The document discusses the 7 layers of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol. It provides details on the functions and protocols of each layer. The 7 layers of the OSI model are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - physical, data link, internet and transport. The transport layer includes TCP and UDP protocols which handle end-to-end communication across a network. The internet layer uses IP to address and route packets between networks.
The document discusses the 7 layers of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol. It provides details on the functions and protocols of each layer. The 7 layers of the OSI model are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - physical, data link, internet and transport. The transport layer includes TCP and UDP protocols which handle end-to-end communication across a network. The internet layer uses IP to address and route packets between networks.
The document discusses the 7 layers of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol. It provides details on the functions and protocols of each layer. The 7 layers of the OSI model are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - physical, data link, internet and transport. The transport layer includes TCP and UDP protocols which handle end-to-end communication across a network. The internet layer uses IP to address and route packets between networks.
The document discusses the 7 layers of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol. It provides details on the functions and protocols of each layer. The 7 layers of the OSI model are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - physical, data link, internet and transport. The transport layer includes TCP and UDP protocols which handle end-to-end communication across a network. The internet layer uses IP to address and route packets between networks.
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1. What are the 7 layers of OSI MODEL (MNEMOICS)?
All = Application Layer
People= Presentation Layer Seem = Session Layer To = Transport Layer Need = Network Layer Data = Data Link Layer Processing = Physical Layer Application Layer (DATA) Application Layer provides Interface between users and machines. Protocols of this layer are: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, SNMP, DNS, Rlogin, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, and LDAP. Presentation Layer (DATA) This layer facilitates the presentation of Data to the upper layer. Mainly, Provide Encoding Scheme & Encryption formation. Protocols of this layer: JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIF, PNG, MP3, MIDI, ASCII & ANSI etc. Session Layer (DATA) This layer provides virtual agreement between two end communication devices. Functions of this layer: Establishment, Management & Termination The best example to explain this layer is telephone call in which first you established the connection, then exchange a message and finally terminate the session. Protocols of this layer: SIP, NFS, SQL, ASP, RDBMS The above three layers are known as the software layer. Transport Layer (SEGMENT) This layer is responsible for Control of Data flow and, if an error occurs, reconnect the data and re-transmit. Functions of this layer: Handshaking, Acknowledgement and Sequencing Protocols of this layer: TCP, UDP, SPX Network Layer (Packet) This layer is used for communication to remote networks. Functions of this layer: Sorting, Filtering and Distribution Protocols of this layer: Routed Protocol: IP/IPX/Apple talk Routing Protocol: IGP, EGP, BGP, EBGP, IBGP, RIP, IGRP, RIP, OPSF, IS-IS Data Link Layer (Frame) Function of this layers: Error Detection and Control of Data Uniqueness of this layer: MAC address Protocols of this layer: PPP, HDLC, ATM, Frame Relay, SLIP, Ethernet Physical Layer (Binary) This involves media, move bits between devices MAC Address: Information Delivered IP Address: Carrier of Information These four layers are Data Flow Layers. 2. What is the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)? TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end- to-end communications that identify how it should be broken into packets, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. TCP/IP requires little central management, and it is designed to make networks reliable, with the ability to recover automatically from the failure of any device on the network. The two main protocols in the internet protocol suite serve specific functions. TCP defines how applications can create channels of communication across a network. It also manages how a message is assembled into smaller packets before they are then transmitted over the internet and reassembled in the right order at the destination address. IP defines how to address and route each packet to make sure it reaches the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this IP address to determine where to forward the message. TCP/IP model layers TCP/IP functionality is divided into four layers, each of which include specific protocols. The application layer provides applications with standardized data exchange. Its protocols include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). The transport layer is responsible for maintaining end-to-end communications across the network. TCP handles communications between hosts and provides flow control, multiplexing and reliability. The transport protocols include TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is sometimes used instead of TCP for special purposes. The network layer also called the internet layer, deals with packets and connects independent networks to transport the packets across network boundaries. The network layer protocols are the IP and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), which is used for error reporting. The physical layer consists of protocols that operate only on a link -- the network component that interconnects nodes or hosts in the network. The protocols in this layer include Ethernet for local area networks (LANs) and the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). References: https://www.cybrary.it/0p3n/osi-model-7-layers-basic-understanding/
