Chapter 2: Introduction to C++

Starting Out with C++

Early Objects
Ninth Edition

by Tony Gaddis, Judy Walters,

and Godfrey Muganda

Copyright © 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Topics
2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program
2.2 The cout Object
2.3 The #include Directive
2.4 Variables and the Assignment Statement
2.5 Literals
2.6 Identifiers
2.7 Integer Data Types
2.8 Floating-Point Data Types
2.9 The char Data Type
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 Topics (continued)
2.10 The C++ string Class
2.11 The bool Data Type
2.12 Determining the Size of a Data Type
2.13 More on Variable Assignments and
Initialization
2.14 Scope
2.15 Arithmetic Operators
2.16 Comments
2.17 Programming Style
Copyright © 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2-3
 2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program

// sample C++ program comment

#include <iostream> preprocessor directive

using namespace std; which namespace to use

int main() beginning of function named main

{ beginning of block for main

cout << "Hello, there!"; output statement

return 0; send 0 back to operating system

} end of block for main

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 2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program
Statement Purpose
// sample C++ program comment
#include <iostream> preprocessor directive
using namespace std; which namespace (set of names) to
use
int main() beginning of function named main
{ beginning of block for main
cout << "Hello, there!"; output statement
return 0; send 0 back to the operating system
} end of block for main

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 Special Characters
Character Name Description
// Double Slash Begins a comment
# Pound Sign Begins preprocessor directive

< > Open, Close Brackets Encloses filename used in

#include directive
( ) Open, Close Parentheses Used when naming a function

{ } Open, Close Braces Encloses a group of statements

" " Open, Close Double Encloses a string of characters
Quote Marks
; Semicolon Ends a programming statement

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 Important Details
• C++ is case-sensitive. Uppercase and
lowercase characters are different
characters. „Main‟ is not the same as
„main‟.
• Every { must have a corresponding }, and
vice-versa.

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 2.2 The cout Object

• Displays information on computer screen

• Use << to send information to cout
cout << "Hello, there!";
• You can use << to send multiple items to
cout
cout << "Hello, " << "there!";
Or
cout << "Hello, ";
cout << "there!";
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 Starting a New Line

• To get multiple lines of output on screen

- Use endl
cout << "Hello, there!" << endl;
- Use \n in an output string
cout << "Hello, there!\n";

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 Escape Sequences – More Control Over
Output

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 Common Escape Sequence Mistakes

1) Don‟t confuse "\" (a back slash) and

"/" (a forward slash)
2) Remember to put \n in double
quotation marks

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 2.3 The #include Directive

• Inserts the contents of another file into the

program
• It is a preprocessor directive
– Not part of the C++ language
– Not seen by compiler No ; goes
here

• Example:
#include <iostream>

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 2.4 Variables and the Assignment
Statement
A Variable
• Is used to refer to a location in memory where a
value can be stored.
• An assignment statement is used to store a value.
• The value that is stored can be changed, i.e., it can
“vary”.
• You must define the variable (indicate the name
and the type of value that it can hold) before you
can use it to store a value.

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 Variables

• If a new value is stored in the variable, it replaces

the previous value
• The previous value is overwritten and can no
longer be retrieved
int age;
age = 17; // Assigns 17 to age
cout << age; // Displays 17
age = 18; // Now age is 18
cout << age; // Displays 18

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 Assignment Statement

• Uses the = operator

• Has a single variable on the left side and a
value on the right side
• Copies the value on the right into the
location in memory that is associated with
the variable on the left
item = 12;

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 2.5 Literals
A Literal is a piece of data that is written
directly in the source code of the program.
'A' // character literal
"Hello" // string literal
12 // integer literal
"12" // string literal (yes!)
3.14 // floating-point literal

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 2.6 Identifiers

• Programmer-chosen names to represent parts of the

program, such as variables
• Name should indicate the use of the identifier
• Cannot use C++ key words as identifiers
• Must begin with alphabetic character or _, followed
by any number of alphabetic, numeric, or _
characters.
• Alphabetic characters may be upper- or lowercase
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 Multi-word Variable Names

• A variable name should reflect its purpose

• Descriptive variable names may include multiple words

• Two conventions to use in naming variables:
– Capitalize all words but the first letter of first word. Run words
together:
quantityOnOrder totalSales
– Use the underscore _ character as a space:
quantity_on_order total_sales

• Use one convention consistently throughout a program

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 Valid and Invalid Identifiers

IDENTIFIER VALID? REASON IF INVALID

totalSales Yes

total_sales Yes

total.Sales No Cannot contain period

4thQtrSales No Cannot begin with digit

total$Sales No Cannot contain $

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 2.7 Integer Data Types

• Designed to hold whole (non-decimal)

numbers
• Can be signed or unsigned
12 -6 +3
• Available in different sizes (i.e., number of
bytes): short int, int, long int, and
long long int
• long long int was introduced in C++
11.
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 Signed vs. Unsigned Integers

• C++ allocates one bit for the sign of the

number. The rest of the bits are for data.
• If your program will never need negative
numbers, you can declare variables to be
unsigned. All bits in unsigned numbers
are used for data.
• A variable is signed unless the unsigned
keyword is used at variable definition.
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 Defining Variables

• Variables of the same type can be defined

- In separate statements
int length;
int width;
- In the same statement
int length,
width;
• Variables of different types must be defined
in separate statements
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 Abbreviated Variable Definitions

• int can be omitted from a variable

definition for any datatype except an int
itself.
• Examples:
short temperatures;
unsigned short booksOnOrder;
unsigned long long magnitude;
int grades;

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 Integral Literals
• To store an integer literal in a long memory
location, put „L‟ at the end of the number:
long rooms = 234L;
• Use „LL‟ at the end to put an integer literal
in a long long memory location.
• Literals that begin with „0‟ (zero) are octal,
or base 8: 075
• Literals that begin with „0x‟ are
hexadecimal, or base 16: 0x75A
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 2.8 Floating-Point Data Types

• Designed to hold real numbers

12.45 -3.8
• Stored in a form similar to scientific notation
• Numbers are all signed
• Available in different sizes (number of bytes):
float, double, and long double
• Size of float  size of double
 size of long double
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 Floating-point Literals
• Can be represented in
- Fixed point (decimal) notation:
31.4159 0.0000625
- E notation:
3.14159E1 6.25e-5
• Are double by default
• Can be forced to be float 3.14159F or
long double 0.0000625L

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 Assigning Floating-point Values to
Integer Variables
If a floating-point value (a literal or a
variable) is assigned to an integer
variable
• The fractional part will be truncated (i.e.,
“chopped off” and discarded)
• The value is not rounded
int rainfall = 3.88;
cout << rainfall; // Displays 3

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 2.9 The char Data Type

• Used to hold single characters or very small

integer values
• Usually occupies 1 byte of memory
• A numeric code representing the character
is stored in memory
SOURCE CODE MEMORY

char letter = 'C'; letter

67

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 Character Literal

• A character literal is a single character

• When referenced in a program, it is

enclosed in single quotation marks:

cout << 'Y' << endl;

• The quotation marks are not part of the

literal, and are not displayed

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 String Literals

• Can be stored as a series of characters in

consecutive memory locations
"Hello"
• Stored in consecutive memory locations
with the null terminator, \0, automatically
placed at the end:
H e l l o \0
• Is comprised of characters between the " "

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 A character or a string literal?
• A character literal is a single character,
enclosed in single quotes:
'C'
• A string literal is a sequence of characters
enclosed in double quotes:
"Hello, there!"
• A single character in double quotes is a
string literal, not a character literal:
"C"

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 2.10 The C++ string Class

• Must #include <string> to create and

use string objects
• Can define string variables in programs
string name;
• Can assign values to string variables with the
assignment operator
name = "George";
• Can display them with cout
cout << "My name is " << name;

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 2.11 The bool Data Type

• Represents values that are true or false

• bool values are stored as integers
• false is represented by 0, true by 1
bool allDone = true; allDone finished

bool finished = false; 1 0

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 2.12 Determining the Size of a Data Type

The sizeof operator gives the size in

number of bytes of any data type or variable
double amount;
cout << "A float is stored in "
<< sizeof(float) << " bytes\n";
cout << "Variable amount is stored in "
<< sizeof(amount) << " bytes\n";

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 2.13 More on Variable Assignments and
Initialization

Assigning a value to a variable

– Assigns a value to a previously created variable
– A single variable name must appear on left side
of the = symbol
int size;
size = 5+2; // legal
5 = size; // not legal

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 Variable Assignment vs. Initialization

Initializing a variable
– Gives an initial value to a variable at the time
it is defined
– Some or all of the variables being defined can
be initialized
int length = 12;
int width = 7, height = 5, area;

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 Using auto in Variable Declarations

If you are initializing a variable when it is

defined, the auto keyword will determine
the data type to use based on the
initialization value. Introduced in C++ 11.
auto length = 12; // length is
// an int
auto width = length; // also int
auto area = 100.0; // area is a
// double
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 2.14 Scope

• The scope of a variable is that part of the

program where the variable may be used
• A variable cannot be used before it is defined
int num1 = 5;
cout << num1; // legal
cout << num2; // illegal
int num2 = 12;

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 2.15 Arithmetic Operators

• Used for performing numeric calculations

• C++ has unary, binary, and ternary
operators
– unary (1 operand) -5
– binary (2 operands) 13 - 7
– ternary (3 operands) exp1 ? exp2 : exp3

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 Binary Arithmetic Operators

SYMBOL OPERATION EXAMPLE ans

+ addition ans = 7 + 3; 10

- subtraction ans = 7 - 3; 4

* multiplication ans = 7 * 3; 21

/ division ans = 7 / 3; 2

% modulus ans = 7 % 3; 1

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 / Operator

• C++ division operator (/)performs integer

division if both operands are integers
cout << 13 / 5; // displays 2
cout << 2 / 4; // displays 0
• If either operand is floating-point, the result
is floating-point
cout << 13 / 5.0; // displays 2.6
cout << 2.0 / 4; // displays 0.5

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 % Operator

• C++ modulus operator (%) computes the

remainder resulting from integer division
cout << 9 % 2; // displays 1
• % requires integers for both operands
cout << 9 % 2.0; // error

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 2.16 Comments

• Are used to document parts of a program

• Are written for persons reading the source
code of the program
– Indicate the purpose of the program
– Describe the use of variables
– Explain complex sections of code
• Are ignored by the compiler

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 Single-Line Comments

• Begin with // and continue to the end of line

int length = 12; // length in inches
int width = 15; // width in inches
int area; // calculated area

// Calculate rectangle area

area = length * width;

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 Multi-Line Comments

• Begin with /* and end with */

• Can span multiple lines
/*----------------------------
Here's a multi-line comment
----------------------------*/
• Can also be used as single-line
comments
int area; /* Calculated area */

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 2.17 Programming Style

• Refers to the visual arrangement of the

source code
• Provides information to the reader about
the organization of the program
• Includes alignment of matching { and }
and the use of indentation and
whitespace.
• Should be used consistently throughout
a program
Copyright © 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2-46
 Chapter 2: Introduction to C++

Starting Out with C++

Early Objects
Ninth Edition

by Tony Gaddis, Judy Walters,

and Godfrey Muganda

Copyright © 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.