Course Number : ME 517

Course Name: SAFETY ENGINEERING

FOR ME

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Tomas M. Villasenda Jr. PME
Education:
1989 – 1994 University of Southeastern Philippines
B.S. Mechanical Engineering
Profession:
Registered Mechanical Engineer
Philippine Regulation Commission Registration No. :0048003

Registration Date : April 21, 1995

Professional Mechanical Engineer

Date of Examination : August 28, 2012
Date of Passed the Exam : September 5, 2012
Philippine Regulation Commission Registration No.: 0004517

Registration Date : February 2013

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Work Experienced

Feb 1995- July 1996 Cadet Project Engineer in Davao Union

Cement Corp.

July 1996- April 2005 Mechanical Project Engineer in Davao

Union Cement Corp.

Jan 2007 - Jul 2007 OIC- Preventive Maintenance & Engineering

Head in Union Cement Corp.

August 2007 – May 2008 Maintenance Engineer in Holcim Philippines

Inc.

June 2008– Feb 2010 Technical Assistant to the Plant Manager in

Holcim Philippines Inc.

Feb 2010 - Present Shift Operations Manager in Holcim

Philippines Inc.

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Course Description:

The course deals with the study of Industrial Safety and

Health. It includes risk mitigation and process and
components from hazards and risk identification,
evaluation and control.

Risk - the likelihood or chance of the hazard to do harm

or damage

Hazard - something that can cause harm

Control - actions we can do to prevent it from happening

Likelihood - the chance of something will happen

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Course Objectives

After completing the course, the student must be able

to:
1. Become aware of the health and safety concerns
in an industrial setting and realize the importance
of promoting safety and health as a professional
and ethical responsibility;
2. Understand the basic concepts and processes of
accident and incident causation, health and safety
hazards and risk evaluation and mitigation
processes; and
3. Apply the concepts and principles of industrial
safety and health to case studies and term
projects.

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Course Outline:

1. Introduction to industrial safety and health

2. Safety and Health Management practices
3. Accident causation theories and concepts
4. Hazard identification, evaluation and control
5. Incident/Accident investigation and causal
factors analysis
6. Introduction to behaviour-based safety
7. Job hazard analysis
8. Risk assessment and control
9. Industrial hygiene
10. Case studies

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Introduction to industrial safety and health

Occupational safety and health (OSH), also

commonly referred to as occupational health and
safety (OHS), occupational health, or workplace
health and safety (WHS), is a multidisciplinary field
concerned with the safety , health, and welfare of
people at work. These terms of course also refer to
the goals of this field, so their use in the sense of this
article was originally an abbreviation of occupational
safety and health program/department etc.

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As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO)
"occupational health deals with all aspects of health
and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on
primary prevention of hazards. Health has been
defined as "a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity. Occupational health is a
multidisciplinary field of healthcare concerned with
enabling an individual to undertake their occupation, in
the way that causes least harm to their health. Health
has been defined as It contrasts, for example, with the
promotion of health and safety at work, which is
concerned with preventing harm from any incidental
hazards, arising in the workplace.

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Historical events leading to OSHA:

• The 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York

City
• Killed 146 of 500 employees in one of the worst work-
related disasters in our country's history.
• Factory workers, mainly young, female immigrants working
long hours for low wages, died because doors were locked
and there were no fire escapes.
• This tragedy outraged the public, who called for safety and
health reform.

• Production for World War I caused a crisis in workplace safety and

health conditions. (1913-1919)

• The government created a Working Conditions Service to

help states inspect plants and reduce hazards.

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• 1930's, as part of President Roosevelt's New Deal,
additional laws increased the federal government's role in job safety
and health. But the federal role was mainly to provide service and
information to state governments.

• In 1936, Congress enacted the Walsh-Healey Public

Contracts Act, which barred companies with hazardous worksites from
obtaining federal contracts. But the
legislation applied only to specific industries, ignoring much of the public
and private sectors.

• For the next three decades, union efforts to expand

workplace safety laws were slowed by opposition from employers, who
found it cheaper to replace dead or injured workers than to create safe
workplaces.

• By the late 1950's, the Federal-State partnership could no

longer deal with the growing workforce and increasing hazards.
Additional federal laws were enacted, but only covered certain
industries.

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• By the 1960's, 14,000 workers died every year and more than 2.2
million workers were not able to work from injuries and illnesses.

• In 1965, the U.S. Public Health Service issued a startling report, titled
"Protecting the Health of Eighty MillionAmericans," which found that a
new chemical enteredthe workplace every 20 minutes, and that
evidence now showed a strong link between cancer and the
[Link] also reported that old problems were far from
beingeliminated, and called for a major national campaign to improve
occupational health.

• At the urging of labor organizations, President Lyndon B. Johnson

(LBJ) agreed to establish a task force to draft a proposal, but due to
internal bickering, the committee was deadlocked. In January 1968,
LBJ declared hazardous workplace conditions a "national crisis" and
submitted a safety and health bill to Congress that charged theDOL
with establishing nationwide, mandatory safetystandards. Federal
inspectors would be given theauthority to investigate worksites and
penalize violators.

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• Seeking support from blue-collar workers, in August 1969, newly-elected
president Richard Nixon announced his support for a modified version of
Johnson's proposal. Nixon's bill gave the Labor Department
responsibility for workplace inspection, but called for the creation of a
five-person board, appointed by the president, to establish national
health and safety standards.

• In November 1970, the two parties reached an agreement:

Congressional Republicans agreed to create a new agency— the
Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) — which would
inspect workplaces, and Democrats agreed to a separate appointed
group that would review and judge cases involving industry violations.
With the support of labor unions and businesses alike, President Nixon
signed the bill into law on Dec. 29, 1970.

• On December 29, 1970, President Nixon signed the Occupational Health

and Safety, or OSH Act.

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• This Act created OSHA, the agency, which formally came into
being on April 28, 1971. For the first time, all employers in the
United States had the legal responsibility to provide a safe and
healthful workplace for employees. And, there were now uniform
regulations that applied to all workplaces.

• The OSH Act is also known as Public Law 91-596.

• Covers all private sector employers and their workers in the 50

states and all territories and jurisdictions under federal authority.

• Employers and workers in many fields, including but not limited to

manufacturing, construction, long shoring, agriculture, law, medicine,
charity and disaster relief are covered by OSHA. Religious groups are
covered if they employ workers for secular purposes, such as
maintenance or gardening

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OSHA was established to:

1. Reduce work place hazards and implement

new or improved methods for work place
safety and health

Hazards are unsafe working conditions that that

can cause injury, illness and death. Safety
hazards are the most common workplace
hazards

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OSHA was established to:

2. Provide research data

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OSHA was established to:

3. Maintain a recordkeeping and reporting

system to monitor job related injuries and
illnesses

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OSHA was established to:

4. Establish training programs to increase the

number and competence of the occupational
and safety personnel

Competence the ability to do something

successfully or efficiently.

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OSHA was established to:

5. Establish separate but dependent

responsibilities and rights for employers and
employees

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OSHA was established to:

6. Develop mandatory job safety and health

standards

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OSHA was established to:

7. Provide for development, analysis, evaluation

and approval of safety programs

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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
STANDARDS

By virtue of the powers vested in the Department of Labor

and Employment under Article 162 of the Labor Code of
the Philippines, this Occupational Safety and Health
Standards is hereby promulgated for the guidance and
compliance of all concerned. This body of standards rules
and regulations shall hereafter be referred to as
“Standards”

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RULE 1000 GENERAL PROVISION

Purpose and scope

1. The objective of this issuance is to protect every

workingman against the dangers of injury, sickness or death
through safe and healthful working conditions, thereby
assuring the conservation of valuable manpower resources
and the prevention of loss or damage to lives and properties,
consistent with national development goals and with the
State’s commitment for the total development of every
worker as a complete human being.

2. This Standards shall apply to all places of employment

except as otherwise provided in this Standard.

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Definitions

(1) “Employer” includes any person acting directly or

indirectly in the interest of an employer,
in relation to an employee, and shall include government-
owned or controlled corporations
and institutions, as well as non-profit private institutions
or organizations.
(2) “Employee” shall mean any person hired, permitted or
suffered to work by an employer.

(3) “Health” shall connote a sound state of the body and

mind of the worker, which enables
him to perform his job normally, in a state of well-being.

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(4) “Safe or Safety” shall refer to the physical or environmental conditions of
work or employment, which substantially comply with the provisions of this
Standards.

(5) “Work Accident” shall mean an unplanned or unexpected occurrence that

may or may not result in personal injury, property damage, work stoppage or
interference or any combination thereof, which arises out of and in the
course of employment.

(6) “Work Injury” shall mean any injury or occupational illness suffered by a
person, which
arises out of or in the course of his employment

(7) ”Occupational Illness” shall mean any illness caused by environmental

factors, the exposure to which is characterized or peculiar to a particular
process, trade or occupation and to which an employee or worker is not
ordinarily subjected to or exposed outside of or away from such employment.

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(8) ”Recognized Hazards” are those which do not require
technical or testing devices to detect.

(9) ”Workplace” means the office, premises or work site, where

the workers are habitually
employed and shall include the office or place where the workers,
who have no fixed or
definite work site, regularly report for assignment in the course of
their employment.

(10) ”Standards” shall mean the Occupational Safety and Health

Standards.

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Duties of Employers, Workers and other Persons:

(1) Each employer covered by the provisions of this Standards

shall:

a. furnish his workers a place of employment free from

hazardous conditions that are causing or are likely to cause
death, illness or physical harm to his workers;

b. give complete job safety instructions to all his workers,

especially to those entering the job for the first time, including
those relating to the familiarization with their work environment,
hazards to which the workers are exposed to and steps taken
in case of emergency;

c. comply with the requirements of this Standards; and

d. use only approved devices and equipment in his workplace.

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(2) Every worker shall cooperate with the employer in carrying out the
provisions of this Standards. He shall report to his supervisor any work
hazard that may be discovered in his workplace.

(3) Every worker shall make proper use of all safeguards and safety devices
furnished in accordance with the provisions of this Standards for his
protection and that of others, and shall follow all instructions given by the
employer in compliance with the provisions of this Standards.

(4) It shall be the duty of any person, including any builder or contractor or
enforcement agent, who visits, builds, renovates, or installs devices, or
conducts business in any establishment or workplace, to comply with the
provisions of this Standards and all regulations of the employer issued there
under as well as with other subsequent issuances of the Secretary.

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Hazardous Workplaces:

For purposes of this Standards, the following are considered “hazardous

workplaces:”

a. Where the nature of work exposes the workers to dangerous

environmental elements, contaminants or work conditions including
ionizing radiation, chemicals, fire, flammable substances, noxious
components and the like;

b. Where the workers are engaged in construction work, logging, fire

fighting, mining, quarrying, blasting, stevedoring, dock work, deep-sea
fishing and mechanized farming;

c. Where the workers are engaged in the manufacture or handling of

explosives and other pyrotechnic products;

d. Where the workers use or are exposed to power driven or explosive

powder actuated tools;

e. Where the workers are exposed to biologic agents such as bacteria,

fungi, viruses, protozoas, nematodes, and other parasites.
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Hazard Identification, evaluation and Control
• Hierarchy of Hazard Control

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Hazard Control
 The first consideration for controlling hazards is to eliminate
the hazard or substitute a less hazardous material or
process.

 Example of Elimination
Hazard Control
 Example of Substitution
 When it is not possible to eliminate a hazard,
you should control the hazard using the following
methods (in order):

 Engineering controls

 Administrative controls

 Personal Protective Equipment

 Applying this hierarchy is a systematic approach to
identify the most effective method of risk reduction. You
want to select the highest-level feasible control.
Hazard Control - Engineering

If hazard elimination or substitution is not

feasible, engineering controls should be
considered next.

Engineering controls are physical changes to

the work area or process that effectively
minimize a worker's exposure to hazards.
Examples of Engineering Controls

 Enclosed Hazard
 Enclosure of the hazard, such as enclosures for noisy equipment.
 Isolate Hazard
 Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guarding, welding curtains,
and other mechanisms.
 Remove / Redirect Hazard
 Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local and exhaust
ventilation.
 Redesign Workplace
 Redesign of workstation to minimize ergonomic injuries.
 If engineering controls are not feasible you must then
consider implementing administrative controls.

 Administrative controls
 No physical changes
 Limits daily exposure to hazards
 Adjusting work tasks or schedules.
 Examples of administrative controls include:

 Limited time exposure to hazards

 Written operating procedures,
 Work practices, and
 Safety and health rules for employees.
 Alarms, signs and warnings
 Buddy system
 Training
 Stretching exercises and break policies
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

 Used when hazards cannot be eliminated

through engineering or administrative controls,

 Must consider personal protective equipment

(PPE) necessary for employee protection
According to OSHA, PPE is acceptable as a
control method in the following situations:

Engineering controls do not eliminate hazard

While engineering controls are being

developed

Administrative controls and safe work

practices are not sufficient protection, and

During emergencies.
 The most effective control measure = all three
hazard control types.
 For example, consider an operation that generates
silica dust.
 A ventilation system may be installed to control
dust (engineering control),
 Employees are trained and a sign is posted to
warn employees of dangers (administrative
controls) and
 Goggles are required to operate the equipment
(personal protective equipment).
Preventive Maintenance

 A breakdown of equipment in your facility may cause

hazards.
 For example,
 A pump that fails during the process of delivering
hazardous materials through your production facility
may create a hazardous condition.
 The best way to prevent breakdowns or failures is to
monitor and maintain your equipment regularly.
Determine what hazards could occur if your equipment
is not maintained properly and plan to detect failures
before they occur.
 Preventive Maintenance

 Implement a written preventive maintenance program,

 Safety Equipment Examples - A confined space entry gas

monitor

 Determine the intervals of required maintenance on your

equipment
Preventive Maintenance

 Non-Safety Equipment Example.

 Forklifts in your facility have daily and annual

inspection requirements. If there is any
deterioration in the hydraulic cylinders or tires
the capacity rating reduces and there may be a
failure during a lift. Establish a regular inspection
on a preventive maintenance schedule to keep
these devices operating safely.
Preventive Maintenance

 When developing systems, be sure to include one

for Disciplinary actions that cover all (employees,
and contractors)

 Ensure that it is applied consistently

 Hazard Correction tracking –hazards that have

been identified must be tracked in order to
eliminate and implement controls
 Manage Change

 A management of change program ensures that any

modifications or additions to your equipment or processes
are understood and controlled, and includes:

 Updating relevant building or equipment drawings,

 Modifying safety procedures, and

 Training employees on the changes.

Manage Change

 Such a program is required for processes that

utilize highly hazardous chemicals that are subject
to the OSHA Process Safety Management
program (29 CFR 1910.119).

 However, this program is beneficial for all changes

in your business, even if OSHA doesn't require it.
Manage Change

 Conduct an analysis of new equipment and

processes
 Develop a system to conduct:
 Comprehensive survey,
 JHA, or
 Other worksite analysis technique on new
equipment or processes
 Implement appropriate controls before being
placed into service
Occupational Health Program

 An occupational health program allows you to

respond effectively to workplace injuries and
illnesses and to monitor potential health
problems.

 Medical Services & First Aid

 You must make available physician services,
first aid and CPR to your employees. This does
not mean that you must provide health care,
but you are expected to get medical help when
medical conditions arise from work-related
events.
Occupational Health Program

 Medical Screening

 Some OSHA standards require medical

screening of employees. Medical screening
monitors if exposure to a hazard leads to a
potential decline in health.

 An example is exposure to noise and the

Hearing Conservation Program.
Occupational Health Program

 Employee Medical Records

 The maintenance and confidentiality of
employee medical records are crucial.
 According to OSHA, you must maintain an
employee's medical records for the duration of
employment plus 30 years.
 Records include employment medical
questionnaires or histories, results of laboratory
tests or medical screening, or physicians'
opinions from work-related injuries or illnesses.
 Develop a system to maintain these records and
to ensure that they are kept in confidence.
 Occupational Health Program
 Wellness Program
 In your occupational health program, consider including
health and wellness programs for your employees.
 Smoking cessation programs, diet and nutrition
education, and physical fitness programs are examples
of programs that encourage employees to lead a
healthy lifestyle, which helps them be healthy for work
 Emergency Planning

 Effective planning for emergencies and non-routine events

is another mechanism of controlling hazards and avoiding
employee injuries.
 Emergency Planning

 Written Emergency Plan

 Determine the actions that employees will take in the
event of a fire, chemical release or natural disaster.
 Keep in mind those employees with disabilities,
language barriers and limited literacy.
 Develop the written plan and train your employees prior
to an emergency. Don't forget unexpected events such
as terrorist acts or workplace violence.
 List emergency contacts and ensure the document is
updated regularly to reflect current personnel. You can
find a template for writing Emergency Action and Fire
Prevention Plans on Department of Labor’s website.
 Emergency Planning
 Emergency Eyewash and Safety Showers
 Install emergency eyewash and safety showers where
chemicals are used or stored to provide quick flushing if
an employee is exposed to the chemical.
 Pay close attention to areas such as battery charging
stations, maintenance operations, and laboratories
where corrosive materials are often used and require
prompt flushing to prevent significant skin or eye
damage.
 Emergency Planning
 Emergency Eyewash and Safety Showers
Emergency Planning
 Emergency Eyewash and Safety Showers

 Include these units in your preventive

maintenance program. It's important to inspect
and flush the units regularly to verify operation
and to ensure the water lines are clear of debris
prior to emergency use.
 Emergency Planning
 Emergency Drills
 Practice the elements of your emergency action plan by
conducting regular fire and/or natural disasters drills.
 Ensure that employees know how to evacuate buildings,
where to take shelter and who will take headcounts.
 Emergency Planning

 Emergency Contacts
 Post emergency numbers at centrally located bulletin
boards and update the list regularly to reflect current
personnel.
 Ensure that employees who will operate critical
equipment following an emergency are properly trained.
Emergency Planning
 Local Emergency Responders

 Coordinate your emergency planning with the local

emergency responders, such as the fire department
and/or hazardous materials teams.
 Risk Assessments are about reducing risks workers face

Extreme >>> High >>> Medium >>> Low

REMOVING HIGH RISKS

BEFORE WORK STARTS

H
Ideally, risks should be removed
through JPTs, Permits &
Isolations so workers only face a
level of risk that they can deal

H
with using their competence,
PRAs and appropriate behaviors

H
H
Level of Risk

H
HAZOP WI & PRA Behaviors
Principal Risk Job Planning
& Design Process Rules Tool & LST
Assessment Reviews
Reviews PERMITS
Job Hazard Analysis
Accident Causations Theories and Concept
Job Hazard Analysis
Job Analysis Guide
JSA Worksheet Example
JSA Worksheet Example
Simple JSA example
Benefits of JSA
Case Studies

Job Safety Analysis

Case Study Guidelines

1. Select a specific work or a job

Ex. Janitorial – Cleaning of comfort room
Welder – Fabrication of steel trusses
2. Establish JSA-Job Safety Analysis base on the
given
3. Present the JSA in the class (5-10 mins)
maximum of 5 slides
Note: Email to tomasjrvillasenda@[Link] prior to presentation
4. This is an individual activity