This document describes an experiment on controlling the direction of a DC motor using SCRs and relays. SCRs can control the direction of a DC motor due to their unidirectional conduction. The experiment uses an SCR self-commutation technique with relays and capacitors to reverse the polarity of the voltage applied to the motor, thereby reversing its direction. Pushing a button stops the motor by turning off the conducting SCR.
This document describes an experiment on controlling the direction of a DC motor using SCRs and relays. SCRs can control the direction of a DC motor due to their unidirectional conduction. The experiment uses an SCR self-commutation technique with relays and capacitors to reverse the polarity of the voltage applied to the motor, thereby reversing its direction. Pushing a button stops the motor by turning off the conducting SCR.
This document describes an experiment on controlling the direction of a DC motor using SCRs and relays. SCRs can control the direction of a DC motor due to their unidirectional conduction. The experiment uses an SCR self-commutation technique with relays and capacitors to reverse the polarity of the voltage applied to the motor, thereby reversing its direction. Pushing a button stops the motor by turning off the conducting SCR.
This document describes an experiment on controlling the direction of a DC motor using SCRs and relays. SCRs can control the direction of a DC motor due to their unidirectional conduction. The experiment uses an SCR self-commutation technique with relays and capacitors to reverse the polarity of the voltage applied to the motor, thereby reversing its direction. Pushing a button stops the motor by turning off the conducting SCR.
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Experiment #6
SCR DC Motor Forward/Reverse Control
OBJECTIVES 1. Understanding the construction and operation of electromagnetic relays. 2. Understanding the turn-off methods of SCRs. 3. Performing the direction of rotation control of a dc motor.
DISCUSSION SCRs with in a features of unidirectional conduction and easy to control are widely used to control the direction of rotation for dc motors.
Relay Applications
Relays are electrically operated switches. Relays, with the features of amplification and remote control and conversion, are widely used in modern industrial electronic circuits as remotely controlled mechanical switches to turn on or off a sequence of events.
An electromagnetic relay utilizes a current through a coil winding to provide a magnetic field that moves the switch contacts. If the current in the coil is sufficient, the magnetic force attracts the armature that moves the movable contact until it touches the stationary contact. If the current is disappeared from the coil the movable spring moves the movable contact apart from the stationary contact. The mechanical construction and appearance of an electromagnetic relay are shown in Fig. 12.1. It consists of the armature, yoke, coil, core, contacts, springs. The housing either plastic or metal is used to protect the relay against the damage of foreign objects and the interference of electromagnetic field.
The commonly used circuit symbols of relays are shown In Fig. 12-2. Either circle or rectangle in Fig. 12-2(a) represents the relay coil. The normally open contacts are often abbreviated NO as shown In Fig. 12-2(b). The NO contacts will make when the coil is energized. The normally closed contacts (NC), shown in Fig.12-2(c), will break when the coil is energized. A combination of two stationary contacts and one movable contact which engages one stationary contact when the coil is energized and the other stationary contact when the coil is not energized is called a single-pole double-throw (SPDT) relay as shown In Fig. 12-2(d). The movable contact is called common contact abbreviated as C. The normal contact (N) is NC and the transfer contact (T) is NO. There are three popular driver circuits to control the operation of relay. These are
(I) DC source driving
Applied a dc voltage to the relay coil will energize the relay as shown In Fig 13.3(a). The applied voltage and current must be within the ratings.
(II) Transistor driving
Fig 13.3(b) shows a transistor driver used to energize the relay. The control signal is applied to drive the transistor to conduct. The conducting transistor provides sufficient current to energize the relay.
(III) Thyristor driving
The thyristor such as en SCR can be used to drive a relay in dc circuits as shown In Fig. 12- 3(c). In this application a reset switching is often necessary to turn the SCR off. In most applications relays are used in electronic circuits as remotely controlled mechanical switches used to control a large current load which is isolated with signal conditioning circuit. Fig.12-4 shows an automatic light control circuit which consists of a relay, CDS, and transistors, R and CDS form a voltage divider to provide a bias to the base of transistor Q. The value of R is designed to equal ten times CDS resistance in normal light level. This arrangement causes the transistor off in daylight so that the lamp off. At night, CDS resistance increases to apply a forward bias driving the transistor to conduct. The collector current through relay coil energizes the relay and common contact is transfered to NO contact so that the lamp lights.
To reverse the direction of rotation of a DC motor. It is simply to reverse the polarity of
applied voltage to the motor. In our experiment we use two electromagnetic relays to switch the polarity of applied voltage. Fig. 12-5 shows a typical electromagnetic relay with SPDT contacts. When the relay coil has no current flow,
COM contacts to NC contact. If a sufficient current flows through the relay coil, the COM contact is pulled to touch with NO contact. Therefore the relay acts as a switch. Turn-off of SCR
The turn-off methods of the SCR are discussed in experiment 7. For convenience summarize these turn-off methods as follows.
1. Reduce the anode-to-cathode current lAK below the holding current lH.
2. Short-circuit the anode and cathode terminals.
3. Open-circuit the anode-cathode loop.
4. Reverse the anode-to-cathode voltage.
5. use self-commutation technique
In Fig. 12-6, when neither SCR nor Motor conducting, there is virtually no charge on the capacitor C. If a triggering pulse is applied to the gate of the SCR1, current flows through RL, R1, and SCR1. Current also flows through R2, C, and SCR1 to charge the capacitor with the polarities of positive at the right-hand side and negative at the left-hand side. When a gate triggering pulse is applied at the SCR2, SCR2 conducts dropping its anode voltage to approximately 1V. The capacitor voltage is then placed across the anode to cathode of SCR1. This reverse anode-to-cathode voltage causes SCR1 to turnoff. The capacitor discharge path, is then RL, R1, and SCR2. Current lows through R1 and SCR2 to charge the capacitor to the opposite polarity. The circuit is now ready, for a gate triggering signal at SCR1 and the cycle repeats. Description of Experiment Circuit
Fig 12-7 shows a dc motor forward/reverse control circuit. The SCR self-commutation technique is used in this circuit to control the direction of rotation for a dc motor. When the instant the dc power is applied, SCRs are off and relays are off. The dc motor does not run since its two terminals are grounded through relay's NC contacts. If the light to CDS1 is blocked, the resistance of CDS1 increases to turn SCR1 on and RELAY1 on. The COM1 transfers to NO1 contact, hence the dc motor runs in forward direction. The capacitor C1 charges through RELAY2 coil and SCR1. The negative charges are at the left terminal of C1. When the light to CDS2 is blocked, SCR2 begins to conduct and the negative potential at SCR1 anode turns SCR1 off. The on SCR2 energizes RELAY2 and hence COM2 transfers to NO2 contact. Therefore the dc motor runs in reverse direction.
The pushbutton S1 is used to stop the dc motor. The S1 is basically a normally closed switch. Once S1 is pressed, the SCR in conducting is turned off and the circuit retur ns to initial state.
