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OOP-Lecture 06

C++

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15 views36 pages

OOP-Lecture 06

C++

Uploaded by

shahwaizarts
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object Oriented

Programming
Dr. Mujeeb Ur Rehman
mujeeb.rehman@skt.umt.edu.pk

Recommended Books:
1.C++ How to Program ( Deitel & Deitel );
2.Object-Oriented Software Engineering By Jacobson, Christerson,
Jonsson, Overgaard
Hazrat/Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal (R.A)
Object-Oriented
Programming
(OOP)
Lecture No. 6
Class Compatibility
►A class is behaviorally compatible with
another if it supports all the operations
of the other class

► Such a class is called subtype

►A class can be replaced by its subtype


…Class Compatibility
► Derived class is usually a subtype of
the base class

► Itcan handle all the legal messages


(operations) of the base class

► Therefore,base class can always be


replaced by the derived class
Example – Class
Compatibility
Shape
color
vertices
move
setColor
draw

Circle Triangle
radius Line angle
length
draw draw
computeArea draw computeArea
getLength
Example – Class
Compatibility
File
size
…
open
print
…

ASCII File PS File


… PDF File …
…
print print
… print …
…
Polymorphism

► In
general, polymorphism refers to
existence of different forms of a single
entity

► Forexample, both Diamond and Coal


are different forms of Carbon
Polymorphism in OO Model

► InOO model, polymorphism means


that different objects can behave in
different ways for the same message
(stimulus)

► Consequently,sender of a message
does not need to know exact class of
the receiver
Example – Polymorphism

draw Shape
View
draw

Line Circle Triangle


draw draw draw
Example – Polymorphism

print File
Editor
print

ASCII File PDF File PS File


print print print
Polymorphism – Advantages
► Messagescan be interpreted in different
ways depending upon the receiver class

draw Shape
View
draw

Line Circle Triangle


draw draw draw
Polymorphism – Advantages
► Newclasses can be added without
changing the existing model

draw Shape
View
draw

Square Line Circle Triangle


draw draw draw draw
Polymorphism – Advantages

► In
general, polymorphism is a powerful
tool to develop flexible and reusable
systems
Class
► Class is a tool to realize objects
► Class is a tool for defining a new type
Example
► Lionis an object
► Student is an object
► Both has some attributes and some
behaviors
Uses
► The problem becomes easy to
understand
► Interactions can be easily modeled
Type in C++
► Mechanism for user defined types are
 Structures
 Classes
► Built-in types are like int, float and
double
► User defined type can be
 Student in student management system
 Circle in a drawing software
Abstraction
► Only include details in the system that
are required for making a functional
system
► Student
Relevant to our problem
 Name
 Address
Not relevant to our problem
 Sibling
 Father Business
Defining a New User Defined
Type
class ClassName
{ Syntax

…
DataType MemberVariable;
ReturnType MemberFunction();
…
}; Syntax
Example
class Student
{
int rollNo;
char *name; Member variables
float CGPA;

Member Functions
char *address;
…
void setName(char *newName);
void setRollNo(int newRollNo);
…
};
Why Member Function
► They model the behaviors of an object
► Objects can make their data invisible
► Object remains in consistent state
Example
Student aStudent;

aStudent.rollNo = 514;

aStudent.rollNo = -514; //Error


Object and Class
► Objectis an instantiation of a user
defined type or a class
Declaring class variables
► Variablesof classes (objects) are
declared just like variables of
structures and built-in data types

TypeName VaraibaleName;
int var;
Student aStudent;
Accessing members
► Members of an object can be accessed
using
 dot operator (.) to access via the variable
name
 arrow operator (->) to access via a pointer
to an object
► Member variables and member
functions are accessed in a similar
fashion
Example
class Student{
int rollNo;
void setRollNo(int
aNo);
};

Student aStudent; Error


aStudent.rollNo;
Access specifiers
Access specifiers
► There are three access specifiers
 ‘public’ is used to tell that member can be
accessed whenever you have access to
the object
 ‘private’ is used to tell that member can
only be accessed from a member function
 ‘protected’ to be discussed when we
cover inheritance
Example
class Student{
private:
char * name;
Cannot be accessed outside class
int rollNo;
public:
void setName(char *); Can be
accessed
void setRollNo(int);
outside class
...
};
Example
class Student{
...
int rollNo;
public:
void setRollNo(int aNo);
};
int main(){
Student aStudent;
aStudent.SetRollNo(1);
}
Default access specifiers
► When no access specifier is mentioned
then by default the member is
considered private member
Example
class Student class Student
{ {
char * name; private:
int RollNo; char * name;
}; int RollNo;
};
Example
class Student
{
char * name;
int RollNo;
void SetName(char *);
}; Error
Student aStudent;
aStudent.SetName(Ali);
Example
class Student
{
char * name;
int RollNo;
public:
void setName(char *);
};
Student aStudent;
aStudent.SetName(“Ali”);

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