Chapter 7

1. a. R1, R2,. and E are in series; R3, R4 and R5 are in parallel

b. E and R1 are in series; R2, R3 and R4 are in parallel.
c. E and R1 are in series; R2, R3 and R4 are in parallel.
d. E1 and R1 are in series; E2 and R4 in parallel.
e. E and R1 are in series, R2 and R3 are in parallel.
f. E, R1, R4 and R6 are in parallel; R2 and R5 are in parallel.

2. a. RT = 4  + 10   (4  + 4 ) + 4  = 4 Ω + 10   8  + 4 
= 4  + 4.44  + 4  = 12.44 
10 
b. RT = 10  + = 10  + 5  = 15 
2
4
c. RT = + 10  = 2  + 10  = 12 
2
d. RT = 10 

3.

2.2 k  10 k  = 1.8 k
RT = 2 × 1.8 kΩ = 3.6 kΩ

4. RT = 1 Ω  (1 Ω + 1 Ω + RT) = 1 Ω  (2 Ω + RT)
2   RT 2   RT
= 
1   2   RT 3   RT
RT(3 Ω + RT) = 2 Ω + RT
3RT + RT2 = 2 Ω + RT
RT2 + 2RT  2 Ω = 0
2  (2) 2  4(1)(2)
RT =
2
2  4  8 2  12 2  3.464
=  
2 2 2
RT = 1  1.732 = 0.732 Ω or 2.732 Ω
Since RT < 1 Ω and positive choose RT = 0.732 Ω

56 Chapter 7
  R 
5. RT = 7.2 kΩ = R1   R1  1  = R1  1.5R1
 2
( R1 )(1.5R1 ) 1.5 R12 1.5 R1
so that 7.2 kΩ =  
R1  1.5 R1 2.5 R1 2.5
2.5(7.2 k)
and R1 = 1.2 kΩ
1.5

6. a. yes
b. I2 = Is  I1 = 10 A  4 A = 6 A
c. yes
d. V3 = E  V2 = 14 V  8 V = 6 V
e. RT = 4   2  = 1.33  , RT = 4   6  = 2.4 
RT = RT  RT = 1.33  + 2.4  = 3.73 
20 
f. RT  RT = = 10 , RT = RT  RT = 10  + 10  = 20 
2
E 20 V
Is =  =1A
RT 20 
g. Ps = EIs = Pabsorbed = (20 V)(1 A) = 20 W

7. a. RT = R1  R2 = 10   15  = 6 
RT = RT  (R3 + R4) = 6   (10  + 2 ) = 6   12  = 4 
E 36 V E 36 V
b. Is =  = 9 A, I1 = = =6A
RT 4 RT 6
E 36 V 36 V
I2 =   =3A
R3  R4 10   2  12 
I1 = Is  I2 = 6 A  3 A = 3 A
c. Va = I2R4 = (3 A)(2 ) = 6 V

8. Redrawn:

a. Va = 32 V
8 Ω  24 Ω = 6 Ω
6 (32 V)
Vb = = 10.67 V
6   12 
32 V 32 V
b. I1 =  = 1.78 A
12 +6  18 
RT = 72 Ω  18 Ω  18 Ω = 8.12 Ω
9Ω

Chapter 7 57
 E 32 V
Is =  = 3.94 A
RT 8.12 
5 k(60 V)
9. a. Va = 36 V, Vb = 60 V Vc = = 20 V
5 k  10 k

 60 V  36 V
b. I1  = 24 mA,
1 k
60 V 60 V
I8kΩ = 8 k = 7.5 mA, I10kΩ = = 4 mA
15 k

24 mA   I  24 mA + 7.5 mA = 31.5 mA

 I 2  31.5 mA + 4 mA = 35.5 mA

10. a. RT = 1.2 k + 6.8 k = 8 k, RT = 2 k  RT = 2 k  8 k = 1.6 k

RT  = RT + 2.4 k = 1.6 k + 2.4 k = 4 k
RT = 1 k  RT  = 1 k  4 k = 0.8 k

E 48 V
b. Is =  = 60 mA
RT 0.8 k

RTE (1.6 k)(48 V)

c. V=  = 19.2 V
RT  2.4 k  1.6 k  2.4 k

2R
11. RT = 2 R  2 R (R + R) = 2 R  2R  2 R =
3
= 15 Ω
E 120 V
RT = 
I 8A
15 Ω =
2R 3
and R = (15 ) = 22.5 Ω
3 2
2 R = 45 Ω

12. a. RT = (R1  R2  R3)  (R6 + R4  R5)

= (12 k  12 k  3 k)  (10.4 k + 9 k  6 k)
= (6 k  3 k)  (10.4 k + 3.6 k)
= 2 k  14 k = 1.75 k
E 28 V E 28 V
Is =  = 16 mA, I2 =  = 2.33 mA
RT 1.75 k R2 12 k
R = R1  R2  R3 = 2 k
R = R6 + R4  R5 = 14 k

58 Chapter 7
 R( I s ) 2 k(16 mA)
I6 =  = 2 mA
R  R 2 k  14 k

Chapter 7 59
 b. V1 = E = 28 V
R = R4  R5 = 6 k  9 k = 3.6 k
V5 = I6 R = (2 mA)(3.6 k) = 7.2 V

VR23 (28 V)2

c. P=  = 261.33 mW
R3 3 k

= 6 A; VR2  24 V  8 V = 16 V, I 2  VR2 / R2 = 16 V/2 Ω = 8 A

24 V
13. a. I1 
4
8V
I 3  = 0.8 A, I = I1 + I2 = 6 A + 8 A = 14 A
10 

20 V
14. I1 = = 425.5 mA
47 
14 V 14 V
I2 =  = 139.35 mA
160   270  100.47 

15. a. R = R4 + R5 = 14 Ω + 6 Ω = 20 Ω
R = R2  R = 20 Ω  20 Ω = 10 Ω
R = R + R1 = 10 Ω + 10 Ω = 20 Ω
RT = R3  R = 5 Ω  20 Ω = 4 Ω
E 20 V
Is = = =5A
RT 4 
20 V 20 V 20 V
I1 = = = =1A
R1  R 10  + 10  20 
20 V
I3 = =4A
5
I 1A
I4 = 1 = (since R = R2) = = 0.5 A
2 2

b. Va = I3R3  I4R5 = (4 A)(5 Ω)  (0.5 A)(6 Ω) = 20 V  3 V = 17 V

I 
Vbc =  1  R2 = (0.5 A)(20 Ω) = 10 V
2

E 20 V
16. a. I1 = 
R1  R4  ( R2  R3  R5 ) 3   3   (3   6   6 )
20 V 20 V 20 V
= = =
3  + 3   (3  + 3 ) 3  + 3   6  3  + 2 
=4A

60 Chapter 7
 R4 ( I1 ) 3 (4 A)
b. CDR: I2 = 
R4  R2  R3  R5 3   3   6   6 
12 A
= = 1.33 A
6+3
I
I3 = 2 = 0.67 A
2
c. I4 = I1  I2 = 4 A  1.33 A = 2.67 A
Va = I4R4 = (2.67 A)(3 Ω) = 8 V
Vb = I3R3 = (0.67 A)(6 Ω) = 4 V

VE 2V
17. a. IE =  = 2 mA
RE 1 k
IC = IE = 2 mA

VRBVCC  (VBE  VE ) 8 V  (0.7 V + 2 V)

b. IB = = =
RB RB 220 k 
8 V  2.7 V 5.3 V
= = = 24 μA
220 k 220 k

c. VB = VBE + VE = 2.7 V
VC = VCC  ICRC = 8 V  (2 mA)(2.2 kΩ) = 8 V  4.4 V = 3.6 V

d. VCE = VC  VE = 3.6 V  2 V = 1.6 V

VBC = VB  VC = 2.7 V  3.6 V = 0.9 V

22 V 22 V
18. a. I=  =1A
4   18  22 

b. 22 V + Vi  22 V = 0, V1 = 44 V

19. a. All resistors in parallel (between terminals a & b)

RT = 16 Ω  16 Ω  8 Ω  4 Ω  32 Ω

8 Ω  8 Ω  4 Ω  32 Ω

4 Ω  4 Ω  32 Ω

2 Ω  32 Ω = 1.88 

Chapter 7 61
 b. All in parallel. Therefore, V1 = V4 = E = 32 V

c. I3 = V3/R3 = 32 V/4 Ω = 8 A 

d. Is = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5
32 V 32 V 32 V 32 V 32 V
= + + + +
16  8  4  32  16 
=2A+4A+8A+1A+2A
= 17 A
E 32 V
RT = = = 1.88 Ω as above
I s 17 A

12 V
20. I= = 1.2 mA
10 k
V ab = Va  Vb = 12 V  (18 V) = 30 V

21. a. Va = 6 V, Vb = 20 V
Vab = Va  Vb = (6 V)  (20 V) = 6 V + 20 V = +14 V

20 V
b. I 5   =4A
5
V 14 V
I 2   ab  =7A
2 2
6V
I 3  =2A
3
I3Ω = I2Ω + I 6V , I6V = I3Ω  I2Ω = 2 A  7 A = 5 A
I + I6V = I5Ω, I = I5Ω  I6V = 4 A  (5A) = 9 A

22. a. Applying Kirchoff's voltage law in the CCW direction in the upper "window":

+18 V + 20 V  V8Ω = 0
V8Ω = 38 V
38 V
I8Ω = = 4.75 A
8
18 V 18 V
I3Ω = = =2A
3 + 6 9

KCL: I18V = 4.75 A + 2 A = 6.75 A

b. V = (I3Ω)(6 Ω) + 20 V = (2 A)(6 Ω) + 20 V = 12 V + 20 V = 32 V

62 Chapter 7
 I 3 R3 2 R3 R3
23. I2R2 = I3R3 and I2 =   (since the voltage across parallel elements is the same)
R2 20 10
R3
I1 = I2 + I3 = +2
10
R 
KVL: 120 = I112 + I3R3 =  3  2  12 + 2R3
 10 
and 120 = 1.2R3 + 24 + 2R3
3.2R3 = 96 
96 
R3 = = 30 
3.2

24. Assuming Is = 1 A, the current Is will divide as determined by the load appearing in each
branch. Since balanced Is will split equally between all three branches.

1  10
V1 =  A  (10 ) = V
3  3
1  10
V2 =  A  (10 ) = V
6  6
1  10
V3 =  A  (10 ) = V
3  3
10 10 10
E = V1 + V2 + V3 = V + V + V = 8.33 V
3 6 3
E 8.33 V
RT = = = 8.33 
I 1A

25. 36 kΩ  6 kΩ  12 kΩ = 3.6 kΩ
3.6 k (45 V)
V= = 16.88 V  27 V. Therefore, not operating properly!
3.6 k  + 6 k 
6 kΩ resistor "open"
R (45V) 9 k(45 V)
R = 12 k  36 k = 9 k, V =  = 27 V
R  6 k 9 k  6 k

Chapter 7 63
26. a. RT = R5  (R6 + R7) = 6   3  = 2 
RT = R3  (R4 + RT) = 4   (2  + 2 ) = 2 
RT = R1 + R2 + RT = 3  + 5  + 2  = 10 
240 V
I= = 24 A
10 

4 ( I ) 4 (24 A)
b. I4 =  = 12 A
44 8
6 (12 A) 72 A
I7 =  =8A
6  3 9

c. V3 = I3R3 = (I  I4)R3 = (24 A  12 A)4 Ω = 48 V

V5 = I5R5 = (I4  I7)R5 = (4 A)6 Ω = 24 V
V7 = I7R7 = (8 A)2 Ω = 16 V

d. P = I 72 R7 = (8 A)22 Ω = 128 W
P = EI = (240 V)(24 A) = 5760 W

27. a. RT = R4  (R6 + R7 + R8) = 2 Ω  7 Ω = 1.56 Ω

RT = R2  (R3 + R5 + RT) = 2 Ω  (4 Ω + 1 Ω + 1.56 Ω) = 1.53 Ω
RT = R1 + RT = 4 Ω + 1.53 Ω = 5.53 Ω

b. I = 40 V/5.53 Ω = 7.23 A

2 ( I ) 2 (7.23 A)
c. I3 =  = 1.69 A
2   6.56  2   6.56 
2 (1.69 A)
I7 = = 0.375 mA
2+7
PR7  I 2 R = (0.375 A)2 2 Ω = 0.281 W

28. Network redrawn:

24 V
I8Ω = I6Ω = =3A
8
P6Ω = I2R = (3 A)2  6 Ω = 54 W

64 Chapter 7
29. a. R10 + R11  R12 = 1 Ω + 2 Ω  2 Ω = 2 Ω
R4  (R5 + R6) = 10 Ω  10 Ω = 5 Ω
R1 + R2  (R3 + 5 Ω) = 3 Ω + 6 Ω  6 Ω = 6 Ω
RT = 2 Ω  3 Ω  6 Ω = 2 Ω  2 Ω = 1 Ω
I = 12 V/1 Ω = 12 A

b. I1 = 12 V/6 Ω = 2 A c. I6 = I4 = 0.5 A
6 (2 A)
I3 = =1A
6+6
1A
I4 = = 0.5 A
2

12 A
d. I10 = =6A
2

30. a. E = (40 mA)(1.6 k) = 64 V

48 V
b. RL2 = = 4 k
12 mA
24 V
RL3 = = 3 k
8 mA

c. I R1 = 72 mA  40 mA = 32 mA
I R2 = 32 mA  12 mA = 20 mA
I R3 = 20 mA  8 mA = 12 mA
VR1 64 V  48 V 16 V
R1 = = = = 0.5 k
I R1 32 mA 32 mA
VR2 48 V  24 V 24 V
R2 = = = = 1.2 k
I R2 20 mA 20 mA
VR3 24 V
R3 = = = 2 k
I R3 12 mA

31. I R1 = 40 mA
I R2 = 40 mA  10 mA = 30 mA
I R3 = 30 mA  20 mA = 10 mA
I R5 = 40 mA
I R4 = 40 mA  4 mA = 36 mA

VR1 120 V  100 V 20 V

R1 = = = = 0.5 k
I R1 40 mA 40 mA
VR2 100 V  40 V 60 V
R2 = = = = 2 k
I R2 30 mA 30 mA

Chapter 7 65
 VR3 40 V
R3 = = = 4 k
I R3 10 mA
VR4 36 V
R4 = = = 1 k
I R4 36 mA
VR5 60 V  36 V 24 V
R5 = = = = 0.6 k
I R5 40 mA 40 mA

P1 = I12 R1 = (40 mA)20.5 k = 0.8 W (1 watt resistor)

P2 = I 22 R2 = (30 mA)22 k = 1.8 W (2 watt resistor)
P3 = I 32 R3 = (10 mA)24 k = 0.4 W (1/2 watt or 1 watt resistor)
P4 = I 42 R4 = (36 mA)21 k = 1.3 W (2 watt resistor)
P5 = I 52 R5 = (40 mA)20.6 k = 0.96 W (1 watt resistor)

All power levels less than 2 W. Four less than 1 W.

32.

= 400 Ω  390 Ω
80 V
R1 =
200 mA
= 266.67 Ω  270 Ω
40 V
R2 =
150 mA

33. a. yes, RL  Rmax (potentiometer)

R2 (12 V) R2 (12 V)
b. VDR: VR2 = 3 V = =
R1  R2 1k
3 V(1 k )
R2 = = 0.25 k = 250 
12 V
R1 = 1 k  0.25 k = 0.75 k = 750 

c. VR1 = E  VL = 12 V  3 V = 9 V (Chose VR1 rather than VR2  RL since numerator of VDR

R1 (12 V) equation "cleaner")
VR1 = 9 V =
R1  ( R2  RL )
9R1 + 9(R2  RL) = 12R1
R1  3( R2  RL ) 
 2 eq. 2 unk( RL = 10 k)
R1  R2  1 k  
3R2 RL 3R2 10 k
R1 = 
R2  RL R2  10 k
and R1(R2 + 10 k) = 30 k R2

66 Chapter 7
 R1R2 + 10 k R1 = 30 k R2
R1 + R2 = 1 k: (1 k  R2)R2 + 10 k (1 k  R2) = 30 k R2
R22 + 39 k R2  10 k2 = 0
R2 = 0.255 k, 39.255 k
R2 = 255 
R1 = 1 k  R2 = 745 

80 (40 V)
34. a. Vab = = 32 V
100 
Vbc = 40 V  32 V = 8 V

b. 80   1 k = 74.07 
20   10 k = 19.96 
74.07 (40 V)
Vab = = 31.51 V
74.07  + 19.96 
Vbc = 40 V  31.51 V = 8.49 V

(31.51 V ) 2 (8.49 V ) 2
c. P= + = 12.411 W + 3.604 W = 16.02 W
80  20 

(32 V ) 2 (8 V ) 2
d. P= + = 12.8 W + 3.2 W = 16 W
80  20 
The applied loads dissipate less than 20 mW of power.

35. a. ICS = 1 mA

(100 )(1 mA) 0.1

b. Rshunt =
Rm I CS
=  Ω = 5 mΩ
I max  I CS 20 A  1 mA 20

(1 k )(50  A)
36. 25 mA: Rshunt = 2Ω
25 mA  0.05 mA
(1 k )(50  A)
50 mA: Rshunt = =1Ω
50 mA  0.05 mA
100 mA: Rshunt  0.5 Ω

Vmax  VVS 15 V  (50  A)(1 k)

37. a. Rs = = = 300 kΩ
I CS 50  A

b. Ω/V = 1/ICS = 1/50 μA = 20,000

5 V  (1 mA)(1000 )
38. 5 V: Rs = = 4 kΩ
1 mA
50 V  1 V
50 V: Rs = = 49 kΩ
1 mA
500 V  1 V
500 V: Rs = = 499 kΩ
1 mA

Chapter 7 67
39. 10 MΩ = (0.5 V)(Ω/V)  Ω/V = 20  106
ICS = 1/(Ω/V) =
1
= 0.05 μA
20  106

2 k
 1 kΩ 
E zero adjust 3V
40. a. Rs =  Rm  = = 28 kΩ
Im 2 100  A 2

E zero adjust
b. xIm = + Rm + + Runk
Rseries 2
E  zero adjust 
Runk =   Rseries  Rm + 
xI m  2 
30  103
 30 kΩ 
3V
=  30  103
x100  A x
3 1 1
x = , Runk = 10 kΩ; x = , Runk = 30 kΩ; x = , Runk = 90 kΩ
4 2 4

41. 

40. a. Carefully redrawing the network will reveal that all three resistors are in parallel
R 12 
and RT =  =4Ω
N 3
R 18 
b. Again, all three resistors are in parallel and RT =  =6Ω
N 3
42. a. Network redrawn:

Rohmmeter = 1.2 kΩ  (3.1 kΩ + 1.2 kΩ + 1.65 kΩ)

= 1.2 kΩ  5.95 kΩ
= 1 kΩ
b. All three resistors are in parallel

R 18 
Rohmmeter =  =6Ω
N 3

68 Chapter 7