[url=https://fd.lsgov.us/forum/viewtopic.php?

p=521316#p521316]Subject: Basic Life Support[/url]

[quote=LSFD post_id=521316 time=1578965647 user_id=21413]

[justify][divbox=white][center][img]https://i.imgur.com/YTr235E.png[/img]

[color=#800000][b]SERVING WITH COURAGE, INTEGRITY AND PRIDE[/b][/color][/center]

[hr][/hr][size=115][font=arialblack][center][b]1. GENERAL PROCEDURE[/b][/center][/font][/size][hr][/hr]

[size=120]1.1[/size] [size=110][b]Upon Arrival[/b][/size][list=none]All situations to which you respond or

are dispatched to are dynamic entities - they are ever-changing, and so you need to be adaptable. When
approaching the scene in an ambulance, be mindful of where you park - DO NOT roll up adjacent to the
patient. If law enforcement are on-scene, they will define the borders/perimeters and advise you where
best to stage.

[size=120]1.1.1[/size] [size=110][b]Body Substance Isolation (BSI)[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list]

[*]Always wear medical gloves.

[*]If possibility of fluids such as blood to your eyes, wear eye protection.

[*]Surgical mask as precaution in cases of different illnesses known.

[/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]1.1.2[/size] [size=110][b]Scene Safety[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list]

[*]Do not enter an unstable crash scene until fire support arrives.

[*]Limit traffic by the use of cones or other traffic control.

[*]Park correctly, do not park in the middle of the road if scene is not in the middle of the road, park
straight and do not block lanes that don't need blocking.

[*]Your safety comes first, do not enter crime scenes unless told otherwise by PD/SD.

[*]Exercise caution when arriving on scene of a drug abuser (syringes, etc).

[*]Control the scene by asking for room, request PD/SD if request is ignored.

[*]Maintain an escape route, if a scene turns dangerous, then leave.

[/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]1.1.3[/size] [size=110][b]Mechanism of Injury[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list]

[*]Index of suspicion, how severe the injury is.

[*]High index of suspicion includes: falls, crashes/collisions, explosions, violence, burns.

[*]Check for signs and symptoms by looking and speaking to the patient.

[/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]1.1.4[/size] [size=110][b]Number of patients[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list]

[*]Upon arrival, estimate the number of patients involved.

[*]If the number is more than the unit can handle, request backup (most vehicles can carry two patients)
and proceed with triage.

[*]If the number is more than four, call code zero with dispatch sending an MCU to the scene.

[/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]1.1.5[/size] [size=110][b]Triage[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]Triage is an important process on any scene that has more than three casualties and
should be used to ensure that medical personnel are assigned correctly. There are four different
colors/categories when it comes to triage:

[b]TRIAGE CATEGORIES IN ORDER OF PRIORITY:[/b]

[b][color=#FF0000]RED[/color][/b] - IMMEDIATE
The patient requires immediate care to treat life threatening injuries if [u]any one[/u] of the following is
true:

[list]

[*]The patient's respiratory rate is over 30.

[*]The patient was not breathing at first, but began to breathe after a head-tilt-chin-lift.

[*]The patient has a very weak or no radial pulse (pulse in the wrist). This is often due to low blood
pressure from blood loss.

[*]The patient is confused or cannot understand simple commands.[/list]

[b][color=#FFBF00]YELLOW[/color][/b] - DELAYED

[list][*]The patient meets none of the criteria for a black or red tag, but is unable to walk.[/list]

[b][color=#40BF00]GREEN[/color][/b] - MINOR

[list][*]When prompted, the patient is able to walk.[/list]

[b]BLACK[/b] - DECEASED

[list][*]The patient has no respirations, even after a head-tilt-chin-lift. The patient is dead or about to die,
and rescue efforts will be put to better use on other patients.[/list]

It's a very simple procedure to complete, and an ALS unit on arrival to a mass casualty scene must assign
any other EMTs on the scene to prepare for treatment while they begin the triage. The EMTs will then be
able to ensure they see to the most life threatening incidents first.

[b]How to:[/b]

[list=none]

[b]1.[/b] Assess and diagnose the patient using the DR CAB procedure to determine the patient's priority.

[b]2.[/b] Tag the patient by hanging a tag card on an appropriate limb (neck, arm) ensuring that you
reassure them of what is currently happening. If a triage area has been setup, ensure to direct them over
to the area.
[b]3.[/b] Move to the next casualty and repeat the process.[/list]

[spoiler][center][img]https://chemm.nlm.nih.gov/chemmimages/StartAdultTriageAlgorithm.gif[/img]
[/center][/spoiler][/list]

[/spoiler]

[size=120]1.1.6[/size] [size=110][b]Additional Resources[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list]

[*]Call for backup from another ambulance if you cannot handle the amount of patients on scene.

[*]Advise PD/SD in case of traffic/violence/other danger.

[*]Request Hazmat for hazardous materials, Engine/Ladder for fires or trapped victims.[/list][/list]
[/spoiler][size=120]1.2[/size] [size=110][b]Initial Assessment, [color=#FF8000]DR ABC / DR CAB[/color]
Scheme[/b][/size][list=none]

Having completed your size-up, you are now ready to engage the patient fully. The initial assessment is
your means of establishing the need for CPR, and also how to begin rendering aid. 'DR CAB' and 'DR ABC'
are both a basic, widely practiced and effective means of quickly determining how to render first aid,
especially for unconscious/unresponsive patients, in the form of a helpful mnemonic. Within Los Santos
both methods are approved for use and it is up to the medics personal preference or judgement call of
which to use. Within this guide the order is set out as DR ABC, this does not mean it is the preferred
method, both are equally preferred.

[b]NOTE: If major bleeding is present, once any vitals are established please move onto section 2 for
handling bleeding before proceeding with the rest of the initial assessment. For example, if [/b]

[size=120]1.2.1[/size] [size=110][b][color=#FF8000]D[/color]anger[/b][/size][spoiler][list=none]Reassure
the [b]safety[/b] of the scene - check for any dangers such as syringes, active traffic and exposure to
traffic, crime scenes, crowded areas. Make sure that you advise PD/SD for assistance by requesting that
from dispatch or directly contacting them by the departmental radio.[/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]1.2.2[/size] [size=110][b][color=#FF8000]R[/color]esponse[/b][/size][spoiler][list=none]Check if
the patient is responsive, try to call him by his name if you know it, and if not, simply say 'Sir, can you
hear me?'. If no verbal response present, pinch the trapezous muscle or perform a sternum-rub. The
level of consciousness (LOC) is measured using the AVPU scale.
[list]

[*][b]A[/b] - Alert (Patient is fully responsive)

[*][b]V[/b] - Verbal Stimuli (Patient is responsive to verbal stimuli)

[*][b]P[/b] - Pain Stimuli (Patient is responsive to pain)

[*][b]U[/b] - Unresponsive (Patient is unresponsive)

[/list]

[b]NOTE: If patient is ALERT, you do NOT need to continue with the initial assessment of ABC or CAB.
Speak to the patient to determine a correct diagnosis and treatment required. If you feel it is necessary
to check vitals due to the diagnosis, proceed to do so.[/b][/list]

[/spoiler]

[size=120]1.2.3[/size] [size=110][b][color=#FF8000]A[/color]irway[/b][/size][spoiler][list=none]An
unconscious patient means they have no control over their muscles, this includes the tongue. When a
patient is laid on their back the chance of their tongue blocking the airways is increased significantly.
Additional to this, a patients airways could be blocked by other material such as blood, vomit and food.
To check the airways there are two techniques, head tilt and jaw-thrust, one of these must always be
performed on an unconscious patient. Both are explained further below:

[list=none][b]Head Tilt[/b]

This is the primary method of opening an airway and should be used in most cases unless spinal/head
injuries are suspected or present. To perform a head tilt, first place one hand on the patient's forehead
and one under their chin. Gently apply pressure to tilt their head back to allow the airways to open so
that you may see them clearly.

[b]Jaw-Thrust[/b]

This is an alternative to the Head Tilt and should be use when spinal/head injuries are suspected. To
perform a Jaw-Thrust, position yourself on your knees behind the top of the patients head. Place your
fingers behind the angles of the patients lower jaw and then move the jaw upwards while you use your
thumb to gently open the mouth. This will open the jaw without extending the neck.

[b]Recovery Position[/b]
If a person is unconscious but is breathing and has no other life-threatening conditions, they should be
placed in the recovery position. Putting someone in the recovery position will keep their airway clear and
open. It also ensures that any vomit or fluid won't cause them to choke. To perform recovery position
correctly, the following must be done;

[list=none][b]1.[/b] Kneel on the floor at the patients' side.

[b]2.[/b] Place the arm nearest you at a right angle to their body with their hand upwards, towards the
head.

[b]3.[/b] Tuck their other hand under the side of their head, so that the back of their hand is touching
their cheek.

[b]4.[/b] Bend the knee farthest from you to a right angle.

[b]5.[/b] Carefully roll the person onto their side by pulling on the bent knee.

[b]6.[/b] The top arm should be supporting the head and the bottom arm will stop you rolling them too
far.

[b]7.[/b] Open their airway by gently tilting their head back and lifting their chin, and check that nothing
is blocking their airway.[/list]

[altspoiler=HOW TO PERFORM RECOVERY POSITION.][center]https://youtu.be/Py6i884c9JE[/center]

[/altspoiler][/list]

If the patient's airways aren't clear or the patient is struggling to maintain the airway themselves,
consider contacting ALS support to be able to assist with further techniques to establish an airway. If no
ALS is available, transport as soon as possible.[/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]1.2.4[/size] [size=110][b][color=#FF8000]B[/color]reathing[/b][/size][spoiler][list=none]Look,
listen and feel for breathing. How are their breath sounds? Is their breathing labored, shallow, deep?
Consider the need for oxygen. This can be checked by lowering your cheek to the patients mouth as you
listen, hear and watch the chest for breathing. You can also use the stethoscope found in your BLS kit.
The normal breathing rate is between 12-18 breaths per minute in an adult, if you hear wheezing or the
chest is not moving symmetrically, consider the possibility that the airway is blocked by something.[/list]
[/spoiler]

[size=120]1.2.5[/size] [size=110][b][color=#FF8000]C[/color]irculation[/b][/size][spoiler][list=none]First
locate and control any bleeding, palpate and evaluate a pulse (find a central and peripheral pulse, then
compare them) and evaluate the patient's skin for color (pale, cyanotic, flushed, normal) temperature
(cool, warm, hot, normal) and condition (dry, moist, diaphoretic, normal). The pulse can be found at the
radial artery (back of the wrist), brachial artery (one and half inch above the crease on the inside of the
elbow) or the carotid artery (side of the trachea) by placing your middle and index finger over the artery.

[b]Normal values for pulse rate:[/b]

[list][*][b]Newborn[/b] 100-150

[*][b]Infants[/b] 80-120

[*][b]Adults[/b] 60-100

[*][b]Athletic Adults[/b] 40-60[/list][/list][/spoiler][/list]

[size=120]1.3[/size] [size=110][b]Palpation[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]Palpation is the most basic diagnostic technique which is used for physical
examination to assess the texture of the patient's tissue, to locate particular anatomical landmarks
(finding a specific rib), and to generally receive information using the technique by looking at the
patient's response such as pain or irritation.

[list]

[*]Place your fingers one on top of another on the body part.

[*]Gently palpate in the area until you find the needed information (swelling, pain response, etc'.)[/list]
[/spoiler]

[hr][/hr][size=115][font=arialblack][center][b]2. WOUND TREATMENT[/b][/center][/font][/size][hr][/hr]

[size=120]2.1[/size] [size=110][b]Bleeding[/b][/size][spoiler][list=none]It is imperative that you stop

bleeding [b]as soon as possible[/b]. Larger wounds such as [b]gun shots wounds[/b] and [b]knife
slashes[/b] often bleed badly. When treating bleeding, or [b]hemorrhage[/b], [u]never[/u] remove
objects like glass, bullets or other fragmentation's, etc. Bandage [b]AROUND[/b] them as they may be
trapping a blood vessel and more damage could be sustained when removing or attempting to remove
them.
[b]When controlling the bleeding there are three main steps shown below as DPT (Dressing, Pressure,
Tourniquet).[/b]

[size=110][b][color=#FF0000]D[/color]ressing[/b][/size]

[list=none][b]1.[/b] Take the trauma dressing from your BLS kit.

[b]2.[/b] Use trauma scissors to cut any clothing from around the wound and expose it.

[b]3.[/b] Apply the dressing directly over the wound.

[/list]

[size=110][b][color=#FF0000]P[/color]ressure[/b][/size]

[list=none]

[b]4.[/b] Apply direct pressure onto the dressing that is covering the wound for several moments.

[b]5.[/b] If bleeding continues and seeps through the dressing, apply a new dressing [b]over[/b] the last
one and continue to apply direct pressure.[/list]

[size=110][b][color=#FF0000]T[/color]ourniquet[/b][/size]

[list=none][b]6.[/b] If severe bleeding still persists, use a tourniquet by placing it just above the site of
injury and tightening as required.[/list]

Once the bleeding has slowed or stopped, apply any further medical procedures that may be required
(other injuries, breathing help etc). Then proceed to use correct apparatus to transport the patient to the
nearest hospital. If partnered, ensure one medic within your unit is continuously applying pressure to the
wound.

[altspoiler=TRAUMA DRESSING][center][img]http://i.imgur.com/xLM41mm.png[/img][/center]
[/altspoiler]

[altspoiler=TOURNIQUET][center][img]http://i.imgur.com/6y1XfHL.jpg[/img][/altspoiler][/center][/list]
[/spoiler]
[size=120]2.2[/size] [size=110][b]Wound Cleaning[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]Cleaning an open wound should occur on all minor wounds on-scene and before
dressing the wound. However major wounds should only been cleaned if risk of infection is high due to
the urgency needed to treat the bleeding. To clean an open wound, follow the steps below:

[list=none]

[b]1.[/b] Take out a small bottle of saline solution from your BLS bag, emptying the contents of it onto a
cotton pad.

[b]2.[/b] Slowly and carefully wipe over the wound, if the patient is conscious warn them that it may
sting or cause them a great deal of discomfort.

[b]3.[/b] Once you have cleaned the wound, move onto dressing it correctly.[/list][/list][/spoiler]

[hr][/hr][size=115][font=arialblack][center][b]3. BONE FRACTURES[/b][/center][/font][/size][hr][/hr]

Bone Fracture occurs when there is a break in the sequence of the bone. Usually a fracture is
accompanied by medium to severe pain in the fracture area. A bone fracture is usually caused by high
impact or stress to the bone.

[b]There are two types of bone fractures:[/b]

[color=#008000][b]Closed/Simple Fracture[/b][/color] - The skin is intact, the bone is underneath the

skin.

[color=#FF0000][b]Open/Compound Fracture[/b][/color] - Bone is broken through the skin, and exposed

to possible infection.

[size=120]3.1[/size] [size=110][b]Compound Fractures[/b][/size][spoiler][list=none]If the patient has a

compound fracture, you must immediately control the bleeding as the highest priority before turning
your attention to the bone itself. To control a compound fracture bleeding, you put two gauze rolls on
either sides of the protruding bone. Afterwards you roll gauze or bandage over the two gauze rolls,
applying pressure onto either sides of the bone instead of directly onto the bone. Make sure to transport
patients with compound fractures as soon as possible, as the chance of infection is very high.
[altspoiler=COMPOUND FRACTURE][center][img]http://i.imgur.com/qkR1AYa.jpg[/img][/center]
[/altspoiler][/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]3.2[/size] [size=110][b]Vacuum Splint[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]The vacuum splint has been shown to be a simple, safe and effective method of
emergency splinting of fractured extremities. There are 3 separate unique splints (Ankle/Foot Splint ,
Lower Limb Splint & Arm Splint) available in a carry case within your ambulance. It is important that you
treat any bleeding on the extremity before applying the splint as well as returning it to it's original
position if possible. Never apply the splint with the arm fully straight, make sure that there is a bend in
the arm.

[altspoiler=VACUUM SPLINT][center][img]https://i.imgur.com/TRsSW62.jpg[/img][/center][/altspoiler]

[b]Used for:[/b] Ankle, foot, arm and leg fractures.

[b]How to:[/b]

[list=none]

[b]1.[/b] Collect the splint from the carrier which is located inside your ambulance.

[b]2.[/b] Open the valve by pulling the tube.

[b]3.[/b] Manually distribute the beads throughout the splint.

[b]4.[/b] Slide the splint under the fractured area, and secure the straps so one strap is above the
fracture site, and one strap is below.

[b]5.[/b] Simply manipulate the beads and adjust air into the splint with a pump if not fitted correctly.
[/list][/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]3.3[/size] [size=110][b]Traction Splint[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]If you suspect a person to have fractured their femur (bone above the knee), a
Traction Splint should be used immediately to immobilize the leg, preventing further damage. In case of
a break to the lower leg (tibia/fibula) then a vacuum splint should be used instead.
[altspoiler=TRACTION SPLINT][center][img]https://i.imgur.com/CcZP24G.jpg[/img][/center][/altspoiler]
[/spoiler]

[size=120]3.4[/size] [size=110][b]Triangular Bandage[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]A triangular bandage is used to diagonally support the arm and prevent further injury.
The reason that the arm is elevated diagonally is to control the bleeding, should there be any and to
prevent possible swelling. Triangular bandages can be found in your BLS kit.

[altspoiler=TRIANGULAR BANDAGE][center][img]https://i.imgur.com/bqAcjVd.jpg[/img][/center]
[/altspoiler]

[b]Used for:[/b] Suspected arm fracture

[b]How to:[/b]

[list=none]

[b]1.[/b] Take hold of the patient's arm, moving it into a diagonal position.

[b]2.[/b] Move the triangular bandage underneath their arm and around the back of their neck.

[b]3.[/b] Tie both ends of the triangular bandage together behind their neck.[/list][/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]3.5[/size] [size=110][b]The Cervical Splint: X-Collar[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]If the patient is suspected to have cervical (neck) or spinal injuries (been involved in a
car accident is a most often cause), you should never move them unless vital. Before continuing with
further treatment of any injuries you must ensure a X-Collar is placed around the patient's neck.

[altspoiler=X-COLLAR][center][img]https://i.hizliresim.com/z3203Y.jpg[/img][/center][/altspoiler]

[b]Used for:[/b] Suspected neck and spinal injuries.

[b]How to:[/b]

[list=none]
[b]1.[/b] Extend the collar length-wise.

[b]2.[/b] Unfold the Back Support and lock it in place.

[b]3.[/b] Place the X-COLLAR behind the patient’s back, encircling them, and connect the buckle.

[b]4.[/b] The X-COLLAR should be placed as close to the skin as possible. If the patient is lying down and
clothes are not removed, the rescuer should pinch and tighten the clothing close to the device, so the X-
COLLAR slides into the area of the back between the shoulder blades.

[b]5.[/b] Place Chin Support padding directly under the patient’s chin and ensure that the Chin Strap is
placed in front of the chin below the lower lip. Maintain this position to ensure that the collar is placed
squarely on the chin.

[b]6.[/b] Adjust both side straps.

[b]7.[/b] Attach STRAPs.[/list][/list][/spoiler]

[hr][/hr][size=115][font=arialblack][center][b]4. BURNS[/b][/center][/font][/size][hr][/hr]

[size=120]4.1[/size] [size=110][b]Burn Degrees[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]Burns are injuries caused to the skin by any type of heat, electricity, radiation, friction,
light or chemicals. There are numerous types of degree which describe the severity of the burn. Some
burns require hospital treatment whereas others won't. This is on a case to case basis based off the
severity of the burn and size.

[b]First Degree Burn:[/b] Epidermis damaged, appearance redness and dry texture of the skin, mild pain.

[b]Second Degree Burn:[/b] Dermis damaged, red and white appearance, moist texture, severe pain.

[b]Third Degree Burn:[/b] Extends until the hypodermis, stiff and white texture, dry and leathery, no
pain.

[b]Fourth Degree Burn:[/b] Subcontaneous tissue damaged, black appearance, dry texture, no pain.

[altspoiler=BURN DEGREES][center][img]https://i.imgur.com/f2VHQph.jpg[/img][/center][/altspoiler]
[/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]4.2[/size] [size=110][b]Burn Treatment[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]Treatment for any burn depends on the type of burn as well as the coverage. If a burn
covers more than 20%, IV treatment is required and transportation or ILS support should be the medics
first aim.

[b]Before any treatment is started the following steps must be conducted/considered:[/b]

[list=none]

[b]1.[/b] Remove the source of heat from the patient (put out the fire or remove contact from hot liquid,
steam or other materials).

[b]2.[/b] Remove any jewelry, belts or any tight clothing, as burns can swell quickly.

[b]3.[/b] Be aware of the patient going into shock, if this occurs, treat the burn quickly and provide
oxygen.[/list]

[b]First & Second Degree Burns Procedure[/b]

[list=none]

[b]1.[/b] If possible and for small burns, run the burnt area under cool water for 10 to 15 minutes.

[b]2.[/b] Cover loosely with a dry, nonstick bandage securing it in place with medical tape.

[b]3.[/b] If the burn is larger than the size of the patient's hand or 2nd degree, transportation will be
required.

[b]4.[/b] Provide Ibuprofen to the patient to aid with pain relief.[/list]

[b]Third & Forth Degree Burns Procedure[/b]

[list=none]

[b]1.[/b] Cover loosely with a sterile, nonstick bandage securing it in place with medical tape.

[b]2.[/b] Burned toes and finger with dry and sterile dressings. (This is required for feet and hands.)

[b]3.[/b] Prevent shock by laying the patient flat, keeping the patient warm (blanket) and if possible
elevating the burn above heart level.[/list][/list][/spoiler]

[hr][/hr][size=115][font=arialblack][center][b]5. CARDIAC SUPPORT[/b][/center][/font][/size][hr][/hr]

There will come a time when someone has had a cardiac arrest, this can be diagnosed with the patient
meeting the following criteria:

[list]

[*]Unconscious

[*]No breathing

[*]No pulse[/list]

Cardiac arrest is different to an heart attack in that with an heart attack blood is still flowing to the heart
but in an interrupted state. A heart attack can however lead to cardiac arrest if not treated in time. To
treat cardiac arrest, CPR will be used with combination of AED.

[size=120]5.1[/size] [size=110][b]Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)[/b][/size][spoiler][list=none]CPR

is used in order to simulate the heart's action and maintain some brain functions. The heart's aim is to
keep oxygen flowing to the variety of organs in our body, in case it stops working, we need to continue
the flow of oxygen to our body parts, by simulating the action of the heart. This is only to be done on a
patient with no pulse.

[list=none][b]1.[/b] Ensure safety of the scene and check response (verbal+pain). Ask someone to bring
the AED.

[b]2.[/b] Check pulse in the carotid artery which is located in the neck.

[b]3.[/b] If no pulse, perform fast and deep compressions in the [b]sternum[/b], at a rate of at least 100
compressions per minute, 30 compressions.

[b]4.[/b] Check for anything that might block the airway, if there is, roll the patient forward 90 degrees
and remove whatever blocks the airway (vomit for instance). Open the airway using head-tilt chin-lift
maneuver.

[b]5.[/b] Ventilate twice using a BVM.

[b]6.[/b] Continue compressions at a rate of 30:2 (30 compressions, 2 ventilations) - make sure to check
pulse from time to time (ex': after each 2 sets).

[b]7.[/b] If patient vomits in a middle of CPR, clean vomit, check pulse and only then resume
compressions if no pulse.
[b]8.[/b] If pulse exists but no breathing, ventilate once per 5 seconds.

[/list]

[b][color=#FF0000]* You may do hands only (no BVM) if you don't have a partner.[/color][/b]

[b][color=#FF0000]* 'Man breathes, heart beats.' - If someone is breathing, his heart is beating.[/color]
[/b]

[b][color=#FF0000]* Bringing an AED does not come instead of compressions, connecting it, DOES.
[/color][/b]

[b]NOTE:[/b] No Pulse = Perform CPR | Pulse = Do NOT perform CPR.

[altspoiler=CPR demonstration][center][img]http://i.imgur.com/iFMPhQI.jpg[/img][/center][/altspoiler]
[/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]5.2[/size] [size=110][b]Automatic External Defibrillator (AED)[/b][/size][spoiler][list=none]AED

is an advanced machine used as the main medical process in treating sudden cardiac arrest. The AED
machine can be used in the following way:

[list=none]

[b]1.[/b] Collect the AED from the back of your ambulance and place it next to the patient.

[b]2.[/b] Power up the AED.

[b]3.[/b] Place the pads over the patient's chest.

[b]4.[/b] Press ANALYZE.

[b]5.[/b] The electrocardiogram (ECG) on the AED will produce a digital output of the patient’s heart
rhythm.

[b]6.[/b] The AED will tell you if shock is advised. If so shout '"CLEAR" and press SHOCK.

[b]7.[/b] Check the patient’s heart rhythm using the AED.

[b]8.[/b] If the AED does not restore a normal heart rhythm then perform CPR for 2 minutes, repeating
steps from 3 to 8.
[b]9.[/b] If a normal heart rhythm is restored, support the patient’s airway and supplement breathing
and transport ASAP!

[/list]

[/list]

[altspoiler=CARDIAC SUPPORT][center][img]http://i.imgur.com/WkljbpI.jpg[/img][/center][/altspoiler]
[/spoiler]

[hr][/hr][size=115][font=arialblack][center][b]6. OXYGEN ADMINISTRATION[/b][/center][/font][/size][hr]

[/hr]

Oxygen administration is required when a patient's breathing rate has dropped or risen due to
trauma/medical reasons. Oxygen should be administrated on:[list][*] An adult breathing fewer than 12
or more than 20 breaths per minute.

[*] A child breathing fewer than 15 or more than 30 breaths per minute.

[*] An infant breathing fewer than 25 or more than 50 breaths per minute.[/list]

The oxygen mask has about 7ft of supply tubing so must be kept near its supply, whether it be inside the
ambulance, on the stretcher or you carrying it, and can be delivered through a number devices:

[size=120]6.1[/size] [size=110][b]Nasal Cannula (N.C)[/b][/size][spoiler][list=none]The Nasal Cannula is a

narrow plastic tube with two small nozzles which are placed into the patients nostrils. It can comfortably
provide a maximum flow rate of 1-6 L/min. This should be used when a patient is having minor breathing
difficulties or unable to tolerate a mask.

[b]The correct way of using the Nasal Cannula is as follows:[/b]

[list=none]

[b]1.[/b] Choose the right size nasal cannula.

[b]2.[/b] Set the correct oxygen flow.

[b]3.[/b] Ensure oxygen is flowing correctly.

[b]4.[/b] Insert the dual pronged end into the nostrils and place the tubing behind their ears.[/list]

[altspoiler=NASAL CANNULA][center][img]https://i.imgur.com/4ivtGF3.jpg[/img][/center][/altspoiler]
[/spoiler]

[size=120]6.2[/size] [size=110][b]Non-rebreather Mask[/b][/size][spoiler][list=none]The non-rebreather

oxygen mask has side ports that are one-way valves, meaning no room air can enter the mask but
exhaled air is allowed to leave the mask. It can provide a flow rate from 10-15 L./min and should be used
if the [b]patient is unconscious[/b] or [b]majorly deoxygenated[/b].

The correct way of using the non-rebreather mask is as follows:

[list=none][b]1.[/b] Take out the oxygen mask connecting it the oxygen supply tubing.

[b]2.[/b] Fill the reservoir bag with oxygen.

[b]3.[/b] Place the mask over the patients mouth and nose, securing it with the elastic.

[b]4.[/b] Turn the canister on by the valve, allowing the correct amount of oxygen to flow through.[/list]

[altspoiler=NON-REBREATHER MASK][center][img]http://i.imgur.com/DJ5Q88s.jpg[/img][/center]
[/altspoiler]

[/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]6.3[/size] [size=110][b]Bag Valve Mask[/b][/size][spoiler][list=none]A Bag Valve Mask or often

referred to as BVM is a handheld device used to squeeze oxygen into the patient's lungs. Use when the
[b]patient is not breathing[/b] or breathing so inadequately that life cannot be sustained.

The correct way of using a BVM is as follows:

[list=none][b]1.[/b] Take out the BVM from your bag.

[b]2.[/b] Open the patients airway (head-tilt).

[b]3.[/b] Place the mask over the patients mouth and nose, holding down in place

[b]4.[/b] Squeeze the bag at a rate of 10-12 breaths per minute. (For CPR 2 breaths after 30
compression's)[/list]
[altspoiler=BAG VALVE MASK][center][img]https://i.ytimg.com/vi/O3vR8DQW1U0/hqdefault.jpg[/img]
[/center][/altspoiler][/spoiler]

[hr][/hr][size=115][font=arialblack][center][b]7. APPARATUS[/b][/center][/font][/size][hr][/hr]

[size=120]7.1[/size] [size=110][b] Stretcher/Gurney[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]A Gurney is a collapsible stretcher which is used for loading patients and unloading
them easily in and out of the ambulance. Compared to other simple stretchers, increased patient,
operator safety and superior quality is included in this gurney. The model which we use is a battery
powered hydraulic system which raises and lowers the patient easily. The innovative cot system
dramatically reduces risk such as back injury both of the operator and the patient.

[b]Unloading the gurney:[/b]

[list=none]

[b]1.[/b] Press down the red release lever located at the foot end of the system.

[b]2.[/b] Maintain a secure grip on the gurney at all times after pressing down the lever.

[b]3.[/b] The gurney will jog off, that will indicate you that the power-load system supports the way of
the gurney and the patient.

[b]4.[/b] Begin to pull the gurney out until the light on the power-load turns into solid green.

[b]5.[/b] Use the control buttons to control the legs (+ means extend, - means raise).

[b]6.[/b] Once the legs are on the ground, press the red release button to disengage the gurney from the
power-load system.

[b]7.[/b] Lift the loading arms of the power-load and push it back into the ambulance.[/list]

[b]Loading the gurney:[/b]

[list=none]

[b]1.[/b] Wheel the gurney back to the ambulance.

[b]2.[/b] Lift the handles of the power-load and pull the trolley out, then leave the handles.
[b]3.[/b] Aim the gurney at the trolley lifting handles of the power-load system and push forward until
it's in place.

[b]4.[/b] Control the wheels using the panel at the foot end of the gurney, in that case you'll have to
raise them up (push - button).

[b]5.[/b] Push the gurney into the ambulance until it is secured into the power-load system, and ensure it
has been fastened.[/list]

[altspoiler=HOW TO LOAD THE GURNEY][center][youtube]MBONsE4bB8M[/youtube][/center]

[/altspoiler][/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]7.2[/size] [size=110][b] Backboard[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]A backboard (or spine board) should be used in every instance of someone being
immobile (eg. unconscious, incapacitated, physically unable to move) and subsequently lifted by at least
two people to a stretcher. The stretcher itself is a gurney with a medium thickness leather 'mattress'
(covered in blue sheets) on its top, hence the term stretcher-bed. To place the casualty atop of the
backboard, ensure that they are firstly lying down with their arms to their side, legs straight (unless their
injuries don't allow otherwise).

After this, a technique called the [b][u]'log roll'[/u][/b] is to be performed, where the casualty is gently
rolled onto their side and elevated diagonally, and the backboard is slid underneath them. The straps on
either side are buckled to secure them , and then two people lift the casualty to the stretcher-bed.

[altspoiler=BACKBOARD][center][img]https://i.imgur.com/Q06FdJI.jpg[/img][/center][/altspoiler][/list]
[/spoiler]

[hr][/hr][size=115][font=arialblack][center][b]8. PERMITTED MEDICINE[/b][/center][/font][/size][hr][/hr]

There are a few different drugs located within your BLS kit and each one is administered orally. That is,
they are in a liquid, pill, tablet, or capsule form, and you must provide the patient with a bottle of water
so that they can swallow the medication properly.

[size=120]8.1[/size] [size=110][b] Pain Relief[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]

[b]Aspirin[/b]
[b]Use:[/b] Early treatment in heart attacks, helps reduce clot size. Used an an analgesic to relieve minor
aches and pains or to reduce fever.

[b]Dose:[/b] Maximum of 400mg every four hours.

[b]Form:[/b] Oral

[b]Ibuprofen[/b]

[b]Use:[/b] To relieve mild to severe pain.

[b]Dose:[/b] 800mg (Comes in 200mg or 400mg pills)

[b]Form:[/b] Oral[/list][/spoiler]

[size=120]8.2[/size] [size=110][b] Poisoning & Overdose[/b][/size]

[spoiler][list=none]

[b]Activated Charcoal[/b]

[b]Use:[/b] Used for poisoning/overdose due to its ability to absorb poison. (Black liquid). Can also be
used for highly intoxicated consumption but is more than likely able to make them vomit. (Provide a
bucket next to them).

[b]Dose:[/b] 8oz liquid form or 250mg tablet form.

[b]Form:[/b] Oral (Liquid or Tablet)

[b]Naloxone/Narcan[/b]

Use: Reverses the effects of a narcotics overdose such as Heroin or morphine overdoses. Used to
counteract life-threatening depression of the central nervous system and respiratory system.

Dosage: 0.4-2mg IV/IM/intranasal every 2-3 minute

Form: IV, IM, Intranasal[/list][/spoiler]

[/quote]