500 Utility Gases

Abstract
This section presents the engineering and physical principles used in the design and
selection of the major components in instrument/utility/starting air systems. Guide-
lines for the sizing and selection of the individual components are presented, as
well as calculation procedures, design parameters, a checklist, and a sample calcula-
tion procedure.
Information in the first and greater portion of this section is limited to compressed
air systems. Brief discussion regarding natural gas systems is contained in
Sub-section 550.

Contents Page

510 Introduction 500-3

520 Air Systems 500-3
521 Instrument Air
522 Utility Air
523 Starting Air
530 Air Compressors 500-4
531 Positive Displacement Compressors
532 Dynamic Compressors
533 Equipment Type Selection
534 Air System Components
540 Design Parameters 500-22
541 Instrument Air System Requirements
542 Utility/Starting Air System Requirements
543 Calculations
544 Checklist
545 Example Calculations
550 Natural Gas Instrument Systems 500-38

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551 When to Use Natural Gas

552 Design Considerations
560 References 500-40

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510 Introduction
Most Company facilities require a constant and reliable source of compressed air or
natural gas for instrument actuation, utility services, and starting mechanical equip-
ment. Natural gas is sometimes used for instruments and starting gas in smaller,
less complicated facilities and on offshore platforms. However, the trend is to phase
out natural gas use. This section primarily discusses compressed air systems;
however, Sub-section 550 discusses natural gas use.
Compressed air systems consist of compressors with drivers, aftercoolers, filters,
air receivers, dryers, and the required piping to distribute the air. Air systems can be
self-contained, skid-mounted packages or multiple, large compressors individually
installed. Instrument air, starting air, and utility air supplies may be integrated into
one package or may need to be separate systems, based on pressure, volume require-
ments, and efficiency. They must be capable of providing a continuous supply of
clean dry compressed air at the volume and pressure necessary.

520 Air Systems

The following paragraphs provide a brief description of the functional aspects of
the instrument, utility, and starting air systems. Each is treated separately. Compres-
sors, compressor components, and design parameters are included in Subsections
530 and 540, respectively. Brief discussion of skid-mounted systems is included in
Sub-section 534.

521 Instrument Air

Instrument air must be oil-free and dry to operate instruments and actuate valves on
a continuous basis. It is consumed by instruments, regenerative air dryers, and
sometimes by an air blanket on a potable water surge tank. Nonlubricated compres-
sors are used primarily for instrument air. (Refer to Sub-section 533.)

522 Utility Air

Utility air systems are similar in most respects to instrument air systems. They
differ in the air quality required, maximum pressure, and the fact that they usually
provide air for intermittent services.
Utility air is often taken from the instrument air compressor system before drying
and stored in a utility air receiver. In cold environments, some drying may be
required to avoid line freezeups. Utility air may also be supplied by a system
completely separate from the instrument air system. Because of higher pressures, it
is sometimes more economical to use different compressors and negligible drying
capacity.
Utility air is distributed throughout the facility by means of a header system to
supply all the utility stations. Utility air is used for air-operated power tools and
hoists, for air blanketing seawater surge tanks, and to start internal combustion or
turbine drivers.

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523 Starting Air

Generally, starting air systems are considered to be a part of a given utility air
system, unless the size and number of engines to be started require a dedicated
compressor. Starting air may also be used to “black” start (initial startup) a power
generator. In such instances, a diesel engine is used to drive the air compressor.

530 Air Compressors

Two basic compressor types are used to deliver air: positive displacement compres-
sors, and dynamic flow compressors.

531 Positive Displacement Compressors

Positive displacement units are those in which successive volumes of air are
confined within a closed space and elevated to a higher pressure. In these units,
some heat is transferred from the air being compressed. The air temperature
increase is caused by the heat of compression; it closely approaches adiabatic
compression. Adiabatic compression (defined as a change without loss or gain of
heat; distinguished from isothermal) has the following relationship:

P1V1k = P2V2k = Constant

(Eq. 500-1)
where:
P1 = Pressure at inlet
V1 = Volume at inlet
P2 = Pressure at discharge
V2 = Volume at discharge
k = Ratio of specific heats, Cp/Cv, at constant pressure/constant
volume
An example of a positive displacement unit is a rotary sliding vane compressor
(refer to the Equipment Type Selection section).

532 Dynamic Compressors

Polytropic compression is obtained when no heat is removed from the air during
compression. The air is compressed when the rotating element accelerates the air as
it passes through the element, converting the velocity head into pressure, partially
in the rotating element and partially in the stationary diffusers or blades. The expo-
nent n is experimentally determined and may be higher or lower than the adiabatic
exponent k. Most dynamic compressors follow the polytropic cycle. Compression
follows the equation:

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P1V1n = P2V2n
(Eq. 500-2)
where:
P1 = Absolute pressure at inlet
V1 = Volume at inlet
P2 = Absolute pressure at discharge
V2 = Volume at discharge
n = Polytropic exponent, from Figure 500-1
Examples of dynamic compressors are helical or centrifugal (refer to the Equip-
ment Type Selection section).

Fig. 500-1 Ratio (n-1)/n Versus Adiabatic Exponent k

For a detailed discussion of compressors and compression thermodynamics, refer to

the Compressor Manual.

533 Equipment Type Selection

Lubricated Compressors
Air systems can use either lubricated or nonlubricated compressors. The following
details features of various compressors within the two categories. Note, however,

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that by altering the design slightly and using other materials, such as Teflon, for the
parts lubricated compressors can be made into nonlubricated machines.
In lubricated air compressors oil is in direct contact with the air in the compression
section. The oil lubricates the moving parts and helps in sealing the compression
sections. Due to lower initial costs and maintenance, lubricated air compressors are
commonly used for utility/starting air and instrument air. However, the oil content
of the air must be monitored to prevent flammable concentrations in the down-
stream equipment. Special nonflammable lubricants are available, but they are
expensive. The basic types of lubricated air compressors are described in the
following paragraphs.
Rotary sliding vane compressor. See Figure 500-2 for a typical example. The
rotary sliding vane air compressor has as a basic element a cylindrical casing with a
head and rotor assembly. Sliding vane compressors are positive displacement
machines and so always compress the air to design pressure (regardless of the pres-
sure in the receiver into which it is discharging).

Fig. 500-2 Typical Rotary Sliding Vane Compressor (Courtesy of A-C Compressor. A Dover
Diversified Company)

Reciprocating compressor. The basic reciprocating compression element is a

single piston and cylinder, compressing on only one side of the piston (single-
acting). A unit compressing on both sides of the piston (double-acting) consists of
the basic single-acting piston operating in one cylinder casting, typically with two
sets of suction and discharge valves.
The reciprocating air compressor uses automatic spring-loaded valves that open
only when the proper differential pressure exists across the valve.
In a simple, two-stage reciprocating air compressor, the cylinders are proportioned
according to the total compression ratio, the second stage being smaller than the
first.

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Because of the reciprocating pistons and other reciprocating parts, inertia forces are
set up that create vibration. To reduce vibration, a balanced opposed machine should
be specified. A mounting that will stabilize the installation is necessary. The extent
of this requirement will depend on the type and size of the air compressor involved.
The type that is most commonly used is the vertical or Y-type trunk piston (i.e., no
crossheads) unit with air-cooled cylinders that are lubricated from the crankcase.
See Figure 500-3 for a typical example.

Fig. 500-3 Y-Type Trunk Piston Lubricated Reciprocating Compressor (Courtesy of Bellis &
Morcom)

In Gulf of Mexico applications, the flow rate at 120 psi discharge pressure for a
reciprocating air compressor is usually less than 300 SCFM. Some of the advan-
tages of this type of air compressor are:
• Less equipment required for cooling
• Noise level lower than most other air compressor types
Helical compressor. See Figure 500-4 for a typical example. The helical lobe, or
spiral (screw) lobe air compressor is a two-rotor, positive-displacement rotary unit
compressing air between the intermeshing helical lobes and the rotor chambers of
the housing. The lubricated, helical air compressor uses a flood of oil through the
machine to lubricate, seal, and cool the compressed air.
In a rotary compressor, the built-in or design compression ratio is the ratio that has
been attained when the fixed discharge port is uncovered. This ratio is determined
by the location of the opening edges of the discharge port and the wrap angle of the
lobes. A helical lobe compressor (and most other rotary units) can have an oper-
ating ratio somewhat higher or lower than the design ratio, without impacting effi-
ciency.
The practical flow rate for a helical air compressor with 120 psi discharge pressure
is 80 to 3000 CFM.

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Fig. 500-4 Typical Helical Compressor. Courtesy of Dresser-Rand Company.

The advantages of the helical air compressor are:

• essentially pulsation-free compressed air
• lower initial costs than most other machines
• less weight, maintenance, and vibration
The disadvantages are:
• efficiency not as good as a reciprocating air compressor
• normally require inlet and discharge silencers to reduce the operating noise to
acceptable limits
• usually need a check valve in the discharge to prevent uncontrolled reverse
operations

Nonlubricated compressors
Nonlubricated compressors are machines that use no liquid lubricant of any type
within the compression cylinder. Compared to lubricated machines, nonlubricated
units will have a higher initial cost, usually require more space, and experience
more downtime for maintenance. The maintenance will frequently be many times
greater than with lubricated compressors because of the greater need for routine

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checkups, adjustment, or replacement of parts due to closer machine tolerances and

smoother surface finishes.
In offshore operations nonlubricated air compressors are used primarily for instru-
ment air and for breathing air. With most nonlubricated units, precautions may be
required to ensure the impossibility of lubricant leakage into the air stream even
though none is required within the compression space. (See Sub-section 534 for
information regarding dry filters.) Another potential problem is that corrosion may
occur in downstream piping and exchangers because the discharge air contains no
oil to coat the piping and exchanger internals.
For maximum efficiency and life, any nonlubricated compressor must have a much
finer cylinder bore finish than a lubricated machine. A honed finish is required, but
because there seems to be an optimum degree of smoothness, a super smooth finish
is unnecessary. Piston rods are often harder and are given a finer finish than normal.
Because nonlubricated machines require a fine finish, every available precaution
should be taken to keep dirt from entering the compressor.
Dynamic Compressors. Dynamic compressors such as the helical or centrifugal,
were initially designed as nonlubricated machines. Others, such as the reciprocating
compressors, were initially lubricated machines. Again, by altering the design
slightly and using other materials, such as teflon, for the parts, lubricated compres-
sors can be made into nonlubricated machines. See Figure 500-5 for an example of a
typical, nonlubricated reciprocating compressor.

Fig. 500-5 Typical Nonlubricated Reciprocating Compressor

Centrifugal Compressors. Centrifugal compressors, such as the Joy compressor,

may be used where the flow requirements are sufficiently high. They are nonlubri-
cated.

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534 Air System Components

The basic components of an air system are compressors, drivers, filters, coolers,
receivers, and dryers. Refer to Figure 500-6. Various options in equipment are avail-
able to satisfy specific job requirements. These options, with advantages, disadvan-
tages, and applications are discussed below.

Fig. 500-6 Air System Components

Drivers
Diesel drivers are generally specified as standby or “black” start compressor drivers,
while electrical drivers are recommended for use as normal compressor drivers. For
specifics regarding drivers, refer to the Driver Manual.
Diesel Drivers. Diesel drivers are generally used in the range of 100 to 800 HP and
in speed ranges of about 700 to 1500/1800 RPM. Diesel drivers have the following
applications:
• Low speed loads, such as reciprocating pumps and compressors
• As a source of power for standby equipment, such as emergency generators and
fire water pumps
• On-off applications where high starting torque is required, such as cranes and
winches
Electrical Drivers. For applications of 460-volt motors (generally rated less than
250 HP), the most common motor used is the totally enclosed, fan-cooled (TEFC)
enclosure type. These motors can be purchased using DRI-MS-1824, included in the
Driver Manual.
Motors rated 250 HP and above, at voltages of 2300 volts and above, can be
purchased using a general-purpose specification (DRI-MS-4814) or a special-
purpose specification (DRI-MS-3903). The specification used depends on the criti-

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cality of service, the horsepower, and the speed of the motor. See the Driver Manual
for more information.

Coolers
Cooling the compressed air has three objectives: (1) to lower the air temperature to
near ambient, (2) reduce the volume, and (3) to condense water vapor for removal.
Air coolers are necessary on all types of compressors.
Interstage Cooler. The interstage cooler is the heat exchanger located between the
discharge of one stage and the suction of the following stage. It is actually an inte-
gral part of the compressor. Intercooling gas between stages will:
• Reduce the temperature
• Reduce the volume to be compressed in the succeeding stage
• Liquify condensable vapor
• Save power
Aftercooler. Aftercoolers are available in many types, arrangements, and designs.
Typically, finned tube, air-cooled heat exchangers are used that are directly driven
by the compressor driver. They should be sized to cool the discharge air to within
20°F of ambient temperature and fitted with automatic condenser traps. Where
space is limited, integrated aftercoolers are preferred over the free-standing type.
The use of desiccant dryers in instrument air service requires compressor after-
coolers, because 120°F is the maximum inlet dryer temperature at which the desic-
cant will dry the air.
An aftercooler should be located downstream of each compressor (with a block
valve downstream of each aftercooler), to maintain a closed system should one
compressor be removed for repairs. With reciprocating compressors, a potential
problem exists for aftercoolers leaking when pulsating flow loosens the tubes.
Consult the manufacturer concerning his recommendations on this problem. The
design pressure and temperature for an aftercooler are the same as those for the
compressor. For a two-stage compressor discharging at a maximum of 125 psig, the
design is typically set at 150 psig. The design temperature on the outlet of a two-
stage compressor is normally 300°F.

Filters
Filters are used to remove dirt, oil, and water from the compressed air system.
Filters are generally located upstream of the compressor (inlet filter) and the instru-
ment dryer (prefilter), and downstream of the aftercooler (filter/separator), the
instrument dryer (prefilter), and the dryer (afterfilter).
All filter installations, other than the inlet filter, should have two parallel, full-flow
filters to avoid downtime during maintenance. Cartridges should be independently
replaceable. To avoid accidental contamination of the clean downstream system, do
not use bypass valves around filters.
Inlet filters. The inlet filter can be a dry, oil-bath, or viscous-impingement type.

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A typical dry filter is shown in Figure 500-7. The dry filter media is either a felted
cloth or lightly oil-coated paper. These are excellent filters where the pulsations are
not severe, such as a reciprocating compressor with a dampener or a rotary
compressor. Nonlubricated compressors should always use a dry inlet filter to keep
oil from entering the compressor and, as a consequence, the air system.

Fig. 500-7 A Typical Dry-Type Inlet Filter (Courtesy of the Dollinger Corporation)

The advantages of the dry filter are:

• Oil cannot be passed from the filter into the compressor on nonlubricated
machines.
• The felt can be cleaned.
• They function well at air flows below maximum rating.
The disadvantages are:
• The felt type may shrink under humid conditions.
• The paper type cannot be cleaned and reused.
See Figure 500-8 for an example of a dry cartridge filter with a replaceable element.
An oil-bath filter is shown in Figure 500-9. Oil-bath filters remove dirt or other
solid particles from the air by a scrubbing action. As air enters the filter, the parti-
cles are washed down and collected in a sump, which is manually cleaned as neces-
sary.
The advantages of the oil-bath filter are that they have good particle removal
capacity and can be reused. They are recommended for lubricated, rotary-sliding
vane units. The disadvantages of the oil-bath filter are as follow:
• The oil must be suitable for the range of ambient temperature.
• They function best near their design flow rate.

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Fig. 500-8 Dry Cartridge Filter (Courtesy of Balston Company)

• They allow oil carryover and therefore should not be used for nonlubricated
compressors.
Figure 500-10 shows a viscous-impingement filter. These filters have woven or
packed wire cells coated with oil. As the air enters the filter, dust and other solid
particles are trapped in the oil and held against the wire until the filter is manually
cleaned.

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Fig. 500-9 Oil-Bath Inlet Filter (Courtesy of Air-Maze Division, Rockwell-Standard Corpora-
tion)

Fig. 500-10 Viscous-Impingement Inlet Filter (Courtesy of the Farr Company)

The advantage of the viscous-impingement filter is that it can be reused. The

disadvantages of the viscous-impingement filter are as follow:
• The oil must be suitable for the range of ambient temperature.
• They work best near their design flow rate.
• They do not work well in areas of high solid particle concentrations.
Filter/Separators. The filter/separators are located downstream of the compressor
aftercoolers to remove any possible solids entrained in the air and to remove the
water condensed with the cooling. The basic methods of filtration/separation are
mechanical or centrifugal action and coalescence.
Centrifugal or inertia separation removes the larger particles of rust, scale, dirt, and
water droplets. The air flow is made to suddenly change direction so that the solid
particles fall out of the air.

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In coalescence the air stream passes through a dense element, such as metal strands
or wire mesh. Liquid droplets in the air are trapped on the strands, coalesce into
larger droplets, and fall to the bottom of the filter where they are removed.
Prefilter/Afterfilter. The prefilter and afterfilter on the instrument air dryer can be
either centrifugal or coalescence types. These filters are not specified separately,
because they are an integral part of the dryer. Readily available filters will remove
particles larger than 0.1 µm.
The prefilter removes entrained oil or water. Otherwise, the oil will be irreversibly
adsorbed by the desiccant in the dryer, thus reducing drying efficiency and
decreasing desiccant life.
An afterfilter should be installed to prevent dryer desiccant particles or dust from
being carried over into the instrument air system.

Dryers
The instrument air and, in specific applications or cold environments, the utility air
must be dried to avoid liquid water in the air system. Water in the air system results
in corrosion and freezeups. The way to prevent condensation of water in air lines is
to lower the dew point of the air entering the system. This is achieved by drying the
air. Air dryers are of two basic types: adsorption (regenerative) and deliquescent
(chemical absorption). Refrigeration may be used to give partial lowering of the
dew point through lower-temperature condensation.
Adsorption. The most common method of drying air, on an offshore platform, is by
the method of adsorption. The two types of adsorption dryers are the heaterless and
heated regenerative ones.
Heaterless Regenerative Desiccant Dryer. Two towers of desiccant, usually acti-
vated alumina or silica gel, are used in the heaterless regenerative dryer. The wet air
passes through one of the towers which dries the air by adsorbing moisture onto the
desiccant. At the same time, the other tower is reactivated by diverting a portion of
the dry air (from 7 to 17% of the total air flow rate) through a pressure throttling
valve (to reduce the air pressure to atmosphere) in order to desorb water from the
desiccant and remove it through the saturated desiccant bed. This air, with the mois-
ture it has picked up from the regenerating tower, is vented to the atmosphere. When
the desiccant in the first tower has become saturated, the second tower has been
regenerated. The process is then automatically switched, so that the air is dried in
the second tower while the first tower is being regenerated.
Dryer size is based on inlet air pressure, flow rate and moisture content. Design
flow is the combined outlet and purge air flows. See Figures 500-11 and 500-12 for
typical examples of a twin-tower, heaterless regenerative desiccant dryer.
Heated Regenerative Desiccant Dryer. See Figure 500-13 for a typical example.
The heated regenerative desiccant dryer is similar to the heaterless type, except for
the addition of electrically powered desiccant heaters inside the towers.
The procedure for drying the air is the same in both types. The difference occurs
during the regeneration cycle. To lessen the amount of purge air (usually only 2 to

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Fig. 500-11 Twin Tower, Heaterless, Regenerative Desiccant Dryer

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Fig. 500-12 Desiccant Dryer Schmatic

In Figure 12A, wet incoming gas passes through switching valve
assembly (A) and is directed downward through chamber 1 where it
contacts the desiccant. Gas drying takes place by adsorption that
occurs when the moisture level in the gas stream is greater than the
moisture level of the desiccant. Activated alumina desiccant is used
to remove water vapor from the gas. These moisture levels come into
equilibrium. As a result, water vapor in the gas stream condenses as
a film on the desiccant. Adsorption is an exothermic (heat releasing)
process. As drying takes place, heat is released and is stored in the
desiccant bed for use in the next cycle.
Dry gas exits chamber 1 and passed through check valve assembly
(B) and continues to the application or work area.
While gas is being dried in chamber 1, the desiccant in chamber 2,
which has been wetted in the previous cycle, is being regenerated.
At the start of its regeneration, chamber 2 is depressurized from
operating pressure to atmospheric pressure in an upward flow direc-
tion through valve assembly (A), and the gas goes out through the
purge exhaust.
A portion of the dry outlet gas from chamber 1 passes through valve
assembly (B) and upward through the chamber being regenerated.
This dry purge, with the aid of the heat of adsorption generated
during the previous drying period, removes the moisture from the
desiccant. The purge carries this moisture through valve assembly

(A) and out through the purge exhaust. The regenerating purge flow
is countercurrent to the direction of drying to ensure desiccant
regeneration.
When the regeneration cycle is complete, the chamber being regen-
erated is repressurized to full operating pressure by closing the
purge exhaust. Purge gas continues to flow into the chamber until the
pressure rises to system pressure. Inlet gas is then switched over to
chamber 2 (Figure 12B) through valve assembly A for drying. Repres-
surization before switchover ensures that the desiccant will not be
“jolted” by the inrushing downward gas flow and thus prevents
desiccant attrition (dusting).
A drying period of 5 minutes provides an effluent dewpoint of -40°F or
better (at operating pressure). The full 5 minutes is used for the
drying period; however, during the regeneration process, which is
occurring in the offstream chamber simultaneously with drying in the
onstream chamber, approximately 30 seconds is allowed for chamber
repressurization before going back onstream at switchover. Thus a
complete cycle consists of two periods of equal length, one drying
and the other depressurization, regeneration and repressurization.

7% is required), heat is added to aid in regenerating desiccant. The usual dew point
for this type of dryer is -60°F.
The advantage of the heated dryer when compared to the heaterless dryer is a
reduction in the required amount of purge air as well as a lower dew point. The
disadvantages of the heated dryer when compared to the heaterless dryer are
increased maintenance and the requirement for electricity. The heaterless dryer is

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Fig. 500-13 Heated, Regenerative Desiccant Dryer

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used in most offshore applications, while the heated regenerative dryer is used in the
majority of all others.
Deliquescent Dryer. The deliquescent dryer is simply a pressure vessel filled with
deliquescent desiccant. Air enters at the top and flows down a central pipe that
contains prefilters to remove dirt, water, and oil. The cleaned air then flows up
through a desiccant bed. As the desiccant removes water from the air, it slowly
dissolves. The desiccant used is based mostly on sodium chloride or potassium
carbonate. The desiccant by itself is generally not corrosive. However, because of
the desiccant’s affinity for moisture and the presence of oxygen in the air stream,
rust or oxidation occur easily if the inside of the dryer is not adequately coated and
equipped with an adequately coated afterfilter. An afterfilter prevents any desiccant
material from being carried over downstream. The exit dew point is determined by
the inlet air temperature. The dryer will lower the dew point 20 to 30°F from the
inlet temperature.
Because it has no moving parts, this dryer has the advantage of high reliability. The
disadvantage of the dryer is that operating costs are higher than a regenerative
dryer, because daily monitoring and frequent replacement of desiccant and filters
are required. An obvious environmental disadvantage is the need for frequent
disposal of spent chemicals.
Refrigerant Dryer (A partial dehydration). The refrigerant dryer lowers the dew
point of the air by cooling the air, which causes a partial condensation of the mois-
ture so that it can be removed in a separator. The air is then reheated.
These dryers are rated at line pressure, either 50°F or 35°F dew point depression.
Any lower dew point would freeze the condensate and block air flow. The refrigera-
tion units used in these dryers require a continuous electrical supply during opera-
tion. Other operating costs are minimal, except for some large flow capacity
refrigerated dryers that may require a water-to-air heat exchanger. These units are
seldom used offshore. Obviously these units cannot be used where ambient temper-
atures fall below freezing, unless placed in a heated building.

Air Receivers
Air receivers perform four functions in air systems:
• They provide a storage reservoir for the system.
• They dampen the pulsating effect of the compressor.
• They remove oil, condensed moisture, and particulate matter.
• They limit the number of times the compressor will load and unload.
Receivers are usually classified by application as instrument air receivers, utility air
receivers, or starting air receivers.
Instrument air receiver. The instrument air receiver is located downstream of the
dryer, for instrument air storage. Typically, this receiver is sized to contain the
maximum demand without makeup, for a usual time limit of 20 minutes. In certain
situations, such as satellite wells, the reserve may need to be greater than 20

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minutes. In other situations, such as a reliable emergency power source, the reserve
may be less than 20 minutes.
Utility Air Receiver. When the utility air is taken from the instrument air
compressor, the utility air receiver takeoff is usually located upstream of the dryer
prefilter. In certain applications or in cold environments, the utility air may need to
be dried to prevent air lines from freezing. When the utility air is taken from the
instrument air compressor, a pressure control valve must be used to prevent utility
air demands from starving instrument air requirements. Another option is for utility
air to have a completely separate supply system.
Starting Air Receiver. The starting air is usually taken from the utility air or a dedi-
cated compressor, depending on the size and number of engines to be started. The
starting air receiver should be sized to provide a minimum of three consecutive
starts for the largest piece of equipment, with no additional air supplied to the tank.
Design. The design pressure and temperature of the air receiver are the same as
those of the aftercooler. The instrument air receiver should be designed for a
working pressure equivalent to the compressor discharge plus 10%. The maximum
design pressure should be 200 psig or the compressor discharge pressure plus 25%,
whichever is greater. The utility air receiver should be designed for a working pres-
sure equivalent to the compressor discharge pressure plus 20%. The maximum
design pressure should be 300 psig or the compressor discharge pressure plus 25%,
whichever is greater. The air receiver may be either horizontal or vertical. Usually a
vertical vessel is used to facilitate installation of a demister pad. A vertical vessel
also requires less plot area.
The receiver inlet nozzle should be located at least 30 inches above the bottom
tangent line. The air outlet nozzle is located on the top head. The drain nozzle is
located on the bottom head. Because vertical types are commonly used, the vessel
support is usually a skirt (pulsations from the compressor tend to weaken any other
type of support). See Figure 500-14 for the recommended size of receivers.

Skid
The skid for the instrument/utility/starting air systems should be designed to contain
and support the system during installation and operation. Design guidance is avail-
able in the Civil and Structural Manual or in Offshore DP1.01-1, Skids and Base
Plates. See Figure 500-15 for air compressor skid space parameters and
Figure 500-16 for air compressor skid weight versus capacity.

Fig. 500-14 Data for Selection of Air Receiver(1)

ASME Std. ASME Std. Calculated Compressor Capacity, CFM(2)
ID, Length, ASME Std. Receiver
(3) (4)
Inches Feet Volume, Cu. Ft.
14 4 35 18 4.5
18 6 85 43 11
24 6 150 75 19
30 7 260 130 34

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Fig. 500-14 Data for Selection of Air Receiver(1)

ASME Std. ASME Std. Calculated Compressor Capacity, CFM(2)
ID, Length, ASME Std. Receiver
(3) (4)
Inches Feet Volume, Cu. Ft.
36 8 450 225 57
42 10 750 357 96
48 12 1200 600 151
54 14 1750 875 223
60 16 2500 1250 314
66 18 3400 1700 428

(1) Minimum Based on One Minute at Actual Compressor Capacity and 100 psig System
(2) CFM of Free Air at Compressor Inlet
(3) For Constant-Speed Regulation
(4) For Automatic Start and Stop Service

Fig. 500-15 Space Parameters for Air Compressor Skids

Capacity Dimensions (ft)
(1)
Each Compressor a b c
185 SCFM 7.6 15.2 10.0
200 SCFM 10 14
370 SCFM 10 20
615 SCFM 12 24 12.7
405 SCFM 10 20 8.0
470 SCFM 8.6 17.1 10.0
680 SCFM 9.0 18.1 10.0
995 SCFM 10.7 26.7
t

(1) Each skid has two 100% compressors, dryers, and receivers

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Fig. 500-16 Air Compressor Skid Weight Versus Capacity

540 Design Parameters

541 Instrument Air System Requirements

Unless operating conditions are preset, each instrument air compressor should
deliver not less than 50 SCFM at 125 psig. The dew point depression should be a
minimum of 50°F. The maximum particle size should be 3 µm, and the oil content
should be less than 1 ppm.
Instrument air must be oil-free and dry to operate instruments and actuate valves on
a continuous basis. It is consumed by instruments, regenerative air dryers, and
sometimes by an air blanket on a potable water surge tank.
The following data should be used to design and specify instrument air units and
are summarized in Figures 500-17 and 500-18:
• Maximum entrained particle size that will avoid plugging and wear/erosion of
air passages and orifices—usually 3 µm—based on operating experience and
manufacturer’s recommendations
• Maximum allowable oil content that will avoid instrument malfunction due to
clogging and wear of the components (usually one part per million)

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• Maximum allowable moisture content at which instruments will function satis-

factorily
• Required dew point value in degrees Fahrenheit, at discharge pressure

Fig. 500-17 Recommended Instrument Air System Parameters

Minimum Maximum
Relative Humidity Site Dependent(1) Site Dependent(1)
Flow Rate 50 SCFM —
Pressure — 125 psig
Outdoor Dew Point (at line pres- 18°F below minimum ambient 18°F below minimum ambient
sure) temperature temperature
Indoor Dew Point (at line pressure) 18°F below minimum temperature 35°F
(1) If better data not available, assume saturated and salt-laden at maximum temperature.

Fig. 500-18 Instrument Air Quality Parameters

Item Maximum Minimum
Particle Size 3 µm —
Oil Content 1 ppm —
Gas Components:
O2 21% 21%
N2 78% 78%
CO2 1.5% —
H2 None
Hydrocarbon None
Toxics None
H2S None

542 Utility/Starting Air System Requirements

Each utility/starting air compressor should be capable of delivering not less than 75
SCFM at 250 psig. For small facilities and platforms, smaller compressors may be
substituted, but for large facilities and platforms, this compressor size should be
used as a minimum. Optional standby equipment may be provided.
Note The following provides parameters for utility/ starting air, a conventional
combination. For design of separate utility and starting air systems, however, see
subsection entitled Calculations.
The following data should be known to design and specify utility/starting air units.
Figure 500-19 summarizes the requirements for utility air. Figures 500-20 and
500-21 summarize the requirements for starting air. If starting air is required and

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Fig. 500-19 Utility Air Quality Parameters

Item Maximum Minimum
Pressure 250 psig 125 psig
Particle Size 3 µm —
Oil Content 1 ppm —
Gas Components:
O2 21% 21%
N2 78% 78%
CO2 1.5% —
H2 None
Hydrocarbon None
Toxics None
H2S None

Fig. 500-20 Turbine Alternator Starting Air Requirements (Typical)

Turbine Alter- Air Req'd Per Minimum
nator OSP Rating Peak Air Flow Start, Air Pressure,
(MW) Vendor and Model Rate, SCFM SCF PSIG
0.8 Solar Saturn 850 650 160
1.2 Ruston TA-1750 650 350 110
1.6 Ruston TA-2500 1000 1200 175
2.5 Solar Centaur 2400 2000 160
3.3 Ruston TB-5000 2000 2500 250
6.2 Solar Mars 5200 5000 370
10.0 GE Frame 3 N/A N/A N/A
13.3 Avon 1535 1300 2100 190
19.0 GE LM-2500 3150 2350 40
23.8 RB-211 N/A N/A N/A
Note Consult manufacturer data for current requirements. These values are stated as typicals only.

only diesel drivers are to be started, it is common to use the starting air from the
utility air supply.
• Maximum and minimum allowable air delivery pressure in psig. (The rotating
equipment manufacturer will state required starting air pressure and rate.)
• Maximum relative humidity at platform location (If better data is not available,
assume saturated and salt-laden if near salt water at maximum ambient temper-
ature.)

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Fig. 500-21 Starting Air Compressor Parameters for Common Turbine Alternators
Maximum
Operating Rated Approx.
Turbine Pressure, Capacity, Driver, Approx. Approx. Skid
Alternator PSIG SCFM HP Weight, KIPS Size, L×W, FT
Solar Saturn 250 75 30 4 10 × 4
Ruston TA-1750 250 75 30 4 10 × 4
Ruston TA-2500 250 75 30 4 10 × 4
Solar Centaur 400 200 80 6 9×5
Ruston TB-5000 400 200 80 6 9×5
Solar Mars(1) 500 200 100 7 9×5
Avon 1535 400 125 50 5 10 × 4
GE LM-2500 250 200 100 6 9×5
Note Consult manufacturer data for current requirements. These values are stated as typicals only.

(1) Two compressors of the tabulated sizes and weights are required for Solar Mars turbine alternator.

• Maximum and minimum ambient temperature in degrees Fahrenheit

• Flow rate in SCFM (Note that a principal use of utility air is for pneumatic
tools; for starter air, diesel drivers. However, if large engines or turbines are in
use, a separate compressor system for starting air is often required.)

Prerequisites
The designer should be familiar with the applicable design practices and specifica-
tions that are commonly used by his organization for purchasing or constructing
compressors, skids, pressure vessels, electrical equipment, instrumentation, and
piping.
References are listed at the end of this section.
The designer should acquaint himself with the following details concerning his
facility:
• Space and weight limitations (especially on platforms)
• Classified (hazardous) areas, so as to locate the air system in a nonhazardous
area
• Overall equipment layout to determine if multiple receivers are required
• Required maximum starting air flow rate and pressure (obtain from the
machinery vendors)
• Time limit of reserve air capacity after compressor failure (Unless better data is
available, use the instrument demand for 20 minutes for continuously moni-
tored facilities. For unmanned facilities, greater reserve is needed. Verify
requirements.)

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• Maximum allowable moisture content at which instruments will function satis-

factorily. Note that instruments located at the end of downhill runs, or in liquid
traps, may be damaged by accumulated condensation, even if moisture content
in the air is low.
• Required dewpoint value in degrees Fahrenheit, at discharge pressure, psig.
(Remember to take warm weather conditions into account. It may be difficult
to chill air to the dew point.)
The following outlines the various considerations in equipment selection.
1. Determine air requirements
2. Determine if one system will handle all air required
3. Size compressors
4. Select compressor driver
5. Select aftercooler
6. Select filters
7. Select dryers
8. Determine number of receivers
9. Size receivers
10. Size skid

543 Calculations
To design an instrument/utility air compression system, the following factors must
be calculated:
• Air consumption
• Ratio per stage
• Driver horsepower
• Size of receivers
An allowance must be made for moisture in the air when calculating compressor
horsepower because the moisture requires an increase in compressor horsepower.
The moisture should be considered as another component in the mixture. Moisture
in air affects the molecular weight, specific gravity, density, gas constant (R),
specific heat ratio (K), and the polytropic exponent (n). The polytropic head for a
given pressure rise is altered and inlet volumes must be corrected.
As a rule-of-thumb, if the air compressor is less than 10 horsepower and the
discharge pressure is less than 100 psig, it is usually single stage. Many air compres-
sion problems involve conditions beyond the practical capability of a single
compression stage. If the discharge temperature is above 300°F or the discharge
pressure is above 100 psig, a two stage compressor should be specified. When

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using a multistage compressor, the air is always cooled between stages to reduce
the temperature and volume entering the subsequent stage.
For a detailed discussion on calculating the compressor horsepower, the reader
should refer to the Compressor Manual.
To specify compressor drivers refer to the Driver Manual. A quick method for
approximating the horsepower for reciprocating compressors is included herein,
using the simple equation from the Engineering Data Book, Gas Processors
Suppliers Association.

Step 1. Define parameters and prerequisites previously described.

Determine the design parameters and other site constraints as discussed in
Section 540 and Sub-section 542.

Step 2. Determine the air consumption in standard cubic feet per minute
(SCFM).
In calculating instrument air consumption, a table such as the following should be
established.

Air Used by Each

Item Type (SCFM) # of Items Totals (SCFM)

Subtotal
Contingency 20%
Total Air Consumption________

The air consumption rate of each item can be obtained from the manufacturer. The
tabulation of the air consumed is a simple process if it is done after the mechanical
flow sheets are completed. If not, the design basis must be partially assumed.
However, when the flow sheets are complete, a final check must be made. Refer to
the previous discussions for general sizing guidelines. In estimating instrument air
demand, the following consumption rates can be used as a guide:
• 1.35 SCFM for each panel mounted small case controller
• 0.65 SCFM for each field transmitter, controller, and manual loading station
• 1.00 SCFM for each valve positioner or transducer using under 40 psig air
• 2.00 SCFM for each valve positioner or transducer using over 40 psig air
Control valves are not counted separately because the air used to actuate them does
not continuously bleed. Also, the applicable dryer purge air must be added to the
total system consumption.
The usual air consumption contingency for the instrument air system is 20%: 10%
for future addition and 10% for losses and leaks. The compressor itself should be
oversized by a final 10 to 20% to avoid overload operation, but these contingencies

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should be examined for cost worthiness. It is easy to over invest in the instrument
air system.
In calculating utility air demand, a table similar to the one shown above should be
established. See Figure 500-22 for utility air loads.

Fig. 500-22 Utility Air Services and Loads

Estimated Use, SCFM Duration/Frequency
Helicopter Refueling 50 30 min/month
Air Hoist (33 Kips) 520 10 min/month
Air Hoist (11 Kips) 420 10 min/month
Air Hoist (8 Kips) 380 10 min/month
Air Hoist (2 Kips) 230 20 min/month
Grinder or Other Air Tool 56 6 hr/day
Sand Blasting 178 4 hr/day
Heat Medium Heater Diesel Fuel 5/MMBTU/hr Startup Only
Atomizing Air
Drilling Oil Mud 30/MBOPD 6 hrs/3 weeks
Flare Ignitor — Startup Only
Drill Rig Barites Transfer 1000 to 1500 2 to 4 hrs/week

Step 3. Determine the number of compression stages.

Situations requiring compressor discharge pressures of less than 100 psig could be
satisfied with a single-stage compressor. Because these pressures are usually not
encountered in instrument/utility air services, two-stage compressors should be
used.

Step 4. Calculate compression ratio.

Compression ratio (rt) is the ratio of the absolute discharge to the absolute intake
pressure. It usually applies to a single stage of compression, but may be applied to
the several stages of a multistage compressor as well.

r t = Pd / Pi
(Eq. 500-3)
where:
rt = Total compression ratio
Pd = Discharge pressure, psia
Pi = Inlet pressure, psia

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Step 5. Calculate the ratio/stage.

r = s rt
(Eq. 500-4)
where:
r = Ratio/stage
s = Number of compression stages
rt = Total compression ratio
For single-stage compressors, the ratio/stage varies from 7.8 to 9.5. For two-stage
compressors, the ratio/stage typically varies from 3 to 5.

Step 6. Calculate the brake horsepower.

The brake horsepower can be calculated from the following equation taken from the
Engineering Data Book or from Figure 500-23.

BHP = (22 bhp)(r)(s)(MMCFD)(F)

(Eq. 500-5)
where:
MMCFD = Compressor capacity referenced at 14.7 psia and inlet temperature
F = An allowance for interstage pressure drop
= 1.0 for single-stage compression
= 1.08 for two-stage compression
= 1.10 for three-stage compression
s = Number of compression stages
r = ratio/stage, calculated in STEP 5
Equation 500-5 provides estimated compressor horsepower requirements. If a
detailed design is desired, obtain the ratio of specific heats, polytropic exponent,
and specific gas constant from Figures 500-1, 500-24, and 500-25. With this infor-
mation and the procedures outlined in the Compressor Manual, Section 100, a
detailed compressor analysis can be performed.

Step 7. Size the receiver.

Instrument/utility air receivers are sized to supply air above a minimum pressure to
the system for a given time interval. Determine the time the receiver should be able
to supply system demand, without makeup. The proposed end user should be
consulted. If they do not have a set time limit, 20 minutes is usually used.
Calculate the required receiver volume from the following equation:

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Fig. 500-23 Compressor Brake Horsepower (From Compressed Air & Gas Data ed. by A. W. Loomis  1982 by Inger-
soll-Rand. Courtesy of Dresser-Rand)

V = (14.7)(t)(SCFM)/(P1 − P2)
(Eq. 500-6)
where:
V = Volume of the receiver, ft3
t = Time in minutes
SCFM = Normal air consumption, standard cubic feet per minute
P1 = Upper set pressure of utility air pressure controller, when sizing
the utility air receiver and utility air system backpressure valve
setting when sizing the instrument air receiver, psig
P2 = Lowest pressure at which system will operate, psig (pressure at
which the emergency air cuts in; usually 100 psi)
Another method to size receivers is to use a nomograph like the one in
Figure 500-26.

Step 8. Starting air receivers are sized for minimum air volumes.
Ascertain the number of start attempts for the largest piece of equipment. If the
number is not predetermined, three start attempts are usually used. The receiver
will be sized on this air volume.

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Fig. 500-24 Properties of Air-Water Vapor Mixture (From Compressed Air & Gas Data ed. by A. W. Loomis  1982 by
Ingersoll-Rand. Courtesy of Dresser-Rand)

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Fig. 500-25 Specific and Relative Humidity Charts

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Fig. 500-26 Air Receiver Capacity

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Calculate required receiver volume from the following equation:

V = 14.7 Vr/(P1 - P2)

(Eq. 500-7)
where:
V = Volume of receiver, ft3
Vr = Volume of starting air required for a selected number of starts,
SCF
P1 = Initial pressure in receiver, psig
P2 = Initial allowable starting air pressure, psig, plus 10 psig. (The 10
psig is added to account for line losses.)

544 Checklist
Figure 500-27 is a checklist of the design of instrument/utility air compression
systems. Certain items are presented here because experience has indicated that
they may be overlooked.

Fig. 500-27 Checklist of Design Instrument/Utility Air Compression Systems

Compressors Yes No
• Have compressors been sized to meet required air pressure and consumption rate,
including all needs (instrument/utility and starting air)?
• Have the compressor drivers been specified?
• Have the interstage and aftercoolers been specified?
• Has a nonlubricated compressor been specified for the instrument air system?
Receivers
• Have all the receivers been sized to meet anticipated air requirements?
• If the utility air is taken from the instrument air system, has a backpressure control
valve been included?
Dryer
• Has the dryer purge air been added to find the total required instrument air?
• Has the dryer been sized in relation to the maximum ambient temperature/maximum
relative humidity, minimum ambient temperature to prevent downstream freezing, and
maximum allowable moisture content of the instrument air?
Filters
• Has a dry filter been specified for the air intake on nonlubricated compressors?

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545 Example Calculations

Assume the instrument/utility air system is as pictured in Figure 500-6, but with the
starting air being taken off the utility air header.

Step 1. Define parameters and prerequisites.

• Instrument air discharge—150 psig
• Utility air discharge—250 psig
• Utility air system backpressure valve setting—150 psig
• Minimum allowable starting pressure—160 psig

Step 2. Determine the air consumption.

For Instrument Air. Because this is a general example, assume the mechanical
flow sheets have not been completed. The values listed in Section 543, Calculation
STEP 2, will be used. The worksheet is as shown in Figure 500-28.

Fig. 500-28 Instrument Air Consumption Data Worksheet

Air Used by Each, Totals,
Item SCFM Number of Items SCFM
Field controller 0.65 34 22.0
L.P. valve positioner 1.0 34 34.0
Subtotal 56.0
Contingency 20% 11.2
Total 67.2
Therefore, use a 100 SCFM instrument air compressor.

For Utility Air. The values listed in Section 543, Calculation STEP 2 and in
Figure 500-22, “Utility Air Services and Loads,” will be used. The worksheet is as
shown in Figure 500-29.
For Starting Air. Assume the largest piece of equipment on the platform is a 0.8
MW gas turbine/generator requiring 650 SCF of air to start and capacity for three
start attempts.
Starting air required (650 ft3) (3) = 1950 ft3 at 160 psig.

Step 3. Determine the number of compression stages.

Because the instrument air discharge pressure is the smallest and is still above 100
psig, two-stage compressors should be used.

Step 4. Calculate overall compression ratio from Equation 500-3.

rt = Pd/Pi

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Fig. 500-29 Utility Air Consumption Data Worksheet

Air Used by Each, Number Totals,
Item SCFM of Items Use Factor SCFM
Tools 56 1 6 hrs/day 56.0
Helicopter 50 1 30 min/mo.(1) (—)
Refueling
Air hoist (2 kip) 230 1 20 min/mo.(1) (—)
Subtotal 56.0
Contingency 20% 11.2
Total 67.2
Therefore, use a utility air compressor sized for 100 SCFM.
(1) Because the estimated duration and frequency of helicopter refueling and air hoist usage is slight, using those values to size the
compressor is impractical. The 20% contingency is sufficient to offset helicopter refueling and air hoist usage.

For Instrument Air:

rt = (164.7)/(14.7)
rt = 11
For Utility Air:
rt = (264.7)/(14.7)
rt = 18

Step 5. Calculate the ratio/stage from Equation 500-4.

r = s rt
For Instrument Air, two stages:
r = 11
= 3.3
For Utility Air, two stages:
r = 18
= 4.2

Step 6. Calculate the brake horsepower from Equation 500-5.

Brake horsepower = (22bhp)(ratio/stage)(stages)(MMCFD)(F)

For instrument air:

Brake horsepower = (22)(3.3)(2)(0.144)(1.08)
= 22.6 HP

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The next largest commonly available motor is 25 HP.

For Utility Air:
Brake horsepower = (22)(4.2)(2)(0.144)(1.08)
= 28.7 HP

The next largest commonly available motor is 30 HP.

These same numbers could have been obtained from the chart in Figure 500-23.
Knowing the discharge pressure, follow its value up until it intersects the “two-
stage-125 BHP and below” line. Then go to the left and read the horsepower.

Step 7. Size instrument/utility air receivers from Equation 500-6.

Size the receivers to supply system demand for twenty minutes after compressor
failure.
V = (14.7)(t)(SCFM)/(P1 - P2)
For Instrument Air, Receiver Volume ss:
V = (14.7)(20)(67)/(150 - 100)
= 394 ft3
Figure 500-30 could also be used to find the required air volume. To use the chart
take ∆P = 50 psi and line it up with 67 SCFM. Draw line (1). Mark the intersecting
point with the pivot line. Align the intersecting point (on the pivot line) with the
time, t, draw line (2) and read 400 ft3 for the receiver volume.
The utility air receiver would be calculated the same way.

Step 8. Calculate the starting air receiver size, from Equation 500-7.

V = (14.7)(Vr)/(P1 - P2)
V = (14.7)(1950)/(258 - 170)
V = 358 ft3

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Fig. 500-30 Power’s Data Sheet (Air Receiver Capacity)

550 Natural Gas Instrument Systems

Pneumatic instrument systems may be run with natural gas. The design of the
system is very little different, except for several considerations that relate to the
flammable nature of the gas. The gas supply may also require some pretreatment
before being used in instruments.

551 When to Use Natural Gas

Natural gas is usually used only in small production facilities such as wellhead and
satellite separators, line heaters, and small batteries. These facilities have an abun-
dance of gas available directly from produced fluids or a pipeline.
You should consider using natural gas in the instrument system when:
• There is no onsite electrical power.
• The volumes required are less than 50 CFM.
• Economics do not allow for an air compressor.
• Operational inaccessibility does not allow for an air compressor.

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The deciding factor is usually a combination of all of the above. For small installa-
tions, natural gas instrument systems are often more reliable and much more cost-
effective.

552 Design Considerations

Natural gas systems are very similar to air systems except that:
• The gas cannot contain H2S.
• Additional filters, regulators, and knockouts may be required. These extra
items are inexpensive.
• Natural gas must not be used in equipment panels, such as for compressors.
The gas supply system must provide clean gas, with no liquids, at the proper pres-
sure:
• A simple 2 ft3 knockout pot will satisfactorily trap most liquids. It should be
equipped with a PSV, block valves, drain, and sight glass or automatic liquid
dump.
• Adequate stepwise pressure reduction is necessary if the gas supply is from a
high-pressure pipeline or separator. Use at least two-stage pressure reduction,
i.e., 1000 psi to 150 psi and 150 psi to 30 psi.
• Final pressure reduction to the usual 15-30 psi instrument band is accom-
plished at each instrument regulator.
• Provide a master block valve at the inlet to a building.
• The instrument system should have:
– A filter regulator (Fisher 67FR or equal) for each instrument
– Small knockout pots in front of important or sensitive instruments
– Needle valves to isolate each instrument
– Instruments designed for low gas consumption
The waste gas in a natural gas system cannot be simply vented from the instruments.
Either:
– Provide a vent header for collection of waste gas.
– Terminate the header 3 feet above the building eave.
Or:
– Use tubing to vent each instrument out through the building wall.
In facilities with other shutdown systems, consider providing an ESD valve for the
instrument gas supply, tied into the shutdowns for the equipment.

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560 References
Note Unless otherwise stated, reference is to the latest published edition of the
publication listed.
Evans, Jr., Frank L., Equipment Design Handbook for Refineries and Chemical
Plants, Second Edition, 1979.
Ingersoll-Rand Co., Compressed Air and Gas Data.
American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L Street, N.W. Washington, D.C.
20005
STD 618 Reciprocating Compressors for General Refinery Services
from GS5.02-1
STD 661 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Services
STD 680 Packaged Reciprocating Plant and Instrument Air Compres-
sors for General Refinery Services

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race St., Philadel-
phia, PA 19103
Pressure Vessels, Section VIII
Gas Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA)
Engineering Data Book
Instrument Society of America (ISA)
ISA-S7.3 Quality Standard for Instrument Air
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
MG-1 Motors and Generators
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA)
Heat Exchangers, Class C

May 1996 500-40 Chevron Corporation