpane.setLayout(new
GridLayout(2,2)); checkbox = new
JCheckBox("Toggle");
checkbox.addItemListener(this);
contentpane.add(checkbox);
myadapter myapp = new

myadapter();
}

{
public void windowclosing(WindowEvent e)

{
System.exit(0);
}
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)

{
if (e.getStateChange() == ItemEvent.SELECTED)
{
setTitle("Checkbox selected");
}
else
{
setTitle("Checkbox unselected");
}
}

{
checkbox1 c = new
checkbox1(); c.setSize(250,250);
c.setVisible(true);
}
}
Save the file as checkbox1.java
Compile the file using javac checkbox1.java
Execute the file using java checkbox
The output appears as shown in the follwing figure

Example program for JRadioButtons
import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*;

import javax.swing.*;
public class Radiobuttons extends JFrame implements ItemListener
{
JRadioButton rb1, rb2;
ButtonGroup grp = new ButtonGroup();
public Radiobuttons()
{
setTitle("Radio Buttons Example");
JPanel contentpane = (JPanel)getContentPane();

contentpane.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
rb1 = new JRadioButton("Enabled");

rb1.addItemListener(this);
rb1.setEnabled(true); contentpane.add(rb1);
rb2 = new JRadioButton("Disabled");
rb2.addItemListener(this); //rb2.setActionCommand("Two Activated");

contentpane.add(rb2);
rb2.setEnabled(false);
grp.add(rb1);
grp.add(rb2);
myadapter myapp = new myadapter();

}
{
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)

{
System.exit(0);
}
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)

{
if (e.getSource()==rb1)
{
setTitle("First radio button enabled");

rb1.setEnabled(false);
rb2.setEnabled(true);
}
else if(e.getSource()==rb2)
{
setTitle("Second radio button enabled");

rb1.setEnabled(true); rb2.setEnabled(false);
}

{
Radiobuttons rb = new Radiobuttons();

rb.setSize(300,300); rb.setVisible(true);
}
}
Save the file as Radiobuttons.java
Compile the file using javac Radiobuttons.java
On successful compilation execute the file using java Radiobuttons
The output appears as shown in the following figure :

14
JDBC ARCHITECTURE
14.1
Introduction to JDBC
JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity. It is set of Java API‘s(application programming
interface) used for executing SQL statements. This API consists of a set of classes and interfaces to
enable programmers to write pure Java Database applications.
JDBC is a software layer that allows developers to write real client –server projects in Java.
JDBC does not concern itself with specific DBMS functions. JDBC API defines how an application
opens a connection, communicates with a database, executes SQL statements, and retrieves query result.
Following fig. will illustrate the role of JDBC. JDBC is based on the X/OPEN call level interface (CLI)
for SQL.
Call Level Interface is a library of function calls that supports SQL statements. CLI requires
neither host variables nor other embedded SQL concepts that would make it less flexible from a
programmer‘s perspective. It is still possible, however, to maintain and use specific functions of a
database management system when accessing the database through a CLI.
JDBC was designed to be very compact, simple interface focusing on the execution of raw SQL
statements and retrieving the results. The goal of creating JDBC is to create an interface that keeps simple
tasks, while ensuring the more difficult and uncommon tasks are at least made possible.
The following are the characteristics of JDBC.
It is a call-level SQL interface for java
It does not restrict the type of queries passed to an underlying DBMS driver
JDBC mechanism are simple to understand and use
It provides a java interface that stays consistent with the rest of the Java system
JDBC may be implemented on top of common SQL level APIs.
Microsoft ODBC API offers connectivity to almost all databases on all platforms and is the most
widely used programming interface for accessing relational database. But ODBC cannot be directly used
with java programs due to various reasons enumerated in the JDBC vs. ODBC section. Hence the need
for JDBC came into existence.
It is possible to access various relational databases like Sybase, Oracle, Informix, Ingers, using
JDBC API. Using JDBC, we can write individual programs to connect to individual database or one
program that take care of connecting to the respective database.
14.2
Java and JDBC

The combination of java with JDBC is very useful because it lets the programmer run his/her
program on different platforms, Java programs are secure, robust, automatically downloaded from the
network and java is a good language to create database applications. JDBC API enables Java applications
to interact with different types of database. It is possible to publish vital information from a remote
database on a web page using a java applet. With increasing inclination of programmers towards Java,
knowledge about JDBC is essential.
Some of the advantages of using Java with JDBC are as follows:
Easy and economical
Continued usage of already installed databases
Development time is short
Installation and version control simplified
How does JDBC work
JDBC defines a set of API objects and methods to interact with the underlying database.
A Java program first opens a connection to the database, makes a statement object, passes SQL
statements to the underlying database management system (DBMS) through the statement object
and retrieve the results as well as information about the result set.
There are two types of interfaces – low –level interface and high-level interface. While
high level interfaces are user-friendly, low-level interfaces are not. JDBC is a low-level API
interface, ie. it used to invoke or call SQL commands directly. The required SQL statements are
passed as strings to Java methods.
Some of the current trend that are being developed to add more features to JDBC are
embedded SQL for java and direct mapping of relational database to java classes.
Embedded SQL enables mixing of java into SQL statements. These statements are
translated into JDBC calls using SQL Processor. In this type of direct mapping of relational
database tables to java, each row of the table becomes an instance of the class and each column
value corresponds to an attribute of that instance. Mapping is being provided that makes rows of
multiple tables to form a java class.
14.3 JDBC VS ODBC

The most widely used interface to access relational database today is Microsoft‘s ODBC
API. ODBC performs similar tasks as that of JDC(Java Development Connection) and yet JDBC
is preferred due to the following reasons :
ODBC cannot be directly used with Java because it uses a C interface. Calls from Java to
native C code have a number of drawbacks in the security, implementation, robustness
and automatic portability of applications.
ODBC makes use of pointers which have been totally removed from Java
ODBC mixes simple and advanced features together and has complex options for simple
queries. But JDBC is designed to keep things simple while allowing advanced
capabilities when required.
JDBC API is a natural Java Interface and is built on ODBC. JDBC retains some of the
basic features of ODBC like X/Open SQL Call Level Interface.
JDBC is to Java programs and ODBC is to programs written in languages other than
Java.
ODBC is used between applications and JDBC is used by Java programmers to connect
to databases.
Details about JDBC
The JDBC API is in the package java.sql it consists of 8 interfaces, 6 classes and 3 exceptions in JDK1.1.
Interfaces:
CallableStatement
Connection
DatabaseMetaData
Driver
PreparedStatement
ResultSet
ResultSetMetaData
Statement
Classes:
Date
DriverManager
DriverPropertyInfo
Time
Timestamp
Types
Exceptions:
DataTruncation
SQLException
SQLWarning
14.4
JDBC DRIVER MODEL
JDBC Driver Types
There are 4 types of JDBC drivers. Commonest and most efficient of which are type 4 drivers. Here is the
description of each of them:
JDBC Type 1 Driver - They are JDBC-ODBC Bridge drivers ie. Translate JDBC into ODBC
and use Windows ODBC built in drivers. They delegate the work of data access to ODBC API.
They are the slowest of all. SUN provides a JDBC/ODBC driver implementation.
JDBC Type 2 Driver - They mainly use native API for data access ie. Converts JDBC to data
base vendors native SQL calls and provide Java wrapper classes to be able to be invoked using
JDBC drivers like Type 1 drivers; requires installation of binaries on each client.
JDBC Type 3 Driver - Translates JDBC to a DBMS independent network protocol. They are
written in 100% Java and use vendor independent Net-protocol to access a vendor independent
remote listener. This listener in turn maps the vendor independent calls to vender dependent ones.
This extra step adds complexity and decreases the data access efficiency.
JDBC Type 4 Driver - They are also written in 100% Java and are the most efficient among all
driver types. It compiles into the application, applet or servlet; doesn‘t require anything to be
installed on client machine, except JVM. It also converts JDBC directly to native API used by the
RDBMS.
The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing models for database access.
Two-tier Architecture for Data Access

Client Machine
Java Application
Client Machine
DBMS
In the two-tier model, a Java application talks directly to the data source. This requires a
JDBC driver that can communicate with the particular data source being accessed. A
user's commands are delivered to the database or other data source, and the results of
those statements are sent back to the user. The data source may be located on another
machine to which the user is connected via a network. This is referred to as a
client/server configuration, with the user's machine as the client, and the machine housing
the data source as the server. The network can be an intranet, which, for example,
connects employees within a corporation, or it can be the Internet.
In the three-tier model, commands are sent to a "middle tier" of services, which then
sends the commands to the data source. The data source processes the commands and
sends the results back to the middle tier, which then sends them to the user. MIS directors
find the three-tier model very attractive because the middle tier makes it possible to
maintain control over access and the kinds of updates that can be made to corporate data.
Another advantage is that it simplifies the deployment of applications. Finally, in many
cases, the three-tier architecture can provide performance advantages.
Three-tier Architecture for Data Access
Java Applet \
Client Machine HTML Browser
(GUI)
Java
Application
until recently, the middle tier has often been written in languages such as C or C++, which offer
fast performance. However, with the introduction of optimizing compilers that translate Java
byte code into efficient machine-specific code and technologies such as Enterprise JavaBeans™,
the Java platform is fast becoming the standard platform for middle-tier development. This is a
big plus, making it possible to take advantage of Java's robustness, multithreading, and security
features.
With enterprises increasingly using the Java programming language for writing server
code, the JDBC API is being used more and more in the middle tier of a three-tier
architecture. Some of the features that make JDBC a server technology are its support for
connection pooling, distributed transactions, and disconnected row sets. The JDBC API is
also what allows access to a data source from a Java middle tier.
SQL CONFORMANCE
Structured Query Language (SQL) is the standard language used to access relational
databases, unfortunately, there are no standards set at present for it for ex, problems may arise
due to the variations in different data types of different databases. JDBC defines a set of generic
SWL types identifiers in the class Java.SQL.Types
Ways of dealing with SQL conformance
JDBC deals with SQL conformance by performing the following :
JDBC API allows any query string to be passed through to an underlying DBMS driver.
But there are possibilities of getting an error on some DBMS.
Provision of ODBC style escape closes.
Provision of descriptive information about the DBMS using an interface,

DatabaseMetaData.
The designation JDBC Compliant was created to set a standard level of JDBC
functionality on which users can rely. Only the ANSI SQL 2 enty level supported drivers can
make use of this designation. The conformance tests check for the existence of all classes and
methods defined in the JDBC API and SQL entry level functionality.
Types of Driver Managers
JDBC contains three components: Application, Driver Manager, Driver. The user
application invokes JDBC methods to send SQL statements to the database and retrieves results.
JDBC driver manager is used to connect Java applications to the correct JDBC driver . JDBC
driver test suite is used to ensure that the installed JDBC driver is JDBC Compliant. There are
four different types of JDBC drivers as follows
1.The JDBC-ODBC Bridge plus ODBC driver :

The JDBC-ODBC Bridge plus ODBC driver is a JavaSoft Bridge protocol that provides
JDBC access via ODBC drivers. But as we have mentioned earlier, combining ODBC brings in a
lot of drawbacks and limitations, since the ODBC driver has to be installed on each client
machine, it is not advisable to choose this type of driver for large networks.
2. Native-API partly-Java driver :
Native-API partly-Java driver converts JDBC calls into calls on the client API for Oracle,
Sybase, Informix or other DBMS. But some binary code has to be loaded on all client like the
bridge driver and hence is not suitable for large networks.
3.JDBC-Net pure Java driver:
JDBC-Net pure Java driver translates JDBC calls into DBMS independent net protocol.
A server again translates this protocol to a DBMS protocol. The net server middleware connects
its pure Java clients to many different databases. The type of protocol in this middleware
depends on the vendor.
4.Native-protocol pure Java driver :
Native-protocol pure Java driver convert JDBC calls to network protocols used by the
DBMSs directly. Requests from client machines are made directly to the DBMS server.
Drivers 3 and 4 are the most preferred ways to access databases from JDBC drivers.
Database connectivity
Introduction :
A Database connection is a facility in computer science that allows client software to

communicate with database server software, whether on the same machine or not. A connection
is required to send commands and receive answers.
Connections are built by supplying an underlying driver or provider with a connection

string, which is a way of addressing a specific database or server and instance as well as user
authentication credentials (for example, Server=sql_box;Database=Common;User
ID=uid;Pwd=password;). Once a connection has been built it can be opened and closed at will,
and properties (such as the command time-out length, or transaction, if one exists) can be set.
The Connection String is composed of a set of key/value pairs as dictated by the data access
interface and data provider being used.
15.2
A connection can be open with the help of following steps
1. Importing Packages
2. Registering the JDBC Drivers
3. Opening a Connection to a Database
4. Creating a Statement Object
5. Executing a Query and Returning a Result Set Object
6. Processing the Result Set
7. Closing the Result Set and Statement Objects
8. Closing the Connection
Step 1. Importing Packages
The following JDBC packages will be imported for creating

connection. java.sql.
java.math.
java.io.
oracle.jdbc.driver.
Step 2. Registering the JDBC Drivers

Following four parameters are required to register JDBC
Drivers. o Database URL
o JDBC Driver
name o User Name
o Password
JDBC Drivers can be register using following

methods. o Class
drvClass=Class.forName(m_driverName);
o DriverManager.registerDriver((Driver)drvClass.newInstance());
Step 3 : Opening a Connection to a Database

Connection to the underlying database can be opened using
Connection : For simple SQL statements ( no parameter )

m_con=DriverManager.getC : For SQL statements with one or more IN parameters, or simple
onnection(m_url,m_userNam SQL statements that are executed frequently.
: For executing SQL stored procedures.
e,m_password);
Step 4 : Creating a Statement Object
SQL Statements
Once a connection is established, It is used to pass SQL statements to its underlying database.
JDBC provides three classes for sending SQL Statements to the database, where PreparedStatement
extends from Statement, and CallableStatement extends from
PreparedStateme
nt: o
Statement
o PreparedStatement
o CallableStatement
The statement interface provides three different methods for executing SQL statements :
o executeQuery : For statements that produce a single result set.

o executeUpdate : For executing INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements and
also SQL DDL (Data Definition Language) statements.
o execute : For executing statements that return more than one result set,
more than one update count, or a combination of the two.
A Statement object is used with following steps:
Statement
Statement stmt=m_con.createStatement();
Statement stmt=m_con.createStatement(int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency);
PreparedStatement
PreparedStatement pstmt=m_con.prepareStatement(String sql);
PreparedStatement pstmt=m_con.prepareStatement(String sql, int resultSetType, int

resultSetConcurrency),
Note:
The SQL parameter could contain one or more ‗?‘ in it. Before a PreparedStatement
object is executed, the value of each ‗?‘ parameter must be set by calling a setXXX method,
where XXX stands for appropriate type for the parameter. For ex. If the parameter has a java
type of String, the method to use is setString.
CallableStatement
CallableStatemet csmt=m_con.prepareCall(String sql);
CallableStatemet csmt=m_con.prepareCall(String sql, int resultSetType, int

resultSetConcurrency),);
Note :
The sql parameter is in the form of ―{call <stored_procedure_name>[(arg1, arg2,...)]} ―

or‖ { ?=call <stored_procedure_name>[(arg1,arg2...)]}‖. It could contain one or more ‗?‘s in it,
which indiacates IN, OUT or INOUT parameters. The value of each IN parameter is set by
calling a setXXX mehod, while each OUT parameter should be registered by calling a
registerOutParameter method.
Step 5: Executing a Query and Returning a Result Set Object AND

Step 6: Processing the Result set
Execute the Statement
Statement :
ResultSet res=stmt.executeQuery(String sql);

int rowCount=stmt.executeUpdate(String sql);
boolean result=stmt.execute(String sql);
PrepaedStatement :
ResultSet res=pstmt.executeQuery();
int rowCount=pstmt.executeUpdate();
boolean result=pstmt.execute();
CallableStatement :
ResultSet res=cstmt.executeQuery(); int

rowCount=cstmt.executeUpdate();
boolean result=cstmt.execute();
Processing the Result set
A result set contains all of the rows which satisfied the conditions in an SQL statement
and it provides access to the data in those rows through getXXX mehods that allow access to the
various columns of the current row.
The ResultSet.next() method is used to move to the next row of the ResultSet, making the
next row become the current row. ResultSet.next() returns true if the new current row is valid,
false if there are no more rows. After all the works have been done, the ResultSet should be
closed with ResultSet.close() method.
Because of limitations imposed by some DBMSs, it is recommended that for maximum

portability, all of the results generated by the execution of a CallableStatement object should be
retrieved before OUT parameters are retrieved using CallableStatement.getXXX methods.
Step 7: Closing the Result Set and Statement Objects

Close the statement
After all the works have been done, the result set and statement should be closed with the
following code :
Resultset : rset.close();
Statement : stmt.close();
PrepaedStatement : pstmt.close();
CallableStatement : cstmt.close();
Step 8: Closing the Connection

After all the works have been done, the Connection should be closed with the following code:
(Connection name)m_con.close();
15.3
Connecting to an ODBC Data Source
A database can be created and managed through Java applications. Java application that
uses a JDBC-ODBC bridge to connect to a database file either a dbase, Excel, FoxPro, Access,
SQL Server, Oracle or any other. Open the ODBC Data source from the control panel. A database
can be created and managed through Java applications.
Follow the following steps to connect to an ODBC Data Source for ―ORACLE‖.
1. Select Control Panel.
Select Administrative Tool
3. Select “Data Sources (ODBC)” icon

4. Select the MS-ODBC for oracle or any other driver that felt it required.
5. Once clicking the finish button, the following window appears asking for Data
Source name, description etc.
6. Provide “Data Source Name”, “Discription”,”Username” and “Server” name. The

username and Server name can be obtained from the Administrator. Click on ok button.
The DSN is now ready and the Java code can be written to access the database‘s tables.
15.4
JDBC Programs
1. Example for creating Table.
// Create Table
import java.sql.*; // imports all classes that belongs to the package java.sql.*
public class CreateTab

{
{
try
{
Class.forName(―sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver‖);
Connectioncon= DriverManager.getConnection
(jdbc:odbc:nitin‖ ,scott‖,‖tiger‖);
// specifies the type of driver as JdbcOdbcDriver. Statement stat=

con.createStatement();
String str=‖Create table T1(Rno number(2), Stdname varchar2(20))‖;

Stat.executeUpdate(str);
System.out.println(―Table created successfully‖);
}
Catch(SQLExecution e 1)
{
System.out.println(―Errors‖ + e 1);
}
Catch(ClassNotFoundException e 2)
{
System.out.println(―Errors‖ + e 2);
}
}
2.Example for inserting records into a Table
// Insert into table
import java.sql.*;
public class InsertTab

{
ResultSet result;
try
{
Connectioncon= DriverManager.getConnection
(jdbc:odbc:nitin‖ ,scott‖,‖tiger‖);
Statement stat= con.createStatement();
Stat.executeUpdate(―Insert into T1 values(20,‘Smith‘)‖);

Stat.executeUpdate(―Insert into T1 values(21,‘John‘)‖);
Stat.executeUpdate(―Insert into T1 values(22,‘Kate‘)‖);
Stat.executeUpdate(―Insert into T1 values(23,‘Stive‘)‖);
System.out.println(Rows Inserted successfully‖);
result=stat.executeQuery(―Select * from T1‖);
while(result.next())
{
System.out.println(result.getInt(I)+result.getString(2));
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(―Errors‖+e);
}
}
}
3.Example for viewing rows from a table
// viwing from emp table
import java.sql.*; public class SelectEmp

{
public stativ void main(String args[])
{
String url=‖jdbc:odbc:nitin‖;
Connection con;
String s= ―select ename from emp 1‖;
Statement stmt;
try
{
}
catch(java.lang.ClassNotFoundException e)
{
System.err.println(―ClassNotFoundException:‖);
System.err.println(e.getMessage());
}
try
{
con=DriverManager.getConnection(url,‖Scott‖,‖Tiger‖);
stmt=con.createStatement(); resultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery(s); while(rs.next())

{
String s1=rs.getString(―ename‖); System.out.println(―Employee name:‖ +s1);

}
stmt.close();
con.close();
}
catch(SQLException ex)
System.err.println(―SQLException:‖+ex.getMessage());
}
}
}
4. Example using prepared statements
import java.sql.*;
public class PreStExample

{
{
Connection con = null; PreparedStatement prest; try{

Connectioncon= DriverManager.getConnection(jdbc:odbc:nitin‖ ,scott‖,‖tiger‖); try{
String sql = "SELECT stdname FROM T1 WHERE Rno = ?"; prest =

con.prepareStatement(sql);
prest.setInt(1,21);
ResultSet rs1 = prest.executeQuery(); while (rs1.next())
{
String stname = rs1.getString(1);
System.out.println("student name is: "+stname);

}
prest.setInt(1,23);
ResultSet rs2 = prest.executeQuery();
while (rs2.next())
{
String stname1 = rs2.getString(1);
System.out.println("student name is: "+stname1);

}
}
catch (SQLException s){

System.out.println("SQL statement is not executed!");
}
catch (Exception e){ e.printStackTrace();

}
}
}
Features of java
15 Additional topics
No additional topics
16 University Question papers of previous years
302
16
303
304
305
Code No: R05220402 Set No. 1
306
II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2008
OOP THROUGH JAVA
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computer Science
& Engineering, Information Technology, Computer Science & Systems
Engineering, Electronics & Telematics and Electronics & Computer
Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????
1. (a) Describe the genesis of java. Also write brief overview of java
(b) Write a program that will read an unspecified number of integers and will de-
termine how many positive and negative values have been read. Your program
ends when the input is 0. [8+8]
2. (a) What is a constructor? What are its special properties?
(b) How do we invoke a constructor?
(c) What are objects? How are they created from a class? [6+4+6]
3. (a) Explain about final classes,final methods and final variables?
(b) Explain about the abstract class with example program? [8+8]
4. Prove that the fields in an interface are implicitly static and final. [16]
5. (a) Why thread is called light weight task and process heavy weight task.
(b) What are the different things shared by different threads of a single process.
What are the benefits of sharing?
(c) Is multithreading suitable for all types of applications. If yes explain any such
application. If no, explain any application for which multithreading is not
desired.
[4+4+8]
6. What are the methods supported by KeyListener interface and MouseListener in-
terface. Explain each of them with examples. [8+8]
7. Explain the functionality of JComponent with example. Differentiate JComponent
and JPanel. [8+8]
8. (a) What are accessor methods?
(b) How will you create strings and stringbuffers? How will you modify them?
307
OOP THROUGH JAVA
Engineering)
1. (a) Describe the genesis of java. Also write brief overview of java.
(b) Write a program to convert the given temperature in Fahrenheit to Celsius us-
ing the following conversion formula C = (F - 32)/1.8 And display the values
in a tabular form. [8+8]
2. (a) What is the purpose of using a method? How do you declare a method? How
do you invoke a method?
(b) What is method overloading? Can you define two methods that have same
name but different parameter types? Can you define two methods in a class
that have identical method names and parameter profile with different return
value types or different modifier ? [8+8]
3. Add a new method in the base class of Shapes.java that prints a message, but don’t
override it in the derived classes. Explain what happens. Now override it in one of
the derived classes but not the others, and Explain what happens. Finally, override
it in all the derived classes, Explain in detail about each situation. [16]
4. (a) What is a package? How do we design a package?
(b) How do we add a class or interface to a package? [8+8]
5. (a) Define multithreading. Give an example of an application that needs multi-
threading.
(b) How multithreading in single processor system is different from multithreading
in multiprocessor system. Explain. [6+10]
6. Write a java program which creates human face. [16]
7. What are various JFC containers? List them according to their functionality. Ex-
plain each of them with examples. [16]
308
8. (a) Discuss briefly about the following: TCP, UDP, URL
(b) What is InetAddress? How to create an InetAddress? What is its use? [8+8]

OOP THROUGH JAVA
Engineering)
1. (a) Describe the genesis of java. Also write brief overview of java.
(b) Write a program to convert the given temperature in Fahrenheit to Celsius us-
ing the following conversion formula C = (F - 32)/1.8 And display the values
in a tabular form. [8+8]
2. (a) What is an array? Why arrays are easier to use compared to a bunch of related
variables?
(b) Write a program for transposition of a matrix using arraycopy command.
[6+10]
3. Create a base class with an abstract print( ) method that is overridden in a derived
class. The overridden version of the method prints the value of an int variable
defined in the derived class. At the point of definition of this variable, give it a
nonzero value. In the base-class constructor, call this method. In main( ), create
an object of the derived type, and then call its print( ) method. Explain the results.
[16]
4. Write a program create an interface U with three methods. Create a class A with
a method that produces a reference to a U by building an anonymous inner class.
Create a second class B that contains an array of U. B should have one method
that accepts and stores a reference to a U in the array, a second method that sets
a reference in the array (specified by the method argument) to null and a third
method that moves through the array and calls the methods in U. In main( ),
create a group of A objects and a single B. Fill the B with U references produced
309
by the A objects. Use the B to call back into all the A objects. Remove some of
the U references from the B. [16]
5. (a) Explain throws statement in Java with the help of an example program.
(b) What is the difference between throw and throws statement. [8+8]
6. (a) Write a java program which draws a dashed line and dotted line using applet.
(b) Write a java program to draw a polygon of eight edges. [10+6]
7. (a) In what way JList differ from JComboBox?
(b) JList does not support scrolling. Why? How this can be remedied? Explain
with an example. [6+10]
8. Define sockets. Use socket programming to design a client/server application that
takes the password as input and checks whether it is correct. The program should
print the appropriate message. [16]

OOP THROUGH JAVA
Engineering)
1. Write a program that will compute the following series:
(a) 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + ...... + 1/n
(b) 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/2
2
+ ....... + 1/2n. [8+8]

2. (a) What is a constructor? What are its special properties?
(b) How do we invoke a constructor?
(c) What are objects? How are they created from a class? [6+4+6]
3. Explain about Object class in detail. [16]
4. (a) What is interface? Write a program to demonstrate how interfaces can be
310
extended.
(b) What is package? How do you create a package? Explain about the access
protection in packages? [8+8]
5. (a) Explain how threads with different priorities execute in environment which
supports priorities and which doesn’t support priorities.
(b) what are the functions available in java related to priority. [10+6]
6. (a) Why do you use frames?
(b) Explain the syntax and functionality of different methods related to Frames.
[4+12]
7. Explain the steps involved in creating JCheckBox, JRadioButton, JButton, JLabel.
[4+4+4+4]
8. Write a program to illustrate the usage of the following methods of StringBuffer
class. Explain the output in each case. Delete(), setChatAt(), deleteChatAt(),
append(), chatAt(), getChars(). [16]
17 Question Bank
QUESTION BANK
UNIT I
1 a) What Kind things can become objects in OOP?

b) List few areas of application of OOP technology.
2. a) Explain different types of class hierarchies.
3. a) What makes java a robust language? Explain.
b) Explain about the class hierarchies.
4. a) Explain about the method overriding in Java.
b) Write a java program to implement the method overriding.
5. a) Explain the way of viewing the world agents to oops.
b) Explain the way of viewing the world responsibilities about oops.
6. a) What are the advantages of an object – oriented programming paradigm.
b) Explain the fundamental characteristics of OOPS.
c) Describe with a flow chart how various tools are used in the application development.
7. a) Describe the advantages of object oriented technology.
b) How is Java strongly associated with the intern
311
8. a) Explain the need for object oriented programming paradigm.
b) What are the components of Java Architecture? Explain in detail?
c) Describe with a flow chart how various tools are used in application development.
9. a) Explain about Java class libraries.
b) Explain about relational and logical operators with examples.
10. a) Describe the genesis of java. Also write brief overview of java.
b) Write a program to convert the given temperature in Fahrenheit to Celsius using the following
conversion formula C = (F - 32)/1.8 And display the values in a tabular form.
11. Explain briefly the main concepts of object-oriented programming.
12. a) How are data and methods organized in an object-oriented program?
b) What are unique advantages of an object-oriented programming paradigm?
13. What are the chief weakness of procedural languages? How are they covered in object oriented
programming languages?
14. What are the most important common features of procedural languages and object oriented
programming languages?
15. Write a brief notes on the following:
a) Data hiding b) Classes and objects
c) Encapsulation c) Polymorphism
16. What is object oriented programming? How is it different from procedure-oriented

programming?
17. Contrast: Object-based Vs Object-oriented. Give an example (other than Java and C++) of each
category of languages
18. How data and methods organized in an object oriented program?
19. Write a program for transposition of a matrix using array copy command.
20. Explain the following methods of the String Buffer class. length ( )
o Capacity ( )
o Ensure Capacity ( )
o Set Length ( ) .
21. Write an application that computes the value of ex by using the formula:
ex = 1 + x/1! + x2/2! + x3/3! + .......... (4+4+8)
312
22. Write a program that will compute the following series:
a) 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + ...... + 1/n
b) 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/2+ ....... + 1/2n. (8+8)
23. List and explain the control statements used in java. Also describe the syntax of the control
statements with suitable illustration.
24. What is the difference between a public member and a private member of a class? (Nov 06/Feb
0708)
25. What are objects? How are they created from a class?
26. How the constructor in Java is implemented? What are its special properties? How many types of
constructors are there in Java? Explain.
27. What are constructors and destructor functions? Explain different types of constructors?
28. How do we invoke a constructor?
29. What is method overloading? Can you define two methods that have same name but different
parameter types? Can you define two methods in a class that have identical method names and
parameter profile with different return value types or different modifier?
30. Write a Java program that illustrates the usage of the charAt() and setCharAt () methods of the
String Buffer class. Give the output.
31. What are variables? Discuss about the scope and life time of variables in detail.
32. a) Explain about `this' keyword with an example.
b) Differentiate between C++ and java?
c) Write a program to illustrate specification and explain it.
33 a) What is recursion? Explain in detail.
b) Write a program to display Fibonacci series.
34. a) Briefly explain Stream Tokenizer class.
b) Write a program to illustrate the use of stream tokenizer class.
35. a) Explain about type conversion with an example.
b) Explain about wrapper class with an examples.
36. a) Write a Java Program to find the greatest common divisor of two numbers.
b) Compare and contrast between while and do – while statement.
c) Explain the constructor method. How it differs from other member function?
37. a) Compare and contrast between concrete class and abstract class.
b) Write a program to check whether given string is palindrome or not.
c) Write a program to find whether the given triangle is right angled or not
38. a) Describe with a flow chart how various tools are used in the applet development.
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b) Java is called the “Plotform independent language”. Why is it Platform independent?
c) What is a class? How do classes help us to organize our programs?
39. a) Differentiate between static and instance methods.
b) Write a program to check the given number is prime or not.
c) Write short notes on
i) this
ii) transient
iii) volatile
40. a) Write a program to solve quadratic equations.
b) What is type casting? What are the rules followed for type casting?
c) Explain the following JAVA key words : (i) static (ii) final
41. Write a program to display multiple lines of text in a window. It also displays multiple sentences
on the same line.
42. a) Write a Java Program for Simple chatting using TCP.
b) Explain about the Factory methods.
43. a) What is multiple inheritance? Explain how does Java support multiple inheritance?
b) Write about the data types supported by Java?
44. a) How does String class differ from the StringBuffer class?
b) Write a program to extract a portion of a character string and print the extracted string .assume
that m characters are extracted, starting wit the nth character.
c) Write a program ,which will read a text and count all occurrences of a particular word.
List at least ten major differences between C and Java?
45 Write a program to convert the given temperature in Fahrenheit to Celsius using the following
conversion formula C = (F - 32)/1.8 and display the values in a tabular form.
46. What is an empty statement? Explain its usefulness.
47. Explain the difference between an object and a class.
48. Write a program in order to find out what the following statement will do for ( ; ; ) some thing.
49. How a for loop can be defined and used within the program? Explain with suitable examples.
50. How java is associated with the Internet?
51. Can a java run on any machine? What is needed to run java on a computer?
52. List the modifiers and describe their purposes.
53. How do you pass actual parameters to a method? Can actual parameter have the same name
as its formal parameters?
54. Explain how to call virtual functions in base class constructor?
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55. Explain usage of Command line arguments with an example.
56. How can a base class protect derived classes so that changes to the base class will not affect
them? Explain? (Feb 07)
57. When should a data member be protected: rather than private?
58. Why is private: the default access level for a class?
59. When do you declare a member function of a class static?
60. Write a while loop to find the smallest n such that n2 is greater than 10,000.
61. What is the output of the following program code?
int m=100;
int n=300;
While (++m< n), System.out.println(m);
(Feb 2007)
62. In what ways does a switch statement differ from an if statement. Give examples.
63. Write a program to find the number of and sum of all integers greater than 100 and less than 200
that are divisible by 7.
UNIT II
1. What is inheritance? Explain the member access mechanism in inheritance with an example.
2. Create an abstract class with no methods. Derive a class and add a method. Create a static method
that
takes a reference to the base class, downcasts it to the derived class, and calls the method. In main
( ), demonstrate that it works. Now put the abstract declaration for the method in the base class,
thus eliminating the need for the downcast.
3. What is Inheritance? Discuss the differences in inheritances in C++ and java.
4. Discuss different types of Inheritances in Interfaces.
5. a) Define multiple inheritance. Does Java Support multiple inheritance. Justify your answer.
b) Write java program to implement the multilevel Inheritance.
6. a) How do you construct a class from another class? Explain with an example.
b) Can a sub class access all the members of super class? Justify your answer.
7. a) What is the use of “this” Keyword explain with an example.
b) Write a program that creates an abstract class called dimension, creates two subclasses, rectangle
and triangle. Include appropriate methods for both the subclasses that calculate and display the
area of the rectangle and triangle.
8. a) Describe the different levels of access protections available in Java with an example. (May 10)
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b) Write a program to illustrate the method overriding.
9. a) Differentiate between composition and inheritance.
b) Write a method find_Area that can find the area of the circle/square/rectangle using overloading
concept.
c) What is the use of Super Keyword?
10. a) Differentiate between method overloading and method overriding.
b) Write a program to illustrate the dynamic method dispatch.
11. a) Write a Java program that uses the length() and capacity() methods of the String Buffer class.
Give the output.
b) Explain the charAt() and setCharAt() methods of the StringBuffer class.
12. a) Discuss about Hybrid Inheritance with a suitable example.
13. Discuss about Hierarchical Inheritance with a suitable example
14. Explain about final classes, final methods and final variables?
15. Explain about the abstract class with example program?
16. Justify the following statement with an example.“ A super class variable can reference a subclass
object”.
a) Explain the main two uses of super.
b) Explain the procedure to call super class members with example.
17. Create a 3-level inheritance hierarchy. Each class in the hierarchy should have a finalize( )
method, and it should properly call the base-class version of finalize( ). Demonstrate that your hierarchy
works properly. (Nov 07)
18. Is there any alternative solution for Inheritance? If so explain the advantages and disadvantages of
it.
19. a) Define Abstract class? Explain with a suitable example.
b) Write a sample program to demonstrate the order of initialization of the base classes and
derived classes. Now add member objects to both the base and derived classes, and show the
order in which their initialization occurs
during construction.
20. Discuss the different ways by which we can access public member functions of an object?
21. Create a base class with an abstract print( ) method that is overridden in a derived class. The
overridden version of the method prints the value of an int variable defined in the derived class. At the
point of definition of this variable, give it anon zero value. In the base-class constructor, call this method.
In main( ), create an object of the derived type, and then call its print( ) method. Explain the results.
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22. Write about abstract class and early binding.
23. Compare and contrast overloading and overriding methods.
24. Explain about Object class in detail.
25. a) What is inheritance and how does it help us to create new classes quickly?
b) Describe the different forms of inheritance with examples?
26. What are the types of inheritances in java? Explain each of them in detail.
27. a) What are the differences between private, final and static variables?
b) Explain about Dynamic Method Dispatch.
28. Write a Super class interface employee has name and id number. Write manager and labour
derived from employee class. Manager class has member data qfunction and qualification and manager
allowance & rank Labour class has member data Dailywage, Overtime & grade.
29. When do we declare a method or class abstract?
30. How can you prevent a class from instantiation?
31. When do we declare a method or class final?
32. Describe different levels of access protections available in java.
33. Describe the various forms of implementing inheritances? Give an example of code for each
case?
34 a) Explain in detail about accessing a package.
b) Write short note on CLASSPATH environmental variable.
35 Create an Interface called Integer stack. Write a program that uses this interface to implement
fixed stack and dynamic stack.
36. a) What is the difference between implicit and explicit import statement? Which one take less time
for compilation?
b) How to extend one interface by the other interface? Explain with an example.
37. a) What is the usage of javac –d option?

b) How to design and implement an interface. Explain with example?
c) Explain implicit and explicit import statement.
38. a) Define a package? What is the necessity of packages?
b) Explain implicit and explicit import statement.
c) What is the major difference between an interface and class?
39. a) Compare and contrast between class and an interface.
b) Write a program to implement a class Teacher contains two fields Name and Qualification.
Extend the class to Department, it contains Dept. No and Dept. Name. An Interface named as
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College it contains one field Name of the College. Using the above classes and Interface get the
appropriate information and display it.
40. Prove that the fields in an interface are implicitly static and final.
41. What is package? Explain the procedure to create a package with the help of example.
42. Write a program to create a class with a non default constructor and no default constructor. Create
a second class that has a method which returns a reference to the first class. Create the object to
return by making an anonymous inner class that inherits from the first class.
43. Write a program to create a private inner class that implements a public interface. Write a
method that returns a reference to an instance of the private inner class, upcast to the interface.
Show that the inner class is completely hidden by trying to downcast to it.
44. Write a program create an interface U with three methods. Create a class A with a method that
produces a reference to a U by building an anonymous inner class. Create a second class B that
contains an array of U. B should have one method that accepts and stores a reference to a U in the
array, a second method that sets a reference in the array (specified by the method argument) to
null and a third method that moves through the array and calls the methods in U. In main( ),
create a group of A objects and a single B. Fill the B with U references produced by the A
objects. Use the B to call back into all the A objects. Remove some of the U references from the
B.
45. Create an interface with at least one method, in its own package. Create a class in a separate
package. Add a protected inner class that implements the interface. Ina third package, inherit
from your class and, inside a method, return an object of the protected inner class, up casting to
the interface during the return.
46. Prove that all the methods in an interface are automatically public.
47. Write a sample program to illustrate packages
48. a) What is a package? How do we design a package?
b) How do we add a class or interface to a package?
49. a) Give general form of the package statement. Give an example package creation statement.
b) Give general form of a multileveled package statement. What is the significance of the
CLASSPATH environment variable in creating/using a package
c) Give the general form of the import statement. Illustrate a Java program that creates a package
and uses it.
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50. Write a program to create an interface containing a static inner class. Implement this interface and
create an instance of the inner class.
51. Write an interface called shape with necessary methods. Derive classes circle, rectangle, triangle,
cone, sphere and cube with appropriate constructors and methods for area, volume also setting &
displaying.
52. a) What is interface? Write a program to demonstrate how interfaces can be extended.
b) What is package? How do you create a package? Explain about the access protection in
packages?
53. a) Define an interface? Explain the difference between class and interface. List out the various
interfaces in java.
b) Write a program to get n numbers from the users and print and largest numbers.
54. Write an interface called shape with necessary methods. Derive classes circle, rectangle, triangle,
cone, sphere and cube with appropriate constructors and methods for area, volume also setting &
displaying.
UNIT III
1. What is the role of stack in exception handling?

a) Give the classification of exceptions.
B)Give the list of different checked exceptions in java and their meaning.
2. a) What is meant by uncaught exceptions? Discuss how to deal with them. Explain it with a sample
Java program.
b) Discuss the key terms \throw" and \throws". Give suitable examples which shows how to use
them.
3. What are the Java's built-in exceptions? List the checked exceptions defined in the Java:lang and
explain them clearly with suitable examples.
4. a) Discuss about multiple catch clauses and nested try statements.
b) Explain the following:
i. ArithmeticException
ii. ArrayStoreException
iii. ClassCastException
iv. IllegalStateException
5. List out various classes in \Java.util" and explain them clearly.
6. List out the classes in Java.util Package along with their purpose.
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7. a) What is Synchronization? Explain with suitable example.
b) Write a program that generates a user defined Exception.
8. a) Explain how exception handling mechanism can be used in a program.
b) Write a Java Program to implement Runnable class to create a thread.
9. a) What is an exception? How can java handle the exceptions? Illustrate with an example.
b) Explain about various key words used in handling the exceptions.
10. Explain the following Thread related exceptions with examples:
a) IllegalMonitorStateException
b) IllegalThreadStateException.
11. Explain in detail any three checked exceptions.
12. Explain the following exceptions with the help of examples:
ArithmeticException
NullPointerException
13. If we try to catch a super class exception type before a sub class type, compiler generates
exception errors. Explain why this error occurs with an example?
14. What is the difference between unchecked and checked exceptions in java?
15. Give the list of different unchecked exceptions in java and their meaning.
17. Explain in detail any two unchecked exceptions.
18. a) Explain how threads with different priorities execute in environment which supports priorities
and which doesn’t support priorities.
b) What are the functions available in java related to priority?
19. What is an exception? How can java handle the exceptions? Illustrate with an example. Explain
about various key words used in handling the exceptions.
20. Why exception handling is considered as one of the important features in OOPS? Write your
explanation with suitable examples.
21. Write a java program that illustrates re-throwing an exception.

a. What is the use of five keywords of Java related to exception handling i.e., try, catch, throw,
throws, and finally.
b. Write an example Java program using all the five key words mentioned above, and explain how
the program works.
22. Explain in detail any three checked exceptions.
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23. A program throws an exception and the appropriate exception handler begins execution, and this
exception handler in turns throws the same exception. Is this above approach creating an infinite
recursion? Justify your answer with an example
24. What is meant by multithreaded programming? Discuss about Java thread model, thread priorities
and interthread communication.
25. a) Discuss about wait( ), notify( ) and notifyAll( ) methods in Java.
b) What is meant by a Deadlock? Is it possible to occur in a multithreaded program? Justify your
answer with a sample Java program.
26. a) Discuss various methods of object class.
b) Write a program that illustrates notify, notifyAll( ) and wait( ) methods of object class.
27. a) Explain clearly the Single-member Annotations with a sample Java program.
b) Discuss the Autoboxing/Unboxing Boolean and character values.
28. Discuss in detail about various Enumerations and Annotations in Java. Write sample Java
programs to describe each of them.
29. a) Write a program that demonstrate the priority setting in threads.
b) Write an example program for multithreading using thread class.
30. a) How do we set priorities for threads? Describe the complete life cycle of a thread.
b) Write a program that includes a try block and a catch clause which processes the arithmetic
exception generated by division – by – zero error.
UNIT-IV
1. Write about various Stream Classes in java.
2. Discuss about the File Input stream and File Output Stream in java with examples
3. Write short notes on java.io package and java.lang package.
4. Write about the various Character Streams in java.
5. Write about the various Byte Streams in java?
6. Explain the process of connecting to a database
7. Write short notes on types of JDBC drivers
8. explain file handling using File class
9. Write short notes on collections frame work of java
10.write a program illustrating following collections framework
a) ArrayList
b) Vector
c) HashTable
d) Stack
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UNIT-V
1. Write a stand-alone AWT based application which) creates a frame window that responds to
mouse clicks and key strokes.
2. a) What is the functionality supported by java related to drawing ellipses and circles.
b) What is the functionality supported by java related to drawing arcs.
3. a) How do you scale a drawing object in java? Explain with an example java program.
b) What is the functionality supported by java related to colours.
4. What are the components and other graphical user interface elements that can act as source of
events? What are the events that can be generated by the above elements? Explain.
5. What are the methods supported by the following interfaces. Explain each of them
a) ActionListener interface
b) MouseMotionListener interface
c) TextListener interface.
6. What are the methods supported by KeyListener interface and MouseListener interface. Explain
each of them with examples.
7. With the help of an example program explain how you handle all mouse related events.
8. a) What is the functionality supported by java related to Fonts.
b) How using different fonts improves the user interface.
9. Explain different event classes supported by Java.
10. a) Distinguish between Grid layout and Grid bag layout.
b) Give the differences between panel and frame.
c) What is an adapter class? Describe about the Mouse adapter class.
11. Explain the different types of Layout managers with suitable examples.
12. a) Distinguish between Grid layout and Grid bag layout.
b) Give the differences between panel and frame.
c) What is an adapter class? Describe about the Mouse adapter class.
13. Write a program to illustrate Grid bag layout.
14. Differentiate following with sample programs.
a) Grid & Grid bag layout
b) Card & border layout.
15. a) How event driven programming is different from Procedure oriented programming.
b) Give overview of Java’s event handling mechanism.
16. Explain in detail about the following event classes:
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a) ComponentEvent b) ContainerEvent
c) FocusEvent
17. Explain Grid layout Manager with an example.
18. a) Write Java code for an Applet skeleton and explain it.
b) What are the methods used for Applet initialization and termination? Explain them clearly.
19. a) Write the HTML Applet Tag and explain each part of it.
b) What are the four forms of the method repaint ( )? Explain their usage with a sample Java
program.
15. a) Differentiate between an Applet and an Application.
b) Write a Java Program to display the following 3 by 3 Magic Square (Total = 15) using JTable.
2 9 4
7 5 3
6 1 8
16. What is the use of JFrame? Create a JFrame containing a JDesktoppane, which has a single
internalFrame.
17. What are various JFC containers? List them according to their functionality.
18 a) Discuss various integer constants, constructors and methods defined in the KeyEvent class.
b) Explain the FocusEvent class and the InputEvent class.
19. Discuss the following Event Listener Interfaces and also discuss various methods declared in it.
a) WindowFocusListener
b) TextListener
c) KeyListener
d) MouseListener
20. a) Explain the AdjustmentEvent class and its usage with a sample program.
b) Discuss about various sources of events.
21. Write a Java Program to illustrate menu.
22. Write a program to create frame window that responds to mouse clicks and keystrokes.
23. Write a program to handle HTTP get request?
24. Differentiate choice lists and scrolling lists? How will you add them to an applet? Explain with
suitable examples.
25. Create an applet with two toolbars. One toolbar should be created using JButtonsand a separator
and another toolbar should be created using 3 custom Action classes. Add one to the ”north” and
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another to the ”south” sides of border layout. When the user clicks one of the buttons in the
toolbar, it will print a message to the console stating that which button is being pressed from
which toolbar. Add functionalities to the buttons such as New, Open, Close, Save, Cut, Copy,
Paste.
26. Explain the steps involved in creating a frame. Create a desktop pane, add it to a frame and
display two internal frames in it. Internal frames should have 2 different layers.
27. a) How will you create a menu in java?
b) Write a frame application that has an edit menu, which consists of cut, copy and paste and
performs the same functions when selected. Create a text box to operate on.
28. a) Explain menu class and menu actions.
b) Is it possible to create nested menus and submenus? If so, how?
29. Explain various text components in JFC with examples.
30. a) Why creating a subclass of Frame is preferred over creating an instance of Frame when creating a
window.
b) Explain the steps in creating a subclass of frame with the help of examples.
31. a) What is the use of JPasswordField? Explain with an aid of an application program.
b) What are the differences between JPopupMenu and JMenu?
32. Differentiate following with suitable examples:
a) Frame, JFrame
b) Applet, Japplet L53
c) Menu, Jmenu.
33. a) Explain various components of User Interface.
b) How will you arrange components on User Interface?
34. Write a program that randomly draws characters in different font sizes and colors.
35. Write a program that randomly draws characters in different font sizes and colors.
36. What are the methods supported by Key Listener interface and Mouse Listener in-terrace. Explain
each of them with examples.
37. a) Explain menu class and menu actions.
b) Is it possible to create nested menus and submenus? If so, how?
38. a) Why do you use frames?
b) Explain the syntax and functionality of different methods related to Frames.
39. What is meant by AWT? How will you create User Interfaces for applets?
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40. a) What is the use of JPasswordField? Explain with an aid of an application program.
b) What are the differences between JPopupMenu and JMenu?
41. Explain the functionality of JComponent with example. Differentiate JComponent and JPanel.
42. a) Explain the goals of Swing.
b) Explain the Swing architecture with a diagram.
43. Discuss about various methods defined in the following classes:
a) ImageIcon b) JLabel
c) JTextField d) JButton
18 Assignment Questions
Assignment-1
1. Differentiate between procedural and object oriented langauages
2. Write a program that finds the largest prime number that is less than a specified value.
3. Write a Java Program to represent bank account containing Account number account
name and balance and methods as Deposit and withdraw.
4.Write a Java Program to Sort a given list of names in ascending order.
5. Write a Java Program to check whether a String is palindrome or not.
6. Write a Java Program to Count number of words in a given text.
7. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Narrowing conversion.
8. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Constructor overloading.
9. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Constructor chaining.
10. Write a Java Program to demonstrate String buffer class methods.
Assignment-2
1. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Method overriding.

2. Write a Java Program demonstrate the Use of “super” keyword.
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3. Write a Java Program to create Geometric shape interface with methods area( ) and
perimeter( ) for classes triangle ,rectangle and circle.
4. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Packages containing
package name as “sortapp” a in which declare an interface “sortInterface” with
method sort() whose return type and parameter type should be void and empty define
“subsortapp “ as subpackage of “sortapp” package in which define a class.
5. Write a Java Program to Sort a given list of names in ascending order.
6. Write a Java Program to represent bank account containing Account number account
name and balance and methods as Deposit and withdraw.
7. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Single inheritance.
8. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Static keyword.
9. Design and develop a java program to show abstract methods
Assignment-3
1. Write a Java Program Method to throw “insufficient fund exception” in withdraw

method of bank account class.
2. Write a Java Program to define two threads such that one thread prints even numbers
and another thread prints odd numbers.
3. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Synchronization concept.
4. Design and develop a java program to create three threads the first thread prints ‘good
morning’ for every one second ,the second thread prints ‘hello!’ for every 2 seconds and
the third thread prints ‘welcome’ for every three seconds.
5. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Event handling.
6. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Try-catch-finally all in one program.
7. Design and develop a java program for creating our own Exception class. In this the
details of account number, customer name and balance amount in the form of 3arrays the
in main() method we display these details using for loop. at this time we check if any
account balance is less than 1000/- the MyException is raised and a message is displayed
like’ balance is less than 1000/-“.
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Assignment-4
1. Design and develop a java program that reads a filename and displays the file on
screen with the line number before each line
2. Design and develop a java program that reads a filename from keyboard and display
the number of characters, lines, and words in the file.
3. Design and develop a java program that reads a filename from the user that displays
information about whether the file exists\readable\writable\type of file and length of file.
4. Design and develop a java program to show all the stack operations.
5 Illustrate Vector and Hashtable using a program.
Assignment-5
1. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Choice.

2. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Menu Bar.
3. Design and develop a java program to create an applet and display a simple message like
“Hello! Welcome to Applet Programming”.
4. Write a java program that simulates a traffic light. The program lets the user select one of
three lights: red, yellow, or green. When a radio button is selected, the light is turned on, and
only one light can be on at a time No light is on when the program starts.
5. Write a Java program that allows the user to draw lines, rectangles and ovals.
6. Design and develop a java program to show the use Calendar class
7. Write a Java program that works as a simple calculator. Use a grid layout to arrange buttons
for the digits and for the +, -,*, % operations. Add a text field to display the result.
8. Write a program that creates a user interface to perform integer divisions. The user enters two
numbers in the textfields, Num1 and Num2. The division of Num1 and Num2 is displayed in the
Result field when the Divide button is clicked. If Num1 or Num2 were not an integer, the
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program would throw a NumberFormatException. If Num2 were Zero, the program would throw
an ArithmeticException Display the exception in a message dialog box.
19 Unit wise Quiz Questions and long answer questions
UNIT-1
1..______________ is the ability for a message or data to be processed in more than one form.
a. inheritance c. encapsulation
b. abstraction d.polymorphism
2 An________ is a software bundle of variables and related methods
3. Which of the following statement about the java language is true?

a)Both procedural and OOP are supported in java
b)Java supports only procedural approach through programming
c)Java supports only OOP approach d)None of the above
4. Which of the following statements is false about objects?

a)An instance of a class is an object b)Objects can access both static and instance data
c)Object is the superclass of all other classes d)Object do not permit encapsulation
5_______________ is a technical definition of the language that includes the syntax and
semantics.
6________________ can be characterized as data controlling access to code.
7__________________ is a software unit that combines a structured set of data with a set of
operations for inspecting and manipulating that data.
8. is a group of instructions that is given a name and can be called up at any
point in a program simply by quoting that name
a.method b. class c. data d. messages
9. allows to reuse classes by deriving a new class from an existing one
a. inheritance c. encapsulation
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b. abstraction d.polymorphism
10. is an object that can be used to call an arbitrary public method, on an instance that is
acquired by evaluatng the leading portion of a method binding expression via a value binding
a.Method binding b. Type binding c. a&b d.none
112 11._____________ is an interpreter for bytecode.

b.
a. Compiler JVM c. Internet d. ACM
12.The class that inherits is called a ]

a.Superclass b.subclass c.virtual d.instance class
13.The ____________operator is used to create a new object or a new array.

a.instanceOf b.scope c.(.) d.new
14.A constructor is used to

a.destroy
memory b.initialize newly created object
c.import packages d.create a JVM for applets
15.In java, the equal sign is used as the

a.increment b.decrement c.assignment d.negation
16.To terminate a program, use the java

statement:
a.System.quit(0);
d.System.exit(0);
b.System.end(0);
c.System.abort(0);
17.Which method can access to private attributes of a class?

a)Only static method of the same class b)Only instances of the same class
c)Only methods those defined in the same class d)Only classes available in the same package
18.What is the value of ‘number’ after the following code fragment execution?
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int number = 0;
int number2 = 12
while (number < number2)
{
number = number +1;
}
a)5 b)12 c)21 d)13
19.Which can be passed as an argument to a function? [

a)Constant b)Expression c)Other function d)All the above
20.“this” pointer [
a)Implicitly points to an object b)Can be explicitly used in class
c)Can be used to return an object d)All the above
[
21.Static function Should be called when an object is destroyed
a.Is closely connected with individual objects of a class
b.Can be called using the class name and function name
c.Is used when a dummy object must be created
d.none
22. The new operator [ ]

a) Returns a pointer to the variable b) Creates a variable called new
c) Obtains memory for a new variable d) Tells how much memory is available
23.___________ is the region where the code that needs to be executed under circumstances is
written.
24. _______________ is an independent path of execution in a program.
25.A program that a java enabled browser can download and run is
a__________ .
330
26. What is the range of data type short in Java?
a) -128 to 127 b) -32768 to 32767 c) -2147483648 to 2147483647 d) None of the mentioned
27. What is the range of data type byte in Java?
a) -128 to 127 b) -32768 to 32767 c) -2147483648 to 2147483647 d) None of the mentioned
28. Which of the following are legal lines of Java code?

1. int w = (int)888.8;
2. byte x = (byte)100L;
3. long y = (byte)100;
4. byte z = (byte)100L;
a) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3 c) 3 and 4 d) All statements are correct.
29. An expression involving byte, int, and literal numbers is promoted to which of these?
a) int b) long c) byte d) float
30. Which of these literals can be contained in a data type float variable?
a) 1.7e-308 b) 3.4e-038 c) 1.7e+308 d) 3.4e-050
31. Which data type value is returned by all transcendental math functions?
a) int b) float c) double d) long
32. What is the output of this program?
1. class average {
2. public static void main(String args[])
3. {
4. double num[] = {5.5, 10.1, 11, 12.8, 56.9, 2.5};
5. double result;
6. result = 0;
7. for (int i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
8. result = result + num[i];
9. System.out.print(result/6);
10.
331
11. }
12. }
a) 16.34 b) 16.566666644 c) 16.46666666666667 d) 16.46666666666666

1. class conversion {
3. {
4. double a = 295.04;
5. int b = 300;
6. byte c = (byte) a;
7. byte d = (byte) b;
8. System.out.println(c + " " + d);
9. }
10. }
a) 38 43 b) 39 44 c) 295 300 d) 295.04 300

1. class increment {
3. {
4. int g = 3;
5. System.out.print(++g * 8);
6. }
7. }
a) 25 b) 24 c) 32 d) 33

1. class area {
3. {
332
4. double r, pi, a;
5. r = 9.8;
6. pi = 3.14;
7. a = pi * r * r;
8. System.out.println(a);
9. }
10. }
a) 301.5656 b) 301 c) 301.56 d) 301.56560000
36. What is the numerical range of a char in Java?
a) -128 to 127 b) 0 to 256 c) 0 to 32767 d) 0 to 65535
37. Which of these coding types is used for data type characters in Java?
a) ASCII b) ISO-LATIN-1 c) UNICODE d) None of the mentioned
38. Which of these values can a boolean variable contain?

a) True & False b) 0 & 1 c) Any integer value d) true
39. Which of these occupy first 0 to 127 in Unicode character set used for characters in Java?
a) ASCII b) ISO-LATIN-1 c) None of the mentioned d) ASCII and ISO-LATIN1
40. Which one is a valid declaration of a boolean?
a) boolean b1 = 1; b) boolean b2 = ‘false’; c) boolean b3 = false; d) boolean b4 = ‘true’
1. class array_output {
3. {
4. char array_variable [] = new char[10];
5. for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
6. array_variable[i] = 'i';
7. System.out.print(array_variable[i] + "" );
8. i++;
9. }
333
10. }
11. }
a) i i i i I b) 0 1 2 3 4 c) i j k l m d) None of the mentioned

1. class mainclass {
3. {
4. char a = 'A';
5. a++;
6. System.out.print((int)a);
7. }
8. }
a) 66 b) 67 c) 65 d) 64

3. {
4. boolean var1 = true;
5. boolean var2 = false;
6. if (var1)
7. System.out.println(var1);
8. else
9. System.out.println(var2);
10. }
11. }
a) 0 b) 1 c) true d) false

1. class booloperators {
334
3. {
4. boolean var1 = true;
5. boolean var2 = false;
6. System.out.println((var2 & var2));
7. }
8. }

1. class asciicodes {
3. {
4. char var1 = 'A';
5. char var2 = 'a';
6. System.out.println((int)var1 + " " + (int)var2);
7. }
8. }
a) 162 b) 65 97 c) 67 95 d) 66 98
46. Which of these is data type long literal?

a) 0x99fffL b) ABCDEFG c) 0x99fffa d) 99671246
47. Which of these is returned by operators &, ?

a) Integer b) Boolean c) Character d) Float
48. Literals in java must be preceded by which of these?

a) L b) l c) D d) L and I
335
49. Literal can be of which of these data types?
a) integer b) float c) Boolean d) all of the mentioned
50. Which of these can not be used for a variable name in Java?
a) identifier b) keyword c) identifier & keyword d) None of the mentioned
1. class evaluate {
3. {
4. int a[] = {1,2,3,4,5};
5. int d[] = a;
6. int sum = 0;
7. for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
8. sum += (a[j] * d[j + 1]) + (a[j + 1] * d[j]);
9. System.out.println(sum);
10. }
11. }
a) 38 b) 39 c) 40 d) 41
3. {
4. int array_variable [] = new int[10];
5. for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
6. array_variable[i] = i/2;
7. array_variable[i]++;
8. System.out.print(array_variable[i] + " ");
9. i++;
10. }
11.
12. }
336
13. }
a) 0 2 4 6 8 b) 1 2 3 4 5 c) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 d) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. class variable_scope {
3. {
4. int x;
5. x = 5;
6. {
7. int y = 6;
8. System.out.print(x + " " + y);
9. }
10. System.out.println(x + " " + y);
11. }
12. }
a) 5 6 5 6 b) 5 6 5 c) Runtime error d) Compilation error
54. Which of these is incorrect string literal?
a) “Hello World” b) “Hello\nWorld” c) “\”Hello World”” d) “Helloworld”

1. class dynamic_initialization {
3. {
4. double a, b;
5. a = 3.0;
6. b = 4.0;
7. double c = Math.sqrt(a * a + b * b);
8. System.out.println(c);
9. }
10. }
337
a) 5.0 b) 25.0 c) 7.0 d) Compilation Error
55. Which of these operators is used to allocate memory to array variable in Java?
a) malloc b) alloc c) new d) new malloc
56. Which of these is an incorrect array declaration?

a) int arr[] = new int[5] b) int [] arr = new int[5] c) int arr[] arr = new int[5] d) int arr[] = int [5]
new
57. What will this code print?

int arr[] = new int [5];
System.out.print(arr);
a) 0 b) value stored in arr[0]. c) 00000 d) Garbage value
58. Which of these is an incorrect Statement?

a) It is necessary to use new operator to initialize an array.
b) Array can be initialized using comma separated expressions surrounded by curly braces.
c) Array can be initialized when they are declared.
d) None of the mentioned
59. Which of these is necessary to specify at time of array initialization?

a) Row b) Column c) Both Row and Column d) None of the mentioned

3. {
4. int array_variable [] = new int[10];
5. for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
338
6. array_variable[i] = i;
7. System.out.print(array_variable[i] + " ");
8. i++;
9. }
10. }
11. }
a) 0 2 4 6 8 b) 1 3 5 7 9 c) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 d) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. class multidimention_array {
3. {
4. int arr[][] = new int[3][];
5. arr[0] = new int[1];
6. arr[1] = new int[2];
7. arr[2] = new int[3];
8. int sum = 0;
9. for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
10. for (int j = 0; j < i + 1; ++j)
11. arr[i][j] = j + 1;
12. for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
13. for (int j = 0; j < i + 1; ++j)
14. sum + = arr[i][j];
15. System.out.print(sum);
16. }
17. }
a) 11 b) 10 c) 13 d) 14

1. class evaluate {
339
3. {
4. int arr[] = new int[] {0 , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
5. int n = 6;
6. n = arr[arr[n] / 2];
7. System.out.println(arr[n] / 2);
8. }
9. }
a) 3 b) 0 c) 6 d) 1

3. {
4. char array_variable [] = new char[10];
5. for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
6. array_variable[i] = 'i';
7. System.out.print(array_variable[i] + "");
8. }
9. }
10. }
a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 b) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c) i j k l m n o p q r d) i i i i i i i i i i
64. Which of the following can be operands of arithmetic operators?

a) Numeric b) Boolean c) Characters d) Both Numeric & Characters
65. Modulus operator, %, can be applied to which of these?

a) Integers b) Floating – point numbers c) Both Integers and floating – point numbers. d) None of
the mentioned
340
66. With x = 0, which of the following are legal lines of Java code for changing the value of x to
1?
1. x++;
2. x = x + 1;
3. x += 1;
4. x =+ 1;
a) 1, 2 & 3 b) 1 & 4 c) 1, 2, 3 & 4 d) 3 & 2
67. Decrement operator, –, decreases value of variable by what number?

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
68. Which of these statements are incorrect?

a) Assignment operators are more efficiently implemented by Java run-time system than their
equivalent long forms.
b) Assignment operators run faster than their equivalent long forms.
c) Assignment operators can be used only with numeric and character data type.
d) None

3. {
4. double var1 = 1 + 5;
5. double var2 = var1 / 4;
6. int var3 = 1 + 5;
7. int var4 = var3 / 4;
8. System.out.print(var2 + " " + var4);
9.
10. }
11. }
341
a) 1 1 b) 0 1 c) 1.5 1 d) 1.5 1.0

1. class Modulus {
3. {
4. double a = 25.64;
5. int b = 25;
6. a = a % 10;
7. b = b % 10;
8. System.out.println(a + " " + b);
9. }
10. }
a) 5.640000000000001 5 b) 5.640000000000001 5.0 c) 5 5 d) 5 5.640000000000001

3. {
4. int g = 3;
5. System.out.print(++g * 8);
6. }
7. }
a) 25 b) 24 c) 32 d) 33

1. class Output {
3. {
4. int x , y;
5. x = 10;
342
6. x++;
7. --x;
8. y = x++;
9. System.out.println(x + " " + y);
10. }
11. }
a) 11 11 b) 10 10 c) 11 10 d) 10 11

1. class Output {
3. {
4. int a = 1;
5. int b = 2;
6. int c;
7. int d;
8. c = ++b;
9. d = a++;
10. c++;
11. b++;
12. ++a;
13. System.out.println(a + " " + b + " " + c);
14. }
15. }
a) 3 2 4 b) 3 2 3 c) 2 3 4 d) 3 4 4
74. Which of these is not a bitwise operator?

a) & b) &= c) |= d)
75. Which operator is used to invert all the digits in binary representation of a number?
a) ~ b) <<< c) >>> d) ^
343
76. On applying Left shift operator, <<, on an integer bits are lost one they are shifted past which
position bit?
a) 1 b) 32 c) 33 d)
77. Which right shift operator preserves the sign of the value?
a) << b) >> c) <<= d) >>=
78. Which of these statements are incorrect?
a) The left shift operator, <<, shifts all of the bite in a value to the left specified number of times.
b) The right shift operator, >>, shifts all of the bite in a value to the right specified number of
times.
c) The left shift operator can be used as an alternative to multiplying by 2.
d) The right shift operator automatically fills the higher order bits with 0.

1. class bitwise_operator {
3. {
4. int var1 = 42;
5. int var2 = ~var1;
6. System.out.print(var1 + " " + var2);
7. }
8. }
a) 42 42 b) 43 43 c) 42 -43 d) 42 43

1. class bitwise_operator {
3. {
4. int a = 3;
5. int b = 6;
6. int c = a | b;
7. int d = a & b;
344
8. System.out.println(c + " " + d);
9. }
10. }
a) 7 2 b) 7 7 c) 7 5 d) 5 2

1. class leftshift_operator {
3. {
4. byte x = 64;
5. int i;
6. byte y;
7. i = x << 2;
8. y = (byte) (x << 2)
9. System.out.print(i + " " + y);
10. }
11. }
a) 0 64 b) 64 0 c) 0 256 d) 256 0

1. class rightshift_operator {
3. {
4. int x;
5. x = 10;
6. x = x >> 1;
7. System.out.println(x);
8. }
9. }
a) 10 b) 5 c) 2 d) 20
345
1. class Output {
3. {
4. int a = 1;
5. int b = 2;
6. int c = 3;
7. a |= 4;
8. b >>= 1;
9. c <<= 1;
10. a ^= c;
11. System.out.println(a + " " + b + " " + c);
12. }
13. }
a) 3 1 6 b) 2 2 3 c) 2 3 4 d) 3 3 6
84. What is the output of relational operators?

a) Integer b) Boolean c) Characters d) Double
85. Which of these is returned by greater than, <, and equal to, ==, operator?
a) Integers b) Floating - point numbers c) Boolean d) None of the
86 Which of the following operators can operate on a boolean variable? 1. && 2. == 3. ?: 4. +=
a) 3 & 2 b) 1 & 4 c) 1, 2 & 4 d) 1, 2 & 3
87. Which of these operators can skip evaluating right hand operand?
a) ! b) | c) & d) &&
88. Which of these statement is correct?
a) true and false are numeric values 1 and 0. b) true and false are numeric values 0 and 1. c) true is
any non zero value and false is 0. d) true and false are non numeric values.
1. class Relational_operator {
346
3. {
4. int var1 = 5;
5. int var2 = 6;
6. System.out.print(var1 > var2);
7. }
8. }

1. class bool_operator {
3. {
4. boolean a = true;
5. boolean b = !true;
6. boolean c = a | b;
7. boolean d = a & b;
8. boolean e = d ? b : c;
9. System.out.println(d + " " + e);
10. }
11. }
a) false false b) true ture c) true false d) false true

1. class ternary_operator {
3. {
4. int x = 3;
5. int y = ~ x;
6. int z;
7. z = x > y ? x : y;
8. System.out.print(z);
347
9. }
10. }
a) 0 b) 1 c) 3 d) -4

1. class Output {
3. {
4. int x , y = 1;
5. x = 10;
6. if (x != 10 && x / 0 == 0)
7. System.out.println(y);
8. else
9. System.out.println(++y);
10. }
11. }
a) 1 b) 2 c) Runtime error owing to division by zero in if condition. d) Unpredictable behavior of
program.

1. class Output {
3. {
4. boolean a = true;
5. boolean b = false;
6. boolean c = a ^ b;
7. System.out.println(!c);
8. }
9. }
a) 0 b) 1 c) false d) true
348
94. Which of these selection statements test only for equality?
a) if b) switch c) if & switch d) None of the mentioned
95. Which of these are selection statements in Java?

a) if() b) for() c) continue d) break
96. Which of the following loops will execute the body of loop even when condition controlling
the loop is initially false?
a) do-while b) while c) for d) None of the mentioned
97. Which of these jump statements can skip processing remainder of code in its body for a
particular iteration?
a) break b) return c) exit d) continue
98. Which of these statement is correct?

a) switch statement is more efficient than a set of nested ifs.
b) two case constants in the same switch can have identical values.
c) switch statement can only test for equality, whereas if statement can evaluate any type of
boolean expression.
d) it is possible to create a nested switch statements.

1. class selection_statements {
3. {
4. int var1 = 5;
5. int var2 = 6;
6. if ((var2 = 1) == var1)
7. System.out.print(var2);
8. else
349
9. System.out.print(++var2);
10. }
11. }
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

1. class comma_operator {
3. {
4. int sum = 0;
5. for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < 5 & j < 5; ++i, j = i + 1)
6. sum += i;
7. System.out.println(sum);
8. }
9. }
a) 5 b) 6 c) 14 d) compilation error

1. class jump_statments {
3. {
4. int x = 2;
5. int y = 0;
6. for ( ; y < 10; ++y) {
7. if (y % x == 0)
8. continue;
9. else if (y == 8)
10. break;
11. else
12. System.out.print(y + " ");
13. }
350
14. }
15. }
a) 1 3 5 7 b) 2 4 6 8 c) 1 3 5 7 9 d) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. class Output {
3. {
4. int x, y = 1;
5. x = 10;
6. if (x != 10 && x / 0 == 0)
8. else
10. }
11. }
a) 1 b) 2 c) Runtime error owing to division by zero in if condition. d) Unpredictable behavior of
program.

1. class Output {
3. {
4. int a = 5;
5. int b = 10;
6. first: {
7. second: {
8. third: {
9. if (a == b >> 1)
10. break second;
11. }
351
12. System.out.println(a);
13. }
14. System.out.println(b);
15. }
16. }
17. }
a) 5 10 b) 10 5 c) 5 d) 10
104. What is the stored in the object obj in following lines of code?
box obj;
a) Memory address of allocated memory of object. b) NULL c) Any arbitrary pointer d) Garbage
105. Which of these keywords is used to make a class?

a) class b) struct c) int d) None of the mentioned
106. Which of the following is a valid declaration of an object of class Box?

a) Box obj = new Box(); b) Box obj = new Box; c) obj = new Box(); d) new Box obj;
107. Which of these operators is used to allocate memory for an object?

a) malloc b) alloc c) new d) give
108. Which of these statement is incorrect?

a) Every class must contain a main() method. b) Applets do not require a main() method at all.
c) There can be only one main() method in a program. d) main() method must be made public.

1. class main_class {
3. {
4. int x = 9;
5. if (x == 9) {
352
6. int x = 8;
7. System.out.println(x);
8. }
9. }
10. }
a) 9 b) 8 c) Compilation error d) Runtime error
110. Which of the following statements is correct?

a) Public method is accessible to all other classes in the hierarchy
b) Public method is accessible only to subclasses of its parent class
c) Public method can only be called by object of its class.
d) Public method can be accessed by calling object of the public class.

1. class box {
2. int width;
3. int height;
4. int length;
5. }
8. {
9. box obj = new box();
10. obj.width = 10;
11. obj.height = 2;
12. obj.length = 10;
13. int y = obj.width * obj.height * obj.length;
14. System.out.print(y);
15. }
16. }
353
a) 12 b) 200 c) 400 d) 100

1. class box {
2. int width;
3. int height;
4. int length;
5. }
8. {
9. box obj1 = new box();
10. box obj2 = new box();
11. obj1.height = 1;
12. obj1.length = 2;
13. obj1.width = 1;
14. obj2 = obj1;
15. System.out.println(obj2.height);
16. }
17. }
a) 1 b) 2 c) Runtime error d) Garbage value

1. class box {
2. int width;
3. int height;
4. int length;
5. }
8. {
354
10. System.out.println(obj);
11. }
12. }
a) 0 b) 1 c) Runtime error d) Garbage value
114. What is the return type of a method that does not returns any value?
a) int b) float c) void d) double
115. What is the process of defining more than one method in a class differentiated by method
signature?
a) Function overriding b) Function overloading c) Function doubling d) None of the mentioned
116. Which of the following is a method having same name as that of it’s class?
a) finalize b) delete c) class d) constructor
117. Which method can be defined only once in a program?

a) main method b) finalize method c) static method d) private method

a) All object of a class are allotted memory for the all the variables defined in the class.
b) If a function is defined public it can be accessed by object of other class by inheritation.
c) main() method must be made public.
d) All object of a class are allotted memory for the methods defined in the class.

1. class box {
2. int width;
3. int height;
4. int length;
5. int volume;
355
6. void volume(int height, int length, int width) {
7. volume = width*height*length;
8. }
9. }
10. class Prameterized_method{
12. {
14. obj.height = 1;
15. obj.length = 5;
16. obj.width = 5;
17. obj.volume(3,2,1);
18. System.out.println(obj.volume);
19. }
20. }
a) 0 b) 1 c) 6 d) 25

1. class equality {
2. int x;
3. int y;
4. boolean isequal(){
5. return(x == y);
6. }
7. }
8. class Output {
10. {
11. equality obj = new equality();
12. obj.x = 5;
13. obj.y = 5;
356
14. System.out.println(obj.isequal());
15. }
16. }
a) false b) true c) 0 d) 1

1. class box {
2. int width;
3. int height;
4. int length;
5. int volume;
6. void volume() {
8. }
9. }
10. class Output {
12. {
14. obj.height = 1;
15. obj.length = 5;
16. obj.width = 5;
17. obj.volume();
19. }
20. }
a) 0 b) 1 c) 25 d) 26

1. class Output {
2. static void main(String args[])
357
3. {
4. int x , y = 1;
5. x = 10;
6. if (x != 10 && x / 0 == 0)
8. else
10. }
11. }
a) 1 b) 2 c) Runtime Error d) Compilation Error

1. class area {
2. int width;
3. int length;
4. int volume;
5. area() {
6. width=5;
7. length=6;
8. }
9. void volume() {
10. volume = width*length*height;
11. }
12. }
13. class cons_method {
15. {
16. area obj = new area();
17. obj.volume();
19. }
358
20. }
a) 0 b) 1 c) 30 d) error
124. What is the return type of Constructors?

a) int b) float c) void d) None of the mentioned
125. Which keyword is used by method to refer to the object that invoked it?
a) import b) catch c) abstract d) this
126. Which of the following is a method having same name as that of its class?
a) finalize b) delete c) class d) constructor
127. Which operator is used by Java run time implementations to free the memory of an object
when it is no longer needed?
a) delete b) free c) new d) None of the mentioned
128. Which function is used to perform some action when the object is to be destroyed?
a) finalize() b) delete() c) main() d) None of the mentioned

1. class box {
2. int width;
3. int height;
4. int length;
5. int volume;
6. box() {
7. width = 5;
8. height = 5;
9. length = 6;
10. }
11. void volume() {
359
13. }
14. }
15. class constructor_output {
17. {
19. obj.volume();
21. }
22. }
a) 100 b) 150 c) 200 d) 250

1. class equality {
2. int x;
3. int y;
4. boolean isequal() {
5. return(x == y);
6. }
7. }
8. class Output {
10. {
12. obj.x = 5;
13. obj.y = 5;
14. System.out.println(obj.isequal); }
15. }
a) false b) true c) 0 d) 1
360
1. class box {
2. int width;
3. int height;
4. int length;
5. int volume;
6. void finalize() {
8. System.out.println(volume);
9. }
10. protected void volume() {
12. System.out.println(volume);
13. }
14. }
15. class Output {
17. {
19. obj.volume();
20. }
21. }
a) 150 b) 200 c) Runtime error d) Compilation error
132. Which of the folowing stements are incorrect?

a) Default constructor is called at the time of declaration of the object if a constructor has not
been defined.
b) Constructor can be parameterized.
c) finalize() method is called when a object goes out of scope and is no longer needed.
d) finalize() method must be declared protected.
361
1. class area {
2. int width;
3. int length;
4. int area;
5. void area(int width, int length) {
6. this.width = width;
7. this.length = length;
8. }
9.
10. }
11. class Output {
13. {
15. obj.area(5 , 6);
16. System.out.println(obj.length + " " + obj.width);
17. }
18. }
a) 0 0 b) 5 6 c) 6 5 d) 5 5
134 What is process of defining two or more methods within same class that have same name but
different parameters declaration?
a) method overloading b) method overriding c) method hiding d) None of the mentioned
135. Which of these can be overloaded?

a) Methods b) Constructors c) All of the mentioned d) None of the mentioned
136. Which of these is correct about passing an argument by call-by-value process?

a) Copy of argument is made into the formal parameter of the subroutine.
b) Reference to original argument is passed to formal parameter of the subroutine.
362
c) Copy of argument is made into the formal parameter of the subroutine and changes made on
parameters of subroutine have effect on original argument.
d) Reference to original argument is passed to formal parameter of the subroutine and changes
made on parameters of subroutine have effect on original argument.
137. What is the process of defining a method in terms of itself, that is a method that calls itself?
a) Polymorphism b) Abstraction c) Encapsulation d) Recursion
138. Which of the following statements are incorrect?

a) Default constructor is called at the time of declaration of the object if a constructor has not
been defined.
b) Constructor can be parameterized.
c) finalize() method is called when a object goes out of scope and is no longer needed.
d) finalize() method must be declared protected.

1. class overload {
2. int x;
3. int y;
4. void add(int a) {
5. x = a + 1;
6. }
7. void add(int a, int b){
8. x = a + 2;
9. }
10. }
11. class Overload_methods {
13. {
14. overload obj = new overload();
15. int a = 0;
363
16. obj.add(6);
17. System.out.println(obj.x);
18. }
19. }
a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 8

1. class overload {
2. int x;
3. int y;
4. void add(int a){
5. x = a + 1;
6. }
7. void add(int a , int b){
8. x = a + 2;
9. }
10. }
13. {
15. int a = 0;
16. obj.add(6, 7);
18. }
19. }
a) 6 b) 7 c) 8 d) 9

1. class overload {
2. int x;
364
3. double y;
4. void add(int a , int b) {
5. x = a + b;
6. }
7. void add(double c , double d){
8. y = c + d;
9. }
10. overload() {
11. this.x = 0;
12. this.y = 0;
13. }
14. }
17. {
19. int a = 2;
20. double b = 3.2;
21. obj.add(a, a);
22. obj.add(b, b);
23. System.out.println(obj.x + " " + obj.y);
24. }
25. }
a) 6 6 ) 6.4 6.4 c) 6.4 6 d) 4 6.4

1. class test {
2. int a;
3. int b;
4. void meth(int i , int j) {
5. i *= 2;
365
6. j /= 2;
7. }
8. }
9. class Output {
11. {
12. test obj = new test();
13. int a = 10;
14. int b = 20;
15. obj.meth(a , b);
16. System.out.println(a + " " + b);
17. }
18. }
a) 10 20 b) 20 10 c) 20 40 d) 40 20

1. class test {
2. int a;
3. int b;
4. test(int i, int j) {
5. a = i;
6. b = j;
7. }
8. void meth(test o) {
9. o.a *= 2;
10. O.b /= 2;
11. }
12. }
13. class Output {
15. {
366
16. test obj = new test(10 , 20);
17. obj.meth(obj);
18. System.out.println(obj.a + " " + obj.b);
19. }
20. }
a) 10 20 b) 20 10 c) 20 40 d) 40 20
144. Which of these access specifiers must be used for main() method?
a) private b) public c) protected d) None of the mentioned
145. Which of these is used to access member of class before object of that class is created?
a) public b) private c) static d) protected
146. Which of these is used as default for a member of a class if no access specifier is used for
it?
a) private b) public c) public, within its own package d) protected
147. What is the process by which we can control what parts of a program can access the
members of a class?
a) Polymorphism b) Abstraction c) Encapsulation d) Recursion

a) public members of class can be accessed by any code in the program.
b) private members of class can only be accessed by other members of the class.
c) private members of class can be inherited by a sub class, and become protected members in
sub class.
d) protected members of a class can be inherited by a sub class, and become private members of
the sub class.

1. class access{
367
2. public int x;
3. private int y;
4. void cal(int a, int b){
5. x = a + 1;
6. y = b;
7. }
8. }
9. class access_specifier {
11. {
12. access obj = new access();
13. obj.cal(2, 3);
14. System.out.println(obj.x + " " + obj.y);
15. }
16. }
a) 3 3 b) 2 3 c) Runtime Error d) Compilation Error

1. class access{
2. public int x;
3. private int y;
5. x = a + 1;
6. y = b;
7. }
8. void print() {
9. system.out.println(" " + y);
10. }
11. }
12. class access_specifier {
368
14. {
15. access obj = new access();
16. obj.cal(2, 3);
18. obj.print();
19. }
20. }
a) 2 3 b) 3 3 c) Runtime Error d) Compilation Error
151 What is the output of this program?

1. class static_out {
2. static int x;
3. static int y;
4. void add(int a, int b){
5. x = a + b;
6. y = x + b;
7. }
8. }
9. class static_use {
11. {
12. static_out obj1 = new static_out();
14. int a = 2;
15. obj1.add(a, a + 1);
16. obj2.add(5, a);
17. System.out.println(obj1.x + " " + obj2.y);
18. }
19. }
a) 7 7 b) 6 6 c) 7 9 d) 9 7
369
152. Which of these access specifier must be used for class so that it can be inherited by another
sub class?
a) public b) private c) protected d) None of the mentioned

1. class test {
2. int a;
3. int b;
4. test(int i, int j) {
5. a = i;
6. b = j;
7. }
8. void meth(test o) {
9. o.a *= 2;
10. O.b /= 2;
11. }
12. }
13. class Output {
15. {
16. test obj = new test(10 , 20);
17. obj.meth(obj);
18. System.out.println(obj.a + " " + obj.b); }
19. }
a) 10 20 b) 20 10 c) 20 40 d) 40 20
154. Arrays in Java are implemented as?

a) class b) object c) variable d) None of the mentioned
370
155. Which of these keywords is used to prevent content of a variable from being modified?
a) final b) last c) constant d) static
156. Which of these cannot be declared static?

a) class b) object c) variable d) method

a) static methods can call other static methods only.
b) static methods must only access static data.
c) static methods can not refer to this or super in any way.
d) when object of class is declared, each object contains its own copy of static variables.

a) Variables declared as final occupy memory.
b) final variable must be initialized at the time of declaration.
c) Arrays in java are implemented as an object.
d) All arrays contain an attribute-length which contains the number of elements stored in the
array.
159. Which of these methods must be made static?

a) main() b) delete() c) run() d) finalize()

1. class access{
2. public int x;
3. static int y;
5. x += a ;
6. y += b;
7. }
8. }
371
9. class static_specifier {
11. {
12. access obj1 = new access();
14. obj1.x = 0;
15. obj1.y = 0;
16. obj1.cal(1, 2);
17. obj2.x = 0;
18. obj2.cal(2, 3);
20. }
21. }
a) 1 2 b) 2 3 c) 3 2 d) 1 5

1. class access{
2. static int x;
3. void increment(){
4. x++;
5. }
6. }
9. {
12. obj1.x = 0;
13. obj1.increment();
14. obj2.increment();
15. System.out.println(obj1.x + " " + obj2.x);
372
16. }
17. }
a) 1 2 b) 1 1 c) 2 2 d) Compilation Error

1. class static_out {
2. static int x;
3. static int y;
4. void add(int a , int b){
5. x = a + b;
6. y = x + b;
7. }
8. }
11. {
14. int a = 2;
15. obj1.add(a, a + 1);
16. obj2.add(5, a);
18. }
19. }
a) 7 7 b) 6 6 c) 7 9 d) 9 7

1. class Output {
3. {
4. int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
373
5. for ( int i = 0; i < arr.length - 2; ++i)
6. System.out.println(arr[i] + " ");
7. }
8. }
a) 1 2 b) 1 2 3 c) 1 2 3 4 d) 1 2 3 4 5

1. class Output {
3. {
4. int a1[] = new int[10];
5. int a2[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
6. System.out.println(a1.length + " " + a2.length);
7. }
8. }
a) 10 5 b) 5 10 c) 0 10 d) 0 5
165. String in Java is a?
a) class b) object c) variable d) character array
166. Which of these method of String class is used to obtain character at specified index?
a) char() b) Charat() c) charat() d) charAt()
167. Which of these keywords is used to refer to member of base class from a sub class?
a) upper b) super c) this d) None of the mentioned
168. Which of these method of String class can be used to test to strings for equality?
a) isequal() b) isequals() c) equal() d) equals()

a) String is a class. b) Strings in java are mutable. c) Every string is an object of class String.
374
d) Java defines a peer class of String, called StringBuffer, which allows string to be altered.

1. class string_demo {
3. {
4. String obj = "I" + "like" + "Java";
6. }
7. }
a) I b) like c) Java d) IlikeJava

1. class string_class {
3. {
4. String obj = "I LIKE JAVA";
5. System.out.println(obj.charAt(3));
6. }
7. }
a) I b) L c) K d) E

3. {
4. String obj = "I LIKE JAVA";
5. System.out.println(obj.length());
6. }
7. }
375
a) 9 b) 10 c) 11 d) 12

3. {
4. String obj = "hello";
5. String obj1 = "world";
6. String obj2 = obj;
7. obj2 = " world";
8. System.out.println(obj + " " + obj2);
9. }
10. }
a) hello hello b) world world c) hello world d) world hello

3. {
4. String obj = "hello";
5. String obj1 = "world";
6. String obj2 = "hello";
7. System.out.println(obj.equals(obj1) + " " + obj.equals(obj2));
8. }
9. }
a) false false b) true true c) true false d) false true
Unit-2
1. __________ must always be the first statement executed inside a subclass constructor.
376
2. Main use statement to exit from current method.
3. ________________is a constructor that replicates or duplicates an existing object.

4. ____________ classes cannot declare constructors.
5. Which one of the following defines a legal abstract class?

a) abstract class Vehicle { abstract void display(); }
b) class Vehicle { abstract void display(); }
c) abstract Vehicle { abstract void display(); }
d) class abstract Vehicle { abstract void display(); }
6._______________ is used to convert the one type value to another.

7._______________ method cannot be overridden.
8. implies that a sub class object can be substituted for an object of
any of its super class with no observable difference in behavior.
9. is a phenomenon where a subclass is promoted to a super class and
hence becomes more general generalization needs up-casting.
a. inheritance b. generalization c. polymorphism d. event
10. Abstract class and abstract method should be declared by using the keyword
. a.abstract b. super 3. Class d. none
11. writing two or more methods in super and sub classes such that the methods
have the same name and same signature is called
a. method overriding. B.operator overloading c. overloading d.none
12. The Polymorphism exhibited at run time is called
a. dynamic Polymorphism b. static polymorphism c. a&b d none
13. The keyword signifies that the properties of the super class name are
extended to the sub class name
a.extends b. super c. subclass d class
14. Super can be used to refer to super class method as

a.super.class() b.super.method() c. a&b d. none
377
15. Which of these keyword must be used to inherit a class?
a) super b) this c )
extent
d) extends
16. Which of these keywords is used to refer to member of base class from a sub
class?
a) upper
b) super
c) this
17. A class member declared protected becomes member of subclass of which

type?
a) public member b) private member
c) protected member
d) static member
18. Which of these is correct way of inheriting class A by class B?

a) class B + class A {}
b) class B inherits class A {}
c) class B extends A {}
d) class B extends class A {}

c) private members of class can be inherited by a sub class, and become protected
members in sub class.
d) protected members of a class can be inherited by a sub class, and become
378
private members of the sub class.

1. class A {
2. int i;
3. void display() {
4. System.out.println(i);
5. }
6. }
7. class B extends A {
8. int j;
9. void display() {
10. System.out.println(j);
11. }
12. }
13. class inheritance_demo {
15. {
16. B obj = new B();
17. obj.i=1;
18. obj.j=2;
19. obj.display();
20. }
21. }
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) Compilation Error

1. class A {
379
2. int i;
3. }
5. int j;
6. void display() {
7. super.i = j + 1;
8. System.out.println(j + " " + i);
9. }
10. }
11. class inheritance {
13. {
15. obj.i=1;
16. obj.j=2;
17. obj.display();
18. }
19. }
a) 2 2
b) 3 3
c) 2 3
d) 3 2

1. class A {
2. public int i;
3. private int j;
4. }
6. void display() {
7. super.j = super.i + 1;
380
8. System.out.println(super.i + " " + super.j);
9. }
10. }
13. {
15. obj.i=1;
16. obj.j=2;
17. obj.display();
18. }
19. }
a) 2 2
b) 3 3
c) Runtime Error

1. class A {
2. public int i;
3. public int j;
4. A() {
5. i = 1;
6. j = 2;
7. }
8. }
10. int a;
11. B() {
12. super();
13. }
381
14. }
15. class super_use {
17. {
19. System.out.println(obj.i + " " + obj.j)
20. }
21. }
a) 1 2
b) 2 1
c) Runtime Error

1. class A {
2. public int i;
3. protected int j;
4. }
6. int j;
7. void display() {
8. super.j = 3;
9. System.out.println(i + " " + j);
10. }
11. }
12. class Output {
14. {
16. obj.i=1;
17. obj.j=2;
382
18. obj.display();
19. }
20. }
a) 1 2
b) 2 1
c) 1 3
d) 3 1
26 Which of these keyword can be used in subclass to call the constructor of

superclass?
a) super
b) this
c) extent
d) extends
.
27 .What is the process of defining a method in subclass having same name &
type signature as a method in its superclass?
a) Method overloading
b) Method overriding
c) Method hiding
28. Which of these keywords can be used to prevent Method overriding?

a) static
b) constant
c) protected
d) final
29. Which of these is correct way of calling a constructor having no parameters,

of superclass A by subclass B?
a) super(void);
383
b) superclass.();
c) super.A();
d) super();

c) private members of class can be inherited by a sub class, and become protected
members in sub class.
d) protected members of a class can be inherited by a sub class, and become
private members of the sub class.
31. Which of these is supported by method overriding in Java?

a) Abstraction
b) Encapsulation
c) Polymorphism

1. class A {
2. int i;
3. void display() {
5. }
6. }
8. int j;
9. void display() {
11. }
12. }
384
13. class method_overriding {
15. {
17. obj.i=1;
18. obj.j=2;
19. obj.display();
20. }
21. }
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2

1. final class A {
2. int i;
3. }
5. int j;
6. System.out.println(j + " " + i);
7. }
10. {
12. obj.display();
13. }
14. }
a) 2 2
b) 3 3
385
c) Runtime Error

1. class A {
2. public int i;
3. private int j;
4. }
6. void display() {
9. }
10. }
13. {
15. obj.i=1;
16. obj.j=2;
17. obj.display();
18. }
19. }
a) 2 2
b) 3 3
c) Runtime Error
View Answer
1. class A {
2. public void display() {
386
3. System.out.println("A");
4. }
5. }
8. System.out.println("B");
9. }
10. }
11. class Dynamic_dispatch {
13. {
14. A obj1 = new A();
15. B obj2 = new B();
16. A r;
17. r = obj1;
18. r.display();
19. r = obj2;
20. r.display();
21. }
22. }
a) A B
b) B A
c) Runtime Error

1. class A {
2. int i;
5. }
387
6. }
8. int j;
11. }
12. }
13. class Dynamic_dispatch {
15. {
16. B obj2 = new B();
17. obj2.i = 1;
18. obj2.j = 2;
19. A r;
20. r = obj2;
21. r.display();
22. }
23. }
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
37. Which of these class is superclass of every class in Java?

a) String class
b) Object class
c) Abstract class
d) ArrayList class
38. Which of these method of Object class can clone an object?

a) Objectcopy()
388
b) copy()
c) Object clone()
d) clone()
39. Which of these method of Object class is used to obtain class of an object at
run time?
a) get()
b) void getclass()
c) Class getclass()
40. Which of these keywords can be used to prevent inheritance of a class?

a) super
b) constant
c) Class
d) final
41. Which of these keywords cannot be used for a class which has been declared
final?
a) abstract
b) extends
c) abstract and extends
42. Which of these class relies upon its subclasses for complete implementation of
its methods?
a) Object class
b) abstract class
c) ArrayList class
389
1. abstract class A {
2. int i;
3. abstract void display();
4. }
6. int j;
7. void display() {
9. }
10. }
11. class Abstract_demo {
13. {
15. obj.j=2;
16. obj.display();
17. }
18. }
a) 0
b) 2
c) Runtime Error

1. class A {
2. int i;
3. int j;
4. A() {
5. i = 1;
6. j = 2;
390
7. }
8. }
9. class Output {
11. {
12. A obj1 = new A();
13. A obj2 = new A();
14. System.out.print(obj1.equals(obj2));
15. }
16. }
a) false
b) true
c) 1

1. class Output {
3. {
4. Object obj = new Object();
5. System.out.print(obj.getclass());
6. }
7. }
a) Object
b) class Object
c) class java.lang.Object

1. class A {
2. int i;
391
3. int j;
4. A() {
5. i = 1;
6. j = 2;
7. }
8. }
9. class Output {
11. {
12. A obj1 = new A();
13. System.out.print(obj1.toString());
14. }
15. }
a) true
b) false
c) String associated with obj1
47. Which of these keywords is used to define packages in Java?

a) pkg
b) Pkg
c) package
d) Package
48. Which of these is a mechanism for naming and visibility control of a class and
its content?
a) Object
b) Packages
c) Interfaces
d) None of the Mentioned.
392
49. Which of this access specifies can be used for a class so that its members can
be accessed by a different class in the same package?
a) Public
b) Protected
c) No Modifier
d) All of the mentioned
50. Which of these access specifiers can be used for a class so that it’s members
can be accessed by a different class in the different package?
a) Public
b) Protected
c) Private
d) No Modifier
51. Which of the following is correct way of importing an entire package ‘pkg’?
a) import pkg.
b) Import pkg.
c) import pkg.*
d) Import pkg.*
52. Which of the following is incorrect statement about packages?

a) Package defines a namespace in which classes are stored.
b) A package can contain other package within it.
c) Java uses file system directories to store packages.
d) A package can be renamed without renaming the directory in which the classes
are stored.
53. Which of the following package stores all the standard java classes?
a) lang
b) java
c) util
393
d) java.packages

1. package pkg;
2. class display {
3. int x;
4. void show() {
5. if (x > 1)
6. System.out.print(x + " ");
7. }
8. }
9. class packages {
10. public static void main(String args[]) {
11. display[] arr=new display[3];
12. for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
13. arr[i]=new display();
14. arr[0].x = 0;
15. arr[1].x = 1;
16. arr[2].x = 2;
17. for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
18. arr[i].show();
19. }
20. }
Note : packages.class file is in directory pkg;
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 0 1 2

1. package pkg;
394
2. class output {
4. {
5. StringBuffer s1 = new StringBuffer("Hello");
6. s1.setCharAt(1, x);
7. System.out.println(s1);
8. }
9. }
a) xello
b) xxxxx
c) Hxllo
d) Hexlo

1. package pkg;
2. class output {
4. {
5. StringBuffer s1 = new StringBuffer("Hello World");
6. s1.insert(6 , "Good ");
8. }
9. }
Note : Output.class file is not in directory pkg.
a) HelloGoodWorld
b) HellGoodoWorld
c) Compilation error
d) Runtime error
395
57. Which of these keywords is used to define interfaces in Java?
a) interface
b) Interface
c) intf
d) Intf
58. Which of these can be used to fully abstract a class from its implementation?
a) Objects
b) Packages
c) Interfaces
d) None of the Mentioned.
59. Which of these access specifiers can be used for an interface?

a) Public
b) Protected
c) private
60. Which of these keywords is used by a class to use an interface defined

previously?
a) import
b) Import
c) implements
d) Implements
.
61. Which of the following is correct way of implementing an interface salary by
class manager?
a) class manager extends salary {}
b) class manager implements salary {}
c) class manager imports salary {}
d) None of the mentioned.
396
.
62. Which of the following is incorrect statement about packages?
a) Interfaces specifies what class must do but not how it does.
b) Interfaces are specified public if they are to be accessed by any code in the
program.
c) All variables in interface are implicitly final and static.
d) All variables are static and methods are public if interface is defined pubic.
63. Which of the following package stores all the standard java classes?
a) lang
b) java
c) util
d) java.packages

1. interface calculate {
2. void cal(int item);
3. }
4. class display implements calculate {
5. int x;
6. public void cal(int item) {
7. x = item * item;
8. }
9. }
10. class interfaces {
12. display arr = new display;
13. arr.x = 0;
14. arr.cal(2);
15. System.out.print(arr.x);
16. }
397
17. }
a) 0
b) 2
c) 4

3. }
4. class displayA implements calculate {
5. int x;
7. x = item * item;
8. }
9. }
10. class displayB implements calculate {
11. int x;
13. x = item / item;
14. }
15. }
18. displayA arr1 = new displayA;
19. displayB arr2 = new displayB;
20. arr1.x = 0;
21. arr2.x = 0;
22. arr1.cal(2);
23. arr2.cal(2);
24. System.out.print(arr1.x + " " + arr2.x);
398
25. }
26. }
a) 0 0
b) 2 2
c) 4 1
d) 1 4

2. int VAR = 0;
4. }
5. class display implements calculate {
6. int x;
8. if (item<2)
9. x = VAR;
10. else
11. x = item * item;
12. }
13. }
15.
17. display[] arr=new display[3];
18.
19. for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
20. arr[i]=new display();
21. arr[0].cal(0);
22. arr[1].cal(1);
23. arr[2].cal(2);
399
24. System.out.print(arr[0].x+" " + arr[1].x + " " + arr[2].x);
25. }
26. }
a) 0 1 2
b) 0 2 4
c) 0 0 4
d) 0 1 4
67. Which of these is the method which is executed first before execution of any
other thing takes place in a program?
a) main method
b) finalize method
c) static method
d) private method
68. What is the process of defining more than one method in a class differentiated
by parameters?
a) Function overriding
b) Function overloading
c) Function doubling
d) None of these
69. Which of these can be used to diffrentiate two or more methods having same
name?
a) Parameters data type
b) Number of parameters
c) Return type of method
.
70. Which of these data tupe can be used for a method having a return statement
in it?
400
a) void
b) int
c) float
d) All of the mentioned.
a) Two or more methods with same name can be diffrenciated on the basis of their
parameters data type.
b) Two or more method having same name can be diffrentiated on basis of
number of parameters.
c) Any already defined method in java’s library can be defined again in the
program with diffrent data type of parameters.
d) If a method is returning a value the calling statement must have a varible to
store that value.

1. class box {
2. int width;
3. int height;
4. int length;
5. int volume;
6. void volume(int height, int length, int width) {
7. volume = width * height * length;
8. }
9. }
10. class Prameterized_method{
13. obj.height = 1;
14. obj.length = 5;
15. obj.width = 5;
16. obj.volume(3, 2, 1);
401
18. }
19. }
a) 0
b) 1
c) 6
d) 25

1. class equality {
2. int x;
3. int y;
4. boolean isequal(){
5. return(x == y);
6. }
7. }
8. class Output {
11. obj.x = 5;
12. obj.y = 5;
13. System.out.println(obj.isequal);
14. }
15. }
a) false
b) true
c) 0
d) 1

1. class box {
402
2. int width;
3. int height;
4. int length;
5. int volume;
6. void volume() {
8. }
9. void volume(int x) {
10. volume = x;
11. }
12. }
13. class Output {
16. obj.height = 1;
17. obj.length = 5;
18. obj.width = 5;
19. obj.volume(5);
21. }
22. }
a) 0
b) 5
c) 25
d) 26

advertisements
1. class Output {
2. static void main(String args[])
3. {
403
4. int x , y = 1;
5. x = 10;
6. if(x != 10 && x / 0 == 0)
8. else
10. }
11. }
a) 1
b) 2
c) Runtime Error

1. class area {
2. int width;
3. int length;
4. int volume;
5. area() {
6. width = 5;
7. length = 6;
8. }
9. void volume() {
11. }
12. }
13. class cons_method {
16. obj.volume();
404
18. }
19. }
a) 0
b) 1
c) 25
d) 30
77. Which of these keywords are used to define an abstract class?
a) abst b) abstract
c) Abstract
d) abstract class
78. Which of these is not abstract?
a) Thread
b) AbstractList
c) List
d) None of the Mentioned
79. If a class inheriting an abstract class does not define all of its function then it
will be known as?
a) abstract
b) A simple class
c) Static class
80. Which of these is not a correct statement?

a) Every class containing abstract method must be declared abstract.
b) Abstract class defines only the structure of the class not its implementation.
c) Abstract class can be initiated by new operator.
d) Abstract class can be inherited.
81. Which of these packages contains abstract keyword?

a) java.lang
405
b) java.util
c) java.io
d) java.system

1. class A {
2. public int i;
3. private int j;
4. }
6. void display() {
9. }
10. }
13. {
15. obj.i=1;
16. obj.j=2;
17. obj.display();
18. }
19. }
a) 2 2
b) 3 3
c) Runtime Error

1. class A {
406
2. public int i;
3. public int j;
4. A() {
5. i = 1;
6. j = 2;
7. }
8. }
10. int a;
11. B() {
12. super();
13. }
14. }
15. class super_use {
17. {
19. System.out.println(obj.i + " " + obj.j)
20. }
21. }
a) 1 2
b) 2 1
c) Runtime Error

1. abstract class A {
2. int i;
3. abstract void display();
4. }
407
6. int j;
7. void display() {
9. }
10. }
11. class Abstract_demo {
13. {
15. obj.j=2;
16. obj.display();
17. }
18. }
a) 0
b) 2
c) Runtime Error

1. class A {
2. int i;
3. void display() {
5. }
6. }
8. int j;
9. void display() {
11. }
12. }
408
13. class method_overriding {
15. {
17. obj.i=1;
18. obj.j=2;
19. obj.display();
20. }
21. }
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2

1. class A {
2. public int i;
3. protected int j;
4. }
6. int j;
7. void display() {
8. super.j = 3;
9. System.out.println(i + " " + j);
10. }
11. }
12. class Output {
14. {
16. obj.i=1;
409
17. obj.j=2;
18. obj.display();
19. }
20. }
a) 1 2
b) 2 1
c) 1 3
d) 3 1
UNIT-3
1. You can use the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ method to force one thread to wait for another thread to
finish.[ ]
a. sleep(long milliseconds) b. yield() c. stop() d. join()
2. A Java exception is an instance of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . [ ]
a. Runtime Exception b. Exception c. Error d. Throw able
3. Program statements that are to be monitored for exceptions are contained within _____ block.[
]
a. try b. catch c. throw d. throws
4.___________________modifier can be accessed only to classes in the same package.
5.___________________ modifiers applies to variables only and it is not stored as part of its
objects persistent state.
410
6._________________ package has the ability to analyze itself at runtime.
7.A ________________ is a collection of classes and interfaces that provides a high-level

layer of access protection and name space management.
8.Interfaces with no methods are called as _____________________
9.An instance of _______________ are unchecked exceptions

10.An application responds to an exception by throwing an another exception is called as
___________.
11.Benifits of exception handling
a.Separating Error-Handling code from “regular” business logic code
b.Propagating errors up the call stack
c.Grouping and differentiating error types
d.none
12. All exceptions are sub-classes of the build-in class
a. Throwable b.serializable c. exception d.none
13. defined automatically for user programs to include: division by zero, invalid array
indexing, etc.
14. is the most general and represents any type of error that can occur when performing
I/O
15.Which of the following statement is not defined in the Object class?

a) sleep(long milliseconds) b) wait() c) notify() d) notifyAll()
16. The keyword to synchronize methods in Java is ________________ [ ]

a. synchronize b. synchronizing c. synchronized d. Synchronized
17. _____________ condition occurs when two threads have a circular dependency on a pair of
synchronized objects.
18 The wait(), notify(), and notify All() methods are implemented as ____________ methods in
Object class.
411
19.Sleep(10000) causes the main thread to sleep for seconds _________
20. Which method on a condition should you invoke to wake all waiting thread?
a) condition.wake(); b) condition.signal();
c) condition.wakeAll(); d) condition.signalAll();
21.You can use the method to force

one
To finish.
thread to wait for another thread
a) sleep(long milliseconds) b) yield() c) stop() d) join()
22.Which cannot directly cause a thread to stop executing?

a) Calling a yield method b) Calling the start method on another thread object
c) Calling the notify method on object d) Calling wait method on an object
23.With many threads share the same object instance.
24. A thread is a
A) light B) strong C) small D) large
25.This thread is called the thread because it is the thread that executes when you start the main
program.
A) float B) main C) void D) int
26. When does Exceptions in Java arises in code sequence?

a) Run Time b) Compilation Time c) Can Occur Any Time d) None of the mentioned
27. Which of these keywords is not a part of exception handling?
a) try b) finally c) thrown d) catch
412
28. Which of these keywords must be used to monitor for exceptions?
a) try b) finally c) throw d) catch
29. Which of these keywords must be used to handle the exception thrown by try block in some
rational manner?
30. Which of these keywords is used to manually throw an exception?

1. class exception_handling {
3. try {
4. System.out.print("Hello" + " " + 1 / 0);
5. }
6. catch(ArithmeticException e) {
7. System.out.print("World");
8. }
9. }
10. }
a) Hello b) World c) HelloWorld d) Hello World
View Answer
3. try {
4. int a, b;
5. b = 0;
6. a = 5 / b;
7. System.out.print("A");
413
8. }
10. System.out.print("B");
11. }
12. }
13. }
a) A b) B c) Compilation Error d) Runtime Error
3. try {
4. int a, b;
5. b = 0;
6. a = 5 / b;
8. }
11. }
12. finally {
13. System.out.print("C");
14. }
15. }
16. }
a) A b) B c) AC d) BC

3. try {
4. int i, sum;
414
5. sum = 10;
6. for (i = -1; i < 3 ;++i)
7. sum = (sum / i);
8. }
10. System.out.print("0");
11. }
13. }
14. }
a) 0 b) 05 c) Compilation Error d) Runtime Error
3. try {
4. int i, sum;
5. sum = 10;
6. for (i = -1; i < 3 ;++i) {
7. sum = (sum / i);
8. System.out.print(i);
9. }
10. }
13. }
14. }
15. }
a) -1 b) 0 c) -10 d) -101
415
35. Which of these is a super class of all exceptional type classes?
a) String
b) RuntimeExceptions
c) Throwable
d) Cachable
36. Which of these class is related to all the exceptions that can be caught by using catch?
a) Error
b) Exception
c) RuntimeExecption
37. Which of these class is related to all the exceptions that cannot be caught?
a) Error
b) Exception
c) RuntimeExecption
38. Which of these handles the exception when no catch is used?

a) Default handler
b) finally
c) throw handler
d) Java run time system
39. Which of these keywords is used to manually throw an exception?

a) try
b) finally
c) throw
d) catch
416
3. try {
4. System.out.print("Hello" + " " + 1 / 0);
5. }
6. finally {
7. System.out.print("World");
8. }
9. }
10. }
a) Hello
b) World
c) Compilation Error
d) First Exception then World

3. try {
4. int a, b;
5. b = 0;
6. a = 5 / b;
8. }
11. }
12. }
13. }
a) A
b) B
417
d) Runtime Error

3. try {
4. int a[] = {1, 2,3 , 4, 5};
5. for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
6. System.out.print(a[i]);
7. }
8. catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
10. }
11. }
12. }
a) 12345
b) 123450
c) 1234500

3. try {
4. int i, sum;
5. sum = 10;
6. for (i = -1; i < 3 ;++i)
7. sum = (sum / i);
8. }
418
11. }
13. }
14. }
a) 0
b) 05
d) Runtime Error

3. try {
4. int a[] = {1, 2,3 , 4, 5};
5. for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
6. System.out.print(a[i]);
7. int x = 1/0;
8. }
9. catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
11. }
14. }
15. }
16. }
a) 12345
b) 12345A
c) 12345B
419
d) Comiplation Error
45. Which of these keywords is used to generate an exception explicitly?

a) try
b) finally
c) throw
d) catch
46. Which of these class is related to all the exceptions that are explicitly thrown?
a) Error
b) Exception
c) Throwable
d) Throw
47. Which of these operator is used to generate an instance of an exception than can be thrown
by using throw?
a) new
b) malloc
c) alloc
d) thrown
48 Which of these handles the exception when no catch is used?

a) Default handler
b) finally
c) throw handler
d) Java run time system
49. Which of these keywords is used to by the calling function to guard against the exception that
is thrown by called function?
a) try
b) throw
420
c) throws
d) catch

3. try {
4. int a = args.length;
5. int b = 10 / a;
6. System.out.print(a);
7. try {
8. if (a == 1)
9. a = a / a - a;
10. if (a == 2) {
11. int c = {1};
12. c[8] = 9;
13. }
14. }
15. catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException e) {
16. System.out.println("TypeA");
17. }
18. catch (ArithmeticException e) {
19. System.out.println("TypeB");
20. }
21. }
22. }
23. }
a) TypeA
b) TypeB
c) 0TypeA
421
d) 0TypeB

3. try {
4. throw new NullPointerException ("Hello");
6. }
9. }
10. }
11. }
a) A
b) B
c) Hello
d) Runtime Error

2. static void throwexception() throws ArithmeticException {
4. throw new ArithmeticException ("Exception");
5. }
7. try {
8. throwexception();
9. }
422
12. }
13. }
14. }
a) A
b) 0
c) 0A
d) Exception

3. try {
5. int b = 10 / a;
7. try {
8. if (a == 1)
9. a = a / a - a;
10. if (a == 2) {
11. int c = {1};
12. c[8] = 9;
13. }
14. }
17. }
20. }
21. }
22. }
423
23. }
a) TypeA
b) TypeB
c) 0TypeA
d) 0TypeB

3. try {
5. int b = 10 / a;
7. try {
8. if (a == 1)
9. a = a / a - a;
10. if (a == 2) {
11. int c = {1};
12. c[8] = 9;
13. }
14. }
17. }
20. }
21. }
22. }
23. }
424
a) TypeA
b) TypeB
c) 0TypeA
d) 0TypeB
55. Which of these method can be used to make the main thread to be executed last among all the
threads?
a) stop()
b) sleep()
c) join()
d) call()
56. Which of these method is used to find out that a thread is still running or not?
a) run()
b) Alive()
c) isAlive()
d) checkRun()
57. What is the default value of priority variable MIN_PRIORITY AND MAX_PRIORITY?
a) 0 & 256
b) 0 & 1
c) 1 & 10
d) 1 & 256
58. Which of these method waits for the thread to treminate?

a) sleep()
b) isAlive()
c) join()
d) stop()
425
59. Which of these method is used to explicitly set the priority of a thread?
a) set()
b) make()
c) setPriority()
d) makePriority()
60. What is synchronization in reference to a thread?

a) It’s a process of handling situations when two or more threads need access to a shared
resource.
b) Its a process by which many thread are able to access same shared resource simultaneously.
c) Its a process by which a method is able to access many different threads simultaneously.
d) Its a method that allow to many threads to access any information require.

1. class newthread extends Thread {
2. newthread() {
3. super("My Thread");
4. start();
5. }
6. public void run() {
7. System.out.println(this);
8. }
9. }
10. class multithreaded_programing {
12. new newthread();
13. }
14. }
a) My Thread
b) Thread[My Thread,5,main] c) Compilation Error
426
d) Runtime Error

2. Thread t;
3. newthread() {
4. t = new Thread(this,"My Thread");
5. t.start();
6. }
8. try {
9. t.join()
10. System.out.println(t.getName());
11. }
12. catch(Exception e) {
13. System.out.print("Exception");
14. }
15. }
16. }
20. }
21. }
a) My Thread
b) Thread[My Thread,5,main] c) Exception
d) Runtime Error

2. Thread t;
427
3. newthread() {
4. t = new Thread(this,"New Thread");
5. t.start();
6. }
8. System.out.println(t.isAlive());
9. }
10. }
14. }
15. }
a) 0
b) 1
c) true
d) false

2. Thread t1,t2;
3. newthread() {
4. t1 = new Thread(this,"Thread_1");
6. t1.start();
7. t2.start();
8. }
10. t2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
11. System.out.print(t1.equals(t2));
12. }
428
13. }
17. }
18. }
a) true
b) false
c) truetrue
d) falsefalse
65. Which of these method is used to implement Runnable interface?

a) stop()
b) run()
c) runThread()
d) stopThread()
66. Which of these interface is implemented by Thread class?

a) Runnable
b) Connections
c) Set
d) MapConnections
67 Which of these method is used to begin the execution of a thread?

a) run()
b) start()
c) runThread()
d) startThread()
68. Which of these method waits for the thread to treminate?

a) sleep()
429
b) isAlive()
c) join()
d) stop()

a) A thread can be formed by implementing Runnable interface only.
b) A thread can be formed by a class that extends Thread class.
c) start() method is used to begin execution of the thread.
d) run() method is used to begin execution of a thread before start() method in special cases.

1. class newthread implements Runnable {
2. Thread t;
3. newthread() {
5. t.start();
6. }
9. }
10. }
14. }
15. }
a) My Thread
d) Runtime Error
430
2. Thread t;
3. newthread() {
5. t.start();
6. }
8. System.out.println(t);
9. }
10. }
14. }
15. }
a) My Thread
d) Runtime Error

2. Thread t;
3. newthread() {
5. t.start();
6. }
7. }
11. }
431
12. }
a) My Thread
d) Runtime Error

2. Thread t;
3. newthread() {
4. t = new Thread(this,"New Thread");
5. t.start();
6. }
8. t.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
10. }
11. }
15. }
16. }
a) Thread[New Thread,0,main] b) Thread[New Thread,1,main] c) Thread[New Thread,5,main]
d) Thread[New Thread,10,main] ]
2. Thread t;
3. newthread() {
6. t1.start();
432
7. t2.start();
8. }
12. }
13. }
17. }
18. }
a) true
b) false
c) truetrue
d) falsefalse
75. Which of these class is used to make a thread?

a) String
b) System
c) Thread
d) Runnable
76. Which of these interface is implemented by Thread class?

a) Runnable
b) Connections
c) Set
d) MapConnections
77. Which of these method of Thread class is used to find out the priority given to a thread?
a) get()
433
b) ThreadPriority()
c) getPriority()
d) getThreadPriority()
78. Which of these method of Thread class is used to Suspend a thread for a period of time?
a) sleep()
b) terminate()
c) suspend()
d) stop()
79. Which function of pre defined class Thread is used to check weather current thread
being checked is still running?
a) isAlive()
b) Join()
c) isRunning()
d) Alive()

3. Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
4. t.setName("New Thread");
6. }
7. }
a) Thread[5,main] b) Thread[New Thread,5] c) Thread[main,5,main] d) Thread[New
Thread,5,main]
81. What is the priority of the thread in output of this program?
434
4. t.setName("New Thread");
6. }
7. }
a) main
b) Thread
c) New Thread
d) Thread[New Thread,5,main]
82. What is the name of the thread in output of this program?
4. System.out.println(t.getPriority());
5. }
6. }
a) 0
b) 1
c) 4
d) 5

5. }
6. }
a) 0
b) 1
c) true
435
d) false
84. What is multithreaded programming?

a) It’s a process in which two different processes run simultaneously.
b) It’s a process in which two or more parts of same process run simultaneously.
c) Its a process in which many different process are able to access same information.
d) Its a process in which a single process can access information from many sources.
85 Which of these are types of multitasking?

a) Process based
b) Thread based
c) Process and Thread based
86. Which of these packages contain all the Java’s built in exceptions?
a) java.io
b) java.util
c) java.lang
d) java.net
87. Thread priority in Java is?

a) Integer
b) Float
c) double
d) long
88. What will happen if two thread of same priority are called to be processed simultaneously?
a) Any one will be executed first lexographically
b) Both of them will be executed simultaneously
c) None of them will be executed
436
d) It is dependent on the operating system.
89. Which of these statements is incorrect?

a) By multithreading CPU’s idle time is minimized, and we can take maximum use of it.
b) By multitasking CPU’s idle time is minimized, and we can take maximum use of it.
c) Two thread in Java can have same priority
d) A thread can exist only in two states, running and blocked.

5. }
6. }
a) Thread[5,main] b) Thread[main,5] c) Thread[main,0] d) Thread[main,5,main]View Answer
91. What is the priority of the thread in output of this program?
5. }
6. }
a) 4
b) 5
c) 0
d) 1

437
5. }
6. }
a) main
b) Thread
c) System

5. }
6. }
a) 0
b) 1
c) true
d) false
94. Which of these clause will be executed even if no exceptions are found?
a) throws
b) finally
c) throw
d) catch
94. A single try block must be followed by which of these?

a) finally
b) catch
c) finally & catch
438
95. Which of these packages contain all the Java’s built in exceptions?
a) java.io
b) java.util
c) java.lang
d) java.net
96. Which of these exceptions handles the divide by zero error?
a) ArithmeticException
b) MathException
c) IllegalAccessException
d) IllegarException
97. Which of these exceptions will occur if we try to access the index of an array beyond its
length?
a) ArithmeticException
b) ArrayException
c) ArrayIndexException
d) ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
3. try {
5. int b = 10 / a;
7. }
9. System.out.println("1");
10. }
11. }
12. }
439
a) 0
b) 1
d) Runtime Error
Note : Execution command line : $ java exception_handling
3. try {
4. throw new NullPointerException ("Hello");
6. }
9. }
10. }
11. }
a) A
b) B
d) Runtime Error
2. static void throwexception() throws ArithmeticException {
4. throw new ArithmeticException ("Exception");
5. }
7. try {
8. throwexception();
9. }
440
12. }
13. }
14. }
a) A
b) 0
c) 0A
d) Exception

1. class exception_handling
2. {
4. {
5. try
6. {
7. int a = 1;
8. int b = 10 / a;
9. try
10. {
11. if (a == 1)
12. a = a / a - a;
13. if (a == 2)
14. {
15. int c[] = {1};
16. c[8] = 9;
17. }
18. }
19. finally
20. {
441
22. }
23. }
24. catch (Exception e)
25. {
26. System.out.println("B");
27. }
28. }
29. }
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) BA
3. try {
5. int b = 10 / a;
7. try {
8. if (a == 1)
9. a = a / a - a;
10. if (a == 2) {
11. int c = {1};
12. c[8] = 9;
13. }
14. }
17. }
442
20. }
21. }
22. }
a) TypeA
b) TypeB
d) Runtime Error
103. Which of these keywords are used to implement synchronization?

a) sunchronize
b) syn
c) synch
d) synchronized
104. Which of these method is used to avoid polling in Java?

a) wait()
b) notify()
c) notifyAll()
105. Which of these method is used to tell the calling thread to give up monitor and go to sleep
until some other thread enters the same monitor?
a) wait()
b) notify()
c) notifyAll()
d) sleep()
443
106. Which of these method wakes up the first thread that called wait()?
a) wake()
b) notify()
c) start()
d) notifyAll()
107. Which of these method wakes up all the threads?

a) wakeAll()
b) notify()
c) start()
d) notifyAll()
108. What is synchronization in reference to a thread?

a) Its a process of handling situations when two or more threads need access to a shared resource.
b) Its a process by which many thread are able to access same shared resource simultaneously.
c) Its a process by which a method is able to access many different threads simultaneously.
d) Its a method that allow to many threads to access any information the require.

2. Thread t;
3. String name;
4. newthread(String threadname) {
5. name = threadname;
6. t = new Thread(this,name);
7. t.start();
8. }
10. }
11.
12. }
444
15. newthread obj1 = new newthread("one");
16. newthread obj2 = new newthread("two");
17. try {
18. obj1.t.wait();
19. System.out.print(obj1.t.isAlive());
20. }
22. System.out.print("Main thread interrupted");
23. }
24. }
25. }
a) true
b) false
c) Main thread interrupted

2. Thread t;
3. String name;
7. t.start();
8. }
10. }
11.
12. }
445
17. try {
18. Thread.sleep(1000);
19. System.out.print(obj1.t.isAlive());
20. }
21. catch(InterruptedException e) {
23. }
24. }
25. }
a) true
b) false

2. Thread t;
3. String name;
7. t.start();
8. }
10. }
11.
12. }
446
17. try {
18. System.out.print(obj1.t.equals(obj2.t));
19. }
22. }
23. }
24. }
a) true
b) false

2. Thread t;
3. newthread() {
6. t1.start();
7. t2.start();
8. }
12. }
13. }
447
17. }
18. }
a) true
b) false
c) truetrue
d) falsefalse
.
Unit-4
1. Which of these packages contain all the collection classes?
a)java.lang b) java.util c) java.net d) java.awt
2. Which of these classes is not part of Java’s collection framework?

a)Maps b)Array c)Stack d)Queue
3. Which of these interface is not a part of Java’s collection framework?

a)List b)Set c) SortedMap d) SortedList
4. Which of these methods deletes all the elements from invoking collection?
a) clear() b) reset() c) delete() d) refresh()
5. What is Collection in Java?
a) A group of objects b) A group of classes c) A group of interfaces d) None of the mentioned
1. import java.util.*;
2. class Array {
4. int array[] = new int [5];
5. for (int i = 5; i > 0; i--)
6. array[5-i] = i;
7. Arrays.fill(array, 1, 4, 8);
448
8. for (int i = 0; i < 5 ; i++)
9. System.out.print(array[i]);
10. }
11. }
a) 12885 b) 12845 c) 58881 d) 54881

2. class vector {
4. Vector obj = new Vector(4,2);
5. obj.addElement(new Integer(3));
8. obj.removeAll(obj);
9. System.out.println(obj.isEmpty());
10. }
11. }

2. class stack {
4. Stack obj = new Stack();
5. obj.push(new Integer(3));
7. obj.pop();
10. }
449
11. }
a) [3, 5] b) [3, 2] c) [3, 2, 5] d) [3, 5, 2]
2. class hashtable {
4. Hashtable obj = new Hashtable();
5. obj.put("A", new Integer(3));
6. obj.put("B", new Integer(2));
7. obj.put("C", new Integer(8));
8. obj.remove(new String("A"));
9. System.out.print(obj);
10. }
11. }
a) {C=8, B=2} b) [C=8, B=2] c) {A=3, C=8, B=2} d) [A=3, C=8, B=2] View Answer
2. class Bitset {
4. BitSet obj = new BitSet(5);
5. for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
6. obj.set(i);
7. obj.clear(2);
8. System.out.print(obj);
9. }
10. }
a) {0, 1, 3, 4} b) {0, 1, 2, 4} c) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} d) {0, 0, 0, 3, 4}
11. Which of these standard collection classes implements a dynamic array?
a) AbstractList b) LinkedList c) ArrayList d) AbstractSet
450
12. Which of these class can generate an array which can increase and decrease in size
automatically?
a) ArrayList() b) DynamicList() c) LinkedList() d) DynamicList()
13. Which of these method can be used to increase the capacity of ArrayList object manually?
a) Capacity() b) increaseCapacity() c) increasecapacity() d) ensureCapacity()
14. Which of these method of ArrayList class is used to obtain present size of an object?
a) size() b) length() c) index() d) capacity()
15. Which of these methods can be used to obtain a static array from an ArrayList object?
a) Array() b) covertArray() c) toArray() d) covertoArray()
16. Which of these method is used to reduce the capacity of an ArrayList object?
a) trim() b) trimSize() c) trimTosize() d) trimToSize()
2. class Arraylist {
4. ArrayList obj = new ArrayList();
5. obj.add("A");
6. obj.add("B");
7. obj.add("C");
8. obj.add(1, "D");
10. }
11. }
a) [A, B, C, D] b) [A, D, B, C] c) [A, D, C] d) [A, B, C]
2. class Output {
451
5. obj.add("A");
6. obj.add(0, "B");
7. System.out.println(obj.size());
8. }
9. }
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) Any Garbage Value
2. class Output {
5. obj.add("A");
6. obj.ensureCapacity(3);
8. }
9. }
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
1. class Output {
4. obj.add("A");
5. obj.add("D");
6. obj.ensureCapacity(3);
7. obj.trimToSize();
9. }
10. }
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
21. Which of these standard collection classes implements a linked list data structure?
452
a) AbstractList b) LinkedList c) HashSet d) AbstractSet
22. Which of these classes implements Set interface?
a) ArrayList b) HashSet c) LinkedList d) DynamicList
23. Which of these method is used to add an element to the start of a LinkedList object?
a) add() b) first() c) AddFirst() d) addFirst()
24. Which of these method of HashSet class is used to add elements to its object?
a) add() b) Add() c) addFirst() d) insert()
25. Which of these methods can be used to delete the last element in a LinkedList object?
a) remove() b) delete() c) removeLast() d) deleteLast()
26. Which of these method is used to change an element in a LinkedList Object?
a) change() b) set() c) redo() d) add()
2. class Linkedlist {
4. LinkedList obj = new LinkedList();
5. obj.add("A");
6. obj.add("B");
7. obj.add("C");
8. obj.addFirst("D");
10. }
11. }
a) [A, B, C] b) [D, B, C] c) [A, B, C, D] d) [D, A, B, C]
2. class Linkedlist {
453
4. LinkedList obj = new LinkedList();
5. obj.add("A");
6. obj.add("B");
7. obj.add("C");
8. obj.removeFirst();
10. }
11. }
a) [A, B] b) [B, C] c) [A, B, C, D] d) [A, B, C]
2. class Output {
4. HashSet obj = new HashSet();
5. obj.add("A");
6. obj.add("B");
7. obj.add("C");
8. System.out.println(obj + " " + obj.size());
9. }
10. }
a) ABC 3 b) [A, B, C] 3 c) ABC 2 d) [A, B, C] 2
2. class Output {
4. TreeSet t = new TreeSet();
5. t.add("3");
6. t.add("9");
7. t.add("1");
8. t.add("4");
9. t.add("8");
454
11. }
12. }
a) [1, 3, 5, 8, 9] b) [3, 4, 1, 8, 9] c) [9, 8, 4, 3, 1] d) [1, 3, 4, 8, 9]
31. Which of these object stores association between keys and values?
a) Hash table b) Map c) Array d) String
32. Which of these classes provide implementation of map interface?

a) ArrayList b) HashMap c) LinkedList d) DynamicList
33. Which of these method is used to remove all keys/values pair from the invoking map?
a) delete() b) remove() c) clear() d) removeAll()
34. Which of these method Map class is used to obtain an element in the map having specified
key?
a) search() b) get() c) set() d) look()
35. Which of these methods can be used to obtain set of all keys in a map?
a) getAll() b) getKeys() c) keyall() d) keySet()
36. Which of these method is used add an element and corresponding key to a map?
a) put() b) set() c) redo() d) add()

2. class Maps {
4. HashMap obj = new HashMap();
455
9. }
10. }
a) {A 1, B 1, C 1} b) {A, B, C} c) {A-1, B-1, C-1} d) {A=1, B=2, C=3}

2. class Maps {
8. System.out.println(obj.keySet());
9. }
10. }
a) [A, B, C] b) {A, B, C} c) {1, 2, 3} d) [1, 2, 3] Answer: a

2. class Maps {
8. System.out.println(obj.get("B"));
9. }
10. }
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) null
456
2. class Maps {
4. TreeMap obj = new TreeMap();
8. System.out.println(obj.entrySet());
9. }
10. }
a) [A, B, C] b) [1, 2, 3] c) {A=1, B=2, C=3} d) [A=1, B=2, C=3]
41. Which of these standard collection classes implements all the standard functions on list data
structure?
a) Array b) LinkedList c) HashSet d) AbstractSet
42. Which of these classes implements Set interface?
a) ArrayList b) HashSet c) LinkedList d) DynamicList
43. Which of these method is used to make all elements of an equal to specified value?
a) add() b) fill() c) all() d) set().
44. Which of these method of Array class is used sort an array or its subset?
a) binarysort() b) bubblesort() c) sort() d) insert()
45. Which of these methods can be used to search an element in a list?

a) find() b) sort() c) get() d) binaryserach()
46. Which of these method is used to change an element in a LinkedList Object?

a) change() b) set() c) redo() d) add()

457
2. class Arraylist {
4. ArrayList obj1 = new ArrayList();
5. ArrayList obj2 = new ArrayList();
6. obj1.add("A");
7. obj1.add("B");
8. obj2.add("A");
9. obj2.add(1, "B");
10. System.out.println(obj1.equals(obj2));
11. }
12. }

2. class Array {
5. for (int i = 5; i > 0; i--)
6. array[5 - i] = i;
7. Arrays.sort(array);
8. for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
9. System.out.print(array[i]);;
10. }
11. }
a) 12345 b) 54321 c) 1234 d) 5432
2. class Array {
458
5. for (int i = 5; i > 0; i--)
6. array[5-i] = i;
7. Arrays.fill(array, 1, 4, 8);
8. for (int i = 0; i < 5 ; i++)
9. System.out.print(array[i]);
10. }
11. }
a) 12885 b) 12845 c) 58881 d) 54881

2. class Array {
5. for (int i = 5; i > 0; i--)
6. array[5 - i] = i;
7. Arrays.sort(array);
8. System.out.print(Arrays.binarySearch(array, 4));
9. }
10. }
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
51. Which of these class object can be used to form a dynamic array?
a) ArrayList b) Map c) Vector d) ArrayList & Map
52. Which of these are legacy classes?

a) Stack b) Hashtable c) Vector d) All of the mentioned
53. Which of these is the interface of legacy?

a) Map b) Enumeration c) HashMap d) Hashtable
459
54. What is the name of data member of class Vector which is used to store number of elements
in the vector?
a) length b) elements c) elementCount d) capacity
55. Which of these methods is used to add elements in vector at specific location?
a) add() b) set() c) AddElement() d) addElement()

2. class vector {
8. System.out.println(obj.elementAt(1));
9. }
10. }
a) 0 b) 3 c) 2 d) 5

2. class vector {
8. System.out.println(obj.capacity());
9. }
10. }
460
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 6

2. class vector {
8. obj.insertElementAt(new Integer(8), 2);
10. }
11. }
a) [3, 2, 6] b) [3, 2, 8] c) [3, 2, 6, 8] d) [3, 2, 8, 6]
2. class vector {
8. obj.removeAll(obj);
9. System.out.println(obj.isEmpty());
10. }
11. }

461
2. class stack {
4. Stack obj = new Stack();
7. obj.pop();
10. }
11. }
a) [3, 5] b) [3, 2] c) [3, 2, 5] d) [3, 5, 2]
61. Why are generics used?
a) Generics make code more fast.
b) Generics make code more optimised and readable.
c) Generics add stability to your code by making more of your bugs detectable at compile time.
d) Generics add stability to your code by making more of your bugs detectable at run time.
62. Which of these type parameters is used for a generic class to return and accept any type of
object?
a) K
b) N
c) T
d) V
63. Which of these type parameters is used for a generic class to return and accept a number?
a) K
b) N
c) T
d) V
462
64. Which of these is an correct way of defining generic class?
a) class name(T1, T2, …, Tn) { /* … */ }
b) class name { /* … */ }
c) class name[T1, T2, …, Tn] { /* … */ }
d) class name{T1, T2, …, Tn} { /* … */ }
65. Which of the following is incorrect statement regarding the use of generics and
parameterized types in Java?
a) Generics provide type safety by shifting more type checking responsibilities to the compiler.
b) Generics and parameterized types eliminate the need for down casts when using Java
Collections.
c) When designing your own collections class (say, a linked list), generics and parameterized
types allow you to achieve type safety with just a single class definition as opposed to defining
multiple classes.
66. Which of the following reference types cannot be generic?

a) Anonymous inner class
b) Interface
c) Inner class

2. public class genericstack <E> {
3. Stack <E> stk = new Stack <E>();
4. public void push(E obj) {
5. stk.push(obj);
6. }
7. public E pop() {
8. E obj = stk.pop();
463
9. return obj;
10. }
11. }
12. class Output {
14. genericstack <String> gs = new genericstack<String>();
15. gs.push("Hello");
16. System.out.println(gs.pop());
17. }
18. }
a) H
b) Hello
c) Runtime Error

5. stk.push(obj);
6. }
7. public E pop() {
9. return obj;
10. }
11. }
12. class Output {
14. genericstack <Integer> gs = new genericstack<Integer>();
15. gs.push(36);
464
17. }
18. }
a) 0
b) 36
c) Runtime Error

5. stk.push(obj);
6. }
7. public E pop() {
9. return obj;
10. }
11. }
12. class Output {
16. System.out.print(gs.pop() + " ");
18. gs.push(36);
20. }
21. }
465
a) Error
b) Hello
c) 36
d) Hello 36

5. stk.push(obj);
6. }
7. public E pop() {
9. return obj;
10. }
11. }
12. class Output {
15. gs.push(36);
17. }
18. }
a) H
b) Hello
c) Runtime Error
71. What are generic methods?

a) Generic methods are the methods defined in a generic class.
466
b) Generic methods are the methods that extend generic class’s methods.
c) Generic methods are methods that introduce their own type parameters.
d) Generic methods are methods that take void parameters.
72. Which of these type parameters is used for a generic methods to return and accept any type
of object?
a) K
b) N
c) T
d) V
73. Which of these type parameters is used for a generic methods to return and accept a number?
a) K
b) N
c) T
d) V
74. Which of these is an correct way of defining generic method?
a) name(T1, T2, …, Tn) { /* … */ }
b) public name { /* … */ }
c) class name[T1, T2, …, Tn] { /* … */ }
d) name{T1, T2, …, Tn} { /* … */ }
75. Which of the following is incorrect statement regarding the use of generics and
parameterized types in Java?
a) Generics provide type safety by shifting more type checking responsibilities to the compiler.
b) Generics and parameterized types eliminate the need for down casts when usingJava
Collections.
c) When designing your own collections class (say, a linked list), generics and parameterized
types allow you to achieve type safety with just a single class definition as opposed to defining
multiple classes.
76. Which of the following allows us to call generic methods as a normal method?
a) Type Interface
b) Interface
467
c) Inner class
5. stk.push(obj);
6. }
7. public E pop() {
9. return obj;
10. }
11. }
12. class Output {
17. }
18. }
a) H
b) Hello
c) Runtime Error
5. stk.push(obj);
468
6. }
7. public E pop() {
9. return obj;
10. }
11. }
12. class Output {
15. gs.push(36);
17. }
18. }
a) 0
b) 36
c) Runtime Error
5. stk.push(obj);
6. }
7. public E pop() {
9. return obj;
10. }
11. }
12. class Output {
469
16. System.out.print(gs.pop() + " ");
18. gs.push(36);
20. }
21. }
a) Error
b) Hello
c) 36
d) Hello 36

5. stk.push(obj);
6. }
7. public E pop() {
9. return obj;
10. }
11. }
12. class Output {
15. gs.push(36);
17. }
470
18. }
a) H
b) Hello
c) Runtime Error
81. What does AWT stands for?

a) All Window Tools
b) All Writing Tools
c) Abstract Window Toolkit
d) Abstract Writing Toolkit
82. Which of these is used to perform all input & output operations in Java?
a) streams
b) Variables
c) classes
d) Methods
83. Which of these is a type of stream in Java?
a) Integer stream
b) Short stream
c) Byte stream
d) Long stream
84. Which of these classes are used by Byte streams for input and output operation?
a) InputStream
b) InputOutputStream
c) Reader
85. Which of these classes are used by character streams for input and output operations?
a) InputStream
b) Writer
c) ReadStream
471
d) InputOutputStream
86. Which of these class is used to read from byte array?
a) InputStream.
b) BufferedInputStream.
c) ArrayInputStream.
d) ByteArrayInputStream.
87. What is the output of this program if input given is ‘abcqfghqbcd’?
1. class Input_Output {
2. public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
3. char c;
4. BufferedReader obj = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
5. do {
6. c = (char) obj.read();
7. System.out.print(c);
8. } while(c != 'q');
9. }
10. }
a) abcqfgh
b) abc
c) abcq
d) abcqfghq
88. What is the output of this program if input given is “abc’def/’egh”?

3. char c;
5. do {
472
8. } while(c!='\'');
9. }
10. }
a) abc’
b) abcdef/’
c) abc’def/’egh
d) abcqfghq
1. class output {
3. {
4. StringBuffer c = new StringBuffer("Hello");
5. System.out.println(c.length());
6. }
7. }
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) 7
1. class output {
3. {
5. StringBuffer s2 = s1.reverse();
7. }
8. }
a) Hello
b) olleH
473
c) HelloolleH
d) olleHHello
91. Which exception is thrown by read() method?
a) IOException
b) InterruptedException
c) SystemException
d) SystemInputException
92. Which of these is used to read a string from the input stream?
a) get()
b) getLine()
c) read()
d) readLine()
93. Which of these class is used to read characters and strings in Java from console?
a) BufferedReader
b) StringReader
c) BufferedStreamReader
d) InputStreamReader
94. Which of these classes are used by Byte streams for input and output operation?
a) InputStream
c) Reader
95. Which of these class is implemented by FilterInputStream class?

a) InputStream
c) BufferedInputStream
d) SequenceInputStream
474
96. Which of these class is used to read from a file?
a) InputStream
b) BufferedInputStream
c) FileInputStream
d) BufferedFileInputStream
97. What is the output of this program if input given is “Hello stop World”?
3. string str;
5. do {
6. str = (char) obj.readLine();
7. System.out.print(str);
8. } while(!str.equals("strong"));
9. }
10. }
a) Hello
b) Hello stop
c) World
d) Hello stop World
1. class output {
3. {
4. StringBuffer c = new StringBuffer("Hello");
5. StringBuffer c1 = new StringBuffer(" World");
6. c.append(c1);
7. System.out.println(c);
8. }
475
9. }
a) Hello
b) World
c) Helloworld
d) Hello World

1. class output {
3. {
5. s1.setCharAt(1,x);
7. }
8. }
a) xello
b) xxxxx
c) Hxllo
d) Hexlo
100. What is the output of this program if input given is “abc’def/’egh”?
3. char c;
5. do {
8. } while(c != '\'');
9. }
10. }
476
a) abc’
b) abcdef/’
c) abc’def/’egh
d) abcqfghq
101. Which of these class contains the methods print() & println()?
a) System
b) System.out
c) BUfferedOutputStream
d) PrintStream
102. Which of these methods can be used to writing console output?

a) print()
b) println()
c) write()
103. Which of these class is used to create an object whose character sequence is mutable?
a) String()
b) StringBuffer()
c) Both of the mentioned
104. Which of these method of class StringBuffer is used to reverse sequence of characters?
a) reverse()
b) reverseall()
c) Reverse()
d) reverseAll()
105. Which of these classes are used by character streams output operations?
a) InputStream
477
b) Writer
c) ReadStream
d) InputOutputStream
106. Which of the following statement is correct?

a) reverse() method reverses all characters.
b) reverseall() method reverses all characters.
c) replace() method replaces first occurrence of a character in invoking string with another
character.
d) replace() method replaces last occurrence of a character in invoking string with another
character.

1. class output {
3. {
4. String a="hello i love java";
5. System.out.println(indexof('i')+" "+indexof('o')+" "+lastIndexof('i')+"
"+lastIndexof('o') ));
6. }
7. }
a) 6 4 6 9
b) 5 4 5 9
c) 7 8 8 9
d) 4 3 6 9

1. class output {
3. {
478
5. StringBuffer s2 = s1.reverse();
7. }
8. }
a) Hello
b) olleH
c) HelloolleH
d) olleHHello

1. class output {
3. {
4. StringBuffer s1 = new StringBuffer("Hello World");
5. s1.insert(6 , "Good ");
7. }
8. }
a) HelloGoodWorld
b) HellGoodoWorld
c) HellGood oWorld
d) Hello Good World

1. class output {
3. {
4. char c[]={'a','1','b',' ','A','0'];
5. for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
6. if(Character.isDigit(c[i]))
7. System.out.println(c[i]" is a digit");
479
8. if(Character.isWhitespace(c[i]))
9. System.out.println(c[i]" is a Whitespace character");
10. if(Character.isUpperCase(c[i]))
11. System.out.println(c[i]" is an Upper case Letter");
12. if(Character.isUpperCase(c[i]))
13. System.out.println(c[i]" is a lower case Letter");
14. i = i + 3;
15. }
16. }
17. }
a) a is a lower case Letter
is White space character
b) b is a lower case Letter
is White space characte
c) a is a lower case Letter
A is a upper case Letter
d) a is a lower case Letter
0 is a digit
111. Which of these class contains the methods used to write in a file?
a) FileStream
b) FileInputStream
c) BUfferedOutputStream
d) FileBufferStream
112. Which of these exception is thrown in cases when the file specified for writing it not found?
a) IOException
b) FileException
c) FileNotFoundException
d) FileInputException
480
113. Which of these methods are used to read in from file?
a) get()
b) read()
c) scan()
d) readFileInput()
114. Which of these values is returned by read() method is end of file (EOF) is encountered?
a) 0
b) 1
c) -1
d) Null
115. Which of these exception is thrown by close() and read() methods?

a) IOException
b) FileException
c) FileNotFoundException
d) FileInputOutputException
116. Which of these methods is used to write() into a file?

a) put()
b) putFile()
c) write()
d) writeFile()

1. import java.io.*;
2. class filesinputoutput {
4. InputStream obj = new FileInputStream("inputoutput.java");
5. System.out.print(obj.available());
6. }
481
7. }
Note: inputoutput.java is stored in the disk.
a) true
b) false
c) prints number of bytes in file
d) prints number of characters in the file

2. public class filesinputoutput {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. String obj = "abc";
5. byte b[] = obj.getBytes();
6. ByteArrayInputStream obj1 = new ByteArrayInputStream(b);
7. for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++ i) {
8. int c;
9. while((c = obj1.read()) != -1) {
10. if(i == 0) {
11. System.out.print(Character.toUpperCase((char)c));
12. obj2.write(1);
13. }
14. }
15. System.out.print(obj2);
16. }
17. }
18. }
a) AaBaCa
b) ABCaaa
c) AaaBaaCaa
d) AaBaaCaaa
482
2. class Chararrayinput {
4. String obj = "abcdef";
5. int length = obj.length();
6. char c[] = new char[length];
7. obj.getChars(0, length, c, 0);
8. CharArrayReader input1 = new CharArrayReader(c);
9. CharArrayReader input2 = new CharArrayReader(c, 0, 3);
10. int i;
11. try {
12. while((i = input2.read()) != -1) {
13. System.out.print((char)i);
14. }
15. }
16. catch (IOException e) {
17. e.printStackTrace();
18. }
19. }
20. }
a) abc
b) abcd
c) abcde
d) abcdef

4. String obj = "abcdefgh";
483
10. int i;
11. int j;
12. try {
13. while((i = input1.read()) == (j = input2.read())) {
15. }
16. }
19. }
20. }
21. }
a) abc
b) abcd
c) abcde
.
121. Which of these packages contain classes and interfaces used for input & output operations
of a program?
a) java.util
b) java.lang
c) java.io
121. Which of these class is not a member class of java.io package?

a) String
484
b) StringReader
c) Writer
d) File
.
122. Which of these interface is not a member of java.io package?
a) DataInput
b) ObjectInput
c) ObjectFilter
d) FileFilter
123. Which of these class is not related to input and output stream in terms of functioning?
a) File
b) Writer
c) InputStream
d) Reader
124. Which of these is specified by a File object?

a) a file in disk
b) directory path
c) directory in disk
125. Which of these is method for testing whether the specified element is a file or a directory?
a) IsFile()
b) isFile()
c) Isfile()
d) isfile()

2. class files {
485
4. File obj = new File("/java/system");
5. System.out.print(obj.getName());
6. }
7. }
a) java
b) system
c) java/system
d) /java/system

2. class files {
5. System.out.print(obj.getAbsolutePath());
6. }
7. }
Note: file is made in c drive.
a) java
b) system
c) java/system
d) /java/system

2. class files {
5. System.out.print(obj.canWrite());
6. System.out.print(" " + obj.canRead());
486
7. }
8. }
a) true false
b) false true
c) true true
d) false false

2. class files {
5. System.out.print(obj.getParent());
6. System.out.print(" " + obj.isFile());
7. }
8. }
a) java true
b) java false
c) \java false
d) \java true
130. Which of these classes is used for input and output operation when working with bytes?
a) InputStream
b) Reader
c) Writer
131. Which of these class is used to read and write bytes in a file?
a) FileReader
487
b) FileWriter
c) FileInputStream
132 Which of these method of InputStream is used to read integer representation of next
available byte input?
a) read()
b) scanf()
c) get()
d) getInteger()
133. Which of these data type is returned by every method of OutputStream?

a) int
b) float
c) byte
134. Which of these is a method to clear all the data present in output buffers?
a) clear()
b) flush()
c) fflush()
d) close()
.
135. Which of these is method is used for writing bytes to an outputstream?
a) put()
b) print()
c) printf()
d) write()

488
6. }
7. }
a) true
b) false

7. for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++ i) {
8. int c;
9. while ((c = obj1.read()) != -1) {
10. if(i == 0) {
11. System.out.print((char)c);
12. }
13. }
14. }
15. }
16. }
a) abc
b) ABC
489
c) ab
d) AB

7. for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++ i) {
8. int c;
9. while ((c = obj1.read()) != -1) {
10. if (i == 0) {
12. }
13. }
14. }
15. }
16. }
a) abc
b) ABC
c) ab
d) AB

490
7. for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++ i) {
8. int c;
9. while ((c = obj1.read()) != -1) {
10. if (i == 0) {
12. obj2.write(1);
13. }
14. }
15. System.out.print(obj2);
16. }
17. }
18. }
a) AaBaCa
b) ABCaaa
c) AaaBaaCaa
d) AaBaaCaaa
140. Which of these stream contains the classes which can work on character stream?
a) InputStream
b) OutputStream
c) Character Stream
141. Which of these class is used to read characters in a file?

a) FileReader
b) FileWriter
c) FileInputStream
491
142. Which of these method of FileReader class is used to read characters from a file?
a) read()
b) scanf()
c) get()
d) getInteger()
143. Which of these class can be used to implement input stream that uses a character array as
the source?
a) BufferedReader
b) FileReader
c) CharArrayReader
d) FileArrayReader
144. Which of these is a method to clear all the data present in output buffers?
a) clear()
b) flush()
c) fflush()
d) close()
145. Which of these classes can return more than one character to be returned to input stream?
a) BufferedReader
b) Bufferedwriter
c) PushbachReader
d) CharArrayReader

492
6. }
7. }
a) true
b) false

7. obj.getChars(0,length,c,0);
10. int i;
11. try {
12. while ((i = input1.read()) != -1) {
14. }
15. }
17. // TODO Auto-generated catch block
19. }
20. }
21. }
493
a) abc
b) abcd
c) abcde
d) abcdef

10. int i;
11. try {
12. while ((i = input2.read()) != -1) {
14. }
15. }
19. }
20. }
21. }
a) abc
b) abcd
c) abcde
494
d) abcdef

10. int i;
11. int j;
12. try {
13. while ((i = input1.read()) == (j = input2.read())) {
15. }
16. }
20. }
21. }
22. }
a) abc
b) abcd
c) abcde
UNIT-5
495
1. Which of the following classes are not in the java.awt package? [ ]
a. Color b. Font c. Component d. JFrame
2. The interface _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ should be implemented to listen for a button action event.[ ]
a. MouseListener b. ActionListener c. FocusListener d. WindowListener
3 Classes for reading and writing(input and output) are in _________ package. [ ]
a. java.lang b. java.io c. java.net d. java.net
4.____________ package contains classes and interfaces that are used in enabling programs to
encrypt data and control the access privileges.
a. java.lang b. java.io c. java.net d. java.security
5.A ______________ method cannot be overridden by subclasses.
6.______ is the capability of a class to use the properties and methods of another class while
adding its own functionality.
7. An_________is a named collection of method definitions without
implementations. 8.__________ is an ordered list of directories or ZIP files in
which to search for class files.
9.___________ is a collection of related classes and interfaces providing access protection and
namespace
13.
10. Fundamental classes are defined in package.
11. The statement occurs immediately after the package statement and before the
class statement:
a. import b. export c.a&b d. none
12. of a class is enabled by the class implementing the java.io.Serializable interface.
13. interface provides for reading bytes from a binary stream and reconstructing
from the data in any of the Java primitive types.
14. instance is written in the serialization stream and it is the responsibility of the class
to save and restore the contents of its instances.
496
15.An_____________ is an object that describes a state change in a source.
A) event B) circular C)object D) Class
16. Frames, Panels and objects that can contain other GUI objects are known as _______ [ ]
a. Container b. Tab c. Dialog d. Layout
17. ______________________ are referred to as heavyweight components
18. _______________ is a component that presents a hierarchical view of the data.
19. _______________ manages to store several different layouts
20. . The interface _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ should be implemented to listen for a button action event.[
]
a. MouseListener b. ActionListener c. FocusListener d. WindowListener
21.To determine the width and height of an application which of the following method is used? [
]
a) getWidthHeight() b) setWidthHeight() c) getSize() d)

setHeightWidth()
22.What are the applet’s lifecycle methods?
a) init(), start() and destroy()

c) init(), start(),paint(), stop() and destroy()
23. The preferredSize property is ignored

in [ ]
a) FlowLayout b) GridLayout c) BorderLayout d) For any layout
24.____________ is the process of confining paint operations to a limited area or shape.
25.The ___________ interface should be implemented to listen for a button action event.
26.________________ cannot be shared by a GUI component.
497
27.Which of the following objects are input to the paint()
method?
a) canvas b) graphics
c)paint d)image
28. _____________ method is called on calling the repaint method.
29. ___________ contains and controls the layout

B) cookie
c.component
A) object d.container C) Container
30.Servlet is a java __________ side program.

A) object b. sever c. Class d. none
31. A JMenu is a not subclass of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . [ ]

a. JMenuItem b. AbstractButton c. JComponent d. JButton
32.. Swing components that don't rely on native GUI are referred to as_________________ . [ ]
a. lightweight components b. heavyweight components
c. GUI components d. Non-GUI components
33. __________ method will be called when an applet begins its execution
34. The combination of a text field and a drop down list is___________
35. To add a component c to a JPanel p, use _____
36. Which of the following properties are in JApplet? [ ]
a. contentPane b. iconImage c. resizable d. title
37.The default layout out of a JPanel is [
a) FlowLayout b) GridLayout c) BorderLayout d) default Layout
38. You should override the method to draw things on a Swing component.
a) repaint() b) update() c) paintComponent() d) init()
498
39. Which of these packages contains all the classes and methods required for even handling in
Java?
a) java.applet
b) java.awt
c) java.event
d) java.awt.event
40. What is an event in delegation event model used by Java programming language?
a) An event is an object that describes a state change in a source.
b) An event is an object that describes a state change in processing.
c) An event is an object that describes any change by the user and system.
d) An event is a class used for defining object, to create events.
41. Which of these methods are used to register a keyboard event listener?
a) KeyListener()
b) addKistener()
c) addKeyListener()
d) eventKeyboardListener()
42. Which of these methods are used to register a mouse motion listener?
a) addMouse()
b) addMouseListener()
c) addMouseMotionListner()
d) eventMouseMotionListener()
43. What is a listener in context to event handling?

a) A listener is a variable that is notified when an event occurs.
b) A listener is a object that is notified when an event occurs.
c) A listener is a method that is notified when an event occurs.
499
44. Event class is defined in which of these libraries?
a) java.io
b) java.lang
c) java.net
d) java.util
45. Which of these methods can be used to determine the type of event?
a) getID()
b) getSource()
c) getEvent()
d) getEventObject()
46. Which of these class is super class of all the events?

a) EventObject
b) EventClass
c) ActionEvent
d) ItemEvent
47. Which of these events will be notified if scroll bar is manipulated?

a) ActionEvent
b) ComponentEvent
c) AdjustmentEvent
d) WindowEvent
48. Which of these events will be generated if we close an applet’s window?

a) ActionEvent
b) ComponentEvent
c) AdjustmentEvent
d) WindowEvent
500
49. Which of these packages contains all the event handling interfaces?
a) java.lang
b) java.awt
c) java.awt.event
d) java.event
50. Which of these interfaces handles the event when a component is added to a container?
a) ComponentListener
b) ContainerListener
c) FocusListener
d) InputListener
51. Which of these interfaces define a method actionPerformed()?

c) ActionListener
d) InputListener
52. Which of these interfaces define four methods?

c) ActionListener
d) InputListener
53. Which of these interfaces define a method itemStateChanged()?

c) ActionListener
d) ItemListener
501
54. Which of these methods will respond when you click any button by mouse?
a) mouseClicked()
b) mouseEntered()
c) mousePressed()
55. Which of these methods will be invoked if a character is entered?

a) keyPressed()
b) keyReleased()
c) keyTyped()
d) keyEntered()
56. Which of these methods is defined in MouseMotionAdapter class?

a) mouseDragged()
b) mousePressed()
c) mouseReleased()
d) mouseClicked()
57. Which of these are constants defined in WindowEvent class?

a) WINDOW_ACTIVATED
b) WINDOW_CLOSED
c) WINDOW_DEICONIFIED
58. Which of these is superclass of all Adapter classes?

a) Applet
b) ComponentEvent
c) Event
d) InputEvent
502
59. Which of these functions is called to display the output of an applet?
a) display()
b) print()
c) displayApplet()
d) PrintApplet()
60. Which of these methods can be used to output a sting in an applet?

a) display()
b) print()
c) drawString()
d) transient()
61. What does AWT stands for?

a) All Window Tools
b) All Writing Tools
c) Abstract Window Toolkit
d) Abstract Writing Toolkit
62. Which of these methods is a part of Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) ?

a) display()
b) print()
c) drawString()
d) transient()
63. Which of these modifiers can be used for a variable so that it can be accessed from any
thread or parts of a program?
a) transient
b) volatile
c) global
d) No modifier is needed
503
64. Which of these operators can be used to get run time information about an object?
a) getInfo
b) Info
c) instanceof
d) getinfoof
65. What is the Message is displayed in the applet made by this program?
1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.applet.*;
3. public class myapplet extends Applet {
4. public void paint(Graphics g) {
5. g.drawString("A Simple Applet", 20, 20);
6. }
7. }
a) A Simple Applet
b) A Simple Applet 20 20
d) Runtime Error
66. What is the length of the application box made by this program?
4. public void paint(Graphics g) {
6. }
7. }
a) 20
b) 50
c) 100
504
d) System dependent
67. What is the length of the application box made by this program?
4. Graphic g;
6. }
a) 20
b) Default value
d) Runtime Error

10. int i;
11. int j;
12. try {
13. while((i = input1.read()) == (j = input2.read())) {
15. }
16. }
505
19. }
20. }
21. }
a) abc
b) abcd
c) abcde
20 Tutorial problems
Tutorial-1
1. Write a Java Program to print prime numbers up to a given number.

2. Write a Java Program To print Fibonacci sequence up to a given number.
3. Write a Java Program to Overload the method deposit ( ) in bank account class
containing Account number account name and balance .
Tutorial-2
1. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Widening conversion.

2.Write a Java Program to demonstrate Method chaining.
3.Write a Java Program to demonstrate String tokenizer class methods.
Tutorial-3
1. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Dynamic method dispatch (class program).
506
2. Write a Java Program to check whether a String is palindrome or not.
3. Write a Java Program to Count number of words in a given text.
4. Write a Java Program To print Fibonacci sequence up to a given number.
5. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Final keyword.
6. Design and develop how to create a package and how to import the packages in java.
Tutorial-4
1. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Thread priority.

2. Write a Java Program to simulate a simple calculator
3. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Thread priority.
Tutorial-5
1. Design and develop a java program to how to handle ArithmeticException and

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException by use try, catch and finally blocks.
2. Design and develop a java program to create three threads the first thread prints ‘good
morning’ for every one second ,the second thread prints ‘hello!’ for every 2 seconds and
the third thread prints ‘welcome’ for every three seconds
3. Design and develop a java program to show the use of throw keyword for throwing
NullPointerException.
Tutorial-6
1. Design and develop a java program that reads a filename and displays the file on
screen.
2. Design and develop a java program that reads a filename from keyboard and display
the number of characters in the file.
3.Write a java program to illustrate Stack class.
507
Tutorial-7
1. Write a Java Program to demonstrate List.

2. Write a Java Program to demonstrate Checkbox.
3. Write a java program to demonstrate passing parameters to Applets.
4.Develop an applet that receives an integer in one text field, and computes its factorial
Value and returns it in another text field, when the button named “Compute” is clicked.
Tutorial-8
1. What is a Borderlayout manager? Write a java program to try out border

Layout manager.
2. What is Mouse listener interface? Explain any four Mouse listener interface
methods.
3. What is a JRadiobutton and Write any three constructors.
4. Create a JApplet that displays two JRadiobuttons and a JTextField and whenever a
radiobutton is clicked, its text is displayed in TextField.
Tutorial -9
1. Design and develop a java program to demonstrate the creation of thread groups.
2. Design and develop a java program to create multiple threads and make the threads to
act on a single object using Synchronization block .
3. Design and develop a java program to show how to handle checked exceptions.
4. Design and develop a java program to demonstrate on inter-thread communication for
producer-consumer problem.
5. Write a Java program for handling mouse events.
508
21 Known gaps ,if any and inclusion of the same in lecture schedule
1) OOP using C++
22 Discussion topics , if any
1) Difference between procedure and object oriented
2) C++ , c, java
3) Applets, servlets
4) C files and Java streams
5) JDBC Drivers
23 References, Journals, websites and E-links if any

1) Type java or topic in google search engine you will get different websites.
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/
http://www.freejavaguide.com/corejava.htm
http://iiti.ac.in/people/~tanimad/JavaTheCompleteReference.pdf
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/newtojava/java8book-2172125.pdf
http://javabeginnerstutorial.com/core-java/
http://beginnersbook.com/java-tutorial-for-beginners-with-examples/
24 Quality Measurement Sheets

a. Course End Survey
b. Teaching Evaluation
25 Student List
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ENGINEERING
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, A.P 501 301
Repor
t-
Stude
nt
Detail
s
Batch:
2014
509
SlNo AdmnNo StudentName
Class / Section: CSE 22A
1 13R11A05G3 SRIKANTH AKKANAPALLY
2 14R11A0501 AKHILESH G
3 14R11A0502 AKULA KRISHNA
4 14R11A0503 ALLAM USHA SREE
5 14R11A0504 ANANT SRIVATS
6 14R11A0505 AYYAGARI V S V VARDHAMAN
7 14R11A0506 B MOHANA SREYA
8 14R11A0507 B PRASHANTH
9 14R11A0508 BANDA GAYATHRI VEENA
10 14R11A0509 BATTAR SRIKANTH RAGHAVA
11 14R11A0510 BHONSLE SAI KRUTHI
12 14R11A0511 BONAGIRI TEJASHWINI
13 14R11A0512 BOTLA MOUNIKA
14 14R11A0513 D VENKATESH
15 14R11A0514 DASARI PRANAY KUMAR
16 14R11A0515 DEEPIKA TUDIMILA
17 14R11A0516 DOKKA DIVYA
18 14R11A0517 E MADHU BHARGAVA
19 14R11A0518 K JWALA
20 14R11A0519 K SAMHITHA REDDY
21 14R11A0520 K THAPASVI REDDY
22 14R11A0521 KALAKONDA VAISHNAVI
23 14R11A0522 KAMPALLY YAMINI
24 14R11A0523 KONTHAM RAVITEJA REDDY
25 14R11A0524 KOSARAJU LEELA KRISHNA
26 14R11A0525 KRISHNA SWETHA R
27 14R11A0526 KUNDUR ROHAN REDDY
28 14R11A0527 KUNNUMAL MAVILA AMRITHA
29 14R11A0528 KURMA BHARGAV
30 14R11A0529 KUTHURU PRIYANKA
31 14R11A0530 KYASNOORI SHIVANI
32 14R11A0531 M K SREE HARSHA
33 14R11A0532 M POOJA
34 14R11A0533 M SAI KRISHNA
35 14R11A0534 M SHANMUGHA PRIYA
36 14R11A0535 MALLADI RAMYA
37 14R11A0536 MEESALA SHAILAJA
38 14R11A0537 N SRI MANASVI
39 14R11A0538 NADENDLA VENKATA VINEET MURARI
40 14R11A0539 NAKKA AKHIL
41 14R11A0540 NALLANAGULA BHANU PRAKASH
510
42 14R11A0541 P SOWMYA
43 14R11A0542 PARVATHALA CHETANA
44 14R11A0543 PENDYALA HEMANTH SAI
45 14R11A0544 R CHANDRA MOHAN
46 14R11A0545 REKULA CHANDRAHASA
47 14R11A0546 RUDRARAJU PAVANI
48 14R11A0547 S SWATHI
49 14R11A0548 SAI SINDHU BEERAM
50 14R11A0549 SOPPADANDI AISHWARYA RAJ
51 14R11A0550 SYED VAQUAS ASHRAF
52 14R11A0551 TALLURI MURALI KRISHNA
53 14R11A0552 TAMMEWAR SNEHIT
54 14R11A0553 THIRIVEEDI DHEERAJ KUMAR
55 14R11A0554 THUMMA VINEETHA REDDY
56 14R11A0555 VALLURU VENUMADHURI
57 14R11A0556 VAMANA GUNTLA MANOJ
58 14R11A0557 VENKATA SAITEJA Y
59 14R11A0558 VUSAKA VIKAS REDDY
60 14R11A0559 Y JYOTSNA
Total: 60 Males: 29 Females: 31
Class / Section: CSE 22B

1 13R11A0561 BATTU SHIRISH KUMAR REDDY
2 14R11A0560 AKELLA SUBRAMANYA SOUJANYA
3 14R11A0561 ALEENA CHACKO K
4 14R11A0562 BARLA PRAVALIKA
5 14R11A0563 BATHINI DIVYA
6 14R11A0564 BOLLA NAVEEN REDDY
7 14R11A0565 CHAVALI SWATHI
8 14R11A0566 CHEPYALA AKHIL
9 14R11A0567 CHITTARVU LAKSHMI ISHWARYA
10 14R11A0568 DAMAGALLA KARTIK
11 14R11A0569 DHATRI NAIDU BHOGADI
12 14R11A0571 DODDAPANENI SANOJ
13 14R11A0572 DUGGISHETTY SAI PRASANNA
14 14R11A0573 E PAVAN CHANDRA
15 14R11A0574 G BHAVANA
16 14R11A0575 G KISHAN
17 14R11A0576 G LASYA PRIYA
18 14R11A0577 G SIRIVENNELA
19 14R11A0578 GANAPATHI RAJU MADHURI
20 14R11A0579 GANGAVARAPU MANASA
511
21 14R11A0580 GATTOJI HARITHA
22 14R11A0581 GAYATHRI MANDAL
23 14R11A0582 GORTI SANTOSH KUMAR
24 14R11A0583 HRITIK S
25 14R11A0584 KALYANAM KRUTHIKA REDDY
26 14R11A0585 KANUMURI SRI PRATHYUSHA
27 14R11A0586 KOLLU VINESH BABU
28 14R11A0587 KONDISETTI NIRANJANA KUMARI
29 14R11A0588 KONIKA VENKATA PADMA PRIYA HASINI
30 14R11A0589 KURUP MEGHANA
31 14R11A0590 MADARAJU RAMYA SAI
32 14R11A0591 MEDIPALLY SRIYA
33 14R11A0592 MUDDU DEEPTHI
34 14R11A0593 N LAHARI
35 14R11A0594 N VIKHYAT
36 14R11A0595 NAKEERTHA SANDHYA RANI
37 14R11A0596 NALLAMILLI JYOTHI
38 14R11A0597 NALLAPANENI ADITYA SAI
39 14R11A0598 NAMBURI MANISHA
40 14R11A0599 NIKHIL SINGH P
41 14R11A05A0 ORUGANTI KALPANA
42 14R11A05A1 PATLORI SAI KUMAR
43 14R11A05A2 PEESAPATI VENKATA SAI VAMSI
44 14R11A05A3 PINDIPOLU SRAVYA
45 14R11A05A4 PRANATHI KRISHNA SANGANI
46 14R11A05A5 PUDHOTA AVINASH
47 14R11A05A6 S ASHA LAKSHMI
48 14R11A05A7 S CHANDANA REDDY
49 14R11A05A8 SHAIK HAFEEZ HUSSAIN
50 14R11A05A9 SHEELAM SUSHMA
51 14R11A05B0 SRAVIKA SANKU
52 14R11A05B1 THUMMALA RISHIKA REDDY
53 14R11A05B2 VARSHA CHAHAL
54 14R11A05B3 VEERAVALLI SHILPA
55 14R11A05B4 VUPPUTTURI SUSHANTH KUMAR
56 14R11A05B5 Y ADITHYA
57 14R11A05B6 YEDDU SHASHI KUMAR
58 14R11A05B7 KATAMONI HARSHITHA
59 15R15A0501 B VINESH
60 15R15A0502 B SHRAVAN KUMAR
512
Class / Section: CSE 22C
1 14R11A05C0 A S SRUJAN SAI
2 14R11A05C1 AITHA RANJEETH KUMAR
3 14R11A05C2 ALIGETI MAHITHA
4 14R11A05C3 BAGGU VISHNU SAI PRASAD
5 14R11A05C4 BARGELA PRANAY RAJ
6 14R11A05C5 BIROJU SAI SUGANDH CHARY
7 14R11A05C6 G AKHILA
8 14R11A05C7 GANGJI MANISHA
9 14R11A05C8 GARIKAPATI NAMRATHA CHOWDARY
10 14R11A05C9 GARLAPATI RENUKA
11 14R11A05D0 GUNDARAPU SOUJANYA REDDY
12 14R11A05D1 GUNGI SAI KUMAR
13 14R11A05D2 GUNNALA RAMYA SREE
14 14R11A05D3 ILA BHAVANA
15 14R11A05D4 J HEMANTH SAI
16 14R11A05D5 JELLA MOUNICA
17 14R11A05D6 K TEJA ABHINAV
18 14R11A05D7 KANAKADANDI NAGA VENKATA APARNA
19 14R11A05D8 KASI SRAVYA
20 14R11A05D9 KAVYA S
21 14R11A05E0 KUKKALA DEEPIKA
22 14R11A05E1 LAHIRI KOTAMRAJU
23 14R11A05E2 MARAM RAJEEV KUMAR
24 14R11A05E3 MARGONWAR GAYATRI
25 14R11A05E4 MEKALA SWATHI
26 14R11A05E5 MOTHABOINA KAMESHWAR RAO ROHAN
MUDH
27 14R11A05E6 NALABOTHULA HARIKA
28 14R11A05E7 NALADALA SAI CHARITHA
29 14R11A05E8 NEMURI SAI SAMPATH GOUD
30 14R11A05E9 NIKHIL THAPA
31 14R11A05F0 P ANUDEEP
32 14R11A05F1 P SAI PRASAD
33 14R11A05F2 PARIMI SAIESH
34 14R11A05F3 PINNINTI SAIKIRAN REDDY
35 14R11A05F4 POLAGOUNI VAISHNAVI GOUD
36 14R11A05F5 POTHURI VENKATA SAI PRIYANKA
37 14R11A05F6 RAHUL N D
38 14R11A05F7 RAI MEGHANA
39 14R11A05F8 RAYALA PRIYANKA
40 14R11A05F9 RAYAPROLU ASWINI
41 14R11A05G0 REEBA FATIMA
42 14R11A05G1 ROSHAN ROY
513
43 14R11A05G2 S HARI PRASAD
44 14R11A05G3 SAI PRIYA MALLIKA K
45 14R11A05G4 SANKARAMANCHI MOUNIKA
46 14R11A05G5 SEEMALA MAHENDER SUNNY SAMUEL
47 14R11A05G6 SUJAN MOHAN PILLI
48 14R11A05G7 T C KAVERI
49 14R11A05G8 T SWATHI
50 14R11A05G9 TERETIPALLY KARUNA SRI
51 14R11A05H0 V ABHISHEK
52 14R11A05H1 V VENKATA SAI YASASWI
53 14R11A05H2 VALLAP NITHIN REDDY
54 14R11A05H3 VASI SAI DINESH
55 14R11A05H4 VATTI BHARGAVI
56 14R11A05H5 VELPULA SANDHYA RANI
57 14R11A05H6 VIDYA SRIJA VOLETI
58 14R11A05H7 Y SREEJA
59 15R15A0503 MAALOTHU GANESH
60 15R18A0501 SANDEEP G BURUD
Class / Section: CSE 22D

1 14R11A05H9 A SAHITH REDDY
2 14R11A05J0 ADITYA V S P
3 14R11A05J1 ANEM PUNEET SURYA
4 14R11A05J2 ANNAVARAPU NAGA SAI SRILEKHA
5 14R11A05J4 B VINAY
6 14R11A05J5 BALABADRA SNEHA
7 14R11A05J6 BAYYAPU KEERTHANA
8 14R11A05J7 BHASWANTH K
9 14R11A05J8 BIJUMALLA SETHU MADHAV
10 14R11A05J9 BILLA HRIDAY VIKAS
11 14R11A05K0 BOLLEPALLY DIVYA
12 14R11A05K1 BUGATHA BALA GAYATRI
13 14R11A05K2 BYRU AKHILA
14 14R11A05K3 DHONEPUDI SHASHIKANTH
15 14R11A05K4 G DEEPIKA
16 14R11A05K5 GADDAM SUMIKENDAR REDDY
17 14R11A05K6 GARIKIPATI VINEETHA
18 14R11A05K7 GUNISETTY AKHIL
19 14R11A05K8 J ALIVELUMANGAVATHI
20 14R11A05K9 JESSICA SHINY THOMAS
21 14R11A05L0 KANDI SAI JAGADISH
514
22 14R11A05L1 KARTHIK KALVAGADDA
23 14R11A05L2 KATARAY SAMYUKTHA DEVI
24 14R11A05L3 KATHI GANESH GOUD
25 14R11A05L4 KATKAM SAI SRI
26 14R11A05L5 KATKURI NIHARIKA
27 14R11A05L6 KODANDAM SAI PRATHYUSH REDDY
28 14R11A05L7 KONDOJU ABHISHEK KUMAR
29 14R11A05L8 KOONAPAREDDY ETHESH KUMAR
30 14R11A05L9 MADDURU VENKATA SAI SHRUTHI
31 14R11A05M0 MANDAVILLI LALITH KUMAR
32 14R11A05M1 MARGUM ALEKHYA
33 14R11A05M2 MD AKBAR
34 14R11A05M3 MEKA NAVEENA
35 14R11A05M4 MOHAMMED FURQUAN AHMED
36 14R11A05M5 MOUNIKA V
37 14R11A05M6 MUTHYAM LIKITHA SREE
38 14R11A05M7 NARU SIVA SAI KARTHIK
39 14R11A05M8 NEMANI HEMANTH KUMAR
40 14R11A05M9 NUTHALAKANTI PRANAV KUMAR NANU
41 14R11A05N0 P DIVYA TEJA
42 14R11A05N1 PANANGIPALLI NAGA SAI MOUNIKA
43 14R11A05N2 PATURU NAGA SRI NIKHILENDRA
44 14R11A05N3 PRIYANKA PANDA
45 14R11A05N4 PS MANIVENKAT RATNAM MUTYALA
46 14R11A05N5 R.HARI SHANKER REDDY
47 14R11A05N6 RAMYA DUBAGUNTA
48 14R11A05N7 SATLA MOUNIKA
49 14R11A05N8 SHAIK JAVEERIA
50 14R11A05N9 SINGIREDDY AKHILA
51 14R11A05P0 SINGIREDDY MANEESHA
52 14R11A05P1 SOMIDI LEKHANA
53 14R11A05P2 T HARSHINI
54 14R11A05P3 TALATH FATHIMA
55 14R11A05P4 THOUDOJU RAMAKRISHNA
56 14R11A05P5 TIRUMALARAJU KARTHIK RAMA KRISHNA V
57 14R11A05P6 VALABOJU VAMSHI KRISHNA
58 14R11A05P7 VARUN R SHAH
59 15R15A0504 ACHHI PHANINDRA
60 15R15A0505 P NANDA SAI
Grand Total: 240( Males:109 Females:131)
515
SlNo AdmnNo StudentName group
Class / Section: CSE 22A
1 13R11A05G3 SRIKANTH AKKANAPALLY I
2 14R11A0501 AKHILESH G
3 14R11A0502 AKULA KRISHNA
4 14R11A0503 ALLAM USHA SREE
5 14R11A0504 ANANT SRIVATS
6 14R11A0505 AYYAGARI V S V VARDHAMAN II
7 14R11A0506 B MOHANA SREYA
8 14R11A0507 B PRASHANTH
9 14R11A0508 BANDA GAYATHRI VEENA
10 14R11A0509 BATTAR SRIKANTH RAGHAVA
11 14R11A0510 BHONSLE SAI KRUTHI III
12 14R11A0511 BONAGIRI TEJASHWINI
13 14R11A0512 BOTLA MOUNIKA
14 14R11A0513 D VENKATESH
15 14R11A0514 DASARI PRANAY KUMAR
16 14R11A0515 DEEPIKA TUDIMILA IV
17 14R11A0516 DOKKA DIVYA
18 14R11A0517 E MADHU BHARGAVA
19 14R11A0518 K JWALA
20 14R11A0519 K SAMHITHA REDDY
21 14R11A0520 K THAPASVI REDDY V
22 14R11A0521 KALAKONDA VAISHNAVI
23 14R11A0522 KAMPALLY YAMINI
24 14R11A0523 KONTHAM RAVITEJA REDDY
25 14R11A0524 KOSARAJU LEELA KRISHNA
26 14R11A0525 KRISHNA SWETHA R VI
27 14R11A0526 KUNDUR ROHAN REDDY
28 14R11A0527 KUNNUMAL MAVILA AMRITHA
29 14R11A0528 KURMA BHARGAV
30 14R11A0529 KUTHURU PRIYANKA
31 14R11A0530 KYASNOORI SHIVANI VII
32 14R11A0531 M K SREE HARSHA
33 14R11A0532 M POOJA
34 14R11A0533 M SAI KRISHNA
35 14R11A0534 M SHANMUGHA PRIYA
36 14R11A0535 MALLADI RAMYA VIII
37 14R11A0536 MEESALA SHAILAJA
38 14R11A0537 N SRI MANASVI
39 14R11A0538 NADENDLA VENKATA VINEET MURARI
40 14R11A0539 NAKKA AKHIL
41 14R11A0540 NALLANAGULA BHANU PRAKASH IX
516
42 14R11A0541 P SOWMYA
43 14R11A0542 PARVATHALA CHETANA
44 14R11A0543 PENDYALA HEMANTH SAI
45 14R11A0544 R CHANDRA MOHAN
46 14R11A0545 REKULA CHANDRAHASA X
47 14R11A0546 RUDRARAJU PAVANI
48 14R11A0547 S SWATHI
49 14R11A0548 SAI SINDHU BEERAM
50 14R11A0549 SOPPADANDI AISHWARYA RAJ
51 14R11A0550 SYED VAQUAS ASHRAF XI
52 14R11A0551 TALLURI MURALI KRISHNA
53 14R11A0552 TAMMEWAR SNEHIT
54 14R11A0553 THIRIVEEDI DHEERAJ KUMAR
55 14R11A0554 THUMMA VINEETHA REDDY
56 14R11A0555 VALLURU VENUMADHURI XII
57 14R11A0556 VAMANA GUNTLA MANOJ
58 14R11A0557 VENKATA SAITEJA Y
59 14R11A0558 VUSAKA VIKAS REDDY
60 14R11A0559 Y JYOTSNA
Class / Section: CSE 22B

1 13R11A0561 BATTU SHIRISH KUMAR REDDY I
2 14R11A0560 AKELLA SUBRAMANYA SOUJANYA
3 14R11A0561 ALEENA CHACKO K
4 14R11A0562 BARLA PRAVALIKA
5 14R11A0563 BATHINI DIVYA
6 14R11A0564 BOLLA NAVEEN REDDY II
7 14R11A0565 CHAVALI SWATHI
8 14R11A0566 CHEPYALA AKHIL
9 14R11A0567 CHITTARVU LAKSHMI ISHWARYA
10 14R11A0568 DAMAGALLA KARTIK
11 14R11A0569 DHATRI NAIDU BHOGADI III
12 14R11A0571 DODDAPANENI SANOJ
13 14R11A0572 DUGGISHETTY SAI PRASANNA
14 14R11A0573 E PAVAN CHANDRA
15 14R11A0574 G BHAVANA
16 14R11A0575 G KISHAN IV
17 14R11A0576 G LASYA PRIYA
18 14R11A0577 G SIRIVENNELA
19 14R11A0578 GANAPATHI RAJU MADHURI
20 14R11A0579 GANGAVARAPU MANASA
517
21 14R11A0580 GATTOJI HARITHA V
22 14R11A0581 GAYATHRI MANDAL
23 14R11A0582 GORTI SANTOSH KUMAR
24 14R11A0583 HRITIK S
25 14R11A0584 KALYANAM KRUTHIKA REDDY
26 14R11A0585 KANUMURI SRI PRATHYUSHA VI
27 14R11A0586 KOLLU VINESH BABU
28 14R11A0587 KONDISETTI NIRANJANA KUMARI
29 14R11A0588 KONIKA VENKATA PADMA PRIYA HASINI
30 14R11A0589 KURUP MEGHANA
31 14R11A0590 MADARAJU RAMYA SAI VII
32 14R11A0591 MEDIPALLY SRIYA
33 14R11A0592 MUDDU DEEPTHI
34 14R11A0593 N LAHARI
35 14R11A0594 N VIKHYAT
36 14R11A0595 NAKEERTHA SANDHYA RANI VIII
37 14R11A0596 NALLAMILLI JYOTHI
38 14R11A0597 NALLAPANENI ADITYA SAI
39 14R11A0598 NAMBURI MANISHA
40 14R11A0599 NIKHIL SINGH P
41 14R11A05A0 ORUGANTI KALPANA IX
42 14R11A05A1 PATLORI SAI KUMAR
43 14R11A05A2 PEESAPATI VENKATA SAI VAMSI
44 14R11A05A3 PINDIPOLU SRAVYA
45 14R11A05A4 PRANATHI KRISHNA SANGANI
46 14R11A05A5 PUDHOTA AVINASH X
47 14R11A05A6 S ASHA LAKSHMI
48 14R11A05A7 S CHANDANA REDDY
49 14R11A05A8 SHAIK HAFEEZ HUSSAIN
50 14R11A05A9 SHEELAM SUSHMA
51 14R11A05B0 SRAVIKA SANKU XI
52 14R11A05B1 THUMMALA RISHIKA REDDY
53 14R11A05B2 VARSHA CHAHAL
54 14R11A05B3 VEERAVALLI SHILPA
55 14R11A05B4 VUPPUTTURI SUSHANTH KUMAR
56 14R11A05B5 Y ADITHYA XII
57 14R11A05B6 YEDDU SHASHI KUMAR
58 14R11A05B7 KATAMONI HARSHITHA
59 15R15A0501 B VINESH
60 15R15A0502 B SHRAVAN KUMAR
518
Class / Section: CSE 22C
1 14R11A05C0 A S SRUJAN SAI I
2 14R11A05C1 AITHA RANJEETH KUMAR
3 14R11A05C2 ALIGETI MAHITHA
4 14R11A05C3 BAGGU VISHNU SAI PRASAD
5 14R11A05C4 BARGELA PRANAY RAJ
6 14R11A05C5 BIROJU SAI SUGANDH CHARY II
7 14R11A05C6 G AKHILA
8 14R11A05C7 GANGJI MANISHA
9 14R11A05C8 GARIKAPATI NAMRATHA CHOWDARY
10 14R11A05C9 GARLAPATI RENUKA
11 14R11A05D0 GUNDARAPU SOUJANYA REDDY III
12 14R11A05D1 GUNGI SAI KUMAR
13 14R11A05D2 GUNNALA RAMYA SREE
14 14R11A05D3 ILA BHAVANA
15 14R11A05D4 J HEMANTH SAI
16 14R11A05D5 JELLA MOUNICA IV
17 14R11A05D6 K TEJA ABHINAV
18 14R11A05D7 KANAKADANDI NAGA VENKATA APARNA
19 14R11A05D8 KASI SRAVYA
20 14R11A05D9 KAVYA S
21 14R11A05E0 KUKKALA DEEPIKA V
22 14R11A05E1 LAHIRI KOTAMRAJU
23 14R11A05E2 MARAM RAJEEV KUMAR
24 14R11A05E3 MARGONWAR GAYATRI
25 14R11A05E4 MEKALA SWATHI
26 14R11A05E5 MOTHABOINA KAMESHWAR RAO ROHAN VI
MUDH
27 14R11A05E6 NALABOTHULA HARIKA
28 14R11A05E7 NALADALA SAI CHARITHA
29 14R11A05E8 NEMURI SAI SAMPATH GOUD
30 14R11A05E9 NIKHIL THAPA
31 14R11A05F0 P ANUDEEP VII
32 14R11A05F1 P SAI PRASAD
33 14R11A05F2 PARIMI SAIESH
34 14R11A05F3 PINNINTI SAIKIRAN REDDY
35 14R11A05F4 POLAGOUNI VAISHNAVI GOUD
36 14R11A05F5 POTHURI VENKATA SAI PRIYANKA VIII
37 14R11A05F6 RAHUL N D
38 14R11A05F7 RAI MEGHANA
39 14R11A05F8 RAYALA PRIYANKA
40 14R11A05F9 RAYAPROLU ASWINI
41 14R11A05G0 REEBA FATIMA IX
42 14R11A05G1 ROSHAN ROY
519
43 14R11A05G2 S HARI PRASAD
44 14R11A05G3 SAI PRIYA MALLIKA K
45 14R11A05G4 SANKARAMANCHI MOUNIKA
46 14R11A05G5 SEEMALA MAHENDER SUNNY SAMUEL X
47 14R11A05G6 SUJAN MOHAN PILLI
48 14R11A05G7 T C KAVERI
49 14R11A05G8 T SWATHI
50 14R11A05G9 TERETIPALLY KARUNA SRI
51 14R11A05H0 V ABHISHEK XI
52 14R11A05H1 V VENKATA SAI YASASWI
53 14R11A05H2 VALLAP NITHIN REDDY
54 14R11A05H3 VASI SAI DINESH
55 14R11A05H4 VATTI BHARGAVI
56 14R11A05H5 VELPULA SANDHYA RANI XII
57 14R11A05H6 VIDYA SRIJA VOLETI
58 14R11A05H7 Y SREEJA
59 15R15A0503 MAALOTHU GANESH
60 15R18A0501 SANDEEP G BURUD
Class / Section: CSE 22D

1 14R11A05H9 A SAHITH REDDY I
2 14R11A05J0 ADITYA V S P
3 14R11A05J1 ANEM PUNEET SURYA
4 14R11A05J2 ANNAVARAPU NAGA SAI SRILEKHA
5 14R11A05J4 B VINAY
6 14R11A05J5 BALABADRA SNEHA II
7 14R11A05J6 BAYYAPU KEERTHANA
8 14R11A05J7 BHASWANTH K
9 14R11A05J8 BIJUMALLA SETHU MADHAV
10 14R11A05J9 BILLA HRIDAY VIKAS
11 14R11A05K0 BOLLEPALLY DIVYA III
12 14R11A05K1 BUGATHA BALA GAYATRI
13 14R11A05K2 BYRU AKHILA
14 14R11A05K3 DHONEPUDI SHASHIKANTH
15 14R11A05K4 G DEEPIKA
16 14R11A05K5 GADDAM SUMIKENDAR REDDY IV
17 14R11A05K6 GARIKIPATI VINEETHA
18 14R11A05K7 GUNISETTY AKHIL
19 14R11A05K8 J ALIVELUMANGAVATHI
20 14R11A05K9 JESSICA SHINY THOMAS
21 14R11A05L0 KANDI SAI JAGADISH V
520
22 14R11A05L1 KARTHIK KALVAGADDA
23 14R11A05L2 KATARAY SAMYUKTHA DEVI
24 14R11A05L3 KATHI GANESH GOUD
25 14R11A05L4 KATKAM SAI SRI
26 14R11A05L5 KATKURI NIHARIKA VI
27 14R11A05L6 KODANDAM SAI PRATHYUSH REDDY
28 14R11A05L7 KONDOJU ABHISHEK KUMAR
29 14R11A05L8 KOONAPAREDDY ETHESH KUMAR
30 14R11A05L9 MADDURU VENKATA SAI SHRUTHI
31 14R11A05M0 MANDAVILLI LALITH KUMAR VII
32 14R11A05M1 MARGUM ALEKHYA
33 14R11A05M2 MD AKBAR
34 14R11A05M3 MEKA NAVEENA
35 14R11A05M4 MOHAMMED FURQUAN AHMED
36 14R11A05M5 MOUNIKA V VIII
37 14R11A05M6 MUTHYAM LIKITHA SREE
38 14R11A05M7 NARU SIVA SAI KARTHIK
39 14R11A05M8 NEMANI HEMANTH KUMAR
40 14R11A05M9 NUTHALAKANTI PRANAV KUMAR NANU
41 14R11A05N0 P DIVYA TEJA IX
42 14R11A05N1 PANANGIPALLI NAGA SAI MOUNIKA
43 14R11A05N2 PATURU NAGA SRI NIKHILENDRA
44 14R11A05N3 PRIYANKA PANDA
45 14R11A05N4 PS MANIVENKAT RATNAM MUTYALA
46 14R11A05N5 R.HARI SHANKER REDDY X
47 14R11A05N6 RAMYA DUBAGUNTA
48 14R11A05N7 SATLA MOUNIKA
49 14R11A05N8 SHAIK JAVEERIA
50 14R11A05N9 SINGIREDDY AKHILA
51 14R11A05P0 SINGIREDDY MANEESHA XI
52 14R11A05P1 SOMIDI LEKHANA
53 14R11A05P2 T HARSHINI
54 14R11A05P3 TALATH FATHIMA
55 14R11A05P4 THOUDOJU RAMAKRISHNA
56 14R11A05P5 TIRUMALARAJU KARTHIK RAMA KRISHNA V XII
57 14R11A05P6 VALABOJU VAMSHI KRISHNA
58 14R11A05P7 VARUN R SHAH
59 15R15A0504 ACHHI PHANINDRA
60 15R15A0505 P NANDA SAI
Grand Total: 240( Males:109 Females:131)
521

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Contents

S.No Topic Page. No.

3 Vision of the Department

4 Mission of the Department

5 PEOs and POs

6 Course objectives and outcomes

7 Course mapping with POs

10 Instructional Learning Outcomes

11 Class Time Table

12 Individual Time Table

13 Lecture schedule with methodology being used/adopted

16 University Question papers of previous years

19 Unit wise Quiz Questions and long answer questions

22 Discussion topics , if any

24 Quality Measurement Sheets

A Course End Survey

26 Group-Wise students list for discussion topic

Course coordinator Program Coordinator HOD

Lab In charge HOD-CSE

4. Mission of the Department

2. To prepare graduates to enter a rapidly changing field as a competent computer science

3. To prepare graduate capable in all phases of software development, possess a firm

4. To prepare graduates to assume leadership roles by possessing good communication skills,

5. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs) OF C.S.E. DEPARTMENT

1. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering to develop

10 Instructional Learning Outcomes

11 Course mapping with POs

12 Class Time Table.

13 Lecture schedule with methodology being used/adopted

43 1 Random, scanner, calendar and properties Board

48 1 Connecting to database : drivers – 4 types Board

43 1 Random, scanner, calendar and properties Board

Java is a programming language and a platform.

Types of Java Applications

Why Oak name for java language?

1.2 Basic Concept of OOP(Object-Oriented Programming):

There are some basic concepts of object oriented programming as follows:

example of object is CAR

Fig.1.2 Representation of object ―CAR‖

Fig.1.1and Fig.1.2 shows actual representation of object.

Dynamic binding is associated polymorphism and inheritance.

1.4 JAVA Features:

Features of Java are as follows:

9. Dynamic and Extensible

Basically a computer language is either compiled or interpreted. Java comes together

2. Platform Independent and portable

4. Robust and secure

6. Simple and small

7. Multithreaded and Interactive

Multithreaded means managing multiple tasks simultaneously. Java maintains multithreaded

9. Dynamic and Extensible

1.5 Comparison in Java and C++

1.6 Java Virtual machine:

Following figure shows the process of compilation.

Java Java Virtual

Source Code Byte Code

Byte Code Java Machine code

Virtual machine Real Machine