TX69299 ch01 frame.

book Page 865 Wednesday, September 4, 2002 2:13 PM

Appendix

TABLE A1
Properties of Saturated Steam
Vapor Specific volume Enthalpy Entropy
t Pressure (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg K)
(°C) (kPa) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor
0.01 0.611 0.0010002 206.14 0.00 2501.4 0.0000 9.1562
3 0.758 0.0010001 168.132 12.57 2506.9 0.0457 9.0773
6 0.935 0.0010001 137.734 25.20 2512.4 0.0912 9.0003
9 1.148 0.0010003 113.386 37.80 2517.9 0.1362 8.9253
12 1.402 0.0010005 93.784 50.41 2523.4 0.1806 8.8524
15 1.705 0.0010009 77.926 62.99 2528.9 0.2245 8.7814
18 2.064 0.0010014 65.038 75.58 2534.4 0.2679 8.7123
21 2.487 0.0010020 54.514 88.14 2539.9 0.3109 8.6450
24 2.985 0.0010027 45.883 100.70 2545.4 0.3534 8.5794
27 3.567 0.0010035 38.774 113.25 2550.8 0.3954 8.5156
30 4.246 0.0010043 32.894 125.79 2556.3 0.4369 8.4533
33 5.034 0.0010053 28.011 138.33 2561.7 0.4781 8.3927
36 5.947 0.0010063 23.940 150.86 2567.1 0.5188 8.3336
40 7.384 0.0010078 19.523 167.57 2574.3 0.5725 8.2570
45 9.593 0.0010099 15.258 188.45 2583.2 0.6387 8.1648
50 12.349 0.0010121 12.032 209.33 2592.1 0.7038 8.0763
55 15.758 0.0010146 9.568 230.23 2600.9 0.7679 7.9913
60 19.940 0.0010172 7.671 251.13 2609.6 0.8312 7.9096
65 25.03 0.0010199 6.197 272.06 2618.3 0.8935 7.8310
70 31.19 0.0010228 5.042 292.98 2626.8 0.9549 7.7553
75 38.58 0.0010259 4.131 313.93 2635.3 1.0155 7.6824
80 47.39 0.0010291 3.407 334.91 2643.7 1.0753 7.6122
85 57.83 0.0010325 2.828 355.90 2651.9 1.1343 7.5445
90 70.14 0.0010360 2.361 376.92 2660.1 1.1925 7.4791
95 84.55 0.0010397 1.982 397.96 2668.1 1.2500 7.4159
100 101.35 0.0010435 1.673 419.04 2676.1 1.3069 7.3549
105 120.82 0.0010475 1.419 440.15 2683.8 1.3630 7.2958
110 143.27 0.0010516 1.210 461.30 2691.5 1.4185 7.2387
115 169.06 0.0010559 1.037 482.48 2699.0 1.4734 7.1833
120 198.53 0.0010603 0.892 503.71 2706.3 1.5276 7.1296
125 232.1 0.0010649 0.771 524.99 2713.5 1.5813 7.0775
130 270.1 0.0010697 0.669 546.31 2720.5 1.6344 7.0269
135 313.0 0.0010746 0.582 567.69 2727.3 1.6870 6.9777
140 316.3 0.0010797 0.509 589.13 2733.9 1.7391 6.9299
145 415.4 0.0010850 0.446 610.63 2740.3 1.7907 6.8833
150 475.8 0.0010905 0.393 632.20 2746.5 1.8418 6.8379
155 543.1 0.0010961 0.347 653.84 2752.4 1.8925 6.7935

865

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866 Unit Operations in Food Engineering

TABLE A1 (continued)
Properties of Saturated Steam
Vapor Specific volume Enthalpy Entropy
t Pressure (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg K)
(°C) (kPa) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor
160 617.8 0.0011020 0.307 675.55 2758.1 1.9427 6.7502
165 700.5 0.0011080 0.273 697.34 2763.5 1.9925 6.7078
170 791.7 0.0011143 0.243 719.21 2768.7 2.0419 6.6663
175 892.0 0.0011207 0.217 741.17 2773.6 2.0909 6.6256
180 1002.1 0.0011274 0.194 763.22 2778.2 2.1396 6.5857
190 1254.4 0.0011414 0.157 807.62 2786.4 2.2359 6.5079
200 1553.8 0.0011565 0.127 852.45 2793.2 2.3309 6.4323
225 2548 0.0011992 0.078 966.78 2803.3 2.5639 6.2503
250 3973 0.0012512 0.050 1085.36 2801.5 2.7927 6.0730
275 5942 0.0013168 0.033 1210.07 2785.0 3.0208 5.8938
300 8581 0.0010436 0.022 1344.0 2749.0 3.2534 5.7045

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TX69299 ch01 frame.book Page 867 Wednesday, September 4, 2002 2:13 PM

Appendix 867

TABLE A2
Physical Properties of Water at Saturation Pressure
Temp. Density  10–4 cp k  ·10–6  ·10–6  ·10–6
(˚C) (kg/m3) (K–1) (kJ/kg K) (W/m K) (m2/s) (Pa s) (m2/s)
0 999.9 –0.7 4.226 0.558 0.131 1793.64 1.79
5 1000.0 4.206 0.568 0.135 1534.74 1.54
10 999.7 0.95 4.195 0.577 0.137 1296.44 1.30
15 999.1 4.187 0.587 0.141 1135.61 1.15
20 998.2 2.1 4.182 0.597 0.143 993.41 1.01
25 997.1 4.178 0.606 0.146 880.64 0.88
30 995.7 3.0 4.176 0.615 0.149 792.38 0.81
35 994.1 4.175 0.624 0.150 719.81 0.73
40 992.2 3.9 4.175 0.633 0.151 658.03 0.66
45 990.2 4.176 0.640 0.155 605.07 0.61
50 988.1 4.6 4.178 0.647 0.157 555.06 0.56
55 985.7 4.179 0.652 0.158 509.95 0.52
60 983.2 5.3 4.181 0.658 0.159 471.65 0.48
65 980.6 4.184 0.663 0.161 435.42 0.44
70 977.8 5.8 4.187 0.668 0.163 404.03 0.42
75 974.9 4.190 0.671 0.164 376.58 0.37
80 971.8 6.3 4.194 0.673 0.165 352.06 0.36
85 968.7 4.198 0.676 0.166 328.52 0.34
90 965.3 7.0 4.202 0.678 0.167 308.91 0.33
95 961.9 4.206 0.680 0.168 292.24 0.31
100 958.4 7.5 4.211 0.682 0.169 277.53 0.29
110 951.0 8.0 4.224 0.684 0.170 254.97 0.27
120 943.5 8.5 4.232 0.685 0.171 235.36 0.24
130 934.8 9.1 4.250 0.686 0.172 211.82 0.23
140 926.3 9.7 4.257 0.684 0.172 201.04 0.21
150 916.9 10.3 4.270 0.684 0.173 185.35 0.20
160 907.6 10.8 4.285 0.680 0.173 171.62 0.19
170 897.3 11.5 4.396 0.679 0.172 162.29 0.18
180 886.6 12.1 4.396 0.673 0.172 152.00 0.17
190 876.0 12.8 4.480 0.670 0.171 145.14 0.17
200 862.8 13.5 4.501 0.665 0.170 139.25 0.16
210 852.8 14.3 4.560 0.655 0.168 131.41 0.15
220 837.0 15.2 4.605 0.652 0.167 124.54 0.15
230 827.3 16.2 4.690 0.637 0.164 119.64 0.15
240 809.0 17.2 4.731 0.634 0.162 113.76 0.14
250 799.2 18.6 4.857 0.618 0.160 109.83 0.14
β is the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, Cˆ P is the specific heat, k is the thermal
conductivity, α is the thermal diffusivity, η is the absolute viscosity, and ν is the
kinematic viscosity.

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TX69299 ch01 frame.book Page 868 Wednesday, September 4, 2002 2:13 PM

868 Unit Operations in Food Engineering

TABLE A3
Properties of Liquid and Saturated Vapor of Ammonia
Enthalpy Entropy Specific volume
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg·K) (l/kg)
t p
(ºC) (kPa) Liquid hˆ ˆ
Vapor H Liquid ŝ Vapor Ŝ Liquid v̂ Vapor V̂
–60 21.99 –69.5330 1373.19 –0.10909 6.6592 1.4010 4685.080
–55 30.29 –47.5062 1382.01 –0.00717 6.5454 1.4126 3474.220
–50 41.03 –25.4342 1390.64 0.09264 6.4382 1.4245 2616.510
–45 54.74 –3.3020 1399.07 0.19049 6.3369 1.4367 1998.910
–40 72.01 18.9024 1407.26 0.28651 6.2410 1.4493 1547.360
–35 93.49 41.1883 1415.20 0.38082 6.1501 1.4623 1212.490
–30 119.90 63.5629 1422.86 0.47351 6.0636 1.4757 960.867
–28 132.02 72.5387 1425.84 0.51015 6.0302 1.4811 878.100
–26 145.11 81.5300 1428.76 0.54655 5.9974 1.4867 803.761
–24 159.22 90.5370 1431.64 0.58272 5.9652 1.4923 736.868
–22 174.41 99.5600 1434.46 0.61865 5.9336 1.4980 676.570
–20 190.74 108.599 1437.23 0.65436 5.9025 1.5037 622.122
–18 208.26 117.656 1439.94 0.68984 5.8720 1.5096 572.875
–16 227.04 126.729 1442.60 0.72511 5.8420 1.5155 528.257
–14 247.14 135.820 1445.20 0.76016 5.8125 1.5215 487.769
–12 268.63 144.929 1447.74 0.79501 5.7835 1.5276 450.971
–10 291.57 154.056 1450.22 0.82965 5.7550 1.5338 417.477
–9 303.60 158.628 1451.44 0.84690 5.7409 1.5369 401.860
–8 316.02 163.204 1452.64 0.86410 5.7269 1.5400 386.944
–7 328.84 167.785 1453.83 0.88125 5.7131 1.5432 372.692
–6 342.07 172.371 1455.00 0.89835 5.6993 1.5464 359.071
–5 355.71 176.962 1456.15 0.91541 5.6856 1.5496 346.046
–4 369.77 181.559 1457.29 0.93242 5.6721 1.5528 333.589
–3 384.26 186.161 1458.42 0.94938 5.6586 1.5561 321.670
–2 399.20 190.768 1459.53 0.96630 5.6453 1.5594 310.263
–1 414.58 195.381 1460.62 0.98317 5.6320 1.5627 299.340
0 430.43 200.000 1461.70 1.00000 5.6189 1.5660 288.880
1 446.74 204.625 1462.76 1.01679 5.6058 1.5694 278.858
2 463.53 209.256 1463.80 1.03354 5.5929 1.5727 269.253
3 480.81 213.892 1464.83 1.05024 5.5800 1.5762 260.046
4 498.59 218.535 1465.84 1.06691 5.5672 1.5796 251.216
5 516.87 223.185 1466.84 1.08353 5.5545 1.5831 242.745
6 535.67 227.841 1467.82 1.10012 5.5419 1.5866 234.618
7 555.00 232.503 1468.78 1.11667 5.5294 1.5901 226.817
8 574.87 237.172 1469.72 1.13317 5.5170 1.5936 219.326
9 595.28 241.848 1470.64 1.14964 5.5046 1.5972 212.132
10 616.25 246.531 1471.57 1.16607 5.4924 1.6008 205.221
11 637.78 251.221 1472.46 1.18246 5.4802 1.6045 198.580
12 659.89 255.918 1473.34 1.19882 5.4681 1.6081 192.196
13 682.59 260.622 1474.20 1.21515 5.4561 1.6118 186.058
14 705.88 265.334 1475.05 1.23144 5.4441 1.6156 180.154
15 729.79 270.053 1475.88 1.24769 5.4322 1.6193 174.475
16 754.31 274.779 1476.69 1.26391 5.4204 1.6231 169.009
17 779.46 279.513 1477.48 1.28010 5.4087 1.6269 163.748
18 805.25 284.255 1478.25 1.29626 5.3971 1.6308 158.683
19 831.69 289.005 1479.01 1.31238 5.3855 1.6347 153.804
20 858.79 293.762 1479.75 1.32847 5.3740 1.6386 149.106
21 886.57 298.527 1480.48 1.34452 5.3626 1.6426 144.578

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TX69299 ch01 frame.book Page 869 Wednesday, September 4, 2002 2:13 PM

Appendix 869

TABLE A3 (continued)
Properties of Liquid and Saturated Vapor of Ammonia
Enthalpy Entropy Specific volume
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg·K) (l/kg)
t p
(ºC) (kPa) Liquid hˆ ˆ
Vapor H Liquid ŝ Vapor Ŝ Liquid v̂ Vapor V̂
22 915.03 303.300 1481.18 1.36055 5.3512 1.6466 140.214
23 944.18 308.081 1481.87 1.37654 5.3399 1.6507 136.006
24 974.03 312.870 1482.53 1.39250 5.3286 1.6547 131.950
25 1004.60 317.667 1483.18 1.40843 5.3175 1.6588 128.037
26 1035.90 322.471 1483.81 1.42433 5.3063 1.6630 124.261
27 1068.00 327.284 1484.42 1.44020 5.2953 1.6672 120.619
28 1100.70 332.104 1485.01 1.45604 5.2843 1.6714 117.103
29 1134.30 336.933 1485.59 1.47185 5.2733 1.6757 113.708
30 1168.60 341.769 1486.14 1.48762 5.2624 1.6800 110.430
31 1203.70 346.614 1486.67 1.50337 5.2516 1.6844 107.263
32 1239.60 351.466 1487.18 1.51908 5.2408 1.6888 104.205
33 1276.30 356.326 1487.66 1.53477 5.2300 1.6932 101.248
34 1313.90 361.195 1488.13 1.55042 5.2193 1.6977 98.391
35 1352.20 366.072 1488.57 1.56605 5.2086 1.7023 95.629
36 1391.50 370.957 1488.99 1.58165 5.1980 1.7069 92.958
37 1431.50 375.851 1489.39 1.59722 5.1874 1.7115 90.374
38 1472.40 380.754 1489.76 1.61276 5.1768 1.7162 87.875
39 1514.30 385.666 1489.10 1.62828 5.1663 1.7209 85.456
40 1557.00 390.587 1490.42 1.64377 5.1558 1.7257 83.115
41 1600.60 395.519 1490.71 1.65924 5.1453 1.7305 80.848
42 1645.10 400.462 1490.98 1.67470 5.1349 1.7354 78.654
43 1690.60 405.416 1491.21 1.69013 5.1244 1.7404 76.528
44 1737.00 410.382 1491.41 1.70554 5.1140 1.7454 74.468
45 1784.30 415.362 1491.58 1.72095 5.1036 1.7504 72.472
46 1832.60 420.358 1491.72 1.73635 5.0932 1.7555 70.536
47 1881.90 425.369 1491.83 1.75174 5.0827 1.7607 68.660
48 1932.20 430.399 1491.88 1.76714 5.0723 1.7659 66.840
49 1983.50 435.450 1491.91 1.78255 5.0618 1.7712 65.075
50 2035.90 440.523 1491.89 1.79798 5.0514 1.7766 63.361
51 2089.20 445.623 1491.83 1.81343 5.0409 1.7820 61.697
52 2143.60 450.751 1491.73 1.82891 5.0303 1.7875 60.081
53 2199.10 455.913 1491.58 1.84445 5.0198 1.7931 58.511
54 2255.60 461.112 1491.38 1.86004 5.0092 1.7987 56.985
55 2313.20 466.353 1491.12 1.87571 4.9985 1.8044 55.502

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870 Unit Operations in Food Engineering

TABLE A4
Normalized Dimensions of Steel Tubing
Catalog Nominal External Internal Wall
Number Diameter Diameter Diameter Thickness
(in.) (cm) (cm) (cm)
40 ⅛ 1.029 0.683 0.173
80 ⅛ 1.029 0.546 0.241
40 ¼ 1.372 0.925 0.224
80 ¼ 1.372 0.767 0.302
40 ⅜ 1.715 1.252 0.231
80 ⅜ 1.715 1.074 0.320
40 ½ 2.134 1.580 0.277
80 ½ 2.134 1.387 0.373
40 ¾ 2.667 2.093 0.287
80 ¾ 2.667 1.885 0.391
40 1 3.340 2.664 0.338
80 1 3.340 2.431 0.455
40 1¼ 4.216 3.505 0.356
80 1¼ 4.216 3.246 0.485
40 1½ 4.826 4.089 0.368
80 1½ 4.826 3.810 0.508
40 2 6.033 5.250 0.391
80 2 6.033 4.925 0.554
40 2½ 7.303 6.271 0.516
80 2½ 7.303 5.900 0.701
40 3 8.890 7.793 0.549
80 3 8.890 7.366 0.762
40 3½ 10.16 9.012 0.574
80 3½ 10.16 8.545 0.808
40 4 11.43 10.226 0.602
80 4 11.43 9.718 0.856
40 5 14.23 12.819 0.655
80 5 14.13 12.225 0.953
40 6 16.83 15.405 0.711
80 6 16.83 14.633 1.097
40 8 21.91 20.272 0.818
80 8 21.91 19.368 1.270
40 10 27.31 25.451 0.927
80 10 27.31 24.287 1.509
40 12 32.39 30.323 1.031
80 12 32.39 28.890 1.748

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TX69299 ch01 frame.book Page 871 Wednesday, September 4, 2002 2:13 PM

Appendix 871

H=Enthalpy
S=Entropy

FIGURE A1
Mollier diagram for steam. H = enthalpy; S = entropy.

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 TX69299 ch01 frame.book Page 872 Wednesday, September 4, 2002 2:13 PM
1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740

872
2100 Entropy kJ/kg . K 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40 5.50 5.60 5.70
.100
40 0
5.3 0
30 5.4 0 .150
1000 5.5
0
900 20 5.6 .200
0

Specific volume, m3/kg

800 5.7
0
700 5.8
Pressure, kPa

600 10 0 .300
5.9
500 0
0 6.0 .400
0
400 6.1 .500
0
300 – 20 6.2 .600
0
6.3 .700
.800
0
6.4 .900

Unit Operations in Food Engineering

200 – 10 0 1.000
6.5

0 1.500
– 20 6.7 0
0 7.0
100 6.8 0
7.1 0 2.000
90 0
80 6.9 7.2 .30
– 20 7
70
Temperature, °C– 40 – 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
FIGURE A2
Diagram for ammonia.

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 TX69299 ch01 frame.book Page 873 Wednesday, September 4, 2002 2:13 PM
φ=0.05 φ=0.10 φ=0.15
φ=0.2

Appendix
80

70

φ=0.5
60

50
sT(kJ/kg dry air)

φ=1
40 160
140
120
30 100

80
20
60
Isothermals in °C
Isoenthalpics in kJ/kg dry air
_Relative humidity
10 40

20
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

X (kg water/kg dry air)

873
FIGURE A3
Psychrometric chart sT–X.

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