Dr. dr. MIRNA MUIS, Sp.
Rad
HISTOLOGY DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF MEDICINE, HASANUDDIN
UNIV
Consist of:
1. Lymph
2. Lymphatic vessels
3. Lymphatic nodules
4. Lymph node
5. Thymus
6. Spleen
7. Tonsils
Functions of LS :
1. Fluid Balance Excess intertitial fluid enters
lymphatic capillaries & become lymph
2. Fat Absorbtion absorb fat & other
substance from digestive tract
3. Defence microorganism & other foreign
substance are filtered from lymph node &
blood by the spleen
Innate Immunity :
1. Phisical barier : Skin , mucous membranes
protect from the entry of foreign matter from
the outside.
2. Chemical defence : low pH which destroy
foreign microorganisms
3. Some Secrets: thyocyanate in saliva,
fibronectin & other complement in serum which
neutralizing the foreign body
4. Phagosit Cells: makrofag, neutrophil & NK cells.
Specific / adaptive immunity.
If the innate immunity fails to protect then The
body prepare specific immunity against the
specific invanders .
There are 2 types of specific defense :
humoral responses antibody
cellular response specific killer cells that
destroy virus
Primary LO (central) responsible for the
differentiation , proliferation and
maturation of lymphocytes to become
immuno competen cells
Secondary LO (perifer) responsible for
providing the environment in which
immuno competen cells interact with
each other & preparing antigens against
pathogens
1. Primary LO
a. Liver (Fetal period)
b. Bone marrow
c. Thymus
2. Secondary LO
a. Limfonodus
b. Lien
c. Tonsil
d. Uncapsulated Lymphoid Tissue
- Malt
- Galt
- Balt
- etc
Placed for maturation of lymphocyte steam
cells and B lymphocytes
Places for simultaneously biogenesis of
various blood
Parenchim BM consist of : progenitor cells,
macrophages & adiposit cells.
BONE MARROW
LN are the group of important filters for
defence against microorganisms
All tissue fluid- derived lymph is filtered
by at least one node before returning to
the circulation.
LN have convex side & concave
depressions, called: the Hillum where
arteries & nerves enter; vein & lymphatic
vesell leave the organ
LIMPHNODES
LYMPH NODES
The parenchima consists of an outer +
inner cortex & medulla
Follicular dendritic cells are found
throughout the LN & function as
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
The outer cortex is formed a network of
reticular cells & fibers enriched with B
cells
Has cortical spherical structures called
Lymphoid Nodules
The inner cortex contain many T
Lymphocytes
Subcapsular sinus is found at the surface
of the outer cortex & contain
macrophages, reticular cells & fibers
The subcapsular sinus communicates
with the medullary sinus throught
intermediate sinus
Composed of medullary cord
Contain B lymphocytes & T lymphocytes
and some plasma cells
The medullary cord are sepatared by
irregular spaces called medullary sinuses
Lymph must cross at least one node
before entering the blood stream.
Lymph is cleared from foreign particles
by the phagocytotic activity of
macrophages
Infections stimulates the Lymph Nodes to
enlarge & form multiple Germinal Centre
Plasma cells increased greatly in
stimulated Lymph Node
LYMPH NODE
LYMPH PASSAGE:
Vasa afferen capsula fibrosa sinus
marginalis sinus trabekularis sinus
medullaris hilus vasa efferent
Filtering lymph
Establish Antibodies
Establish lymphocytes
Limiting the spread of tumor cells
LIMFONODUS
LIMPHNODES
The biggest Lymphoid Organ
Important for defence agains
microorganism that penetrate the
circulations
The site of destruction of erytrocytes &
production of activated Lymphocytes
The Spleen react to blood antigens
Consist of White pulp and Red pulp
The white pulp are lymphoid nodules
The red pulp is rich in blood & composed
of spleenic cords (Billroth’s Cords)
White pulp consist of lymphoid tisssue
Cells surrounding the Central Arteries:
Peri Arterial Lymphatic Sheath (PALS) are
mainly T lymphocytes
Lymphoid nodules consist mainly of B
lymphocytes
LIEN
Lies between the white & red pulp
Consist of: sinuses, lymphoid tissue,
macrophages
Important roles:
- Immunologyc activity
- Blood Filtration
LIEN
Red Pulp contain:
Splenic cord
composed of network of reticular cells &
collagen type 3, macrophages,
lymphocytes, plasma cells & blood cells
Sinusoids
LIEN
LIEN
Production of lymphocytes
Destruction of erytrocytes
Defence & immunity
Storage of blood
Arteri lienalis = splenic artery
Arteri trabekularis
Arteri centralis = A. follikularis
Arteri penicilia
Hulsen artery
Capiler
Sinus
Stigma malpighi
Vena trabekularis
Vena lienalis = splenic vein
spleen
Located in superior mediastinum
Site of maturation of T cells
Has connective tissue capsules that
penetrate the parenchima & devided it
into lobules
Each lobules has peripheral dark zone
known as cortex & central light zone
called medulla
1. Cortex, consist of:
- Immature T.cell
- Mature T.cell
- Limfoblast
- Macrophages
- Limfosit
- Capiler
2. Medulla, consist of:
- Hassal’s Bodies = Hassal’s corpuscle
- Mature B. cells
- Plasma cell
- T. cells
- Macrophage
corte
THYMUS
Contains:
1. Developing T-Cells (Thymocytes)
2. Macrophage
3. EpithelioReticular Cells (ERCs)
Basics on The Functions, there are 6 types
of ERCs
Type 1,2,3 : found in cortex
Type 4,5,6 : found in medulla
Type 1 ERCs: act as a barrier that
isolated developing T cells from
connective tissue (by their occuling
junctions)
Type 2 & 3 ERCs: located within the
cortex & involved in tymic cell education
Most of immature T Limphocytes
produced in cortex, die by apoptosis
Cortical macrophages are responsible for
phagositosis of abnormal T Cells
Small number migrate to medulla & enter
the blood stream & accumulates in
specific sites as T Lymphocytes
Has some cells population as the cortex
with a large number of ERCs
The Thymus has no Affarent lymphatic
vessels they are all Efferent
Tymus produce several protein growth
factors (thymosyne & thymopoietin which
stimulated proliferation & differentiation
of Tymphocytes
Contain 3 types of ERCs:
Type 4: located between the cortex &
medulla closed to type 3 cells creating the
thymic barrier at the corticomedullar
junction
Type 5: located through the medulla, joint
by desmosomes to provide the cellular
framework
Type 6: form the most characteristic
feature of the thymic medulla
Hassall’s Corpuscles
Hassal’s body
THYMUS
Founded by: Arthur Hill Hassal
HC are the ERCs which filled with keratin
filaments & sometimes calcyfy
Diameter 20-500um
Function of HC is yet Unknown
THYMUS : HASSAL BODY, CAPILER
The Thymus tissue slowly disappearing during
puberty ( puberity involution )
In adult : lobulus dissapear fat involution
More effected in cortex than medulla.
Residual thymus consist : dominantly fat &
degeneration of medulla
Children Thymus Adult Thymus
1. Limfosit : > <
2. Fat : < >
3. Connective tissue: < >
4. Hassal’Body: < >
AGING THYMUS
THYMUS
Incompletely encapsulated lymphoid
tissue that lie under the epitheium of oral
cavity & pharinx
Thre are 3 Tonsils:
Palates
Pharingeal
Linguals
WALDEYER’S RING
There are 2 palatine tonsils located in the lateral
walls of the oral part of the pharinx
They are composed of lymphoid nodules
covered with stratified squamous epithelium
The epithelial has many deep invagnations
penetrating the parenchyma forming: Crypsts
It is separated from adjasent structures by
capsule which act as barrier against infections
TONSILA PALATINA
TONSILA PALATINA
TONSILA PALATINA
Only a single pharingeal tonsil in the
upper posterior part of the pharinx
Covered by respiratory epithelium
Contain lymphoid tissue & nodul
No crypts
The capsule is thinner than palatine
tonsils
Hypertrophied pharingeal tonsil called:
ADENOID
Smaller & more numerous than other
tonsils
At the base of tongue
Covered by stratified squamous
epithelium
Each lingual tonsils has one crypt
Found as aggregated lymphoid nodules/
follicles in the connective tissue of
several organs
Found mainly in lamina propria e.g.
Payer’s patches in ileum, mucosa of
upper resp tract, mucosa of urinary
passage etc
Have same microscopic structure as the
nodules of lymph node
They are composed mainly of B lymphocytes
that diffrenciated into plasma cells after
antigenic stimulations
E.q:
1. MALT: Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue
2. GALT: Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
(Payer’s Patch, appendix)
3. BALT: Bronchus Associated Lymhoid Tissue
A. T Lymphocytes or T Cell
T.cells derived from stem cells in bone marrow
Immature Cells that move from bone marrow
into the thymus & become mature in the
thymus.
T.cell occupies the peripheral lymphoid
organs ( lymph nodes , spleen , and MALT ) in
the way into the blood circulation
ө To fight the antigens T.cells can directly destroy
the antigen through T.cytotoxic .
ө T.cells can also activated the B.cells or
macrophages for destroyed the antigen
ө There are many type of T cells :
1. T. helper cells (Th. cells)
2. Citotoxic T.cells (Tc.cells)
3. Suppressor T.cells (Ts.cells)
4. Limfosit T.Killer
5. Limfosit T.Amplifier
Originating from Bone Marrow , precussor
and mature in BM
B Cells mature into plasma cells and form
antibodies
Cells amount : 5-15 % of lymphocytes in
the blood circulation .
Antibodies which produced by B Cell are:
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD & IgE
