Fortran classes and data
visibility
Reusing this material
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-
sa/4.0/deed.en_US
This means you are free to copy and redistribute the material and adapt and build on the material
under the following terms: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license and
indicate if changes were made. If you adapt or build on the material you must distribute your work
under the same license as the original.
Note that this presentation may contain images owned by others. Please seek their permission
before reusing these images.
Classes
• Extends derived types
Person
• Introduces concept of type-bound procedures
• Class methods name: String
module building officeNumber: Integer
implicit none getName(): String
setName(String): Boolean
integer, parameter :: MAXLEN = 100 getOfficeNumber(): Integer
type person setOfficeNumber(Integer)
character(MAXLEN) :: name
integer :: officeNumber
contains
procedure :: getName
procedure :: setName
procedure :: getOfficeNumber
procedure :: setOfficeNumber
end type person
end module building
Type bound procedure
PROCEDURE [(interface-name)] [[,binding-
attr-list ]::] binding-name[=> procedure-
name]
binding-attr-list:
• PASS, NOPASS
• NON_OVERRIDABLE
• DEFERRED
• PUBLIC, PRIVATE
Visibility
• Recall, derived type by default public
• Can make data and procedures default private using the
private keyword
• For procedures keyword comes after contains
• Explicitly can set procedures:
• private
• public
Visibility example
module building
implicit none
private
integer, parameter :: MAXLEN = 100
type person
private
character(MAXLEN) :: name
integer :: officeNumber
contains
private
procedure, public :: getName
procedure, public :: setName
procedure, public :: getOfficeNumber
procedure, public :: setOfficeNumber
end type person
end module building
Class variable
• Type bound procedures must take a class variable
• Variable name is not prescribed (self is not a keyword)
• Automatically passed
• Allows for data polymorphism
…
contains
function getName(self)
class(person), intent(inout):: self
character(MAXLEN) :: getName
getName = self%name
end subroutine
…
end module building
• Could then be used:
type(person) :: bob
…
write(*,*) bob%getName()
…
Unlimited type
• Allowed unlimited polymorphic type
class(*)
• Pass in any type of variable or object
• Enables truly polymorphic routines
• Combine with type-guarding for useful functionality
• If allocatable
• Either type needs specified:
class(*),allocatable :: fred
allocate(person::fred)
• Or source type needs specified:
person :: bob
class(*),allocatable :: fred
allocate(fred, source=bob)
• In this case the allocation is made and the values copies into the new object
Select type
• Type inquiry/type guarding is possible
• type is
• Type of object is the specified type
• class is
• Class of the object is the same as the specified class or an extension of that class
select type (bob)
type is (manager)
print *, ‘This is a manager’
class is (person)
print *, ‘This could be a manager or person’
class default
print *, ‘Unknown type used'
end select
Type comparison functions
• Two new intrinsic functions to inquire about types:
EXTENDS_TYPE_OF(X,Y)
• Returns true if the type of X is the same as, or extends the type of Y
• Some subtleties if Y is unallocated unlimited polymorphic type
SAME_TYPE_AS(X,Y)
• Returns true if the type of Y is the same as the type of X
Class constructor
• Can specify a constructor
• Using interface with same name as the derived type
…
public :: person
type person
character(MAXLEN) :: name
integer :: officeNumber
contains
procedure, public :: getName
procedure, public :: setName
procedure, public :: getOfficeNumber
procedure, public :: setOfficeNumber
end type person
interface person
module procedure initialise_person
end interface
• Can be overloaded
• Not mandatory
Class destructor
• final keyword can be used to define procedure(s) to be called
on object destruction
public :: person
type person
character(MAXLEN) :: name
integer :: officeNumber
contains
procedure, public :: getName
procedure, public :: setName
procedure, public :: getOfficeNumber
procedure, public :: setOfficeNumber
final :: cleanUp
end type person
interface person
module procedure initialise_person
end interface
Summary
• F2003 allows tying procedures to derived types
• Creates true classes
• Class procedures, by default, pass the class as an
argument
• Default visibility of data and procedures public
• Can easily restrict to make object safer and more object like
• Constructors and destructors available
Exercise
• Convert your basic derived types into classes by adding
type bound procedures
• Explore unlimited polymorphism to build procedures that
can work on different data types
• Do the same with percolate
