End Mill Training
Three Key Elements of a Cutting Tool
Geometry • 3 Elements Needed in
a Good Cutting Tool
• Well Balanced For
Best Performance
Cutting Tool
End Mill Terms
A - Mill Size or Cutting Diameter
B - Shank Diameter
C - Length of Cut or Flute Length
D - Overall Length
End Mill Terms Continued
End Mill Side Clearance
• Primary (1st angle, 5°- 9°)
– Relief Adjacent to Cutting Edge
• Secondary (2nd angle, 14°-17°)
– Relief Adjacent to Primary Angle
• Tertiary (3rd)
– Additional Relief Provided Adjacent to the Secondary
– High Performance End Mills
End Mill End Clearance
• Dish Angle
– Angle Between End of Cutting Edge
and Perpendicular to the Cutter Axis
– Dish Ensures a flat Surface is
Produced
• Gash (Notch)
– Secondary Cuts to Provide Chip
Space at Corners and Ends
– Forming the End Cutting Edge when
Feeding Axially
• Gash Angle
– Relief Angle of the Gash Feature
End Mill Flutes
• Evacuate Chips
– Outward
• Low Helix 10-20°
– Not Upward like a Drill
– Harder Material 35 HRC +
• Two or More Flutes
• Usually Spiral Helix
• Normal (GP) Helix 28-
Shape
30°
• High Helix 40°+
– Stringy Chips
Chip Pocket and # Teeth
End Cutting Edge Types
Cutting Edge Type
End Mill Web Thinning
• The Web is Non-Cutting Web Thickness
Secondary
• Consume Power and Clearance
Primary Clearance
Torque to PLow Through
the Work
• Thinning Reduces These Gash Too Far
Behind Center
• Thinned Using Gash
Gash Too Far
Ahead of Center
Back Taper
• Ø is Tapered Towards the Shank
• Aids in Plunging/Drilling
• Compensate for Deflection
Visual Index Pg. 8 & 9
~ 30°
40°- 45°
15°- 20°
Helix
Angle
# Flutes/Center
Specs Speeds &
Cutting or Non
Center Cutting /Sizes Feeds
Type of
Material
H=High Helix (40°)
Type of N= Normal Helix (30°)
Coating
L= Low Helix (15°)
End Mill Diameter Tolerance Pg. 210
Nachi End mill Materials
• HSS = High Speed Steel
• General Purpose
• Symbol= EX’s – L231, L261,
L211, L215, & L271
• HSSCo = Cobalt High Speed Steel
• HSS With Added Cobalt for Wear Resistance
• Symbol=
EX’s – L6231HD, L6450, L6485, L6406, L6484, L6486, L6488,
L6403, L6402, L6404, L6231X, L6211X, L6367X, L6303X, L6231,
L6233, L6230, L6213, L6210, L6211M, 6367, L6303, & L6307
Nachi Materials
• Carbide = Tungsten Carbide
• Compacted & Sintered 3 X Stiffer than Steel
• Symbol=
EX’s – L9382, L9384, L9386, L9398,
L9422, L9399, L9423, L9408, L9321, L9322,
L9324, L9338, L9366, L9368, L9340, L9332, L9330,
L9378, L9302, L9390, L9360, L9261X, L9265X, L9271X,
L9275X, L9263X, L9267X, L9273X, L9277X, L9251X, & L9221X
Coatings Advantages
• Better Wear Resistance
• Better Toughness
• Better Heat Resistance
• Better Lubrication
Coatings Development and Approx.
Temperature Max
900°C
12-1300°C
700°C
600°C
Nachi Coatings
• SG-Coating = TiN + TiCN (Multi Layer Coating)
• Service Temperature= 700°C
• Color= Gold YelLow
• Symbol=
EX – L9261X, L9265X, L9271X, L9275X, L9263X, L9267X,
L9273X, L9277X, L9251X, L9221X, L6231X, L6211X, L6367X, & L6303X
• AG-Coating = TiALN (Multi Layer Coating)
• Service Temperature= 900°C
• Color= Violet-Gray
• Symbol= EX – L6485, L6406, L6484,
L6486, L6488, L6403, L6402, & L6404
Nachi Coatings
• X’s-Coating = TiALN (Multi Layer Coating) for End Mills
• Service Temperature= 900°C
• Color= Violet-Gray
• Symbol= EX – L9408, L9321, L9322,
L9324, L9338, L9366, L9368, L9340, & L9332
• GS-Coating = TiALN + Al-Ti-Cr (Multi Layer Coating)
• Service Temperature= 1100°C
• Color= Violet-gray
• Symbol= EX – L9382, L9384, L9386,
L9398, L9422, L9399, & L9423
Nachi Coatings
• DLC-Coating = Diamond Like Carbon
• Service Temperature= 600°C
• Color= Black
• Symbol= EX – L9330, L9378, L9302,
L9390, L9360, L6231HD, & L6450
