Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science

2(4): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJRCS.46260

ISSN: 2581-7167

Genetic Variability among Cowpea (Vigna

unguiculata L. Walp) Mini Core Collection
Toyin Osho1 and Bunmi Olasanmi2*
1
Pan African University Institute for Life and Earth Sciences (Including Health and Agriculture),
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
2
Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out jointly by the two authors. Author TO carried out the experiment and
statistical analysis under the supervision of author BO. The two authors wrote the first draft of the
manuscript, read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/AJRCS/2018/46260
Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Tatiana Eugenia Sesan, Professor, University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Romania and National Research-
Development-Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry Bucharest, Romania.
Reviewers:
(1) S. A. C. N. Perera, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
(2) Paul Benyamin Timotiwu, University of Lampung, Indonesia.
(3) Godwin Michael Ubi, University of Calabar, Nigeria.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/46260

Received 22 October 2018

Original Research Article Accepted 06 January 2019
Published 21 January 2019

ABSTRACT

Aims: To evaluate cowpea genotypes selected from mini core collection for variability that can be
exploited in breeding programme and also to provide information on high yielding genotypes to aid
further use of the genotypes in cowpea improvement programmes.
Study Design: A completely randomized design in two replications was used for the study.
Place and Duration of Study: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Oyo
State, Nigeria between March and August, 2017.
Methodology: Two hundred cowpea genotypes were grown in the glass house at IITA. Data were
collected on twelve agronomic characters including plant height, chlorophyll content, days to first
flower initiation, days to first pod harvest, hundred-seed weight, pod length, number of pods per
plant, mean number of seeds per pod, grain yield per plant, seed length, seed width and seed
thickness. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, cluster and principal component
analyses.
Results: Significant genetic variability was observed among the cowpea genotypes for all the
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: E-mail: bunminadeco@yahoo.com;

 Osho and Olasanmi; AJRCS, 2(4): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJRCS.46260

agronomic characters investigated in this study. The genotypes were grouped into five clusters with
TVu1059 and TVu43 identified as the most distinct. The first four principal components (PC) with
eigen values > 1 accounted for 72.5% of the total variation among the cowpea genotypes with
loadings of hundred-seed weight, seed length, seed width, seed thickness, days to first pod harvest,
days to first flower, pod length, mean number of seeds per pod, pods per plant and grain yield per
plant.
Conclusion: The broad genetic variation observed among the cowpea genotypes evaluated in this
study for yield and yield-related characters can be explored to improve cowpea.

Keywords: Cowpea mini core collection; principal component analysis; cluster analysis; agronomic
characters of cowpea.

1. INTRODUCTION maturing and late-maturing grain types, content

of protein and mineral and general morphological
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) is an characteristics [10,11,6]. There is little
essential food legume in the tropics and sub- information on the genetic similarities and
tropics, especially in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. It is differences among the genotypes of the mini
used as a grain crop, fodder for livestock, or as a core collection. Better knowledge of the genetic
vegetable. Cowpea grain is an important source similarities and differences of breeding materials
of protein (23.4%), carbohydrate (60.3%) and fat could help to conserve genetic diversity which
(1.8%) [2]. Cowpea also has the ability to fix provides the basis of the genetic variation and
atmospheric nitrogen through symbiosis with genetic relationships among cowpea genotypes
nodule bacteria to improve soil fertility [3]. and also sustain long term selection gain for crop
According to estimates by FAO, approximately improvement. Information on the nature and
5.5 million tonnes of cowpea grain are produced degree of genetic diversity would assist plant
annually on about 10.5 million hectares breeders in selecting parental materials for
worldwide [4]. In spite of the importance of hybridisation [12] and also help in widening the
cowpea to millions of people in the world, genetic base of the crop [5]. Collection,
especially Africa, its production does not meet characterisation, maintenance and evaluation of
the need of consumers [5] due to biotic and available cowpea germplasm, quantifying the
abiotic stresses [6]. This therefore calls for magnitude of diversity and also classifying
improvement of yield and yield-related them into groups based on similarities are
characters of cowpea to meet the global necessary to ease the identification of genetic
requirement of cowpea and increase profit of variability that enables selection of desirable
cowpea farmers. traits for an improvement in breeding programme
[13].
The most important factor and raw material for
plant breeding is the genetic variation available in This study aimed to evaluate cowpea genotypes
the breeding population for the desired selected from mini core collection for variability
characteristics. Genetic variability present in that can be exploited in breeding programme and
breeding materials plays an essential role in the also to provide information on high yielding
success of a breeding programme [7] and the genotypes to aid further use of the genotypes in
availability of this diversity is an important tool cowpea improvement programmes.
useful in selection process [8]. The yield potential
of underutilised and recently composed cowpea 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
mini core collection derived from the entire
collection of over 15,000 accessions at the 2.2 Glass House Experiment
genetic resource centre of IITA which also
captures most of the available diversity of This study was carried out at International
species [9] has not yet been fully exploited. It is Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan,
therefore important to collect, characterise, and Oyo State, Nigeria between March and August,
evaluate genotypes in order to select superior 2017. The 200 genotypes used for the study
ones for desirable traits. Research studies have were selected from the mini core collection of the
been done on insect and multiple disease Genetic Resources Centre of IITA (Table 1).
resistances, drought, early-maturing, medium-

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Table 1. List of genotypes evaluated for genetic variability at Ibadan in 2017

No Genotype No Genotype No Genotype No Genotype No Genotype

1 TVu6439 41 TVu2449 81 TVu6477 121 TVu13950 161 TVu15450
2 TVu21 42 TVu2500 82 TVu6493 122 TVu13958 162 TVu15487
3 TVu43 43 TVu2548 83 TVu6641 123 TVu13965 163 TVu15500
4 TVu53 44 TVu2606 84 TVu6663 124 TVu13968 164 TVu15610
5 TVu109 45 TVu2680 85 TVu6837 125 TVu13979 165 TVu15636
6 TVu113 46 TVu2723 86 TVu6966 126 TVu14172 166 TVu4943
7 TVu132 47 TVu2736 87 TVu6968 127 TVu14173 167 TVu15653
8 TVu201 48 TVu2769 88 TVu7798 128 TVu14190 168 TVu15661
9 TVu13573 49 TVu2845 89 TVu8262 129 TVu14195 169 TVu15687
10 TVu393 50 TVu2933 90 TVu8612 130 TVu14224 170 TVu15742
11 TVu408 51 TVu2968 91 TVu8622 131 TVu14248 171 TVu15775
12 TVu415 52 TVu2971 92 TVu8631 132 TVu14253 172 TVu15860
13 TVu456 53 TVu3043 93 TVu8656 133 TVu14272 173 TVu15861
14 TVu467 54 TVu1124 94 TVu8671 134 TVu14290 174 TVu15878
15 TVu945 55 TVu3107 95 TVu8673 135 TVu14336 175 TVu15913
16 TVu969 56 TVu3156 96 TVu8713 136 TVu14345 176 TVu15926
17 TVu972 57 TVu3282 97 TVu8775 137 TVu14346 177 TVu15945
18 TVu1004 58 TVu3310 98 TVu8877 138 TVu14393 178 TVu5500
19 TVu1016 59 TVu3346 99 TVu8883 139 TVu14401 179 TVu15976
20 TVu1036 60 TVu3360 100 TVu9073 140 TVu14406 180 TVu15982
21 TVu1037 61 TVu3552 101 TVu9486 141 TVu14533 181 TVu16220
22 TVu1059 62 TVu3565 102 TVu9256 142 TVu14539 182 TVu16237
23 TVu1280 63 TVu3652 103 TVu9259 143 TVu14558 183 TVu16253
24 TVu1330 64 TVu3657 104 TVu9265 144 TVu14621 184 TVu16269
25 TVu1477 65 TVu3830 105 TVu9357 145 TVu14632 185 TVu16278
26 TVu1556 66 TVu3947 106 TVu9391 146 TVu14633 186 TVu16304
27 TVu8072 67 TVu9508 107 TVu9393 147 TVu14683 187 TVu16368
28 TVu1637 68 TVu4545 108 TVu9468 148 TVu14691 188 TVu16403
29 TVu1656 69 TVu4557 109 TVu9761 149 TVu14759 189 TVu16408
30 TVu1727 70 TVu4622 110 TVu9820 150 TVu14788 190 TVu16430
31 TVu1811 71 TVu4632 111 TVu9848 151 TVu14862 191 TVu16449
32 TVu1886 72 TVu4669 112 TVu10179 152 TVu14875 192 TVu16461
33 TVu1916 73 TVu4760 113 TVu10366 153 TVu14970 193 TVu16465
34 TVu2168 74 TVu4761 114 TVu10394 154 TVu15037 194 TVu16486
35 TVu2185 75 TVu4783 115 TVu10513 155 TVu15114 195 TVu16504
36 TVu2252 76 TVu4808 116 TVu10559 156 TVu15299 196 TVu16505
37 TVu2280 77 TVu4823 117 TVu11610 157 TVu15400 197 TVu16514
38 TVu2322 78 TVu5443 118 TVu12873 158 TVu15411 198 TVu16521
39 TVu2398 79 TVu6365 119 TVu13778 159 TVu15426 199 TVu16528
40 TVu2418 80 TVu6464 120 TVu13939 160 TVu15445 200 TVu16574

The genotypes were planted in plastic pots was then used for determination of nutrients
arranged in a completely randomized design with composition of the soil following the standard
two replicates. Thoroughly mixed top soil sample procedures (Table 2). The plastic pots were each
was collected and taken to microbiology filled with 5 kg top soil and then watered to field
laboratory for soil analysis to determine the capacity before planting the seeds. All the seeds
nutrients composition. Dried soil sample (at 65°C were treated with apron star (active ingredients:
for 48 hours) was grounded and passed through Imidacloprid (10%), metalaxyl (10%) and
0.5 mm sieve. 0.5 ml of distilled water was added carbendazim (10%)) at a dosage of 10 g per 4 kg
and the mixture was stirred vigorously and of seeds to prevent insect attack. Five seeds of
allowed to stand for 30 minutes. The solution each of the two hundred genotypes were planted

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per pot. After two weeks, the plants were thinned average distance of 250, the dendrogram
to two plants per pot to achieve required plant showed five sub-clusters containing 2, 18, 8, 76
population. White flies were controlled using a and 96 genotypes, respectively which indicates
mixture of Courage (imidacloprid (17.8% SL)) the existence of genetic diversity among the
and Karate (50 g/l lambda-cyhalothrin) at dosage genotypes used (Table 3). Conservation of
of 25 ml and 75 ml per 20 litres of water, cowpea genetic variability is essential for future
respectively. Leaf thrips were also controlled by use and the actual utilization of the accessions is
spraying plants with Dynamic (abamectin (1.84% equally important [16]. The genotypes joining
w/w) and cyclohexanol) at dosage of 20 ml per different clusters at different average distances
20 litres of water. Pod borers were controlled showed the relationship among the genotypes
with Termex (chlorpyriphos) at dosage of 80 ml and also indicates that they are genetically
per 20 litres of water. Harvesting was done when distant thereby creating a chance for
the pods had dried. improvement. TVu1059 and TVu43 in cluster V
belong to the same cluster and also have distant
2.2 Data Collection and Analysis relationship with other genotypes because they
had the highest quantity of yield. Selection of
Data were collected on agronomic traits such as highly divergent clusters is expected to express
plant height (cm), days to first flower initiation, wide variability, therefore the variability between
days to first pod harvest, hundred-seed weight groups could be useful in hybridization while
(g), pod length (cm), number of pods per plant, within group variability could be useful for
mean number of seeds per pod, grain yield per selection process.
plant (g) from which yield per hectare (kg/ha)
was estimated, seed length (mm), seed width There were highly significant (P ≤ .0001)
(mm) and seed thickness (mm). differences among the genotypes for all the traits
evaluated (Table 4). From the mean performance
Chlorophyll content (chlorophyll b) present in the of 20 selected cowpea genotypes for
leaves of the cowpea plants were determined phenological, yield and yield related traits based
with the use of SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter on rank summation index method, TVu12873 (61
(Konica-Minolta, Japan), that measures the days) had the shortest days to first pod harvest
absorbance of leaf in the red (650 nm) and while TVu9259 (185 days) took the longest days
infrared (940 nm) regions of the electromagnetic to first pod harvest (Table 2). TVu8262 (17.85 g)
spectrum [14]. had the highest value for hundred-seed weight
while TVu2968 (4.80 g) had the lowest value.
Data were subjected to analysis of variance The highest value for pods per plant was
(ANOVA) to determine if there are significant observed in Tvu12873 (28) while TVu15913 had
differences among the genotypes using SAS 9.4 the lowest value of 2.75. TVu3310 (16.10) had
version software. The means for each trait were the highest mean number of seeds per pod while
subjected to Cluster Analysis and Principal TVu14253 (6.20) had the lowest value. The
Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the highest grain yield value was observed in
pattern of variability and relationships among TVu8631 (1,470 kg/ha) while the lowest value
evaluated genotypes using SAS 9.4 version was observed in TVu15861 (131.67 kg/ha). For
software. Rank summation index (RSI) [15] was seed length, TVu12873 (10.44 mm) had the
used to rank genotypes and selection was done highest value while the lowest was recorded in
based on their performances across the traits TVu14970 (5.70 mm). The highest seed
considered. Means were compared using LSD at thickness was observed in TVu109 (5.52 mm)
5% probability level. while the lowest value was observed in TVu8262
(3.16 mm). Genotype TVu8631, followed closely
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION by TVu109 had the best performance across the
traits considered. The cowpea genotypes are
The 200 cowpea genotypes were evaluated genetically diverse for the traits considered for
based on their phenological, yield and yield the study thereby suggesting the existence of
related traits. The cluster pattern showed two variability among the genotypes which makes
main clusters with the first cluster having two them amenable to selection pressure. This
members and the other containing the remaining agrees with the reports of Yadav et al. [17] and
198 genotypes (Fig. 1). The dendrogram further Ali et al. [18] who worked on chickpea and
divided the cluster into sub-clusters using the soybean, respectively.
average distance between cluster procedure. At

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Table 2. Physico-chemical properties of the soil used for evaluation of cowpea genotypes at Ibadan in 2017

Sample pH: H2O (1:1) OC (%) N (%) Bray P (ppm) Particle size (%) Ca Mg K Na Zn Cu Mn Fe
Sand Silt Clay (cmolc/Kg) (ppm)
1 6.94 1.01 0.15 10.97 90 8 2 7.19 1.63 0.88 4.88 7.78 1.10 88.04 55.76

Table 3. List of genotypes in the different clusters

Cluster I Cluster II Cluster III Cluster IV Cluster V

TVu9393 TVu15400 TVu3310 TVu132 TVu10559 TVu14970 TVu9357 TVu1477 TVu15299 TVu4669 TVu1059
TVu13950 TVu8673 TVu456 TVu7798 TVu15913 TVu1124 TVu2680 TVu9848 TVu4632 TVu14406 TVu43
TVu14683 TVu15445 TVu15610 TVu1037 TVu9259 TVu4545 TVu3657 TVu8622 TVu16430 TVu10366
TVu8631 TVu2185 TVu14632 TVu2418 TVu15861 TVu16304 TVu13979 TVu393 TVu15487 TVu12873
TVu6493 TVu14253 TVu16465 TVu6641 TVu9073 TVu6663 TVu14788 TVu14173 TVu8072
TVu2606 TVu14272 TVu8877 TVu16449 TVu2968 TVu3346 TVu1637 TVu2500
TVu15878 TVu10179 TVu3282 TVu9256 TVu16505 TVu15742 TVu5500 TVu16461
TVu8612 TVu3947 TVu10394 TVu2723 TVu13958 TVu16269 TVu15037 TVu109
TVu9820 TVu9391 TVu4622 TVu21 TVu14190 TVu3107 TVu1727
TVu2322 TVu3043 TVu1330 TVu2548 TVu6837 TVu2449 TVu1004
TVu13968 TVu2971 TVu945 TVu15945 TVu2845 TVu16237 TVu16253
TVu1656 TVu8775 TVu8671 TVu2736 TVu15860 TVu15775 TVu16521
TVu14875 TVu6464 TVu6477 TVu415 TVu8262 TVu10513 TVu14248
TVu14558 TVu201 TVu1811 TVu15926 TVu14195 TVu14621 TVu16486
TVu14336 TVu4943 TVu8883 TVu16368 TVu4761 TVu16403 TVu14224
TVu16514 TVu5443 TVu13573 TVu15976 TVu16504 TVu15653 TVu13939
TVu15500 TVu3565 TVu15426 TVu9468 TVu16574 TVu9508 TVu9486
TVu14539 TVu14633 TVu15687 TVu2280 TVu4760 TVu1036 TVu8713
TVu8656 TVu14172 TVu53 TVu4557 TVu16278 TVu1886 TVu3360
TVu15982 TVu14393 TVu3652 TVu113 TVu14862 TVu15661 TVu1016
TVu2933 TVu15636 TVu972 TVu969 TVu2398 TVu14345 TVu467
TVu3552 TVu14346 TVu2252 TVu408 TVu1556 TVu3830 TVu9761
TVu2769 TVu6968 TVu16220 TVu13778 TVu15450 TVu6966 TVu14290
TVu1916 TVu1280 TVu14401 TVu6439 TVu6365 TVu15114 TVu9265

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Table 4. Mean performance for phenological, yield and yield-related traits in the best 10, 5 intermediate and 5 lowest genotypes evaluated at
Ibadan in 2017

Genotype No. Genotype DTH (days) 100SWT Number of Number of Yield (kg/ha) Seed Seed Rank
name (g) pods/plant seeds/pod length thickness summation
(mm) (mm) index
92 TVu8631 89.50 12.95 11.75 12.00 1470.00 10.38 5.37 316
5 TVu109 73.00 11.00 20.00 12.10 586.67 8.73 5.52 352
22 TVu1059 67.50 19.95 18.50 10.20 870.00 7.13 4.09 372
72 TVu4669 81.00 16.25 14.75 8.70 776.67 8.72 4.90 385
189 TVu16408 75.50 12.25 10.00 14.70 731.67 7.57 5.03 400
118 TVu12873 60.50 8.80 28.00 7.80 1383.33 10.44 4.36 402
75 TVu4783 79.00 13.30 18.75 10.40 531.67 9.42 4.68 412
132 TVu14253 76.50 12.40 15.25 6.20 1466.67 9.94 4.47 420
27 TVu8072 77.00 8.95 16.00 11.40 668.33 9.78 4.63 428
2 TVu21 75.00 13.75 10.25 8.50 938.33 8.38 4.84 429
58 TVu3310 116.00 10.00 7.25 16.10 616.65 8.16 4.24 688
175 TVu15913 166.50 11.05 2.75 15.90 593.33 8.76 4.48 690
24 TVu1330 90.50 12.40 7.00 14.40 656.67 7.02 3.91 692
95 TVu8673 112.00 11.25 7.75 13.60 346.67 8.01 4.91 693
176 TVu15926 81.50 5.90 23.00 11.80 581.67 7.02 3.90 694
153 TVu14970 113.00 13.80 6.75 7.00 575.00 5.70 3.40 1031
51 TVu2968 134.50 4.80 8.50 8.20 516.67 6.76 3.98 1036
89 TVu8262 129.00 17.85 4.75 7.00 611.67 5.99 3.16 1036
173 TVu15861 108.00 8.70 4.00 9.50 131.67 6.92 3.91 1102
103 TVu9259 185.00 11.10 5.50 7.20 228.33 5.91 3.56 1193
Overall mean 87.50 11.90 10.65 10.03 659.49 7.45 4.12
Mean squares 760.66 32.70 61.61 12.36 205199.76 3.24 0.96
Error 324.66 0.82 2.79 3.83 10112.9 0.25 0.39
CV (%) 20.60 8.03 15.68 19.50 15.25 6.70 15.09
LSD (0.05) 30.91 1.78 2.99 3.72 192.60 0.93 1.22
All mean square values are significant at P ≤ .0001; DTH- Days to first pod harvest; 100SWT- Hundred-seed weight

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Fig. 1. Dendrogram demonstrating the relationships among 200 cowpea genotypes based on phenological, yield and yield-related traits

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Table 5. Principal component analysis of agronomic traits of 200 cowpea genotypes evaluated
at Ibadan in 2017

Character Prin1 Prin2 Prin3 Prin4

Days to first pod harvest (days) 0.04 0.59 -0.05 0.31
Days to first flower (days) 0.01 0.58 -0.02 0.34
Hundred-seed weight (g) 0.52 -0.03 -0.10 0.08
Pod length (cm) 0.21 -0.07 0.65 -0.14
Number of pods/plant -0.23 -0.39 -0.24 0.40
Mean number of seeds/pod -0.13 0.06 0.59 0.33
Grain yield (kg/ha) 0.09 -0.37 0.07 0.63
Seed length (mm) 0.47 -0.08 0.16 -0.12
Seed width (mm) 0.50 0.01 -0.06 0.08
Seed thickness (mm) 0.37 -0.04 -0.28 0.16
Plant height (cm) 0.04 0.08 -0.21 -0.11
Chlorophyll content -0.07 0.06 -0.09 -0.22
Eigen value 3.45 2.27 1.61 1.37
Proportion (%) 28.74 18.92 13.43 11.43
Cumulative (%) 28.74 47.65 61.08 72.51
Values in bold within each column indicate most important variables that contributed most to the variation of a
particular factor

The principal component analysis revealed that variability within the breeding population. Similar
the first four principal components (PC) each with observations were made by Doumbia et al. [19]
eigen values >1 accounted for 72.5% of the total in an evaluation of 94 cowpea genotypes from
variation in the data set (Table 5). The first Mali and Ghana. The study also identified seed
principal component which captured 28.7% of the weight, seed length, seed width and seed
total variation had the highest eigen value of thickness as important traits in diversity analysis.
3.45. The second principal component with eigen Bozokalfa et al. [20] observed that wide variation
value of 2.27 accounted for 18.9% while the third found in the quantitative characters can be useful
and fourth principal components with eigen in the development of variety description and
values of 1.61 and 1.37 contributed 13.4% and identification.
11.4% of the total variation in the population,
respectively. The hundred-seed weight (0.515), 4. CONCLUSION
seed length (0.472), seed width (0.497) and seed
thickness (0.372) were strongly correlated and TVu1059 and TVu43 formed separate cluster
loaded on the first principal component (PC). The from the rest of the genotypes with respect to
second PC was loaded with days to first pod yield potential. This shows their distinctness from
harvest (0.588) and days to first flower initiation the population of cowpea used in this study and
(0.581). Pod length (0.646) and mean number of can therefore be used as parents to cross with
seed per pod (0.588) were loaded on the third genotypes in other clusters for cowpea
PC while the fourth PC was loaded with number improvement.
of pods per plant (0.396) and grain yield (0.629).
The loadings of hundred-seed weight, seed Significant differences were observed among the
length, seed width and seed thickness on the first 200 cowpea genotypes for phenological, yield
principal component indicates that the four traits and related traits. TVu8631 had the highest
are the characters that chiefly accounted for worth based on RSI and the highest grain yield.
most of the variation among the genotypes and This genotype can therefore be directly selected
that maximum variability occurred in the first PC. for further evaluation at advanced breeding
Days to first pod harvest, days to first flower stages before nomination for release to farmers.
initiation, pods per plant, grain yield, pod length Also the ten top ranking genotypes identified in
and mean number of seeds per pod also this study can be selected for further improve-
contributed highly to the variation observed in the ment in cowpea breeding programmes at IITA
population. This suggests that the ten traits and other research institutes.
should be considered for selection in cowpea
improvement programme. It also suggests that Considerable genetic variability existed among
these traits are very important to maintain the cowpea genotypes used in this study. Most

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variations were attributed to hundred-seed 8. Govindaraj M, Vetriventhan M, Srinivasan

weight, seed length, seed width, seed thickness, M. Importance of genetic diversity
days to first pod harvest, days to first flower, assessment in crop plants and its recent
number of pods per plant, grain yield, pod length advances: An overview of its analytical
and mean number of seeds per pod. These perspectives. Genetics Research Inter-
characters can be used as selection criteria in national. 2015;1-14.
future breeding programme. 9. Upadhyaya HD, Ortiz R. A mini core
subset for capturing diversity and
COMPETING INTERESTS promoting utilization of chickpea genetic
resources. Theoretical Applied Genetics.
Authors have declared that no competing 2001;102:1292-1298.
interests exist. 10. Boukar O, Belko N, Chamarthi S, Togola
A, Batieno J, Owusu E, Haruna M, Diallo
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© 2018 Osho and Olasanmi; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
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