CHAPTER 1

MATRICES IN POWER SYSTEMS

1.1 General Matrices:

The use of matrix algebra for the formulation and solution of complicated
power system problems has become increasingly important since the
adventure of digital computers.

1.1.1 Types of Matrices

1) Square matrix: (no. of rows = no. of columns)

⎡1 2 3 4⎤
⎢2 0 1 5⎥⎥
A=⎢
⎢− 1 2 7 4⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 −2 2 6⎦

2) Overdetermine matrix: (no. of rows > no. of columns)

⎡ 4 −2 0 1⎤
⎢1 2 3 4⎥⎥
⎢
⎢2 0 1 5⎥
A=⎢ ⎥
⎢− 1 2 7 4⎥
⎢ 0 −2 2 6⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 9 1 3⎦⎥

3) Underdetermine matrix: (no. of rows < no. of columns)

⎡4 1 2 3 4 3⎤
⎢− 2 2 0 1 5 9⎥⎥
A=⎢
⎢ 0 −1 2 7 4 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣1 0 −2 2 6 3⎦

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4) Upper triangular matrix: (aij = 0 for all i > j)

⎡1 2 3 4⎤
⎢0 0 1 5⎥⎥
A=⎢
⎢0 0 7 4⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 6⎦

5) Lower triangular matrix: (aij = 0 for all i < j)

⎡1 0 0 0⎤
⎢2 0 0 0⎥⎥
A=⎢
⎢− 1 2 7 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 7⎦

6) Diagonal matrix: (aij = 0 for all i ≠ j)

⎡1 0 0 0⎤
⎢0 − 8 0 0⎥⎥
A=⎢
⎢0 0 7 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 7⎦

7) Unit (U) or Identity (I) matrix: (aij = 0 for all i ≠ j & aij = 1 for all i = j)

⎡1 0 0 0⎤
⎢0 1 0 0⎥⎥
A=⎢
⎢0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 1⎦

1.1.2 Special Matrices

1) Null if A = A

⎡0 0 0 0⎤
⎢0 0 0 0⎥⎥
A=⎢
⎢0 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0⎦

2) Symmetric if A = At

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 ⎡1 2 3 4⎤
⎢2 0 1 5⎥⎥
A=⎢
⎢3 1 7 4⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣4 5 4 6⎦

3) Skew-Symmetric if - A = At

⎡0 − 2 − 3 − 4⎤
⎢2 0 1 − 5⎥⎥
A=⎢
⎢3 − 1 0 4⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣4 5 − 4 0 ⎦

4) Real if A = A*

⎡ 1 + j0 2 + j0 3+ j0 4+ j 0⎤
⎢ 2 + j0 0 + j0 1+ j0 5+ j 0 ⎥⎥
A=⎢
⎢− 1 − j 0 2 + j 0 7+ j0 4+ j 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 + j0 − 2 − j0 2+ j0 6+ j 0⎦

5) Pure-imaginary if A = -A*

⎡0 + j1 0+ j 2 0 + j3 0+ j 4⎤
⎢0 + j2 0+ j 0 0 + j1 0+ j 5⎥⎥
A=⎢
⎢0 − j1 0+ j 2 0 + j7 0+ j 4⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 + j0 0− j2 0 + j2 0+ j 6⎦

6) Hermition if A = (A*)t

⎡1 + j 0 2 − j 2 3 + j3 4− j 4⎤
⎢2 + j 2 0 + j 0 1 − j1 5− j 5 ⎥⎥
A=⎢
⎢3 − j 3 1 + j1 7 + j 0 4+ j 4⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣4 + j 4 5 + j5 4 − j 4 6+ j 0⎦

7) Skew-Hermition if A = -(A*)t

⎡ 0 − 2 + j 2 − 3 − j 3 − 4 + j 4⎤
⎢2 + j 2 0 1 − j1 5 − j 5 ⎥⎥
A= ⎢
⎢ 3 − j 3 − 1 − j1 0 4 + j4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣4 + j 4 − 5 − j 5 − 4 + j 4 0 ⎦

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8) Orthogonal if QtQ = I

⎡0.4434 0.0812 0.5868 0.6726 ⎤

⎢ 0.3931 − 0.4966 0.4734 − 0.6122⎥
Q=⎢ ⎥
⎢0.6425 0.6650 − 0.2291 − 0.3040⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0.4858 − 0.5519 − 0.6157 0.2835 ⎦

(where Q is an orthonormal basis for the range of the square matrix A)

9) Unitary if (A*)t A = U

⎡1 1 1 ⎤
1 ⎢
A= ⎢ 1 − 0.5 + j 0.5 3 − 0.5 − j 0.5 3 ⎥⎥
3
⎢⎣1 − 0.5 − j 0.5 3 − 0.5 + j 0.5 3 ⎥⎦

References:

[1] G.W. Stagg and A.H. El-Abiad, "Computer Methods in Power System
Analysis", McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.

Ibrahim Omar Habiballah Sep. 2013