Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Ministry of Education

Physics Syllabus, Grades 9 and 10

2009
 Physics: Grades 9 and 10

Table of Contents

Introduction ......................................................................................................... iv
Allotments of Periods……………………………………………………………vii

Grade 9
General objectives of Grade 9 Physics .................................................................. 2
Unit 1 Vectors ....................................................................................................... 3
Unit 2 Motion in a straight line ............................................................................. 5
Unit 3 Force and Newton’s laws of motion........................................................... 10
Unit 4 Work, energy, and power ........................................................................... 17
Unit 5 Simple machines ........................................................................................ 22
Unit 6 Fluid static .................................................................................................. 25
Unit 7 Temperature and heat ................................................................................. 29
Unit 8 Wave motion and sound ............................................................................. 32

Grade 10
General objectives of Grade 10 Physics ................................................................ 40
Unit 1 Motion in two dimensions .......................................................................... 41
Unit 2 Electrostatics .............................................................................................. 48
Unit 3 Current electricity....................................................................................... 53
Unit 4 Electromagnetism ....................................................................................... 58
Unit 5 Electronics .................................................................................................. 65
Unit 6 Electromagnetic waves and geometrical optics .......................................... 69

iii
 Physics: Grades 9 and 10

Introduction
Improvement of science education is a significant need that has received scientific concepts and skills. Where possible, concepts should be
considerable attention throughout the world... The challenges are greater in introduced in the context of real-world problems and issues.
the developing world where well- trained teachers, effective materials and The new curriculum framework has clearly indicated that continuous
even the most basic scientific equipment and supplies are often in short assessment should be part of the teaching learning process and be done
supply. using oral, written and practical work. Therefore ,this syllabus expects
Grades 9 and 10 are categorized as the first cycle of the secondary teachers to conduct continuous assessment throughout each term in the form
education. This is due to the fact that the students will be streamed after of classroom exercises(written or oral),tests ,homework, assignments,
finishing Grade 10, which is a terminal point. This fact is given a due assessment of practical and field works, reports of project activities and
consideration in preparing this curriculum guide. Every effort has been personal inventories. In this syllabus ,at the end of each unit ,are given
made to make the citizens which completes the first cycle of the secondary assessment descriptions ,based on competencies, in order to help teachers
education knowledgeable of the most general basic laws of physics which focus their continuous assessments around them and make sure whether the
they will apply in their daily lives. These syllabuses are prepared based on ones set as standard competencies are achieved or not. In the assessment,
the new curriculum framework which adopts competency based approach to the statement “minimum requirement level” should not be misleading and
education and on the feedbacks obtained from the fields. In preparing these should be understood as the “standard level”. Students working at the
syllabuses we have attempted so as to organize and present the materials to standard level are expected to achieve the competencies set for the grade
provide considerable flexibility with respect to flow of contents, level of level successfully. Teachers should give special considerations for those
presentation, and students’ background in mathematics. We have also who are working above and below the standard levels by encouraging the
endeavored to retain a distinct technology perspective throughout the ones that work above the standard and by giving extra attention for those
syllabuses. In dealing with the topics emphasis is laid more on the who work below the standard.
fundamental principles than on minute details. In physics the ability to This syllabus is not the only curriculum material for physics. It is preceded
apply principles to numerical problems is of utmost importance. Physics by the flow chart and the minimum learning competencies (MLC) and is
cannot be learned passively: there is absolutely no substitute for tackling expected to be succeeded by the student’s text book, students’ workbook,
problems .Here is where the students gain the sense of satisfaction and teachers’ guide, and practical activities manual. The flow chart is a
involvement produced by a genuine understanding of the principle of document that presents the contents listed in a sequence that gives a
physics. guideline on the topics to be taught and arranging them in such a way that
The expectations in science courses call for an active, experimental they build on each other in a spiral progression. The flow chart begets the
approach to learning, with all students participating regularly in practical MLC. The MLC is a document that indicates the minimum that a student
activities. Practical activities can reinforce the learning of scientific must learn in each grade level in terms of contents and skills and it builds
concepts and promote the development of the skills of scientific on the themes or competency areas identified for the subject. The MLC
investigation and communication. Where opportunity allows, students begets the syllabus. The syllabus is a document that is pre- planned,
might be required, as part of their laboratory activities, to design and preordained, pre-sequenced, inventory of specifications that serves as a
research a real scientific problem for which the results are unknown. roadmap to teachers, students, and textbook writers. It is made up of unit
The goal of relating science to technology, society, and the environment is outcomes, competencies, contents, and hints for teaching assessment. The
an important new feature of this curriculum. In order to attain this goal, syllabus begets the students’ text book and workbook and to the teacher
connections between science and technology and between science and the guide and practical activities manual. The text book is a standard book
world beyond the school must be integrated into students’ learning of used in schools for a given subject and grade levels and which serves as a
primary learning instrument for students .The workbook is a booklet used

iv
 Physics: Grades 9 and 10
by a student in which answers and workings may be entered besides framework development department of the MOE(TIR 1-MIazia 30)and at
questions and exercises .The booklet is designed in such a way that it has which 12 federal, regional, and international curriculum experts ,teachers
enough space for solving problems or recording activities. The teacher’s participated. It was finalized by the following team of experts:
guide is a book for the teacher that consists of written instructions for the
teacher giving specific directions for teaching the various parts of a lesson. 1. International consultant – Dr.George Collison
The practical activities manual is a manual for the teacher giving 2. Curriculum experts from the ministry of Education
instructions on the ‘how to’ of conducting experiments and simple activities Eshetu Asfaw
inside and outside the classroom, preparing equipments and chemicals, Girma Lemma
arranging and performing field trips and visits, making teaching aids and Yosef Mehret
constructing models. 3. Teachers from regional education Bureaus
Grade -9 physics encompasses: physics and measurement, vectors, motion Abdurrahman Hassen (Somalie)
in a straight line, force and Newton’s laws of motion; work, energy and Adem Gobena (Oromiya)
power, simple machines, fluid static; heat ,temperature and thermal Adane Bekele(SNNPR)
expansion, wave motion and sound. Mohammed Seid (Afar)
Grade-10 physics includes: motion in two dimensions, electrostatics, Simeneh Badmon (Benshangul Gumuz)
current electricity, electromagnetism, electronics, electromagnetic waves Tegegn Worku(A.A education bureau)
and geometrical optics Wubshet Debele (Gambela)
The new curriculum framework for Ethiopian schools has allotted 3 periods
per week for physics in grade 9 and 10.Though the academic calendar is Acknowledgement: We are grateful in particular to Prof, George Collison
made of 40 weeks ,the syllabuses are prepared for 34 weeks(102 for many valuable contributions and suggestions. We especially would like
periods).The distribution of periods for each unit of each grade level is also to give sincere thanks to AED (Academy for Educational Development)
indicated in the syllabuses office for supporting the revision of curriculum which is a great assistance
This document of Grades 9 and 10 physics syllabuses was reviewed, delivered to us.
discussed, and finalized by a national workshop held at the general

v
 Physics: Grades 9 and 10

Allotment of Periods
for Units and Sub-units of Physics
Grades 9 and 10

Number of Periods
Grade Unit Sub-unit
Sub-unit Total
1.1. Representation of vectors 2
Unit 1: Vectors 1.2. Addition and subtraction of vectors 5 9
9
1.3. Some applications of vectors 2
2.1. Uniform motion 2
Unit 2: Motion in a straight line 2.2. Uniformly accelerated motion 2
2.3. Graphical description of uniformly accelerated motion 2 12
2.4. Equations of uniformly accelerated motion 4
2.5. Relative velocity in one dimension 2
3.1. Forces in nature 2
Unit 3: Force and Newton’s laws of 3.2. Newton’s 2nd law 2
motion 3.3. Frictional force 3 19
3.4. Newton’s 3rd law 4
3.5. Conservation of linear momentum 3
3.6. Collisions 2
3.7. The first condition of equilibrium 3
4.1. Mechanical work 2
Unit 4: Work, energy, and power 4.2. Work-energy theorem 2 11
4.3. Conservation of energy 6
4.4. Mechanical power 1
5.1. Purposes of machines 1
Unit 5: Simple machines 5.2. Inclined plane, wedge, and screw 5 11
5.3. Levers 5
Unit 6: Fluid statics 6.1. Air pressure 5 12
6.2. Fluid pressure 7
7.1. Temperature and heat energy 2
Unit 7: Temperature and heat 7.2. Expansion of solids, liquids and gases 3 12
7.3. Quantity of heat, specific heat capacity, and heat capacity 3
7.4. Change of state 4
Unit 8: Wave motion and sound 8.1. Wave propagation 4

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 Physics: Grades 9 and 10
Number of Periods
Grade Unit Sub-unit
Sub-unit Total
8.2. Mechanical waves 4 16
8.3. Properties of waves 4
8.4. Sound waves 4
10 1.1. Projectile motion 5
Unit 1: Motion in two dimensions 1.2. 1.2. Rotational kinematics 5
1.3. Rotational dynamics 7 22
1.4. Newton’s law of universal gravitation 5
2.1. Electric charges 6
Unit 2: Electrostatics 2.2. Electric forces and fields 5 19
2.3. Electric potential 4
2.4. Capacitors and capacitance 4
3.1. Electric current 2
3.2. Ohm’s law and electrical resistance 3 14
Unit 3: Current electricity 3.3. Combinations of resistors 3
3.4. Emf and internal resistance of a cell 3
3.5. Electric energy and power 2
3.6. Electric installation and safety rules 1
4.1. Magnetism 4
Unit 4: Electromagnetism 4.2. Concepts of magnetic field 3 20
4.3. Magnetic force 6
4.4. Electromagnetic induction 7
5.1. Vacuum tube devices 3
Unit 5: Electronics 5.2. Conductors, semiconductors and insulators 1 20
5.3. Semiconductors 4
5.4. Transistors 3
Unit 6: Electromagnetic waves and 6.1. Electromagnetic waves 3
geometrical optics 6.2. Reflection of light 6 16
6.3. Refraction of light 7

vii
Physics Syllabus, Grade 10

39
 Physics: Grade 10

Grade 10 physics objectives

After completing grade 10 physics lessons the students will be able to:
 Understand the motion of objects in horizontal, vertical, and inclined planes, and with reference to the forces acting on the objects; the laws of
conservation of energy and of momentum for objects moving in one and two dimensions

 Develop basic manipulative skills in investigate motion in a plane, and solve problems involving the forces acting on an object in linear, projectile, and
circular motion, with the aid of vectors, graphs, and free-body diagram,

 Understand the concepts of, electrical, gravitational, and magnetic fields; electromagnetic radiation; electromagnetic induction, and the interface
between energy and matter, the common applications of electrical and electronic circuits, and the function and configuration of the components used in
circuits
 Develop skills in using measuring instruments and familiar electrical devices ;constructing simple electrical circuits using common tools appropriately
and safely
 Appreciate the applications of electrical and electronic technologies to the community

40
 Physics: Grade 10
Unit 1: Motion in two dimensions (22 periods)
Unit outcomes: Students will be able to:
 describe the motion of objects in horizontal, vertical, and inclined planes, and predict and explain the motion with reference to the forces acting on the
objects;
 investigate motion in a plane, through experiments and solve problems involving the forces acting on an object in linear, projectile, and circular motion, with
the aid of vectors, graphs, and free-body diagrams;
 analyze ways in which an understanding of the dynamics of motion relates to the development and use of technological devices, including terrestrial and
space vehicles, and the enhancement of recreational activities and sports equipment.

Competencies Contents Suggested activities

Students will be able to: 1. motion in two dimension
 Define the term 1.1 Projectile motion
Demonstration:
projectile (5 periods)
The “aluminium foil cannon ball”. It uses a rubber band to shoot an aluminium cannon ball
 Give examples of  Horizontal projection
out of a paper tube.
projectiles  Vertical projection Inclined plane – hitting a target.
 Distinguish between one It shows independence of vertical and horizontal motions.
dimensional and two  Inclined projection
dimensional motions Equipment: the same long “v” track from Newton’s First Law demonstration. It should be at
 Identify that a projectile least a meter and a half long.
motion is a two Put a ball in motion down the track. Have a stop at the end. Use a short segment of track at a
dimensional motion high angle; say 45 degrees, to impart momentum. Measure the speed of the ball on the track.
 Define the term angle of Measure the height of the end of the track off the floor. Calculate the time it takes to fall.
projection(angle of Predict where the ball will land if the stop is removed. Put a cup there to catch the ball.
elevation and depression) Repeat the demonstration perhaps with the track running over student desks. Invite students to
 Describe the effect of measure and place the cup.
gravity in the motion of a Change the velocity of the ball. Re-measure with a different launch angle. Invite a group of
projectile students to measure the velocity and make a prediction about where to put the cup.
 Identify that the
horizontal motion part is PEER INSTRUCTION on motion in 2 dimensions
motion with a constant
velocity and the vertical Group lab – ACTIVE ASSESSMENT:
motion part is a Each row will have paper tube cannon.
uniformly accelerated
motion They will calibrate the cannon’s initial velocity by measuring the force constant of the rubber
 write an expression for band. Using the definition of work, and Favg they calculate the work done on the ball by the
the time required to elastic. This predicts the initial velocity and also the vertical height the ball should reach.
reach the maximum

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 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
height of a projectile The launcher is placed in either the front desk or back desk.
projected at an angle  to The instructor gives groups of 6-9 students a small basket 10-20 cm in diameter. The lab
the horizontal challenges student groups to calculate the angle of the launcher so that a launch will hit the
 use an expression to basket placed in the middle of their desks. Each group gets three tries. Each group must
calculate the maximum submit a report showing their calculations and measurements that achieved the result.
height attained by a Individuals must write up the process and explain how to calculate range of a projectile.
projectile in an inclined
projection Activity: Independence of gravity and other forces
 Write an expression for Position a ruler or other stick on the edge of a table. place a penny on one end of the ruler and
the total time of flight of place another penny on the edge of a table near the ruler, Quickly pivot the ruler about its
a projectile projected at a other end and one penny will drop straight down while the other will be hit by the ruler and
given angle move in a horizontal and vertical direction simultaneously. Listen for the clicks as each penny
 Derive an expression for hits the floor.
the range R of a Do they hit the floor at the same or at different times?
projectile projected at a Repeat the activity using different sizes of coins and different heights.
given angle Does the motion in the vertical direction influence the motion in the horizontal direction?
 Deduce the path Discuss.
( trajectory) of a
projectile is parabolic
 Show that the range
occurs at an angle of 45
degrees
 Solve problems
involving projectile
motion

 Define the term centre of  Centre of Mass Demonstration:

 Definition of centre of A 2m plank with four low friction wheels such as from roller bearings models a boat in water.
mass
mass The middle of the plank is marked on the plank and on the floor. A student, starting in the
 Determine the centre of middle, walks four steps. The plank moves backwards. Marks are made of finial positions.
mass of regular and  Centre of mass theorem
The instructor guides a calculation of the motion of the centre of mass.
irregular bodies
Demonstration: two students on platforms with wheels exchange a very heavy ball (sand
filled basket ball). They analyze the event in Newtonian fashion. Now one platform has 2 or
3 students. Repeat the demonstration. Record backward motion of each sled.

 Application problems for Demonstration of centre of mass (CM) using a tennis racket.
CM. Some lights form a band around part of the tennis racket. Use one band at a time. The

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 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
 Boat on a river with instructor throws it toward the back of the class. Lights on the ends make loops in the air.
occupant walking. Lights placed at one spot make a perfect parabola. The instructor investigates what properties
 Satellite separating from this point has. He suspends the racket by a string at that point. It balances. This
an explosion or a rocket. demonstration gives support to the CM theorem. The instructor tries again with a stick
weighted heavily at one end. The CM is closer to the heavy end

Activity: centre of mass of an irregular object

How can we find the centre of mass of an irregularly shaped object?
Use a nail or pencil to punch three holes in the perimeter of a cardboard. Slightly enlarge
these holes so the cardboard can rotate freely. Place a nail or pencil in one hole and hang a
weighted piece of string from it. Swing the cardboard and when it comes to rest , draw a line
on the cardboard showing the position of the string .the cardboard swing back and forth as a
pendulum until the centre of mass comes to rest directly below the point of support . This
position represents the state of least energy for the body, and all bodies move toward a
position of minimal energy. Repeat the other two holes. Attempt to balance the cardboard at
the intersection of the three lines

 Explain the force needed  uniform circular motion Demonstration:

to keep an object moving The instructor swings a pail of water horizontally at sufficient speed not to spill the water.
in a horizontal circle Draw out students’ ideas about circular motion.
(centripetal force) What keeps the water from spilling?
 Identify that a radial
acceleration of a body in Use diagrams to pull apart ideas about forces on the water.
a uniform circular Why does the instructor lean back a bit? (bring in centre of mass arguments)
motion arises from a
change in the direction of Bring in Newton’s laws. Why the water in the pail accelerated but its speed is not changing?
a velocity
 Calculate the magnitude Repeat the experiment with a vertical motion of the pail. Begin with a pendulum like motion
of the centripetal force then move to full rotation.
that is needed to keep an Do force diagrams at the top, bottom and side points.
object moving in a Demo: Cut a piece of glass tubing about 15 cm in length. Heat one end in a Bunsen burner
horizontal circle flame until the walls of the tube are smoothly rounded. Hang one end of a one-metre section of
fishing line to two-holed rubber stopper and thread the other end through the tube. Tie
 Describe the rotational 1.2 Kinematics approximately 50 grams of metal washer from the line. These washers provide the centripetal
motion of a body. (5 periods) force that is exerted through the line to keep the stopper rotating in a circle. Using a stopwatch
 Describe angular  Rotational variables or other timing device, swing the stopper at a constant rate. Be certain to adjust the line so the
displacement and  Angular and tangential distance from the top of the tube to the stopper is equal to the chosen radius, and attach a
tangential displacement. displacement paperclip to the line above the weights to use as an indicator to check the circular motion is

43
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
 Express the measure of  Angular and tangential steady. If the clip remains stationary, the radius and speed of rotation is constant. The velocity
an angle in terms of velocity can be computed by dividing the circumference of the circle by the period of rotation. It is
revolutions, degrees, and  Angular and tangential easier to determine the period of rotation by measuring the time required for ten rotations and
radian. acceleration dividing by ten. Calculate the centripetal acceleration acting on the stopper. Repeat using a
 Define angular velocity  Uniform circular motion larger radius
and tangential velocity.  Rotational motion with
 Identify that the SI unit constant angular
of angular velocity is acceleration
rad/sec.  Equations of motion with
 Define angular and constant angular
tangential acceleration. acceleration
 Identify that the SI unit
of angular acceleration is Demonstration:
rad /s2
 Show the relationship 1.3. Rotational dynamics The tool is a bicycle wheel that is filled with sand, or better, some sand mixed with metal shot.
between angular (7 periods) The axels have handles to hold the wheel as it rotates. The instructor gets the wheel going as
displacement and 1.3.1. Moment of inertia fast as possible. He invites students to come up and hold the handles and attempt to twist the
tangential displacement. and rotational kinetic wheel in a vertical direction. They describe a resistance. He stops the wheel and invites
energy others to twist in a vertical direction. Why is there no resistance when the wheel is stopped?
 Show the relationship
between angular velocity
1.3.2. Torque The instructor wraps more masses onto the wheel (bicycle tire segments filled with sand,
and tangential velocity.
 Torque and angular sealed at the ends.) These are taped symmetrically on the wheel. He makes the wheel spin
 Show the relationship
acceleration again and invites students to try to twist it. Is it harder or easier than before?
between angular
acceleration and  Angular momentum
Alternately, the understanding with a demonstration of angular momentum using a weighted
tangential acceleration.  Law of conservation of
bicycle wheel. Have the wheel accelerated by spinning it.
 Use the relation a=(a2 angular momentum
t +a2r)1/2 to calculate Connect angular momentum with linear momentum by accelerating the mounted wheel by
the magnitude of the having a weight drop and exert a torque.
total acceleration of a
body in circular motion. Demonstration: angular momentum, torque and stability
 Solve problems related to  Conditions of
Hold a coin horizontally, using thumb and first finger of one hand. Slowly move your fingers
angular displacement, equilibrium in rotational apart until the object falls. Unless you are agile enough to release both fingers from the coin at
angular velocity, and motion
precisely the same instant the coin will flip as it falls because the last finger touching the coin
angular acceleration.  Centre of gravity acts as pivot and gravity acting at the coin’s centre of mass provides an external torque to
 Describe rotational rotate the coin about this axis .As the coin falls it rotates around its centre of mass The
motion with constant demonstration motivates a qualitative understanding of the moment of inertia, a quantity a lot
angular acceleration. like mass but now only applicable with rotation.
 State the equations of

44
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
motion with constant
angular acceleration. Demonstration: To demonstrate distribution of mass and rotational inertia.
 Show the analogous Tape cans of soup or other similar objects an equal and short distance from the centre of a
relation between meter stick, leaving room for your hand to grasp the stick at its center.Apply torque to the
equations of uniformly stick by twisting it back and forth and note the effort required. Move the objects to the ends of
accelerated rectilinear the metre stick and tape them.
motion and rotational Is it easier or more difficult to rotate the stick?
motion
 Use equations of motion Activity: to demonstrate rotational inertia
with constant angular Place two different sized rolls of adding machine tape or other rolled paper on the dowel.
acceleration to solve Attach heavy clips to the rolls and hold so they cannot unwind .release the rolls at the same
simple related problems time and note which unrolls most rapidly.
 Define the moment of Which roll has the greatest rotational inertia?
inertia of a point mass
 Define rotational kinetic Define angular momentum using the right hand rule. Show its representation as an arrow from
energy of a body. the centre of the axis. “reality of the unseen”. Angular momentum is real but it is not, itself,
 Solve simple problems visible. Trying to change the direction of rotation meant applying forces to the angular
related to moment of momentum vector.
inertia and rotational
kinetic energy Inquire students how angular momentum helps riding a bicycle.
 Define the term torque
 Identify the SI unit of Restate Newton’s 1st law for rotation.
Restate Newton’s 2nd law for rotation.
torque is Nm,which is
not the same as Joule
Define torque. Inquire why there is a distance in the definition?
 Express torque in terms
of moment of inertia and
Define kinetic rotational energy. Show the correspondence of terms.
angular acceleration
KElinear =½ mv2=1/2 I  2 = KErot
 Derive an expression for
the work done by the Demonstration:
torque Use a mounted, weighted bicycle wheel and a small, light wooden pulley to supply torque to
 Use the formula W= to 
show conversion of Potential Energy into rotational Kinetic Energy. A weight suspended on
solve problems related to a string attached to a pulley disk forces the weighted wheel to accelerate.
work done by torque Activity: Obtain three cans of similar size, one filled with a liquid, one filled with a solid or
 Define the angular semi-solid, and an empty can with the ends cut out. Which can will reach the bottom first
momentum of a particle when released on a ramp at the same time?Last?Test your predictions.
of mass m
 Write the SI unit of PEER Instruction:
angular momentum

45
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
 State the law of What happens if the mass of the wheel is increased? Why?
conservation of angular
momentum What happens if the mass is doubled?
 Solve problems using the
law of conservation of Increase the mass of the wheel by adding sand filled segments taped on.
angular momentum
 State the first and second Demonstration:
conditions of Converting rotational kinetic energy into electrical energy:
equilibrium.
 Solve problems related to Get the weighted wheels going to a good speed? Use a small DC electric motor with a 5-10
conditions of cm disk attached to the shaft. Have a small mirror segment attached to the disk and a light
equilibrium. shining on the mirror to make rotations visible. Demonstrate attaching a battery to the motor.
 Define the term centre of Remove the battery; attach a bulb to the output of the motor. Bring the weighted wheel to
mass (centre of gravity) maximum speed. Touch the motor’s wheel to the tire. The light bulb will light for a while, as
of a solid body. the wheel slows down. When it runs in reverse way, a motor is also a generators.
 Determine the centre of
gravity of a body using a
plumb –line method.
 Define the terms: stable,
unstable and neutral
equilibrium.
 State the Newton’s law 1.4 Newton’s law of PEER Instruction:
of universal gravitation universal gravitation What kinds of energy transformations are involved?
 Determine the magnitude (5 periods) If the light bulb were not screwed in, what would the interaction with the motor and tire?
of the force of attraction  Variation of g with Do the experiment.
between two masses altitude
separated by a distance r  Kepler’s law of planetary Collect literature satellites from news papers, libraries and catalogues. inquire students to write
 Calculate the value of g motion an essay about the history of satellites, dates for the launching of the satellites into space and
at any distance above the  Motion of artificial time spent into space.
surface of the earth satellites(orbital and
 State Kepler’s law of escape velocities)
planetary motion  Geostationary satellites
 Use kepler’s law of
planetary motion to
determine the period of
any planet
 Differentiate between

46
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
orbital and escape
velocity of a satellite
 Determine the period of
a satellite around a planet
 Calculate the orbital and
escape velocity of a Engineering Project The Mousetrap car.
satellite Using power from one mousetrap students design a mousetrap car to go the furthest distance.
 Describe the period, They can choose any number of wheels and any size of the wheels. The world record is 180m
position and function of
a geostationary satellite
Assessment
The teacher should assess each students work continuously over the whole law of universal gravitation, apply it quantitatively, and use it to explain
unit and compare it with the following description, based on the planetary and satellite motion.
competencies, to determine whether the student has achieved the minimum
Students above minimum requirement level
required level.
Students working above the minimum requirement level should be praised
Students at minimum requirement level and their achievements recognized. They should be encouraged to continue
A student working at the minimum requirement level will be able to: working hard and not become complacent.
analyze and predict, in quantitative terms, and explain the motion of
Students below minimum requirement level
objects in horizontal, vertical, and inclined projections; analyze and predict,
Students working below the minimum requirement level will require extra
in quantitative terms, and explain the motion of a projectile with respect to
help if they are to catch up with rest of the class. They should be given extra
the horizontal and vertical components of its motion; analyze and predict, in
attention in class and additional lesson time during breaks or at the end of
quantitative terms, and explain uniform circular motion in the horizontal
the day.
and vertical planes with reference to the forces involved ;describe Newton’s

47
 Physics: Grade 10
Unit 2: Electrostatics (19 periods)
Unit outcomes: Students will be able to:
 Demonstrate the principles of static electricity;
 Gain knowledge and understandings in static electric charge, electric field and force, electric potential capacitors and energy stored in capacitors
 Develop skills in performing electrostatic experiments, and solving problems related to charges at rest
 Appreciate the workings of some equipments which operate on the basis of electrostatic charges
 Describe and apply models of static electricity.

Competencies Contents Suggested activities

Students will be able to: 2.Electrostatics
Demonstration :Electrostatic Attraction of water
 State the law of 2.1 Electric charge
conservation of charge. (6 period)
Adjust the faucet so it releases the smallest continuous stream of water possible. Bring the
 Describe and explain the  electric charge and law
charged comb near the stream and note that it shifts the flow by means of electrostatic
charging processes: of conservation of charge
attraction.
charging by rubbing,
conduction, and ACTIVITY: Hanging balloons with electrostatic force
induction. Inflate a balloon and then briskly rub one side of it on your hair. Place this surface of the
 Perform an experiment to  charging processes balloon toward a wall or door and release it when it appears to be sticking. What can you
charge an electroscope (rubbing, conduction, and conclude about the nature of the surfaces to which the balloon sticks?
by conduction, induction. induction)
 Describe the distribution Demonstration: Induction
of charge on a conductor  charge distribution on a Tear a sheet of news paper into small bits approximately one half cm in diameter .Place the
of variable shape. conductor paper bits under a glass plate supported by two books. Rub the glass vigorously with silk and
 Explain how lightning is notice how the paper jumps up to the glass.
formed.  lightning and lightning What attracts the paper to the glass?
 Describe the use of rod Why does not it stay attached to the glass?
lightning rod. Discuss with the group.
 Describe the working  applications of
principle of some electrostatics (paint, Demonstration: A typical 25 cm –diameter Van de graaf generator is capable of generating a
equipments which spray, electrostatic 200,000-volt potential difference that can cause gasses in a fluorescent tube to glow. Darken
operate on the principles photocopier) the room, turn on the generator, and slowly move a fluorescent tube toward the generator and
of electrostatic charge. observe that it starts to glow.
 Describe the electrostatic  electrostatics danger Why does the portion between the tube and your hand and the generator glow?
hazards and useful
application of
electrostatics.
 State coulomb’s law.

48
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
 Compare coulomb’s law 2.2 electric forces and
and Newton‘s law of fields (5 periods)
universal gravitation.  Coulomb’s law
 Compute the force acting  Force between charges.
on a charge due to two  Electric field strength.
other charges placed on  Electric field lines.
the same plane (line of  Electric field due to a
action). point charge.
 Calculate the force
between three charges  Electric field inside and
placed collinearly. outside a spherical
 Define an electric field. metallic conductor.
 Represent
diagrammatically the
electric field lines around
and between two point
charges.
 Calculate the electric
field strength at a point
due to charges placed
collinearly and at right
angles.
 Distinguish between
electric field between
inside and outside a
spherical metallic
conductor.
 Define electric potential 2.3. Electric potential
and it’s SI unit. (4 periods)
 Distinguish between
absolute potential and  Absolute potential and
potential difference. potential difference.
 Show that 1N/C=1V/m.  Equipotential lines and
 Explain about surfaces.
equipotential lines and  Electric potential energy.
surfaces.  Conversion of
 Draw equipotential lines mechanical to electrical
and surfaces in an and electrical to

49
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
electric field. mechanical.
 Define the term electric
potential energy.
 Define what is meant by 2.4. Capacitors and
a dielectric material. capacitances (4 periods)
 Describe the structure of  Definition of a capacitor
a simple capacitor.  Charging and
 Define the term discharging processes Demonstration:
capacitance and it’s SI  Combination of
unit. capacitors in series. Obtain large capacitors 350+mf from dead TV power supplies. They look like small beer
 Use the circuit symbol to  Combination of cans. Charge the capacitor for a few minutes. Let it power a small light. Observe the
represent a capacitor. capacitors in parallel. behaviour of the light’s decay. Invite student hypotheses about what happened.
 Apply the definition of  Combination of What was stored?
capacitance to solve capacitors in series- What drained?
numerical problems. parallel. If sufficient numbers of capacitors are available let student teams experiment with charging
 Explain the charging and  Parallel-plate capacitor. and discharging the capacitor. Invite them to make drawings of light intensity vs. time graph
discharging of capacitor.  Capacitance of a parallel as the capacitor decays.
Is the graph linear or not?
 Identify combination of plate capacitor with and
capacitors in series, without dielectric.
Experiment with capacitors in series and parallel. Which takes longer to decay? Why? all
parallel, and series-  Energy stored in a
done qualitatively.
parallel. capacitor.
There should be much experimentation with capacitors (big ones from dead TV’s)
 Define the term  Applications of They store enough energy to power a bulb for a short time.
dielectric. capacitors.
Capacitors build up the idea of electron flow and the idea of transient currents.
 Explain the effect of
inserting dielectric in the This treatment is much too theoretical.
gap between the plates of
a parallel plate capacitor. Get the big capacitors (like a beer can) or a film canister and let kids experiment with them.
 Derive an expression for
the effective capacitance
of capacitors connected
in series and parallel.
 Compare the effective Less board work. Much more hands on. Put in a resistor. What happens to the discharge of
capacitance of the large capacitor? Put some in series, in parallel. What happens with the discharge?
combination of
capacitors in series and
parallel.

50
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
 Solve problems on
combination of
capacitors
 Define parallel plate
capacitor.
 Describe the factors that
affect the capacitance of
a parallel plate capacitor.
 Calculate the capacitance
of a parallel plate
capacitor.
 Compare the capacitance
of a parallel plate
capacitor with and
without a dielectric.
 Appreciate an expression
for the electric potential
energy stored in a
capacitor.
 Calculate the energy
stored in a capacitor
using one of the three
possible formulae.
 Draw electric circuit
diagram for a simple
capacitor, series and
parallel connections of
two or more capacitors
using symbols.
 State some uses of
capacitors in everyday
life.

51
 Physics: Grade 10
Assessment
The teacher should assess each students work continuously over the whole explain, in qualitative terms, the electric field that exists inside and on the
unit and compare it with the following description, based on the surface of a charged conductor;
competencies, to determine whether the student has achieved the minimum
Students above minimum requirement level
required level.
Students working above the minimum requirement level should be praised
Students at minimum requirement level and their achievements recognized. They should be encouraged to continue
A student working at the minimum requirement level will be able to : working hard and not become complacent.
demonstrate an understanding of the concepts, principles, and laws related
Students below minimum requirement level
to electric forces and fields, and explain them in qualitative and quantitative
Students working below the minimum requirement level will require extra
terms; state Coulomb’s law and compare it with Newton’s law of universal
help if they are to catch up with rest of the class. They should be given extra
gravitation; apply Coulomb’s law quantitatively in specific contexts;
attention in class and additional lesson time during breaks or at the end of
compare the properties of electric and gravitational fields by describing and
the day.
illustrating the source and direction of the field in each case; describe and

52
 Physics: Grade 10
Unit 3: Current electricity (14 periods)
Unit outcomes: Students will be able to:
 Acquire knowledge and understandings in electric current, Ohm’s law, combinations of resistors, measuring instruments,emf of a cell, electrical energy and
power.
 Conduct investigations and analyze and solve problems related to electric charges, electric circuit.
 Evaluate and describe the social and economic impact of technological developments related to the concept of electricity.
 design and build electrical circuits that perform a specific function.
 Analyze the practical uses of electricity and its impact on everyday life.
 design and conduct investigations into electrical circuits found in everyday life and into the quantitative relationships among current, potential difference, and
resistance.
 Evaluate the social, economic, and environmental costs and benefits arising from the methods of electrical energy production used in Ethiopia.

Competencies Contents Suggested activities

Students will be able to : 3. Current electricity
Make it clear that most substances obey ohm’s law but it is not a true universal law of physics.
 define electric current 3.1 Electric current
Many important substances, like semiconductors and transistors are not Ohmic.
and it’s SI unit (2 periods)
Demonstration:
 Explain the flow of Use a compass needle to determine a magnetic North. Wrap approximately 30 turns of thin –
electric charges in a  flow of electric charges
gauge insulated copper wire around this compass in a north/south direction, and connect it to
metallic conductor. in a metallic conductor a1.5 v light bulb that is connected to a 1.5V battery. Note that when the circuit is closed, a
 compute the number of current will flow, the lamp will glow, and the needle will move. This simple galvanoscope can
electrons that pass a be used whenever you want to detect the presence of small currents.
point at a given length of
time when the current in Activity 1: Thermal and electrical conductivity both depend upon the transport of energy by
the wire is known. electrons. To test this hypothesis, examine the electrical conductivity of copper, steel, and
plastic by observing the deflection of galvanoscope needle when equal- sized pieces of
copper, steel, or plastic are substituted for the light bulb.
Rank the substances tested from high to low electrical conductivity

All electrochemical cells require two electrodes made of two different conductors, an
electrolyte solution (a solution that conducts electricity) that reacts with the electrodes, and a
conductive wire through which electrons may flow.

Activity 2: Roll a lemon, orange grape fruit, or other citrus on a firm surface to break the
internal membranes. Cut strips (approximately 4cm×3cm) of copper and zinc sheet metal and
 Electric energy from insert these in the fruit so they are approximately 1cm apart. Attach the test wires of a volt-
chemicals ohm-milliammter to the strips and measure the electric potential and current.
Will the voltage of your wet cell change if you change the size of the electrodes?

53
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
Try it.
Will the voltage change if you construct the cell using different electrodes?

Demonstration: the transformation of heat energy directly into electric energy.

Thermocouple (seebeck effect) refers to the generation of electricity in a circuit composed of
two wires whose junctions are at different temperatures. Create thermocouple junctions at
both ends of a section of iron wire by twisting the ends together with copper wires. Place one
copper /iron junction in a beaker with ice water while leaving the other junction outside. The
two remaining ends of the copper wires should be connected to a sensitive galvanometer. Heat
 Electric energy from heat the exposed junction with a Bunsen burner or match and record the current.
Does the current increase or decrease if the heat source is removed?
Is the change in current immediate? Discuss these questions.

Activity 3: Cells in series and parallel.

Let the students do these activities in groups.
The citric acid in lemons or oranges provides an excellent electrolyte solution for a simple wet
cell. After rolling the fruit firmly on a table to rupture its internal membranes, insert two
electrodes made of two different metals, making certain the electrodes do not touch. Nails
may serve as iron electrodes, stripped electrical wires may serve as copper electrodes, silver
jewelleries may serve as silver electrodes. Add a second and then a third similar” fruit cell”
in series with the first cell and record the voltages. Continue adding cells until the light is
brightly lit
.Add a second and then a third similar “fruit cells” in parallel with the first one and record the
voltages.
What is the advantage of adding cells in series, in parallel? Discuss
 describe factors affecting 3.2 Ohm’s law and Demonstration: Ohm’s law
the resistance of a electrical resistance A resistor is an electrical component that opposes the flow of current in a circuit. Since pencil
conductor. (3 periods) “lead’ is made of carbon, an element frequently used in resistors, we can use it here. Connect
 write the relationship a flash light bulb (1 to 2 v) in series with a pencil lead and a 6v battery. Turn off the room
between resistance R,  resistivity and lights and observe the brightness of the bulb.
resistivity ,length l and conductivity Move one wire contact along the length of the pencil lead and observe the changes in the
cross-sectional area A of intensity of light.
a conductor. electric circuit Repeat the activities with a pencil lead of different diameter.
 compute the resistance of What influence does the diameter of the resistor have upon the net resistance? What effect
a conductor using the does the length of the resistive path have upon the total resistance? Discuss these questions.
formula R=l/A
 find the relationship
between resistivity and Use a board with 6-8 clips to make circuits.

54
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
conductivity. Include capacitors in some circuits. Use big ones. Try to pick non-polar caps to avoid punch
 construct and draw through. When students connect them backwards and make a hole in the dielectric film.
electric circuit consisting The work need not have every student group with a meter. Let them build a circuit and have
of source, connecting the instructor come over with the meter to measure current and volt.
wires, resistors, switch,
bulb, using their
symbols.
 Explain why an ammeter
should be connected in
series with a resistor in a
circuit.
 Explain why a voltmeter
should be connected in
parallel across a resistor
in a circuit.
 DO EXPERIMENTS (at
least have students touch
the equipment) using an
ammeter and a voltmeter
to investigate the
relationship between
current and p.d for
metallic conductors at
constant temperature.
 identify combinations of 3.3 Combinations of
resistors in series, resistors
parallel, and series- (3 periods)
parallel connection.
 derive an expression for  series combination
the effective resistance of
resistors connected in  parallel combination
series.
 derive an expression for
the effective resistance of  series-parallel
resistors connected in combination
parallel.
 Compute the effective
resistance of resistors

55
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
connected in series.
 Compute the effective
resistance of resistors
connected in parallel.
 Calculate the current
through each resistors in
a simple series, parallel,
and series-parallel
combinations.
 Calculate the voltage
drop across each resistor
in a simple series,
parallel, and series-
parallel connections.
 Define electromotive 3.4 Emf and internal Activity 4: series and parallel circuits.
force of a cell. resistance of a cell
 Distinguish between emf (3 periods) Let the students do these activities in groups.
and terminal p.d of a cell. Connect one bulb in series with a battery and note its brightness. Now connect a second and
 Write the relationship  combination of cells in third bulb in series with the bulb.
between emf, p.d, series and parallel Is there any change in the brightness of the first bulb when the second and third bulbs are
current, and internal added?
resistance in a circuit. Once all bulbs are lit, remove one of the bulbs. What happens to the brightness of the others?
 Use the equation V=-Ir Confirm their understandings
to solve problems in a Connect one bulb to a battery and note its brightness. Now connect a second and third bulb
circuit. in parallel with this bulb.
 Identify cells Is there any change in brightness of the first bulb when the second or third ones are added?
combinations in series Once all bulbs are lit, remove one. Is there any change in the brightness of the remaining
and parallel. bulbs? Confirm their understandings.
 Compare the emf of
combinations of cells in Demonstration: Measuring electromotive force and terminal voltage of a source.
series and parallel. Set up a circuit consisting of a dry cell, a bulb, a switch and a voltmeter.
Take the reading in the voltmeter while the switch is on.
Then another reading while the switch is off.
Compare the two readings.
Which one is larger? Which reading is the e.m.f? Discuss with the group
 Define electrical energy 3.5 Electric energy and Activity 5: Which appliances in your home consume the greatest amount of energy? Is it the
and power in an power (2 periods) refrigerator? The TV set? The electric stove? You can find out by inspecting appliances in
electrical circuit. your home and determining the number of watts each consumes and multiplying this by the

56
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
 Find the relationship  cost of electric energy number of hours operated. By law, each electric device must specify power requirements, and
between KWh and joule. these are generally recorded on a small tag located on the appliance or on the power cable
 Use P= VI=V2/R=I2R to connected to it. Inspect all the appliances in your home and record power requirements in the
solve problems in electric table.
circuits.
 use W=VIt=I2Rt=V2t/R 3.6 Electric installation
to compute electric and safety rules New designs for cars employ hybrid motors. Cars use both electricity and gasoline for power.
energy dissipated in an (1 period) When going down hill ,instead of standard brakes which converts kinetic energy into heat
electric circuit ,these cars capture energy by using “electric brakes “that recharge the battery or convert the
 perform calculations on Engineering project energy into rotational energy in a massive fly wheel .
cost of electrical energy Students design on paper a hybrid car that captures as much energy as possible .Teams may
expressed in KWh wish to build a model of their design, showing innovative ways to save energy.

Assessment
The teacher should assess each students work continuously over the whole transformations that occur (e.g., energy transformations in one of the
unit and compare it with the following description, based on the following appliances or devices: refrigerator, kettle, food mixer, amplifier,
competencies, to determine whether the student has achieved the minimum television set, light bulb, oscillator, electromagnet, electric motor, garage
required level. door opener); identify and describe proper safety procedures to be used
when working with electrical circuits, and identify electrical hazards that
Students at minimum requirement level
may occur in the science classroom or at home.
A student working at the minimum requirement level will be able to :define
and describe the concepts and units related to electrical systems(e.g., emf, Students above minimum requirement level
electric potential, resistance, power, energy); compare direct current and Students working above the minimum requirement level should be praised
alternating current in qualitative terms, and describe situations in which and their achievements recognized. They should be encouraged to continue
each is used; analyze, in quantitative terms, circuit problems involving working hard and not become complacent.
potential difference, current, and resistance; use appropriate meters (analog
Students below minimum requirement level
or digital), to measure electric potential difference, current, and resistance
Students working below the minimum requirement level will require extra
in electrical circuits; construct simple electrical circuits using common tools
help if they are to catch up with rest of the class. They should be given extra
appropriately and safely; draw, by hand schematic diagrams to represent
attention in class and additional lesson time during breaks or at the end of
real circuits; analyze, in quantitative terms real circuits using Ohm’s law;
the day.
describe common applications of simple circuits, and identify the energy

57
 Physics: Grade 10
Unit 4: Electromagnetism (20 periods)
Unit outcomes: Students will be able to:
 demonstrate an understanding of the properties, physical quantities, principles, and laws related to electricity, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic induction;
 carry out experiments or simulations, to demonstrate characteristic properties of magnetic fields and electromagnetic induction;
 Identify and describe examples of domestic and industrial technologies that were developed on the basis of the scientific understanding of magnetic
fields.(e.g. generator, motor, and transformer)
 Appreciate the link between electricity and magnetism, the contributions electricity and magnetism to modern life.

Competencies Contents Suggested activities

Students will be able to : 4. Electro magnetism
Activity 1: To investigate magnetic domains, magnetization, demagnetization
4.1 Magnetism
(4 periods)
Fill a test tube two thirds full with iron filings or shredded steel wool and approach the north
and then the south end of a compass needle with the end of the tube.
 investigate the domain  Magnetic Domains
Is one end of the needle more attracted than the other? Record the maximum angle to which the
theory of magnetism
needle is deflected. Repeat these observations after stroking the tube 50 times with a permanent
magnet and after shaking the test tube vigorously for one minute. In which situation was the
test tube more highly magnetised? Why? Let the students’ discuss in groups.
 Magnetization
Demonstration: Magnetization by heating and cooling within a strong magnetic field
 Magnetic shielding Use insulated tongs or pliers to heat a nail in the hottest part of the flame until it glows.
Remove the nail from the flame and place it lengthwise on a permanent bar magnet. After the
 Geomagnetism nail has cooled, measure its magnetic strength by determining the number of small paper clips
that can be suspended in a chain from one end .Compare the magnetic strength of this nail with
the strength of one that was not heated, but rested on the permanent bar magnet for an equal
length of time. Record your findings in the table.

Demonstration: Magnetic shielding

Support a bar magnet using a stand on a table, and attach a thread to a paper clip and suspend it
below the magnet. Given no disturbances, the paper clip will remain float in space indefinitely
due to magnetic lines of force between the magnet and the paper clip. Slide a small sheet of
paper in the gap between the paper clip and the magnet, being careful not to touch either.
Does paper interfere with the magnetic field?
Repeat the process using a sheet of plastic, aluminium foil, and the lid of a “tin “can.
Which, if any of the above, interfered with the magnetic field and allowed the paper to fall?
Activity 2: Let students do these activities in groups

Cut the bottoms from two paper cups of different sizes, two plastic cups of different sizes, two

58
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
iron (“tin”) cans of different sizes. Place a compass on a table and record the direction of
magnetic north. Now place two bar magnets 7 cm to the east and west of the compass so that
the N-pole of one magnet faces the S- pole of the other and record the angle of deflection.
Remove the magnets, place a tin can over the compass, replace the magnets, and again record
the angle of needle deflection. Remove the magnets, place a second can around the first,
replace the magnets, and again record the angle of compass-needle deflection. Does the iron
interfere with the magnetic field? Repeat the process using paper or plastic cups. Which of the
substances best protects or shields the compass from the magnetic field of the bar magnets?
Confirm their understanding.
 describe magnetic field 4.2 Concepts of magnetic Demonstration: Magnetic fields in two dimensions
 perform and describe an field (3 periods)
experiment that Place a strong bar magnet under a clear sheet of glass. Position the transparent sheet so it is
demonstrate the level and then repeatedly tap a beaker filled with iron filings so they fall evenly over the
existence of magnetic  Magnetic field around a surface. The iron filings should align themselves with the magnetic lines of flux. The points
field around a current- straight current carrying where lines appear to converge represent locations of greatest magnetic flux density. Magnetic
carrying wire wire flux density is a measure of magnetic force and is defined as the number of flux lines per unit
 sketch the resulting area. Place a number of small compasses around a magnet and draw a diagram showing the
magnetic field lines orientation of the needles.
pattern of a current-
carrying wire Demonstration: Magnetic fields in three dimensions
 apply the right –hand
rule to tell the direction Place iron filings in the bottom of a glass jar and fill 90% of the remainder of the jar with salad
of magnetic field lines oil. If you don’t have iron filings, you may create iron shreds by rubbing two pieces steel wool
around a straight together rapidly. Shake the container vigorously until the iron filings are evenly distributed
current- carrying wire throughout the container and then expose the jar to the magnetic fields of bar magnets outside
 calculate the magnetic the jar. Allow time for the iron filings to align with the magnetic field. Let the students draw a
field strength at a point diagram of the field lines when the S-pole of one magnet is opposite the N-pole of another.
due to a straight current
carrying wire
 sketch the magnetic field
lines pattern of a current
loop
 sketch the magnetic field  Magnetic field of a
lines pattern of a solenoid
solenoid
 specify the polarity of a
solenoid using a right –
hand rule

59
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
 compute the magnetic
field strength at the
centre of a solenoid
 describe the factors on
which the force on a
moving charge in
magnetic field depend
 Demonstrate the relation 4.3 Magnetic force
B=mv/qR from the fact (6 periods)
that the centripetal force  Magnetic force on a
is provided by magnetic moving charge
force  Magnetic force on a
 Compute the magnitude current carrying
of a force acting on a conductor
moving charge in a  Magnetic force between
uniform magnetic field two parallel current
 Determine the direction carrying conductors
of a force acting on a  Definition of ampere
moving charge using  Force on a rectangular
right hand rule current carrying wire
 demonstrate the
existence of a force on a
straight current carrying
conductor placed in a
magnetic field
 Derive the expression
F=BIlsin from F=qvB
sin
 Apply right hand rule to
tell what will happen
when current flows
perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic field
 Describe the factors on
which the force of a
moving charge in the
magnetic field depend
 Calculate the magnitude

60
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
of a force on a straight
current carrying wire
placed perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic field
 Compute the magnitude
and direction of force
between two parallel
current carrying
conductors in a uniform
magnetic field
 Define the SI unit
Ampere
 Draw a diagram to show
the forces acting on a
rectangular current
carrying wire in a
uniform magnetic field
 Draw diagrams to show
the action of a force on a
simple DC motor and a
moving coil
galvanometer
 Define the magnetic flux 4.4 Electromagnetic Demonstration:
and its SI unit induction (7 periods)
 State Faraday’s law of  Magnetic flux Use the weighted bicycle wheel’s rims as the object of the eddy current production. Bring the
induction  Faraday’s law of magnet close to the rim. It must be non-ferrous. The magnet will slow the wheel’s spinning
 perform simple induction noticeably. If one has some background in magnetism and rotational dynamics, one can
experiments that  Lenz’s law calculate the deceleration from the induced current.
demonstrate an induced  Inductance(self and Have a metal disk rotating quickly. Make the disk out of a non-magnetic metal like Aluminum
emf caused by changing mutual inductances) (use thicker metal like used for roofing).Bring a strong magnet near the disk. The magnet will
magnetic flux induce a current in the metal by Faraday's law. The magnetic field will oppose that of the
 State Lenz’s law magnet. It will act as a break on the wheel; the spinning wheel slows down rapidly. The disk
 Indicate the direction of cannot become magnetic - Aluminum is not structurally a magnet.
induced currents ,given
the direction of motion of Demonstration: drop a strong small magnet through a non-ferrous tube (without any seams). A
a conductor and the thicker copper pipe is fine and better. Make the tubes about one meter long.
direction of a magnetic Have two tubes. Drop a rock through one and the magnet through the other. The magnet will
field induce an electric current to oppose the motion of the magnet. It will float down the tube quite

61
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
 Describe the factors that slowly. If you put a lot of windings around the tube at one point, say 1,000 turns or more. It
affect the magnitude of will light up a small bulb for a flash.
induced emf in a
conductor Demonstration:
 Describe the link Suspend a non-ferrous ring from two points. Let it swing freely and stop it. Put the magnet on
between electricity and a stick and push it through the ring, then it will pump the ring like a kid pumps height on a
magnetism swing.
 Apply Faraday’s law to
calculate the magnitude Peer instruction on Faraday’s law
of induced emf Let the students discuss in a group about the law.
Demonstration:
 define inductance and it’s
SI unit The instructor runs a current through two thin wires or pieces of very thin foil (from gum
 Distinguish between self wrappers). The wires or foil bend from the magnetic fields
and mutual inductance The instructor also uses the Fresnel overhead to project images of Iron filings sprinkled on top
 Apply the definition of of a glass with a magnet beneath
inductance to solve
simple numerical Classroom Demonstration: Stored energy in a magnetic field.
problems
 Explain the action of the Use a Fly back ( step- up) transformer from an old TV.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyback_transformer
simple a.c generator
 BUILD a simple AC
 D.c motor
motor.
 Explain the action of the
simple AC. generator
 Compare the actions of
 A.c and d.c generator
d.c and a.c generators
 Draw a diagram of a
transformer
 Give a simple
explanation of the  Transformer These transformers step up voltage drastically. Connect a small bulb in series with a 12V
principles to operate a (step up and step down) source and a flyback transformer. It will light for an instant then stop.
transformer PEER INSTRUCTION:
 Identify that for an ideal Why does the bulb light and then stop?
transformer Pout= Pin Check for any heart problems. Invite students to make a human wire complete loop in series
 Show that for an ideal with the flyback connected to a 1.5 V battery (not the 12V). Release the connection. A small
transformer;
Vs/Vp=Ns/Np=Ip/Is

62
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
 Apply the transformer current will pass through. It will last milliseconds. What is the source?
formulas to solve simple PEER INSTRUCTION
problems Inductance. Lenz and Faraday. Decaying fields.
The primary coil of a transformer is connected to a battery, a resistor, and a switch. the
secondary coil is connected to an ammeter .When the switch is thrown closed ,the ammeter
shows
Card 1-zero current
Card 2-a non zero current for a short instant
Card3- a steady current
Let students discuss this question and confirm their understanding
Decaying are transient currents.SomeUses for transient currents are:
Spark plugs in a car.
Heart starting paddles in the hospital.
Electric fences for animals.

Activity:
Make a high number of windings from a broken transformer’s wires. Let the magnet fall
through the coils. It will cause a transient electric current that can light up a small bulb

Project work: Build an AC motor.

The cost of materials is very low, next to zero.

Build either the toothpick motor or the cork motor:

See:
http://www.ceressoft.org/Files/emotors.htm
This describes how to build an AC motor
Student groups build a motor at their desks.

They measure the rotation rate. The fastest rotators convert the electrical energy to kinetic
energy most efficiently. These get higher grades.
Engineering Challenge:
Build an AC motor with any design you choose that has the fastest rotation. The motor must
have a small piece of reflecting material that bounces back a flashlight beam. That beam hits a
simple photo transistor circuit connected to a buzzer. Students count the buzzes in 2 minutes.

63
 Physics: Grade 10
Assessment
The teacher should assess each students work continuously over the whole law to explain, predict, and illustrate the direction of the electric current
unit and compare it with the following description, based on the induced by a changing magnetic field, using the right-hand rule; compare
competencies, to determine whether the student has achieved the minimum direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) in qualitative terms, and
required level. explain the importance of alternating current in the transmission of
electrical energy; explain, in terms of the interaction of electricity and
Students at minimum requirement level
magnetism, and analyze in quantitative terms, the operation of transformers
A student working at the minimum requirement level will be able to :
(e.g., describe the basic parts and the operation of step-up and step-down
describe the terms magnetic domains, magnetization, magnetic shielding;
transformers; solve problems involving energy, power, potential difference,
identify the properties of magnetic field interpret and illustrate the magnetic
current, and the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils of a
field produced by a current flowing in a long straight conductor and in a
transformer).
coil; identify the factors that affect the magnitude and direction of the
electric current induced by a changing magnetic field; describe the Students above minimum requirement level
properties, including the three-dimensional nature, of magnetic fields; Students working above the minimum requirement level should be praised
describe and illustrate the magnetic field produced by an electric current in and their achievements recognized. They should be encouraged to continue
a long straight conductor and in a solenoid; analyze and predict, by applying working hard and not become complacent.
the right-hand rule, the direction of the magnetic field produced when
Students below minimum requirement level
electric current flows through a long straight conductor and through a
Students working below the minimum requirement level will require extra
solenoid; state the motor principle, explain the factors that affect the force
help if they are to catch up with rest of the class. They should be given extra
on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, and, using the right-
attention in class and additional lesson time during breaks or at the end of
hand rule, illustrate the resulting motion of the conductor; analyze and
the day.
describe electromagnetic induction in qualitative terms, and apply Lenz’s

64
 Physics: Grade 10
Unit 5: Electronics (11 periods)
Unit outcomes: Students will be able to:
 Gain elementary knowledge and understandings in vacuum tubes devices, thermionic emission ,CRO, semiconductor diodes, and transistors
 understand common applications of electrical and electronic circuits, and the function and configuration of the components used
 Investigate the development and application of electrical technologies and their impact on local and global economies and the environment.

Competencies Contents Suggested activities

Students will be able to : 5. Introduction to
electronics Use a model of CRO if it is available or use a well labelled diagram of the cathode –ray
 Define the term
oscilloscope for your explanation of the structure and function of the CRO
electronics
5.1 Vacuum tube devices
Don’t emphasize the CRO. It is a relatively specialize piece of equipment that one doesn’t
 Mention the importance (3 periods)
understand until one uses one. Deeper study of the TV tube is more helpful.
of electronics in their  thermionic emission
daily life. Concept map:  cathode ray oscilloscope
all items in daily life that (CRO) Use the Human Wire to explore semiconductors and PN junctions.
use electronics.  using CRO
 State what is meant by  some uses of oscilloscope Students modelling silicon have 4 electron rocks. Those modelling boron have 3 rocks and a
thermionic emission  TV picture tube basket.
 Describe the behaviour of
vacuum tubes 5.2 Conductors ,semi It is important to model the 3 dimensional structure of the semiconductor. Use toothpicks and
 describe the function of conductors and insulators gummy candy to build a tetrahedral lattice (have a marshmallow represent the hole) have an
cathode ray tube (1 periods) extra gummy piece represent the extra electron from the doped N material, like arsenic.
 describe the uses of a 5.3 Semi conductors
cathode ray tube (impurities, doping) Discuss how a p-n junction can be formed using p-n junction diagrams .Explain the apparent
 represent both d.cand a.c ( 4 periods) movement of ‘hole’ and ‘electron’ movement and how a potential barrier is set up in the
on current –time or  Semi conductor diode (I-V depletion layer
voltage-time graphs characteristic)
 use the current –time or  P-n junction diode as a Demonstration: demonstrate the current –voltage characteristics of a semiconductor diode. If
voltage-time graphs to rectifier(qualitative the materials are not available, discuss the current-voltage characteristics of a semiconductor
find the period and treatment) diode using a typical characteristics curve for a silicon diode.
frequency of alternating  LED
currents or voltages  LDR Using a circuit diagram of half wave rectifier circuit, explain the rectification of a diode when
 distinguish between  Thermistor an a.c supply is used. Explain briefly how a bridge –rectifier gives a full wave rectification and
conductors,  Photodiode further smoothing can be made by the use of a capacitor.
semiconductors, and
insulators Demonstration: show the amplification action of a transistor
 give examples of semi- Demonstrate the amplification action of a transistor using transistor amplifier circuit. Ask

65
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
conductor elements students to calculate the current gain
 distinguish between Explain briefly how a voltage amplification can be achieved using well drawn simple one
intrinsic and extrinsic transistor amplifier circuit
semiconductors
 describe a semi-
conductor in terms of
charge carriers and
resistance
 explain doping to 5.4 Transistors(p-n-p, n-p- The explanation should all be done qualitatively. The key is “why does the transistor amplify
produce the two types of n) (3 periods) current?
semi-conductors  Transistor action Discuss about photo voltaic cells, making electricity directly from the sun
 identify semi-conductors  Logic gates
as P-type and N-type Let the students identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, IC, a resistor, and a capacitor from a
 describe the mode of mixed collection of such items.
conduction by the
majority and minority
carriers
 define the term diode and
show it’s circuit symbol Project work:
 draw a current vs voltage Students should know about photovoltaic cells. Current efficiencies are about 7-9%. Higher
cost cells produce efficiencies of about 30%.
characteristics (graph)to
show the behaviour of p- Calculate the number of meters of photovoltaic cells needed to supply all of Ethiopia’s energy
needs. Ethiopia has potential to generate 30,000MW of power using hydro plants.
n junction
See
 describe how a semi
http://www.capitalethiopia.com/archive/2007/May/week2/feature.htm
conductor diode can be
used in a half –wave
Current installations are as large as 160Mwatts, equal to the largest hydro plant in Ethiopia.
rectification
 sketch voltage time Ethiopia does have significant hydroelectric potential, unlike many African nations. But it is
graphs to compute the dependent on rainfall. Solar production is constant, though there must be storage at night.
variation of voltage with
time before and after
rectification
 distinguish between
direct current from
batteries and rectified
alternating current by
consideration of their
voltage time graphs

66
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
 show the circuit symbols
of semi conductor
devices such as
thermistor, LED, LDR,
and transistors
 distinguish between p-n-p
and n-p-n transistors
 identify the base , emitter
, and collector of a
transistor
 use the following terms
correctly: forward biased
and reverse biased
 Describe the behaviour of
semi conductor devices
such as thermistor,
LED, LDR, photodiode,
and transistors (all
qualitatively)
 Use the circuit symbols
for the gates
 Draw the truth tables for
the different logic gates
and for a combination of
logic gates
 Explain the action of
logic gates: NOT, OR.
AND, NOR, NAND

67
 Physics: Grade 10
Assessment
The teacher should assess each students work continuously over the whole Students above minimum requirement level
unit and compare it with the following description, based on the Students working above the minimum requirement level should be praised
competencies, to determine whether the student has achieved the minimum and their achievements recognized. They should be encouraged to continue
required level. working hard and not become complacent.
Students at minimum requirement level Students below minimum requirement level
A student working at the minimum requirement level will be able to: Students working below the minimum requirement level will require extra
describe the function of basic circuit components (e.g., power supplies, help if they are to catch up with rest of the class. They should be given extra
resistors, diodes, fuses, circuit breakers, light-emitting diodes [LEDs], attention in class and additional lesson time during breaks or at the end of
capacitors, and switching devices), describe the characteristics of the day.
transistors, identify the logic gates and explain their actions.

68
 Physics: Grade 10
Unit 6: Electromagnetic waves and geometrical optics (16 periods)
Unit outcomes: Students will be able to:
 acquire knowledge and understanding of the properties of light and the principles underlying the transmission of light through a medium and from one
medium to another;
 investigate the properties of light through experimentation, and illustrate and predict the behavior of light through the use of ray diagrams and algebraic
equations;
 evaluate the contributions to such areas as entertainment, communications, and health made by the development of optical devices and other technologies
designed to make use of light.

Competencies Contents Suggested activities

Students will be able to : 6. Electromagnetic waves
and geometrical optics Use the “human wave” for transverse forms.
 Explain how
In one row, one set of students uses hands to model the electric field. The student sitting
electromagnetic waves beside them models the magnetic field. The students apply Faraday’s law that increasing E
are produced 6.1 Electromagnetic waves
fields induce a B field. Decreasing E fields induce a B field in the opposite direction. The
 Describe the nature of (3 periods)
rows of students hold a rope to model the increasing and decreasing E and B fields.
electromagnetic waves  transverse nature of
Or alternately,
electromagnetic waves
The instructor uses a large ball to model the motion of a charge. Its E field changes with
 Compare mechanical and motion. The change in the E field propagates with the speed of light. Use just one wave
electromagnetic waves  speed of electromagnetic length at first. Start with just the E field wiggle. Add the B field later when the students
 draw diagrams to waves understand the mechanics of the emulation process.
represent transverse What is moving? Make it clear that it is the electric field at that point in space, it is not a
waves  electromagnetic spectrum “thing” that is moving. Add in the B field at 90 degrees.
 use straight lines to (elementary facts about
represent the direction of their uses) Use cylindrical lenses if possible.
energy flow(rays) VERY IMPORTANT: use multiple rays. Do not rely on the 3 ray model. Students do not
 identify that understand it. They think that the light is an arrow. The arrow only indicates direction, not
electromagnetic waves the wave itself.
emitted by the sun have a Demonstration:
very wide continuous MIRROR lab. Student groups: flashlight, comb, paper and mirror.
range of frequencies s Send light into a reflecting mirror using a comb. Send multiple rays in. Match to the paper it
(and wave lengths) is on the “say left edge” of the light passing through the comb and bouncing off the mirror.
 explain some uses Construct the rays that appear to be coming from the virtual image. Break every other tooth
electromagnetic radiation of the comb if the image is too faint.
 explain what is meant by Do the experiments first before any equations. Concept first, equations later.
the rectilinear
propagation of light
 state the laws of
reflection Demonstration: Lens Lab

69
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
 perform experiments to
test these laws using Send light into a lens using a comb. Send in multiple rays. Notice that one ray comes
plane mirror through unchanged. Select a ray on the periphery. That one goes through the focus. Note
 use the laws of reflection traditional text drawings that show only 3 rays, there are countless numbers of them.
to explain how images
are formed in a plane Do not use pins. This confuses students. What does a pin have to do with light? Use the light
mirror wave itself to investigate behaviour. On all experiments use the comb to make multiple rays
 find the position of a of light.
virtual image produced
by a plane mirror using a 6.2. Reflection of light Repeat the Human Medium experiment with the piece of wood “light wave” entering the
ray tracing method ( 6 periods) student body as the “medium” It bends as it goes slower.
 use the laws of reflection  laws of reflection
to solve problems  image formation by a Use the “Human Optical Bench” and the Fresnel lens to perform investigations of
 give examples of the uses plane mirror Two slit diffraction: .
of plane mirrors  image formation by You will need the Fresnel lens to make a simple overhead projector to put the pattern on the
 distinguish between curved mirrors ceiling.
concave and convex  mirror equation The key to the optics experiments is a Fresnel Lens.
mirrors
Here is what it looks like in a diagram.
 identify the meanings of
terms in relation to
concave and convex
mirrors: principal axis,
principal focus, radius of
curvature, magnification,
 distinguish between real
and virtual image
 apply the appropriate sign
convention when using
mirror equations
 find the position and 6.3 Refraction of light All the glass is sheared away with the lens replaced by concentric prisms.
nature of the image (7 periods) This is huge light gathering power. It works in daylight easily. It will do great solar cooker
formed by a concave and  laws of refraction experiments as well.
a convex mirrors using (refractive index, real
mirror equation and a ray and apparent depth)
tracing method Activity: Light is not observed to diffract under normal circumstances because its
 use the relation  total internal reflection wavelengths are much smaller than openings of obstructions with which we are familiar. To
magnification=Si/So=hi/ and it’s uses observe the diffraction of light it is there fore necessary to create an opening with a diameter

70
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
o to solve problems  refraction through thin of approximately the same dimension as wavelength of light. Use two pencils or other straight
 give examples of the uses lenses edges. Place apiece of tape or around the shaft of one pencil to provide a spacer between them
of curved  thin lens formula and then place them side by side. Darken the room, peer through the slit between the pencils,
mirrors(concave and  magnification and observe a candle flame at a distance of 2m.The students should be able to observe an
convex mirrors)  power of a lens interference pattern. Rotate the pencils and describe the changes in the interference pattern.
 define the term refraction  combination of thin Increase and decrease the pressure on the shafts to alter the width of the gap and describe the
 state the conditions in lenses changes in the interference pattern
which refraction occurs  optical
 perform experiments to instruments(human eye
test the laws of refraction ,microscope, telescope)
 draw a diagram Activity:
 Optics of the human eye:
representing the passage Model diffraction with a liquid in the Fresnel plate. “Bound by clay dikes” It will project on
far and near sightedness
of light rays through a the ceiling. Use colored water to emphasize the pattern. Use a small electric motor with an
and corrections.
rectangular glass block eccentric cam to make water waves to go through the double slit. Observe the interference.
 give examples of Perform some experiments to model different ways to correct human vision. Add a lens to
observations that indicate increase the focal length. Add a lens to decrease the focal length.
light can be refracted Fresnel lens. Put a paper over 1/2 of it. Does it make ½ an image?
 identify that the passage Use the Fresnel lens to quantitatively explore the lens equations. Use the Human Optical
bench model. Have a bright source (one red flashlight, one green or white one. Have
of a ray of light through a
parallel –sided students draw in the rays on a lab sheet.
transparent medium  Diffraction of light.
result in the lateral Demonstration: the visible spectrum, let the students do it in groups.
 Two slit diffraction To disperse white light into the spectrum requires one prism, and to recombine the spectrum
displacement of a ray  Diffraction by reflection requires a second prism. If there is no access to prisms students can make glass/water prisms
 define the refractive grating with microscope slides, tape, and modelling clay. After filling the triangular container with
index of a material
water, seal the other end with clay. Spectral displays are best observed under very dark
 use Snell’s law to solve conditions. Place cardboard or other material over the windows of your room. If light is
simple problems
shining upon a window, you may use it as a light source simply by cutting a hole in the
 use the formula refractive  dispersion of light cardboard on that window. Position the prisms with respect to the light source. Adjust the
index=real positions of both prisms so the light dispersed from the first prism is recombined to produce
depth/apparent depth to  Looking at spectra using white light by the second. Trace and identify the positions of the prisms and the positions of
find the refractive index a spectroscope. the various bands of colours on a piece of white paper.
of a liquid and a solid in
the form of rectangular  refraction through a
glass block prism
 define the critical angle  dispersion of light and
c colour mixing
 explain with the aid of a
diagram ,what is meant

71
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
by critical angle and total
internal reflection Activity: The CD spectroscope.
 identify the conditions
necessary for total Students build a group spectroscope using a cracked CD. They observe spectra of a flashlight,
internal reflection to a regular bulb, an infra red bulb, a flashlight with a colored filter, sunlight, a fluorescent bulb.
occur Let them take it home and look at other spectra such as a street light, or the moon.
 perform calculations
involving critical angle Students observe sunsets. They can see some absorption lines with the instrument.
and total internal
reflection Why do the grooves of the CD function to break light apart into colours? It is like a multiple
 describe how total double slit. The CD must be at an angle so that light bounces off the reflective surface but
internal reflection is used each groove bounces light off a bit later than the neighbour slit. There is interference which
in optical fibres makes the light add along some angles and cancel along others.
 distinguish between
convex and concave Demonstration:
lenses Measuring the solar constant.
 identify the meaning of Use the Fresnel lens to measure the heat input from the sun. It should be about1, 366 watts per
the following terms in square meter, but the atmosphere filters out many wavelengths. The Fresnel will not pass
relation to converging IR(infrared). They calculate the efficiency of the class demonstration.
and diverging lenses:
principal focus, principal;
axis, focal point, radius
of curvature
magnification
 apply the appropriate
sign convention when
using thin lens equations
 find the position nature
of the image formed by a
Project work:
convex and a concave
Students design a collector that will concentrate and capture the heat of the sun the most
lens using the thin lens
formula and a ray tracing effectively. One should be able to get a kilowatt per square meter. The challenge is to find
the best design that will heat up 50cc of water to the highest temperature in 10 minutes.
method
 define the power of a
Students may employ a Fresnel lens (borrowed from the class for their demo) or some other
lens
reflective surface, such as mirrors or reflective aluminium. The limit is that the area of the
 explain how image is reflector must be less than 1 square meter
formed due to

72
 Physics: Grade 10
Competencies Contents Suggested activities
combination of thin
lenses
 draw a ray diagram
showing how images are
formed by lenses used in
a simple microscope and
simple telescope
 compare and contrast the
structure and functions
the human eye and
camera
 describe how human eye
forms an image on the
retina for different object
distances
 identify some defects of
the eye and their
corrections with lenses
 explain what is meant by
the dispersion white of
light to produce a
spectrum
 identify that the passage
of a ray of light through a
triangular transparent
prism result in a
deviation of a ray

73
 Physics: Grade 10
Assessment
The teacher should assess each students work continuously over the whole the effects of converging and diverging lenses on light, and explain why
unit and compare it with the following description, based on the each type of lens is used in specific optical devices; analyze, in quantitative
competencies, to determine whether the student has achieved the minimum terms, the characteristics and positions of images formed by lenses;
required level. demonstrate and illustrate, using light-ray diagrams, the refraction, partial
refraction and reflection, critical angle, and total internal reflection of light
Students at minimum requirement level
at the interface of a variety of media; predict, using ray diagrams and
A student working at the minimum requirement level will be able to : define
algebraic equations, the image position and characteristics of a converging
and explain the concepts and units related to communications technology
lens.
(e.g., frequency, period, cycle, wavelength, amplitude, longitudinal and
transverse waves, electromagnetic waves, reflection, refraction, total Students above minimum requirement level
internal reflection, interference, transmission, absorption); describe the Students working above the minimum requirement level should be praised
characteristics of waves, and analyze, in quantitative terms, the and their achievements recognized. They should be encouraged to continue
relationships among velocity, frequency, and wavelength to explain the working hard and not become complacent.
behavior of waves in different media; predict, in qualitative and quantitative
Students below minimum requirement level
terms, the refraction of light as it passes from one medium to another, using
Students working below the minimum requirement level will require extra
Snell’s law; explain the conditions required for total internal reflection.
help if they are to catch up with rest of the class. They should be given extra
using light-ray diagrams, and analyze and describe situations in which these
attention in class and additional lesson time during breaks or at the end of
conditions occur; describe and explain, with the aid of light-ray diagrams,
the day.
the characteristics and positions of the images formed by lenses: describe

74