EDEXCEL IGCSE
Revision Notes and Questions
Separate Chemistry
(Section 3 and 4)
By Mr Powell-Young
March 2014
Organic Chemistry:
Homologous Series: A series of organic compounds that have
similar c_______ properties, g________
change in their physical properties, the same
f___________ group and the same g______
formula.
Hydrocarbon: Molecules containing only H________ and
C_________.
Saturated: Molecules, to which no other molecules can be
added, they do not contain a C________-
C__________ d_________ bond.
Unsaturated: Molecules that contain a C________-
C__________ d_________ bond.
General Formula: The formula of a homologous series e.g.
CnH2n+2 (a________) and CnH2n (a________)
Isomerism: Molecules that have the same number of each
type of atom but a different s___________.
Alkanes:
S__________ hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2
Name Formula Displayed Formula
Methane
C2H6
Propane
C4H10
Pentane
a) Draw the displayed formula of the isomers of Pentane:
Combustion:
The products of combustion of a hydrocarbon are dependent upon the
supply of O______________.
Plentiful supply of o_________ leads to C_________ combustion.
The products of this reaction are C_________ D__________ and
W________.
In a limited supply of o_________ the products are more varied and
this reaction is called I_____________ combustion. C_________
d__________ and w_______ are produced as usual. In addition
there will be C__________ M_________ and P___________
produced. Sulphur is the main impurity in fossil fuels and so
S________ D___________ might also be produced.
Substitution:
Methane will react with b________ in the presence of ____ light.
The product of this reaction is bromomethane.
b) Draw the structure of bromomethane?
Alkenes:
U______________ hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n
They contain a C________-C__________ d_________ bond.
Name Formula Displayed Formula
C2H4
Propene
C4H8
a) Draw the displayed formulas of isomers of C4H8
Addition Reactions:
Because of the C________-C__________ d_________ bond,
alkenes undergo addition reactions. This is where the d______ bond
breaks and the other molecule is added.
b) Draw the displayed formula of the product when ethene
reacts with bromine.
Bromine water can be used as a test for alkenes or unsaturation
because when it reacts it goes from y_______-o__________ to
c____________.
Ethanol:
Ethanol can be manufactured by two different processes:
Name Fermentation Hydration of Ethene
Ethene
Raw Materials S________
Steam
Catalyst: __________
___
Y________
Reaction
Temp: _______
Conditions
Temp: ______
Pressure:__________
Pros
Cons
Dehydration of Ethanol:
Ethanol can be dehydrated back to ethene by passing the ethene over
a a___________ o__________ catalyst.
a) Write an equation for the dehydration of ethanol?
Physical Chemistry:
Acids, Alkalis and Salts:
Indicators are used to distinguish between acidic and alkaline
solutions because they have different c________ in these solutions.
a) Name three indicators used.
Indicators can also be used to show the end point in a reaction
because their colour changes are s_______.
Universal Indicator contains a number of different indicators and
therefore can be used to approximate the _____ of a solution.
However because the changes in colour are g_______ it is not used
to show the end point in a reaction.
Acids are sources of Hydrogen Ions
H+ (aq)
Alkalis are sources of Hydroxide Ions
OH- (aq)
Metal oxides and hydroxides are b______. Soluble
hydroxides are called a______.
+
Hydrogen ions, H (aq), make solutions a________ and
–
hydroxide ions, OH (aq), make solutions a_________.
The _____ scale is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a
solution.
In n_____________ reactions, hydrogen ions react with
hydroxide ions to produce w_______. This reaction can
be represented by the equation:
a) Write an equation to represent this reaction.
Another product of the reaction between acids and bases are
called s_______.
Reactions of Acids:
Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen
Acid + Metal Oxide Salt + Water
Acid + Metal Carbonate Salt + Water + Carbon
Dioxide
a) Write a word equation and balanced symbol equation for the
following:
i) Iron and Sulphuric Acid
ii) Copper Oxide and Nitric Acid
iii) Sodium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid
Solubility Rules
The general rules of solubility are:
i) All common s________, p____________ and
a___________ salts are soluble.
ii) All n____________ are soluble.
iii) Common c____________ are soluble except s_________
c___________.
iv) Common s___________ are soluble except those of
b____________ and c___________.
v) Common c____________ are insoluble except those of
s_________, p____________ and a____________.
Soluble Salts:
The method to make a soluble salt depends upon the reactivity of the
m_______ and the a_____ used.
Salts have two parts to their name, Metal and Non-Metal.
e.g. Sodium Sulphate, Copper Chloride, Iron Nitrate.
The metal comes from the base or alkali. Whereas the non-metal
comes from the a____ used.
Hydrochloric Acid ___________
Nitric Acid ___________
Sulphuric Acid ___________
The method used to make the salt depends upon the
r_________ of the metal.
Metals that are very r________ use the Acid + Alkali method.
Metals that are more r_______ than H_________ use the Acid +
Metal method.
Metals that are less r________ than H_________ use the Acid +
Base method.
Acid + Alkali:
1. The alkali is added to the acid.
2. An i________ can be used to determine when the reaction is
complete.
3. The alkali should be added d_____________ near to the end
point.
4. The salt solution can be c_______________ to produce solid
salts.
Acid + Alkali Salt + Water
e.g. Sodium + Hydrochloric Sodium + Water
Hydroxide Acid Chloride
Ammonia dissolves in water to produce an a_________ solution. It is
used to produce a_________ salts. A_________ salts are important
as f__________.
Acid + Metal:
1. The m______ is added to the acid until there is no more
f_______.
2. The excess m_______ is f___________.
3. The salt solution can be c_______________ to produce solid
salts.
Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen
e.g Zinc + Sulphuric Zinc + Water
Acid Sulphate
Acid + Base:
1. The metal o_____ is added to the acid and w_______.
2. The metal o_____ is added until no more d________.
3. The excess metal o_________ is f_________.
4. The salt solution can be c_______________ to produce solid
salts.
Acid + Base Salt + Water
e.g. Copper + Nitric Copper + Water
Oxide Acid Nitrate
b) Give the method and write an equation to make the
following salts.
i) Copper Sulphate
ii) Potassium Nitrate
iii) Iron Chloride
iv) Ammonium Nitrate
Insoluble Salts:
Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so
that a p____________ is formed. This can then be f__________,
w_________ and d_________.
The solutions used are Metal Nitrate and Sodium Non-Metal.
e.g. Barium Sulphate can be made from Barium Nitrate and Sodium
Sulphate solutions.
c) Write an equation to make insoluble Lead Iodide.
d) Write an equation to make insoluble Silver Chloride.
Precipitation can be used to remove unwanted ions from solutions, for
example in treating water for d_________ or in treating
e________.
Titrations:
Titrations are used to calculate the concentration of a solution by
reacting it precisely with a solution of known concentration.
i) Measure out a precise volume of an alkali using a
p_________.
ii) Add a few drops of an i____________.
iii) Fill a b_________ with a______. This will allow to add a
varied amount of a____.
iv) Add the a_____ to the alkali until the i____________
changes colour.
v) When nearing the end point the a______ should be added
drop-wise.
vi) Record the volume of a______ added.
Titration Calculations:
1. What volume of 0.100 mol/dm3 sulphuric acid reacts with 30 cm3 of
0.150 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide?
2 NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
2. What volume of 0.150 mol/dm3 rubidium hydroxide reacts with
25.0 cm3 of 0.240 mol/dm3 nitric acid?
RbOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) → RbNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Energetics:
A reaction in which energy is transferred to the surroundings is
known as an e__________ reaction. The temperature of the
surroundings would i___________.
A reaction in which energy is transferred from the surroundings is
known as an e____________ reaction. The temperature of the
surroundings would d__________.
We can measure the energy changes in a reaction by measuring the
energy change of the surroundings.
q = m x c x ΔT
m = mass of the surroundings (usually water)
c = specific heat capacity
ΔT = temperature change of the surroundings.
a) In an experiment, 1.00 g of hexane (C 6H14) was completely
burned in air. The heat evolved raised the temperature of
200 g of water by 51.6°C. Calculate the heat evolved.
The heat evolved will be dramatically reduced due to h_____ l_____.
The molar enthalpy change (ΔH) is the energy change for 1 mole of a
substance.
If ΔH is negative then the reaction is e_____________. (i.e. heat
has been evolved)
If ΔH is positive then the reaction is e_____________. (i.e. heat
has been taken in)
ΔH can be calculated by:
ΔH = q / n
Where n is the number of moles of the substance reacted or
produced.
In an experiment, 1.56 g of propan-1-ol (CH 3CH2CH2OH) was
completely burned in air. The heat evolved raised the temperature of
250 g of water by 47°C. Calculate ΔH (NB: the sign!)
The energy change can also be calculated by using the bond
enthalpies, this is the energy required to break 1 mole of the bonds.
1. Calculate the energy required to break all of the bonds in the
reactants.
2. Calculate the energy required to break all of the bonds in the
products
3. Calculate the overall energy change = Reactants – Products.
a) Calculate the energy change in this reaction. Bond energies
are: (C-C) = 348, (C-H) = 412, (O=O) = 498, (C=O) = 743, (H-O)
= 463 kJ/mol.
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H20
b) Calculate the energy change in this reaction. Bond energies
are: (C≡C) = 837, (C-H) = 412, (H-H) = 436, (C-H) = 412, (C-C)
= 348 kJ/mol.
H-C≡C-H + 2H2 → C2H6
A reaction is ex__________ because more energy is given out from
the formation of new bonds than is required to break bonds.
A reaction is en__________ because more energy is taken in to
break bonds than is given out by forming new bonds.
Energy Profile Diagram:
a) Draw a similar energy profile diagram for an endothermic
reaction.
Rates of Reaction:
The rate of a reaction can be monitored by looking at the change in
m_____of the reaction mixture, the v______ of a gas given off or
perhaps a c______ change.
Reactions occur because particles c______ with sufficient
e_______, the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur is
known as the A_________ E_________. Most c________that
occur do not result in a reaction. Therefore to i________ the rate
of reaction you must either i_______ the number of c_________ or
i________ the e______ of the particles.
Surface Area: I________ surface area means that more
particles can c________ at the surface and
therefore there will be more s__________
collisions resulting in an i_________ in the rate
of reaction.
Concentration: I__________ the concentration means there are
more p________ in the set volume. This means
there will be more c_________ and therefore
there will be more s__________ collisions
resulting in an i________ in the rate of reaction.
Pressure: I__________ the pressure means there are more
p________ in the set volume. This means there
will be more c_________ and therefore there will
be more s__________ collisions resulting in an
i________ in the rate of reaction.
Temperature: Increasing the temperature means that the
particles have more e________ and are travelling
f________. This means that not only when they
c________ they will be more likely to react but
also they will have more c_________. This results
in an i_________ in the rate of reaction.
Catalyst: A catalyst is a substance that s______ up the
rate of reaction without itself being u_____ up.
It does this by providing an a________ reaction
pathway with a lower A________ E_____.
Therefore more collisions are likely to be
s__________ leading to an i_________ in the
rate of reaction.
Equilibria:
Some reactions are reversible and are shown by using a ⇌.
a) Describe the dehydration of hydrated copper(II) sulphate.
b) Describe the effect of heat on ammonium chloride.
When a reaction is in dynamic equilibrium the rate of the
f_________ reaction is equal to the rate of the b_________
reaction. The concentrations of the reactants and products remain
u_____________.
Increasing temperature always favours the en___________
reaction. If an equilibrium is ex_________ then an increase in
temperature will favour the b__________ reaction and the
equilibrium will move to the l_____ resulting in a lower y_____.
Therefore in exothermic reactions a l____ temperature is needed to
achieve a higher y______ but l_____ temperatures mean the overall
rate of reaction is too s_____ so a compromise is often used.
Increasing pressure always favours a d_______ in the number of
moles of g____. You can figure this out by adding up the total
number of moles of g____ on each side of the equation. High
pressures are more e__________ and therefore a compromise is
often used in industry.
